fbpx
Wikipedia

Philanthropy

Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives, for the public good, focusing on quality of life". Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors, which are public initiatives for public good, notably focusing on provision of public services.[1] A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist.

Etymology

 
Herodes Atticus, a Greek philanthropist of Ancient Rome active during the 2nd century AD (antiquity)

The word philanthropy comes from Ancient Greek φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía) 'love of humanity', from phil- "love, fond of" and anthrōpos "humankind, mankind".[2] In the second century AD, Plutarch used the Greek concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded in Europe by the Christian virtue of charity (Latin: caritas); selfless love, valued for salvation and escape from purgatory.[3] Thomas Aquinas held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".[4]

Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is credited in great part with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture.[clarification needed] Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with "goodness", correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".[5] This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."[6][better source needed]

Europe

Great Britain

 
The Foundling Hospital in London, c. 1753. The original building has since been demolished.

In London, prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as St Dionis Backchurch) or guilds (such as the Carpenters' Company). During the 18th century, however, "a more activist and explicitly Protestant tradition of direct charitable engagement during life" took hold, exemplified by the creation of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and Societies for the Reformation of Manners.[7]

In 1739, Thomas Coram, appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the Foundling Hospital to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, Bloomsbury.[8] This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general."[8] The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities."[7]

Jonas Hanway, another notable philanthropist of the era, established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the navy.[9] By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the Royal Charter.

19th century

 
William Wilberforce, a prominent British philanthropist and anti-slavery campaigner

Philanthropists, such as anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce, began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the slave trade throughout the Empire starting in 1807.[10] Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.[11]

Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle-class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about £2 million. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about £4.5 million. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, YMCA, as one of the largest, and many small ones such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of £76 million, of which £20 million was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about £8.5 million.[12]

Led by the energetic Lord Shaftesbury (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves.[13] In 1869 they set up the Charity Organisation Society. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.[14] Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. such as the Labourer's Friend Society founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement, and in 1844 it became the first Model Dwellings Company—an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the middle class. Later associations included the Peabody Trust, and the Guinness Trust. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy."[15][16]

Switzerland

 
The Red Cross, after the Battle of Gravelotte in 1870

In 1863, the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant used his fortune to fund the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, which became the International Committee of the Red Cross. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiers. He shared the first Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1901.[17]

The French Red Cross played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's Service de Santé. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over 27 million francs in assets.[18]

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) played a major role in working with POW's on all sides in World War II. It was in a cash-starved position when the war began in 1939, but quickly mobilized its national offices set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency. For example, it provided food, mail and assistance to 365,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive. Suspicions, especially by London, of ICRC as too tolerant or even complicit with Nazi Germany led to its side-lining in favour of the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) as the primary humanitarian agency after 1945.[19]

France

 
Men and woman working in a classroom at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, c. 1920

In France, the Pasteur Institute had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge allowed it to raise money for serum production from both private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.[20]

By 1933, at the depth of the Great Depression, the French wanted a welfare state to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. War veterans came up with a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers, while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.[21]

American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system, under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses.[22][23]

Germany

The history of modern philanthropy on the European Continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the welfare state. The princes and in the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, such as monumental buildings, parks and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging middle classes made local philanthropy a major endeavor to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, in contradistinction to the aristocracy and the military. They concentrated on support for social welfare institutions, higher education, and cultural institutions, as well as some efforts to alleviate the hardships of rapid industrialization. The bourgeoisie (upper-middle-class) was defeated in its effort to it gain political control in 1848, but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative powerbase for its world view.[24]

Religion was a divisive element in Germany, as the Protestants, Catholics and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies. The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in purgatory after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to the improvement of their communities there and then. Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as "social evils" that were seen as utterly sinful.[25][26] All the religious groups used financial endowments, which multiplied in the number and wealth as Germany grew richer. Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community, and each had a board of trustees; these were laymen who donated their time to public service.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, an upper class Junker, used his state-sponsored philanthropy, in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state, to neutralize the political threat posed by the socialistic labor unions.[27] The middle classes, however, made the most use of the new welfare state, in terms of heavy use of museums, gymnasiums (high schools), universities, scholarships, and hospitals. For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became the essential ingredient. 19th-century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement than Britain or the United States, when measured in terms of voluntary private funding for public purposes. Indeed, such German institutions as the kindergarten, the research university, and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons.[28]

The heavy human and economic losses of the First World War, the financial crises of the 1920s, as well as the Nazi regime and other devastation by 1945, seriously undermined and weakened the opportunities for widespread philanthropy in Germany. The civil society so elaborately build up in the 19th century was practically dead by 1945. However, by the 1950s, as the "economic miracle" was restoring German prosperity, the old aristocracy was defunct, and middle-class philanthropy started to return to importance.[29]

War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe

 
Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium

The Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by Herbert Hoover.[30] Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed 11,000,000 Belgians by raising the necessary money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.[31] Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."[32] Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization was feeding nine million Belgians and French a day.[33]

When the war ended in late 1918, Hoover took control of the American Relief Administration (ARA), with the mission of food to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions.[34] U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"[35][36]

United States

The first corporation founded in the Thirteen Colonies was Harvard College (1636), designed primarily to train young men for the clergy. A leading theorist was the Puritan theologian Cotton Mather (1662–1728), who in 1710 published a widely read essay, Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good. Mather worried that the original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical, on the threshold of the Enlightenment.[37]

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by Daniel Defoe's An Essay upon Projects (1697) and Cotton Mather's Bonifacius: an essay upon the good. (1710). Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow Philadelphians into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the Library Company of Philadelphia (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the University of Pennsylvania – as well as the American Philosophical Society (1743), to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.[38]

By the 1820s, newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work, especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals. George Peabody (1795–1869) is the acknowledged father of modern philanthropy. A financier based in Baltimore and London, in the 1860s he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States, and also funded housing for poor people in London. His activities became the model for Andrew Carnegie and many others.[39][40]

Andrew Carnegie

 
Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy. Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903

Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale. After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations, and making direct contributions to many educational, cultural and research institutions. He financed over 2500 public libraries built across the nation and abroad. He also funded Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Peace Palace in the Netherlands. His final and largest project was the Carnegie Corporation of New York, founded in 1911 with a $25 million endowment, later enlarged to $135 million. Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at Harvard University (now known as the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies),[41] the Brookings Institution and the Sesame Workshop. In all, Andrew Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune.[42]

John D. Rockefeller

Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937), Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932)[43][44] and Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage (1828–1918).[45] Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education and scientific research. Of the $530 million the elder Rockefeller gave away, $450 million went to medicine.[46] Their leading advisor Frederick Taylor Gates launched several very large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.[47]

By 1920, the Rockefeller Foundation was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the League of Nations.[48] By the 1950s, it was investing heavily in the Green Revolution, especially the work by Norman Borlaug that enabled India, Mexico and many poor countries to dramatically upgrade their agricultural productivity.[49]

Ford Foundation

With the acquisition of most of the stock of the Ford Motor Company in the late 1940s, the Ford Foundation became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States, and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the Green Revolution, whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.[50] Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950, it sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation's school system, based on the principles of 'meritocracy" (rather than political or family patronage), democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists, to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations.[51]

The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in India and Africa, by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, and profession, as well as its economic and political conditions. Ford, therefore, turned to agricultural reform.[52] The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977.[53]

Asia

 
Saudi Arabian philanthropist Lamia bint Majed al-Saud

While charity has a long history in Asia, philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.[54] Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 – c. 391 BC) developed the concept of "universal love" (jiān'ài, 兼愛), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within Confucianism. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.[55]

Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound by zakat (almsgiving), while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities. In India, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is now mandated, with 2% of net profits to be directed towards charity.[56]

Asia is home to the majority of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.[57] Wikipedia's list of countries by number of billionaires shows three Asian economies in the top ten: 698 in China, 237 in India and 71 in Hong Kong (as of March 2021).

Whilst the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two per cent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash US$507 billion (HK$3.9 trillion) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.[58]

Oceania

Australia

Structured giving in Australia through foundations[59] is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.[60][61] There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally.

Two foundation types for which some data is available[62][63][64] are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)[65] and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).[66][67] Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.[68] Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums and art galleries.[69][70] They must raise funds from the general public.[71]

Differences between traditional and new philanthropy

Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy

Traditional philanthropy and impact investment can be distinguished by how they serve society. Traditional philanthropy is usually short-term, where organizations obtain resources for causes through fund-raising and one-off donations.[72] The Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation are examples of such; they focus more on the financial contributions to social causes and less on the actual actions and processes of benevolence. Impact investment, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between individual wellbeing and broader society through the promotion of sustainability. Stressing the importance of impact and change, they invest in different sectors of society, including housing, infrastructure, healthcare and energy.[73]

A suggested explanation for the preference for impact investment philanthropy to traditional philanthropy is the gaining prominence of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2015. Almost every SDG is linked to environmental protection and sustainability because of raising concerns about how globalisation, liberal consumerism and population growth may affect the environment. As a result, development agencies have seen increased accountability on their part, as they face greater pressure to fit with current developmental agendas.

Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism

Philanthrocapitalism differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing.[73] Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,[74] where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.[75] Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.[76] Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves.

The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global capitalism. There is an understanding that philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations, both from a social and private perspective. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic growth and the firm's own growth, based on human capital theory. Through education, specific skills are taught which enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work.

Intel invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its own innovation and revenue.[77] The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train 1 million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies.

Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy

Philanthropy has the potential to foster equity and inclusivity in various fields, such as scientific research, development, and healthcare. Addressing systemic inequalities in these sectors can lead to more diverse perspectives, innovations, and better overall outcomes. Scholars have examined the importance of philanthropic support in promoting equity in different areas. For example, Christopherson et al.[78] highlight the need to prioritize underrepresented groups, promote equitable partnerships, and advocate for diverse leadership within the scientific community. In the healthcare sector, Thompson et al.[79] emphasize the role of philanthropy in empowering communities to reduce health disparities and address the root causes of these disparities. Research by Chandra et al.[80] demonstrates the potential of strategic philanthropy to tackle health inequalities through initiatives that focus on prevention, early intervention, and building community capacity. Similarly, a report by the Bridgespan Group[81] suggests that philanthropy can create systemic change by investing in long-term solutions that address the underlying causes of social issues, including those related to science and health disparities.

To advance equity in science and healthcare, philanthropists can adopt several key strategies:

  • Prioritize underrepresented groups: Support scientists and health professionals from diverse backgrounds to help address historical injustices and foster diversity.
  • Encourage equitable partnerships: Facilitate collaborations between institutions from different backgrounds to promote knowledge exchange and a fair distribution of resources.
  • Advocate for diverse leadership: Support initiatives that emphasize diversity and inclusion in leadership positions within scientific and health institutions.
  • Invest in early-career professionals: Help create a more equitable pipeline for future leaders in science and healthcare by investing in early-career researchers and health professionals.
  • Influence policy changes: Utilize philanthropic influence to advocate for policy changes that address systemic inequalities in science and health. Through these approaches, philanthropy can play a significant role in promoting equity within scientific and health communities, leading to more inclusive and effective advancements.

Celebrity philanthropy

Celebrity philanthropy refers to celebrity-affiliated charitable and philanthropic activities. It is an increasingly prevalent topic of scholarship in studies of 'the popular' vis-à-vis the modern and post-modern world.[82]: 3  Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon. Although charity and fame are associated historically, it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy.[82]: 1–16  Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one-off monetary donations by definition. It involves celebrities using their publicity, brand credibility and personal wealth to promote not-for-profit organisations, which are increasingly 'business-like' in form. This is sometimes termed as 'celanthropy' – the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates.[82]: 5 

Implications on government and governance

The advent of celebrity philanthropy has seen the contraction of government involvement in areas such as welfare support and foreign aid to name a few. This can be identified from the proliferation of neoliberal policies[citation needed]. Conversely, public interest groups, not-for-profit organisations and the United Nations now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns. An example of this is the People's Climate March, which took place on 21 September 2014. The demonstration was part of the larger People's Climate Movement, which aims to raise awareness of climate change and environmental issues more generally. Notable celebrities who are part of this campaign include actors Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo and Edward Norton.[83]

Examples

Philanthropic capitalism

Philanthropic capitalism or Philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the capitalist realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss, but the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they in-cured.[84] For example, if a philanthropist puts up $10 million dollars for neighborhood revitalization to build new homes in place of dilapidated housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a $1,000 loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a nonprofit organization so they wouldn't have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold.

Criticism

Despite the initial observed benefits of philanthropy as a variant form of charity, it has been noted that philanthropy has been used by ultra high-net-worth individuals to offset their larger tax liabilities, through charitable contribution deductions enabled by the tax code. In the book Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World by Anand Giridharadas, he notes that various philanthropic initiatives by the wealthy elite in practice function to entrench the power structures and special interests of the wealthy elite.[85] For example, despite Robert F. Smith's generosity by paying off the student debt incurred by the Morehouse class of 2019, he simultaneously fought against changes to the tax code that would have made more money available to help low-income students pay for college. As a result, Giridharadas argues, Smith's philanthropic giving functions to reinforce the prevailing status quo and perpetuates income inequality, instead of addressing the root cause of social issues.[86]

The ability of wealthy people to deduct a significant amount of their tax liabilities in the form of philanthropic giving, as noted by the late German billionaire shipping magnate and philanthropist Peter Kramer, functioned as "a bad transfer of power", from democratically elected politicians to unelected billionaires, whereby it is no longer "the state that determines what is good for the people, but rather the rich who decide". The Global Policy Forum, an independent policy watchdog which functions to monitor the activities of the United Nations General Assembly, warned governments and international organisations that they should "assess the growing influence of major philanthropic foundations, and especially the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation … and analyse the intended and unintended risks and side-effects of their activities" prior to accepting money from rich donors. In 2015, Global Policy Forum also warned elected politicians that they should be particularly concerned about "the unpredictable and insufficient financing of public goods, the lack of monitoring and accountability mechanisms, and the prevailing practice of applying business logic to the provision of public goods".[87]

Giridharadas also argues that philanthrophy also functions to distract the general public from some of the ill-gotten gains that were derived for profit from the marketplace. For example, the Sackler family were known for their generous philanthropic giving to various cultural institutions worldwide. However, their philanthropic giving functioned as deception and propaganda, as their legacy of generosity was tainted by the subsequent exposure of Purdue Pharma's role in encouraging and exacerbating the opioid epidemic.[88] As a result of their exposed ill-gotten gains from the social issues caused by the philanthropic donors, the British institutions of the National Portrait Gallery, London and the Tate, along with the American institution Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, announced their rejection of charitable giving from the Sackler family trusts.[88]

See also

References

  1. ^ Robert McCully. Philanthropy Reconsidered (2009) p 13
  2. ^ "Philanthropy". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  3. ^ "SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: Charity, considered in itself (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  4. ^ "SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The object of charity (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q.25)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  5. ^ Johnson, S. (1979). A dictionary of the English language. London: Times Books.
  6. ^ "Mitchell Kutney: Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector, not money". Blue & Green Tomorrow. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
  7. ^ a b "Background - Associational Charities". London Lives. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  8. ^ a b "The London Foundling Hospital". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  9. ^ N. A. M. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company: 2004), 313.
  10. ^ Louis Taylor Merrill, "The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade." Journal of Negro History 30#4 (1945): 382–399. online 2021-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Christer Petley, "'Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39#3 (2011): 393–415.
  12. ^ Donald Read, England 1868–1914: The age of urban democracy (1979), pp 129–30.
  13. ^ Geoffrey Finlayson, "The Victorian Shaftesbury." History Today (March 1983) 33#3 pp 31–35.
  14. ^ Read, England 1868–1914 p 130.
  15. ^ Siegel, Fred (1974). "Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review]". The Journal of Economic History. 34 (4, December): 1061f. doi:10.1017/S0022050700089683. S2CID 154468207.
  16. ^ Tarn, John Nelson (1973). Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xiv, 23, and passim. ISBN 978-0521085069.
  17. ^ David P. Forsythe, The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross (2005).
  18. ^ Rachel Chrastil, "The French Red Cross, war readiness, and civil society, 1866–1914." French Historical Studies 31#3 (2008): 445–476.
  19. ^ J. Crossland, Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1939–1945 (2014).
  20. ^ Simon, J (2007), "The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce", Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam, 27: 63–82, PMID 18351159
  21. ^ Nicolas Delalande, "Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Cassées, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France." French Historical Studies 40#4 (2017): 623–649.
  22. ^ William H. Schneider, "War, philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France." Minerva 41#1 (2003): 1–23.
  23. ^ Timothy B. "The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France, 1914–1943." The Historical Journal 41#4 (1998): 1055–1087.
  24. ^ Thomas Adam, Philanthropy, Civil Society, and the State in German history, 1815–1989 (2016).
  25. ^ Andrew Lees, "Deviant Sexuality and Other 'Sins': The Views of Protestant Conservatives in Imperial Germany." German Studies Review 23.3 (2000): 453–476.
  26. ^ Andrew Lees, Cities, Sin and Social Reform in Imperial Germany (2002).
  27. ^ Dimitris N. Chorafas (2016). Education and Employment in the European Union: The Social Cost of Business. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9781317145936.
  28. ^ Adam, Philanthropy, pp 1–7.
  29. ^ Adam, Philanthropy, pp 142–73.
  30. ^ George H. Nash, "An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I," Prologue (1989) 21#1 pp 75–86
  31. ^ David Burner, Herbert Hoover: The Public Life (1979) pp 72–95.
  32. ^ George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917 (1988) p 249.
  33. ^ William E. Leuchtenburg (2009). Herbert Hoover. p. 30. ISBN 9781429933490.
  34. ^ Burner, Hoover pp 114–37.
  35. ^ Leuchtenburg (2009). Herbert Hoover. p. 58. ISBN 9781429933490.
  36. ^ Frank M. Surface and Raymond L. Bland, American food in the world war and reconstruction period : operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924 (1932) online; 1034 detailed pages
  37. ^ Cotton Mather (1825). Essays to do Good addressed to all Christians, whether in public or private capacities. p. 51.
  38. ^ Robert T. Grimm, ed. (2002). Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. pp. 100–3. ISBN 9781573563406.
  39. ^ Grimm, ed. (2002). Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9781573563406.
  40. ^ Schaaf, Elizabeth (1995). "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869". Maryland Historical Magazine. 90 (3): 268–285.
  41. ^ "Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies". Kathryn W. and Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University. Harvard University. 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  42. ^ Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (1970), pp 882–84.
  43. ^ Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). Notable American Philanthropists. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 277–79. ISBN 978-1573563406.
  44. ^ Ascoli, Peter M. (2006). Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South.
  45. ^ Crocker, Ruth (2003). Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America.
  46. ^ Peter J. Johnson and John Ensor Harr, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family (1988)
  47. ^ Dwight Burlingame (2004). Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. ISBN 9781576078600.
  48. ^ Paul Weindling, "Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization." Minerva 35.3 (1997): 269–281.
  49. ^ Leon F. Hesser, The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger: An authorized biography (2006).
  50. ^ Toenniessen, Gary; Adesina, Akinwumi; Devries, Joseph (2008), "Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136 (1): 233–42, Bibcode:2008NYASA1136..233T, doi:10.1196/annals.1425.028, PMID 18579885, S2CID 16277025
  51. ^ Mariuzzo, Andrea (2016), "American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960", History of Education, 45 (3): 352–371, doi:10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192, hdl:11380/1176822, S2CID 146991139
  52. ^ Jayanth K. Krishnan, "Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India." American Journal of Legal History 46.4 (2004): 447–499. online 2021-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Jayanth K. Krishnan, "Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977." American Journal of Legal History 52.3 (2012): 261–324.
  54. ^ "Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies". 29 January 2018. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  55. ^ "The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  56. ^ "Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  57. ^ "Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report". Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  58. ^ "Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World". 18 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  59. ^ Scaife, Wendy A.; Williamson, Alexandra (2012-02-22). "Foundations for giving : why and how Australians structure their philanthropy". Queensland, Australia. doi:10.5204/rep.eprints.48801. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  60. ^ McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Williamson, Alexandra (2018-05-02). "Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (13): 1759–1776. doi:10.1177/0002764218773495. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 149469573.
  61. ^ Scaife, Wendy; McDonald, Katie; Williamson, Alexandra; Mossel, Valérie (2015). Wiepking, Pamala; Handy, Femida (eds.). Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized. The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 488–505. doi:10.1057/9781137341532_28. ISBN 9781137343239.
  62. ^ Mcgregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2022-08-16). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  63. ^ McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (September 2020). "Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020". eprints.qut.edu.au. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  64. ^ McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2021-07-15). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ^ Office, Australian Taxation. "Private ancillary funds". www.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  66. ^ Office, Australian Taxation. "Public ancillary funds". www.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  67. ^ Williamson, Alexandra Kate; Luke, Belinda G. (2021). "Mapping the field of public ancillary funds". Australian Journal of Public Administration. 80 (4): 748–768. doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12515. ISSN 1467-8500. S2CID 240517564.
  68. ^ Williamson, Alexandra; Luke, Belinda; Leat, Diana; Furneaux, Craig (2017). "Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds" (PDF). Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 46 (4): 747–771. doi:10.1177/0899764017703711. ISSN 0899-7640. S2CID 151796260.
  69. ^ Williamson, Alexandra Kate; Luke, Belinda G. (2021-09-22). "Mapping the field of public ancillary funds". Australian Journal of Public Administration. 80 (4): 748–768. doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12515. ISSN 0313-6647. S2CID 240517564.
  70. ^ Williamson, Alexandra Kate; Luke, Belinda; Furneaux, Craig (2020-09-11). "Ties That Bind: Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships". VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 32 (2): 234–246. doi:10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8. ISSN 1573-7888. S2CID 225218420.
  71. ^ Williamson, Alexandra; Luke, Belinda (2019-09-01). "Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations". The Foundation Review. 11 (3). doi:10.9707/1944-5660.1482. ISSN 1944-5660. S2CID 211317782.
  72. ^ Srivastava, Prachi; Oh, Su-Ann (2012). "Private Foundations, Philanthropy and Partnership in Education and Development: Mapping the Terrain". Public Private Partnerships in Education. doi:10.4337/9780857930699.00015. ISBN 9780857930699.
  73. ^ a b "Fundamentals of Modern Philanthropy - myImpact". myImpact - Formen der modernen Philanthropie (in German). Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  74. ^ Klasen, Stephan (2013-12-05), "Is it time for a new international poverty measure?", Development Co-operation Report 2013, Development Co-operation Report, OECD, pp. 35–42, doi:10.1787/dcr-2013-6-en, ISBN 9789264200999
  75. ^ Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world. 2009-05-01.
  76. ^ Kramar, M.K., G. Hills, K. Tallani, M. Wilka., and A. Bhatt (2014), "The new role of business in global education: How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns". A report by FSG, pp.1-23.
  77. ^ Rubio Royo, Enrique (2009-09-30). "Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje". Arbor. CLXXXV (Extra): 41–62. doi:10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205. ISSN 1988-303X.
  78. ^ Christopherson, Elizabeth Good; Howell, Emily L.; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula; West, Norris P. (2021). "How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity". Stanford Social Innovation Review. 19: 4855. doi:10.48558/P4G8-QM77.
  79. ^ Thompson, Beti; Molina, Yamile; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula; Warnecke, Richard; Prelip, Michael L. (August 2016). "Strategies To Empower Communities To Reduce Health Disparities". Health Affairs. 35 (8): 1424–1428. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1364. ISSN 0278-2715. PMC 5554943. PMID 27503967.
  80. ^ Chandra, Anita; Acosta, Joie; Carman, Katherine Grace; Dubowitz, Tamara; Leviton, Laura; Martin, Laurie T.; Miller, Carolyn; Nelson, Christopher; Orleans, Tracy; Tait, Margaret; Trujillo, Matthew; Towe, Vivian; Yeung, Douglas; Plough, Alonzo L. (January 2017). "Building a National Culture of Health: Background, Action Framework, Measures, and Next Steps". Rand Health Quarterly. 6 (2): 3. ISSN 2162-8254. PMC 5568157. PMID 28845341.
  81. ^ Grindle, Jeffrey Bradach, Abe. "Transformative Scale: The Future of Growing What Works". Bridgespan. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  82. ^ a b c Allatson, Paul; Jeffreys, Elaine (2015). Celebrity Philanthropy. Bristol, UK: Intellect.
  83. ^ . People's Climate Movement. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  84. ^ "Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?| Countercurrents". 4 August 2020.
  85. ^ "Binah: Anand Giridharadas on the Fallacy of Billionaire Philanthropy". KALW. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  86. ^ Campbell, David. "A new reason Americans are getting leery of billionaire donors". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  87. ^ "How philanthropy benefits the super-rich". the Guardian. 2020-09-08. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  88. ^ a b Livni, Ephrat (7 April 2019). "What could possibly be wrong with wanting to change the world?". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-11-15.

Further reading

  • Adam, Thomas. Philanthropy, Patronage, and Civil Society: Experiences from Germany, Great Britain, and North America (2008)
  • Burlingame, D.F. Ed. (2004). Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia (3 vol. ABC Clio).
  • Curti, Merle E. American philanthropy abroad: a history (Rutgers UP, 1963).
  • Giridharadas, Anand (2018). Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World. New York. ISBN 978-0-451-49324-8. OCLC 1004981738.
  • Grimm, Robert T. Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering (2002) excerpt
  • Hitchcock, William I. (2014) "World War I and the humanitarian impulse." The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville 35.2 (2014): 145–163.
  • Ilchman, Warren F. et al. Philanthropy in the World's Traditions (1998) Examines philanthropy in Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Jewish, and Native American religious traditions and in cultures from Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. online
  • Jordan, W.K. Philanthropy in England, 1480–1660: A Study of the Changing Pattern of English Social Aspirations (1959) online
  • Kiger, Joseph C. Philanthropists and foundation globalization (Transaction Publishers, 2011).
  • Petersen, Jørn Henrik, Klaus Petersen, and Søren Kolstrup. "Autonomy, Cooperation or Colonization? Christian Philanthropy and State Welfare in Denmark." Journal of Church and State 56#1 (2014): 81–104.
  • Reich, Rob, Chiara Cordelli, and Lucy Bernholz, eds. Philanthropy in democratic societies: History, institutions, values (U of Chicago Press, 2016).
  • Zunz, Olivier. Philanthropy in America: A history (Princeton UP, 2014).

External links

  •   Quotations related to Philanthropy at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of philanthropy at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Philanthropy at Wikimedia Commons
  • History of Philanthropy, 1601–present compiled and edited by National Philanthropic Trust

philanthropy, other, uses, disambiguation, philanthropist, redirects, here, other, uses, philanthropist, disambiguation, form, altruism, that, consists, private, initiatives, public, good, focusing, quality, life, contrasts, with, business, initiatives, which,. For other uses see Philanthropy disambiguation Philanthropist redirects here For other uses see Philanthropist disambiguation Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of private initiatives for the public good focusing on quality of life Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives which are private initiatives for private good focusing on material gain and with government endeavors which are public initiatives for public good notably focusing on provision of public services 1 A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist Contents 1 Etymology 2 Europe 2 1 Great Britain 2 1 1 19th century 2 2 Switzerland 2 3 France 2 4 Germany 2 5 War and postwar Belgium and Eastern Europe 3 United States 3 1 Andrew Carnegie 3 2 John D Rockefeller 3 3 Ford Foundation 4 Asia 5 Oceania 5 1 Australia 6 Differences between traditional and new philanthropy 6 1 Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy 6 2 Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism 6 3 Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy 7 Celebrity philanthropy 7 1 Implications on government and governance 7 2 Examples 8 Philanthropic capitalism 9 Criticism 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymology Edit Herodes Atticus a Greek philanthropist of Ancient Rome active during the 2nd century AD antiquity The word philanthropy comes from Ancient Greek filan8rwpia philanthrōpia love of humanity from phil love fond of and anthrōpos humankind mankind 2 In the second century AD Plutarch used the Greek concept of philanthropia to describe superior human beings During the Middle Ages philanthropia was superseded in Europe by the Christian virtue of charity Latin caritas selfless love valued for salvation and escape from purgatory 3 Thomas Aquinas held that the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God but also to the love of our neighbor 4 Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s who is credited in great part with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture clarification needed Bacon considered philanthropia to be synonymous with goodness correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind good nature 5 This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender neutrally as the love of humanity 6 better source needed Europe EditGreat Britain Edit The Foundling Hospital in London c 1753 The original building has since been demolished In London prior to the 18th century parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes such as St Dionis Backchurch or guilds such as the Carpenters Company During the 18th century however a more activist and explicitly Protestant tradition of direct charitable engagement during life took hold exemplified by the creation of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and Societies for the Reformation of Manners 7 In 1739 Thomas Coram appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London received a royal charter to establish the Foundling Hospital to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb s Conduit Fields Bloomsbury 8 This was the first children s charity in the country and one that set the pattern for incorporated associational charities in general 8 The hospital marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new style charities 7 Jonas Hanway another notable philanthropist of the era established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarer s charity in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the navy 9 By 1763 the society had recruited over 10 000 men and it was incorporated in 1772 Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes These organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard some charities received state recognition in the form of the Royal Charter 19th century Edit William Wilberforce a prominent British philanthropist and anti slavery campaigner Philanthropists such as anti slavery campaigner William Wilberforce began to adopt active campaigning roles where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change This included organized campaigns against the ill treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the slave trade throughout the Empire starting in 1807 10 Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833 11 Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income all together of about 2 million By 1885 rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities with an income of about 4 5 million They included a wide range of religious and secular goals with the American import YMCA as one of the largest and many small ones such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association In addition to making annual donations increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of 76 million of which 20 million was bequeathed to charities By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about 8 5 million 12 Led by the energetic Lord Shaftesbury 1801 1885 philanthropists organized themselves 13 In 1869 they set up the Charity Organisation Society It was a federation of district committees one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor 14 Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums such as the Labourer s Friend Society founded in 1830 This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for cottage husbandry that later became the allotment movement and in 1844 it became the first Model Dwellings Company an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment This was one of the first housing associations a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century brought about by the growth of the middle class Later associations included the Peabody Trust and the Guinness Trust The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label five per cent philanthropy 15 16 Switzerland Edit Main articles International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and International Committee of the Red Cross The Red Cross after the Battle of Gravelotte in 1870 In 1863 the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant used his fortune to fund the Geneva Society for Public Welfare which became the International Committee of the Red Cross During the Franco Prussian War of 1870 Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiers He shared the first Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1901 17 The French Red Cross played a minor role in the war with Germany 1870 71 After that it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non religious humanitarian organization It was closely tied to the army s Service de Sante By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164 000 members 21 500 trained nurses and over 27 million francs in assets 18 The International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC played a major role in working with POW s on all sides in World War II It was in a cash starved position when the war began in 1939 but quickly mobilized its national offices set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency For example it provided food mail and assistance to 365 000 British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive Suspicions especially by London of ICRC as too tolerant or even complicit with Nazi Germany led to its side lining in favour of the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration UNRRA as the primary humanitarian agency after 1945 19 France Edit Men and woman working in a classroom at the Institut Pasteur in Paris c 1920 In France the Pasteur Institute had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge allowed it to raise money for serum production from both private and public sources walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise 20 By 1933 at the depth of the Great Depression the French wanted a welfare state to relieve distress but did not want new taxes War veterans came up with a solution the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes 21 American money proved invaluable The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France s modern public health system under the National Institute of Hygiene It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses 22 23 Germany Edit The history of modern philanthropy on the European Continent is especially important in the case of Germany which became a model for others especially regarding the welfare state The princes and in the various imperial states continued traditional efforts such as monumental buildings parks and art collections Starting in the early 19th century the rapidly emerging middle classes made local philanthropy a major endeavor to establish their legitimate role in shaping society in contradistinction to the aristocracy and the military They concentrated on support for social welfare institutions higher education and cultural institutions as well as some efforts to alleviate the hardships of rapid industrialization The bourgeoisie upper middle class was defeated in its effort to it gain political control in 1848 but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative powerbase for its world view 24 Religion was a divisive element in Germany as the Protestants Catholics and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies The Catholics for example continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in purgatory after death The Protestants did not believe in purgatory but made a strong commitment to the improvement of their communities there and then Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality alcoholism and socialism as well as illegitimate births They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as social evils that were seen as utterly sinful 25 26 All the religious groups used financial endowments which multiplied in the number and wealth as Germany grew richer Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community and each had a board of trustees these were laymen who donated their time to public service Chancellor Otto von Bismarck an upper class Junker used his state sponsored philanthropy in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state to neutralize the political threat posed by the socialistic labor unions 27 The middle classes however made the most use of the new welfare state in terms of heavy use of museums gymnasiums high schools universities scholarships and hospitals For example state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost private philanthropy became the essential ingredient 19th century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement than Britain or the United States when measured in terms of voluntary private funding for public purposes Indeed such German institutions as the kindergarten the research university and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo Saxons 28 The heavy human and economic losses of the First World War the financial crises of the 1920s as well as the Nazi regime and other devastation by 1945 seriously undermined and weakened the opportunities for widespread philanthropy in Germany The civil society so elaborately build up in the 19th century was practically dead by 1945 However by the 1950s as the economic miracle was restoring German prosperity the old aristocracy was defunct and middle class philanthropy started to return to importance 29 War and postwar Belgium and Eastern Europe Edit Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium The Commission for Relief in Belgium CRB was an international predominantly American organization that arranged for the supply of food to German occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War It was led by Herbert Hoover 30 Between 1914 and 1919 the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed 11 000 000 Belgians by raising the necessary money obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there For example the CRB shipped 697 116 000 pounds of flour to Belgium 31 Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916 Hoover stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen 32 Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds He had raised and spent millions of dollars with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud At its peak his organization was feeding nine million Belgians and French a day 33 When the war ended in late 1918 Hoover took control of the American Relief Administration ARA with the mission of food to Central and Eastern Europe The ARA fed millions 34 U S government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919 and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization raising millions of dollars from private donors Under the auspices of the ARA the European Children s Fund fed millions of starving children When attacked for distributing food to Russia which was under Bolshevik control Hoover snapped Twenty million people are starving Whatever their politics they shall be fed 35 36 United States EditMain article Philanthropy in the United States The first corporation founded in the Thirteen Colonies was Harvard College 1636 designed primarily to train young men for the clergy A leading theorist was the Puritan theologian Cotton Mather 1662 1728 who in 1710 published a widely read essay Bonifacius or an Essay to Do Good Mather worried that the original idealism had eroded so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life Though his context was Christian his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical on the threshold of the Enlightenment 37 Benjamin Franklin 1706 1790 was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy He was much influenced by Daniel Defoe s An Essay upon Projects 1697 and Cotton Mather s Bonifacius an essay upon the good 1710 Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow Philadelphians into projects for the betterment of the city examples included the Library Company of Philadelphia the first American subscription library the fire department the police force street lighting and a hospital A world class physicist himself he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy 1751 which became the University of Pennsylvania as well as the American Philosophical Society 1743 to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate 38 By the 1820s newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals George Peabody 1795 1869 is the acknowledged father of modern philanthropy A financier based in Baltimore and London in the 1860s he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States and also funded housing for poor people in London His activities became the model for Andrew Carnegie and many others 39 40 Andrew Carnegie Edit Andrew Carnegie s philanthropy Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple 1903 Andrew Carnegie 1835 1919 was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national rather than local scale After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations and making direct contributions to many educational cultural and research institutions He financed over 2500 public libraries built across the nation and abroad He also funded Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Peace Palace in the Netherlands His final and largest project was the Carnegie Corporation of New York founded in 1911 with a 25 million endowment later enlarged to 135 million Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at Harvard University now known as the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies 41 the Brookings Institution and the Sesame Workshop In all Andrew Carnegie gave away 90 of his fortune 42 John D Rockefeller Edit John D Rockefeller in 1895 Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included John D Rockefeller 1839 1937 Julius Rosenwald 1862 1932 43 44 and Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage 1828 1918 45 Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s he and his son John D Rockefeller Jr 1874 1960 made large scale national philanthropy systematic especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine higher education and scientific research Of the 530 million the elder Rockefeller gave away 450 million went to medicine 46 Their leading advisor Frederick Taylor Gates launched several very large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns 47 By 1920 the Rockefeller Foundation was opening offices in Europe It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain France Germany Spain and elsewhere It supported the health projects of the League of Nations 48 By the 1950s it was investing heavily in the Green Revolution especially the work by Norman Borlaug that enabled India Mexico and many poor countries to dramatically upgrade their agricultural productivity 49 Ford Foundation Edit Main article Ford Foundation With the acquisition of most of the stock of the Ford Motor Company in the late 1940s the Ford Foundation became the largest American philanthropy splitting its activities between the United States and the rest of the world Outside the United States it established a network of human rights organizations promoted democracy gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States and invested heavily in the Green Revolution whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice wheat and other foods Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved 50 Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide For example in Italy in 1950 it sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation s school system based on the principles of meritocracy rather than political or family patronage democratisation with universal access to secondary schools It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations 51 The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in India and Africa by promoting the American model The plan failed because of India s unique legal history traditions and profession as well as its economic and political conditions Ford therefore turned to agricultural reform 52 The success rate in Africa was no better and that program closed in 1977 53 Asia Edit Saudi Arabian philanthropist Lamia bint Majed al Saud While charity has a long history in Asia philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent 54 Chinese philosopher Mozi c 470 c 391 BC developed the concept of universal love jian ai 兼愛 a reaction against perceived over attachment to family and clan structures within Confucianism Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence 55 Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound by zakat almsgiving while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities In India corporate social responsibility CSR is now mandated with 2 of net profits to be directed towards charity 56 Asia is home to the majority of the world s billionaires surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017 57 Wikipedia s list of countries by number of billionaires shows three Asian economies in the top ten 698 in China 237 in India and 71 in Hong Kong as of March 2021 Whilst the region s philanthropy practices are relatively under researched compared to those of the United States and Europe the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society CAPS produces a study of the sector every two years In 2020 its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two per cent of its GDP the same as the United States it would unleash US 507 billion HK 3 9 trillion annually more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030 58 Oceania EditAustralia Edit Structured giving in Australia through foundations 59 is slowly growing although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse 60 61 There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally Two foundation types for which some data is available 62 63 64 are Private Ancillary Funds PAFs 65 and Public Ancillary Funds PubAFs 66 67 Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe and do not have a public fundraising requirement 68 Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations some corporate foundations and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals schools museums and art galleries 69 70 They must raise funds from the general public 71 Differences between traditional and new philanthropy EditImpact investment versus traditional philanthropy Edit Traditional philanthropy and impact investment can be distinguished by how they serve society Traditional philanthropy is usually short term where organizations obtain resources for causes through fund raising and one off donations 72 The Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation are examples of such they focus more on the financial contributions to social causes and less on the actual actions and processes of benevolence Impact investment on the other hand focuses on the interaction between individual wellbeing and broader society through the promotion of sustainability Stressing the importance of impact and change they invest in different sectors of society including housing infrastructure healthcare and energy 73 A suggested explanation for the preference for impact investment philanthropy to traditional philanthropy is the gaining prominence of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs since 2015 Almost every SDG is linked to environmental protection and sustainability because of raising concerns about how globalisation liberal consumerism and population growth may affect the environment As a result development agencies have seen increased accountability on their part as they face greater pressure to fit with current developmental agendas Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism Edit Philanthrocapitalism differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates Traditional philanthropy is about charity mercy and selfless devotion improving recipients wellbeing 73 Philanthrocapitalism is philanthropy transformed by business and the market 74 where profit oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity 75 Share value companies are an example They help develop and deliver curricula in education strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people 76 Firms improve social outcomes but while they do so they also benefit themselves The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global capitalism There is an understanding that philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations both from a social and private perspective Therefore philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic growth and the firm s own growth based on human capital theory Through education specific skills are taught which enhance people s capacity to learn and their productivity at work Intel invests in science technology engineering and mathematics STEM curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools for its own innovation and revenue 77 The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train 1 million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy Edit Philanthropy has the potential to foster equity and inclusivity in various fields such as scientific research development and healthcare Addressing systemic inequalities in these sectors can lead to more diverse perspectives innovations and better overall outcomes Scholars have examined the importance of philanthropic support in promoting equity in different areas For example Christopherson et al 78 highlight the need to prioritize underrepresented groups promote equitable partnerships and advocate for diverse leadership within the scientific community In the healthcare sector Thompson et al 79 emphasize the role of philanthropy in empowering communities to reduce health disparities and address the root causes of these disparities Research by Chandra et al 80 demonstrates the potential of strategic philanthropy to tackle health inequalities through initiatives that focus on prevention early intervention and building community capacity Similarly a report by the Bridgespan Group 81 suggests that philanthropy can create systemic change by investing in long term solutions that address the underlying causes of social issues including those related to science and health disparities To advance equity in science and healthcare philanthropists can adopt several key strategies Prioritize underrepresented groups Support scientists and health professionals from diverse backgrounds to help address historical injustices and foster diversity Encourage equitable partnerships Facilitate collaborations between institutions from different backgrounds to promote knowledge exchange and a fair distribution of resources Advocate for diverse leadership Support initiatives that emphasize diversity and inclusion in leadership positions within scientific and health institutions Invest in early career professionals Help create a more equitable pipeline for future leaders in science and healthcare by investing in early career researchers and health professionals Influence policy changes Utilize philanthropic influence to advocate for policy changes that address systemic inequalities in science and health Through these approaches philanthropy can play a significant role in promoting equity within scientific and health communities leading to more inclusive and effective advancements Celebrity philanthropy EditCelebrity philanthropy refers to celebrity affiliated charitable and philanthropic activities It is an increasingly prevalent topic of scholarship in studies of the popular vis a vis the modern and post modern world 82 3 Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon Although charity and fame are associated historically it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy 82 1 16 Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one off monetary donations by definition It involves celebrities using their publicity brand credibility and personal wealth to promote not for profit organisations which are increasingly business like in form This is sometimes termed as celanthropy the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates 82 5 Implications on government and governance Edit The advent of celebrity philanthropy has seen the contraction of government involvement in areas such as welfare support and foreign aid to name a few This can be identified from the proliferation of neoliberal policies citation needed Conversely public interest groups not for profit organisations and the United Nations now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns An example of this is the People s Climate March which took place on 21 September 2014 The demonstration was part of the larger People s Climate Movement which aims to raise awareness of climate change and environmental issues more generally Notable celebrities who are part of this campaign include actors Leonardo DiCaprio Mark Ruffalo and Edward Norton 83 Examples Edit The Concert for Bangladesh Band Aid LiveAid NetAid Danny Thomas and St Jude Children s Research Hospital Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media Jerry Lewis and the MDA Telethon List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors Newman s Own Tiger Woods Foundation Richard Gere Activism Remote Area Medical Beyond the CrisisPhilanthropic capitalism EditPhilanthropic capitalism or Philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the capitalist realm Instead of it being for profit the philanthropist does it as a non profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss but the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they in cured 84 For example if a philanthropist puts up 10 million dollars for neighborhood revitalization to build new homes in place of dilapidated housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes If they took a 1 000 loss on each home 10 000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation It could be run like a nonprofit organization so they wouldn t have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold Criticism EditDespite the initial observed benefits of philanthropy as a variant form of charity it has been noted that philanthropy has been used by ultra high net worth individuals to offset their larger tax liabilities through charitable contribution deductions enabled by the tax code In the book Winners Take All The Elite Charade of Changing the World by Anand Giridharadas he notes that various philanthropic initiatives by the wealthy elite in practice function to entrench the power structures and special interests of the wealthy elite 85 For example despite Robert F Smith s generosity by paying off the student debt incurred by the Morehouse class of 2019 he simultaneously fought against changes to the tax code that would have made more money available to help low income students pay for college As a result Giridharadas argues Smith s philanthropic giving functions to reinforce the prevailing status quo and perpetuates income inequality instead of addressing the root cause of social issues 86 The ability of wealthy people to deduct a significant amount of their tax liabilities in the form of philanthropic giving as noted by the late German billionaire shipping magnate and philanthropist Peter Kramer functioned as a bad transfer of power from democratically elected politicians to unelected billionaires whereby it is no longer the state that determines what is good for the people but rather the rich who decide The Global Policy Forum an independent policy watchdog which functions to monitor the activities of the United Nations General Assembly warned governments and international organisations that they should assess the growing influence of major philanthropic foundations and especially the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation and analyse the intended and unintended risks and side effects of their activities prior to accepting money from rich donors In 2015 Global Policy Forum also warned elected politicians that they should be particularly concerned about the unpredictable and insufficient financing of public goods the lack of monitoring and accountability mechanisms and the prevailing practice of applying business logic to the provision of public goods 87 Giridharadas also argues that philanthrophy also functions to distract the general public from some of the ill gotten gains that were derived for profit from the marketplace For example the Sackler family were known for their generous philanthropic giving to various cultural institutions worldwide However their philanthropic giving functioned as deception and propaganda as their legacy of generosity was tainted by the subsequent exposure of Purdue Pharma s role in encouraging and exacerbating the opioid epidemic 88 As a result of their exposed ill gotten gains from the social issues caused by the philanthropic donors the British institutions of the National Portrait Gallery London and the Tate along with the American institution Solomon R Guggenheim Museum announced their rejection of charitable giving from the Sackler family trusts 88 See also EditList of philanthropists List of wealthiest charitable foundations Charitable organization Ethics of philanthropy Effective altruism Foundation charity Non profit organization Venture philanthropy Visiting the sick Misanthropy Philanthropic capitalismReferences Edit Robert McCully Philanthropy Reconsidered 2009 p 13 Philanthropy Online Etymology Dictionary SUMMA THEOLOGIAE Charity considered in itself Secunda Secundae Partis Q 23 www newadvent org Retrieved 2 April 2018 SUMMA THEOLOGIAE The object of charity Secunda Secundae Partis Q 25 www newadvent org Retrieved 2 April 2018 Johnson S 1979 A dictionary of the English language London Times Books Mitchell Kutney Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector not money Blue amp Green Tomorrow 2013 06 18 Retrieved 2014 11 08 a b Background Associational Charities London Lives Retrieved 29 January 2016 a b The London Foundling Hospital victorianweb org Retrieved 29 January 2016 N A M Rodger The Command of the Ocean A Naval History of Britain 1649 1815 New York W W Norton amp Company 2004 313 Louis Taylor Merrill The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade Journal of Negro History 30 4 1945 382 399 online Archived 2021 02 06 at the Wayback Machine Christer Petley Devoted Islands and that Madman Wilberforce British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39 3 2011 393 415 Donald Read England 1868 1914 The age of urban democracy 1979 pp 129 30 Geoffrey Finlayson The Victorian Shaftesbury History Today March 1983 33 3 pp 31 35 Read England 1868 1914 p 130 Siegel Fred 1974 Five Per Cent Philanthropy An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914 By John Nelson Tarn Book Review The Journal of Economic History 34 4 December 1061f doi 10 1017 S0022050700089683 S2CID 154468207 Tarn John Nelson 1973 Five Per Cent Philanthropy An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp xiv 23 and passim ISBN 978 0521085069 David P Forsythe The Humanitarians The International Committee of the Red Cross 2005 Rachel Chrastil The French Red Cross war readiness and civil society 1866 1914 French Historical Studies 31 3 2008 445 476 J Crossland Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross 1939 1945 2014 Simon J 2007 The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France between philanthropy and commerce Dynamis Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam 27 63 82 PMID 18351159 Nicolas Delalande Giving and Gambling The Gueules Cassees the National Lottery and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France French Historical Studies 40 4 2017 623 649 William H Schneider War philanthropy and the National Institute of Hygiene in France Minerva 41 1 2003 1 23 Timothy B The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France 1914 1943 The Historical Journal 41 4 1998 1055 1087 Thomas Adam Philanthropy Civil Society and the State in German history 1815 1989 2016 Andrew Lees Deviant Sexuality and Other Sins The Views of Protestant Conservatives in Imperial Germany German Studies Review 23 3 2000 453 476 Andrew Lees Cities Sin and Social Reform in Imperial Germany 2002 Dimitris N Chorafas 2016 Education and Employment in the European Union The Social Cost of Business Routledge p 255 ISBN 9781317145936 Adam Philanthropy pp 1 7 Adam Philanthropy pp 142 73 George H Nash An American Epic Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I Prologue 1989 21 1 pp 75 86 David Burner Herbert Hoover The Public Life 1979 pp 72 95 George H Nash The Life of Herbert Hoover The Humanitarian 1914 1917 1988 p 249 William E Leuchtenburg 2009 Herbert Hoover p 30 ISBN 9781429933490 Burner Hoover pp 114 37 Leuchtenburg 2009 Herbert Hoover p 58 ISBN 9781429933490 Frank M Surface and Raymond L Bland American food in the world war and reconstruction period operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover 1914 to 1924 1932 online 1034 detailed pages Cotton Mather 1825 Essays to do Good addressed to all Christians whether in public or private capacities p 51 Robert T Grimm ed 2002 Notable American Philanthropists Biographies of Giving and Volunteering pp 100 3 ISBN 9781573563406 Grimm ed 2002 Notable American Philanthropists Biographies of Giving and Volunteering pp 243 45 ISBN 9781573563406 Schaaf Elizabeth 1995 George Peabody His Life and Legacy 1795 1869 Maryland Historical Magazine 90 3 268 285 Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Kathryn W and Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Harvard University Harvard University 2017 Retrieved October 29 2018 permanent dead link Joseph Frazier Wall Andrew Carnegie 1970 pp 882 84 Grimm Robert T ed 2002 Notable American Philanthropists Westport Conn Greenwood Press pp 277 79 ISBN 978 1573563406 Ascoli Peter M 2006 Julius Rosenwald The Man Who Built Sears Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South Crocker Ruth 2003 Mrs Russell Sage Women s Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America Peter J Johnson and John Ensor Harr The Rockefeller Century Three Generations of America s Greatest Family 1988 Dwight Burlingame 2004 Philanthropy in America A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia vol 2 ABC CLIO p 419 ISBN 9781576078600 Paul Weindling Philanthropy and world health the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization Minerva 35 3 1997 269 281 Leon F Hesser The man who fed the world Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger An authorized biography 2006 Toenniessen Gary Adesina Akinwumi Devries Joseph 2008 Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1136 1 233 42 Bibcode 2008NYASA1136 233T doi 10 1196 annals 1425 028 PMID 18579885 S2CID 16277025 Mariuzzo Andrea 2016 American cultural diplomacy and post war educational reforms James Bryant Conant s mission to Italy in 1960 History of Education 45 3 352 371 doi 10 1080 0046760X 2016 1154192 hdl 11380 1176822 S2CID 146991139 Jayanth K Krishnan Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi American academics the Ford Foundation and the development of legal education in India American Journal of Legal History 46 4 2004 447 499 online Archived 2021 02 05 at the Wayback Machine Jayanth K Krishnan Academic SAILERS The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa 1957 1977 American Journal of Legal History 52 3 2012 261 324 Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies 29 January 2018 Retrieved 2021 10 27 The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love PDF Retrieved 2021 11 22 Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India PDF Retrieved 2021 10 27 Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues says report Retrieved 2021 10 26 Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society s Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post Covid 19 World 18 June 2020 Retrieved 2021 10 27 Scaife Wendy A Williamson Alexandra 2012 02 22 Foundations for giving why and how Australians structure their philanthropy Queensland Australia doi 10 5204 rep eprints 48801 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help McGregor Lowndes Myles Williamson Alexandra 2018 05 02 Foundations in Australia Dimensions for International Comparison American Behavioral Scientist 62 13 1759 1776 doi 10 1177 0002764218773495 ISSN 0002 7642 S2CID 149469573 Scaife Wendy McDonald Katie Williamson Alexandra Mossel Valerie 2015 Wiepking Pamala Handy Femida eds Giving in Australia Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 488 505 doi 10 1057 9781137341532 28 ISBN 9781137343239 Mcgregor Lowndes Myles Balczun Marie Williamson Alexandra 2022 08 16 Ancillary Funds 2000 2020 ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022 1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help McGregor Lowndes Myles Balczun Marie Williamson Alexandra September 2020 Ancillary Funds 2017 2018 ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020 2 August 2020 eprints qut edu au Retrieved 2021 01 21 McGregor Lowndes Myles Balczun Marie Williamson Alexandra 2021 07 15 Ancillary Funds 2000 2019 ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021 1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Office Australian Taxation Private ancillary funds www ato gov au Retrieved 2018 08 06 Office Australian Taxation Public ancillary funds www ato gov au Retrieved 2018 08 06 Williamson Alexandra Kate Luke Belinda G 2021 Mapping the field of public ancillary funds Australian Journal of Public Administration 80 4 748 768 doi 10 1111 1467 8500 12515 ISSN 1467 8500 S2CID 240517564 Williamson Alexandra Luke Belinda Leat Diana Furneaux Craig 2017 Founders Families and Futures Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds PDF Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 46 4 747 771 doi 10 1177 0899764017703711 ISSN 0899 7640 S2CID 151796260 Williamson Alexandra Kate Luke Belinda G 2021 09 22 Mapping the field of public ancillary funds Australian Journal of Public Administration 80 4 748 768 doi 10 1111 1467 8500 12515 ISSN 0313 6647 S2CID 240517564 Williamson Alexandra Kate Luke Belinda Furneaux Craig 2020 09 11 Ties That Bind Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 32 2 234 246 doi 10 1007 s11266 020 00269 8 ISSN 1573 7888 S2CID 225218420 Williamson Alexandra Luke Belinda 2019 09 01 Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations The Foundation Review 11 3 doi 10 9707 1944 5660 1482 ISSN 1944 5660 S2CID 211317782 Srivastava Prachi Oh Su Ann 2012 Private Foundations Philanthropy and Partnership in Education and Development Mapping the Terrain Public Private Partnerships in Education doi 10 4337 9780857930699 00015 ISBN 9780857930699 a b Fundamentals of Modern Philanthropy myImpact myImpact Formen der modernen Philanthropie in German Retrieved 2019 05 20 Klasen Stephan 2013 12 05 Is it time for a new international poverty measure Development Co operation Report 2013 Development Co operation Report OECD pp 35 42 doi 10 1787 dcr 2013 6 en ISBN 9789264200999 Philanthrocapitalism how the rich can save the world 2009 05 01 Kramar M K G Hills K Tallani M Wilka and A Bhatt 2014 The new role of business in global education How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns A report by FSG pp 1 23 Rubio Royo Enrique 2009 09 30 Nuevo rol y paradigmas del Aprendizaje en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje Arbor CLXXXV Extra 41 62 doi 10 3989 arbor 2009 extran1205 ISSN 1988 303X Christopherson Elizabeth Good Howell Emily L Scheufele Dietram A Viswanath Kasisomayajula West Norris P 2021 How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity Stanford Social Innovation Review 19 4855 doi 10 48558 P4G8 QM77 Thompson Beti Molina Yamile Viswanath Kasisomayajula Warnecke Richard Prelip Michael L August 2016 Strategies To Empower Communities To Reduce Health Disparities Health Affairs 35 8 1424 1428 doi 10 1377 hlthaff 2015 1364 ISSN 0278 2715 PMC 5554943 PMID 27503967 Chandra Anita Acosta Joie Carman Katherine Grace Dubowitz Tamara Leviton Laura Martin Laurie T Miller Carolyn Nelson Christopher Orleans Tracy Tait Margaret Trujillo Matthew Towe Vivian Yeung Douglas Plough Alonzo L January 2017 Building a National Culture of Health Background Action Framework Measures and Next Steps Rand Health Quarterly 6 2 3 ISSN 2162 8254 PMC 5568157 PMID 28845341 Grindle Jeffrey Bradach Abe Transformative Scale The Future of Growing What Works Bridgespan Retrieved 2023 04 04 a b c Allatson Paul Jeffreys Elaine 2015 Celebrity Philanthropy Bristol UK Intellect Endorsements People s Climate Movement Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 Retrieved 27 July 2015 Capitalist Philanthropy A Means of Circumventing the State Countercurrents 4 August 2020 Binah Anand Giridharadas on the Fallacy of Billionaire Philanthropy KALW Retrieved 2021 11 15 Campbell David A new reason Americans are getting leery of billionaire donors The Conversation Retrieved 2021 11 15 How philanthropy benefits the super rich the Guardian 2020 09 08 Retrieved 2021 11 15 a b Livni Ephrat 7 April 2019 What could possibly be wrong with wanting to change the world Quartz Retrieved 2021 11 15 Further reading EditAdam Thomas Philanthropy Patronage and Civil Society Experiences from Germany Great Britain and North America 2008 Burlingame D F Ed 2004 Philanthropy in America A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia 3 vol ABC Clio Curti Merle E American philanthropy abroad a history Rutgers UP 1963 Giridharadas Anand 2018 Winners Take All The Elite Charade of Changing the World New York ISBN 978 0 451 49324 8 OCLC 1004981738 Grimm Robert T Notable American Philanthropists Biographies of Giving and Volunteering 2002 excerpt Hitchcock William I 2014 World War I and the humanitarian impulse The Tocqueville Review La revue Tocqueville 35 2 2014 145 163 Ilchman Warren F et al Philanthropy in the World s Traditions 1998 Examines philanthropy in Buddhist Islamic Hindu Jewish and Native American religious traditions and in cultures from Latin America Eastern Europe the Middle East Africa and Asia online Jordan W K Philanthropy in England 1480 1660 A Study of the Changing Pattern of English Social Aspirations 1959 online Kiger Joseph C Philanthropists and foundation globalization Transaction Publishers 2011 Petersen Jorn Henrik Klaus Petersen and Soren Kolstrup Autonomy Cooperation or Colonization Christian Philanthropy and State Welfare in Denmark Journal of Church and State 56 1 2014 81 104 Reich Rob Chiara Cordelli and Lucy Bernholz eds Philanthropy in democratic societies History institutions values U of Chicago Press 2016 Zunz Olivier Philanthropy in America A history Princeton UP 2014 External links Edit Quotations related to Philanthropy at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of philanthropy at Wiktionary Media related to Philanthropy at Wikimedia Commons History of Philanthropy 1601 present compiled and edited by National Philanthropic Trust Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philanthropy amp oldid 1148193361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.