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Paul Robeson

Paul Leroy Robeson (/ˈrbsən/ ROHB-sən;[2][3] April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass-baritone concert artist, stage and film actor, professional football player, and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political stances.

Paul Robeson
Robeson in 1942
Born
Paul Leroy Robeson

(1898-04-09)April 9, 1898
DiedJanuary 23, 1976(1976-01-23) (aged 77)
Resting placeFerncliff Cemetery (Greenburgh, New York)
Education
Occupations
  • Singer
  • actor
  • social activist
  • lawyer
  • athlete
Known forShow Boat
The Emperor Jones
Othello
All God's Chillun Got Wings
Spouse
(m. 1921; died 1965)
ChildrenPaul Robeson Jr.
Parents
RelativesBustill family

American football career
Robeson in football uniform at Rutgers, c. 1919
No. 21, 17
Position:End / tackle
Personal information
Height:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight:219 lb (99 kg)
Career information
High school:Somerville (NJ)
College:Rutgers
Career history
Career highlights and awards
Career NFL statistics
Games played:15
Games started:15
Touchdowns:2[1]
Player stats at NFL.com · PFR
College Football Hall of Fame

In 1915, Robeson won an academic scholarship to Rutgers College in New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he was the only African-American student. While at Rutgers, he was twice named a consensus All-American in football and was elected class valedictorian. He earned his LL.B. from Columbia Law School, while playing in the National Football League (NFL). After graduation, he became a figure in the Harlem Renaissance, with performances in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones and All God's Chillun Got Wings.

Robeson performed in Britain in a touring melodrama, Voodoo, in 1922, and in Emperor Jones in 1925. In 1928, he scored a major success in the London premiere of Show Boat. Living in London for several years with his wife Eslanda, Robeson continued to establish himself as a concert artist and starred in a London production of Othello, the first of three productions of the play over the course of his career. He also gained attention in Sanders of the River (1935) and in the film production of Show Boat (1936). Robeson's political activities began with his involvement with unemployed workers and anti-imperialist students in Britain, and it continued with his support for the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War and his involvement in the Council on African Affairs (CAA).

After returning to the United States in 1939, Robeson supported the American and Allied war efforts during World War II. His history of supporting civil rights causes and Soviet policies, however, brought scrutiny from the FBI. After the war ended, the CAA was placed on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. Robeson was investigated during the McCarthy era. When he refused to recant his public advocacy of his political beliefs, the U.S. State Department withdrew his passport and his income plummeted. He moved to Harlem and published a periodical called Freedom,[4] which was critical of United States policies, from 1950 to 1955. Robeson's right to travel was eventually restored as a result of the 1958 United States Supreme Court decision Kent v. Dulles.

Between 1925 and 1961, Robeson released recordings of some 276 songs. The first of these was the spiritual "Steal Away", backed with "Were You There", in 1925. Robeson's recorded repertoire spanned many styles, including Americana, popular standards, classical music, European folk songs, political songs, poetry and spoken excerpts from plays.[5]

Early life edit

1898–1915: Childhood edit

 
Robeson's birthplace in Princeton, New Jersey

Robeson was born in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1898, to Reverend William Drew Robeson and Maria Louisa Bustill.[6] His mother, Maria, was a member of the Bustills, a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry.[7] His father, William, was of Igbo origin and was born into slavery.[8][9] William escaped from a plantation in his teens[10] and eventually became the minister of Princeton's Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in 1881.[11] Robeson had three brothers: William Drew Jr. (born 1881), Reeve (born c. 1887), and Ben (born c. 1893); and one sister, Marian (born c. 1895).[12]

In 1900, a disagreement between William and white financial supporters of the Witherspoon church arose with apparent racial undertones,[13] which were prevalent in Princeton.[14] William, who had the support of his entirely black congregation, resigned in 1901.[15] The loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs.[16] Three years later when Robeson was six, his mother, who was nearly blind, died in a house fire.[17] Eventually, William became financially incapable of providing a house for himself and his children still living at home, Ben and Paul, so they moved into the attic of a store in Westfield, New Jersey.[18]

William found a stable parsonage at the St. Thomas A.M.E. Zion in 1910,[19] where Robeson filled in for his father during sermons when he was called away.[20] In 1912, Robeson began attending Somerville High School in New Jersey,[21] where he performed in Julius Caesar and Othello, sang in the chorus, and excelled in football, basketball, baseball and track.[22] His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored.[23] Prior to his graduation, he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers and was named class valedictorian.[24] He took a summer job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island, where he befriended Fritz Pollard, later to be the first African-American coach in the National Football League.[25]

1915–1919: Rutgers College edit

 
Fritz Pollard (left) and Robeson in a photo from the March 1918 issue of The Crisis

In late 1915, Robeson became the third African-American student ever enrolled at Rutgers, and the only one at the time.[26] He tried out for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team,[27] and his resolve to make the squad was tested as his teammates engaged in excessive play, during which his nose was broken and his shoulder dislocated.[28] The coach, Foster Sanford, decided he had overcome the provocation and announced that he had made the team.[29]

Robeson joined the debating team[30] and sang off-campus for spending money,[31] and on-campus with the Glee Club informally, as membership required attending all-white mixers.[32] He also joined the other collegiate athletic teams.[33] As a sophomore, amidst Rutgers' sesquicentennial celebration, he was benched when a Southern football team, Washington and Lee University, refused to take the field because the Scarlet Knights had fielded a Negro, Robeson.[34]

After a standout junior year of football,[35] he was recognized in The Crisis for his athletic, academic, and singing talents.[36] At this time[37] his father fell grievously ill.[38] Robeson took the sole responsibility in caring for him, shuttling between Rutgers and Somerville.[39] His father, who was the "glory of his boyhood years"[40] soon died, and at Rutgers, Robeson expounded on the incongruity of African Americans fighting to protect America in World War I but not having the same opportunities in the United States as whites.[41]

 
Robeson (far left) was part of the Rutgers University class of 1919 and one of four students accepted into the Cap and Skull honor society.

He finished university with four annual oratorical triumphs[42] and varsity letters in multiple sports.[43] His play at end[44] won him first-team All-American selection, in both his junior and senior years. Walter Camp considered him the greatest end ever.[45] Academically, he was accepted into Phi Beta Kappa[46] and Cap and Skull.[47] His classmates recognized him[48] by electing him class valedictorian.[49] The Daily Targum published a poem featuring his achievements.[50] In his valedictory speech, he exhorted his classmates to work for equality for all Americans. At Rutgers Robeson also gained a reputation for his singing, having a deep rich voice which some saw as bass with a high range, others as baritone with low notes. Throughout his career Robeson was classified as a bass-baritone.[51]

1919–1923: Columbia Law School and marriage edit

Robeson entered New York University School of Law in fall 1919.[52] To support himself, he became an assistant football coach at Lincoln University,[53] where he joined the Alpha Phi Alpha.[54] However, Robeson felt uncomfortable at NYU[55] and moved to Harlem and transferred to Columbia Law School in February 1920.[56] Already known in the black community for his singing,[57] he was selected to perform at the dedication of the Harlem YWCA.[58]

Robeson began dating Eslanda "Essie" Goode[59] and after her coaxing,[60] he made his theatrical debut as Simon in Ridgely Torrence's Simon of Cyrene.[61] After a year of courtship, they were married in August 1921.[62]

Robeson was recruited by Fritz Pollard to play for the NFL's Akron Pros while he continued his law studies.[63] In the spring of 1922, Robeson postponed school[64] to portray Jim in Mary Hoyt Wiborg's play Taboo.[65] He then sang in the chorus of an Off-Broadway production of Shuffle Along[66] before he joined Taboo in Britain.[67] The play was adapted by Mrs Patrick Campbell to highlight his singing.[68] After the play's run ended, he befriended Lawrence Benjamin Brown,[69] a classically trained musician,[70] before returning to Columbia while playing for the NFL's Milwaukee Badgers.[71] He ended his football career after the 1922 season,[72] and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1923.[73]

Theatrical success and ideological transformation edit

1923–1927: Harlem Renaissance edit

Robeson worked briefly as a lawyer, but he renounced a career in law because of racism.[74] His wife supported them financially. She was the head histological chemist in Surgical Pathology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital. She continued to work there until 1925 when his career took off.[75] They frequented the social functions at the future Schomburg Center.[76] In December 1924 he landed the lead role of Jim in Eugene O'Neill's All God's Chillun Got Wings,[77] which culminated with Jim metaphorically consummating his marriage with his white wife by symbolically emasculating himself. Chillun's opening was postponed due to nationwide controversy over its plot.[78]

Chillun's delay led to a revival of The Emperor Jones with Robeson as Brutus, a role pioneered by Charles Sidney Gilpin.[79] The role terrified and galvanized Robeson, as it was practically a 90-minute soliloquy.[80] Reviews declared him an unequivocal success.[81] Though arguably clouded by its controversial subject, his Jim in Chillun was less well received.[82] He answered criticism of its plot by writing that fate had drawn him to the "untrodden path" of drama, that the true measure of a culture is in its artistic contributions, and that the only true American culture was African-American.[83]

The success of his acting placed him in elite social circles[84] and his ascension to fame, which was forcefully aided by Essie,[85] had occurred at a startling pace.[86] Essie's ambition for Robeson was a startling dichotomy to his indifference.[87] She quit her job, became his agent, and negotiated his first movie role in a silent race film directed by Oscar Micheaux, Body and Soul (1925).[88] To support a charity for single mothers, he headlined a concert singing spirituals.[89] He performed his repertoire of spirituals on the radio.[90]

Lawrence Benjamin Brown, who had become renowned while touring as a pianist with gospel singer Roland Hayes, chanced upon Robeson in Harlem.[91] The two ad-libbed a set of spirituals, with Robeson as lead and Brown as accompanist. This so enthralled them that they booked Provincetown Playhouse for a concert.[92] The pair's rendition of African-American folk songs and spirituals was captivating,[93] and Victor Records signed Robeson to a contract in September 1925.[94]

The Robesons went to London for a revival of The Emperor Jones, before spending the rest of the fall on holiday on the French Riviera, socializing with Gertrude Stein and Claude McKay.[95] Robeson and Brown performed a series of concert tours in America from January 1926 until May 1927.[96]

During a hiatus in New York, Robeson learned that Essie was several months pregnant.[97] Paul Robeson Jr. was born in November 1927 in New York, while Robeson and Brown toured Europe.[98] Essie experienced complications from the birth,[99] and by mid-December, her health had deteriorated dramatically. Ignoring Essie's objections, her mother wired Robeson and he immediately returned to her bedside.[100] Essie completely recovered after a few months.[citation needed]

1928–1932: Show Boat, Othello, and marriage difficulties edit

In 1928, Robeson played "Joe" in the London production of the American musical Show Boat, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.[101] His rendition of "Ol' Man River" became the benchmark for all future performers of the song.[102] Some black critics objected to the play's use of the then common racial epithet.[103] It was, nonetheless, immensely popular with white audiences.[104] He was summoned for a Royal Command Performance at Buckingham Palace[105] and Robeson was befriended by Members of Parliament (MPs) from the House of Commons.[106] Show Boat continued for 350 performances and, as of 2001, it remained the Royal's most profitable venture.[102] The Robesons bought a home in Hampstead.[107] He reflected on his life in his diary and wrote that it was all part of a "higher plan" and "God watches over me and guides me. He's with me and lets me fight my own battles and hopes I'll win."[108] However, an incident at the Savoy Grill, in which he was refused seating, sparked him to issue a press release describing the insult which subsequently became a matter of public debate.[109]

Essie had learned early in their marriage that Robeson had been involved in extramarital affairs, but she tolerated them.[110] However, when she discovered that he was having another affair, she unfavorably altered the characterization of him in his biography,[111] and defamed him by describing him with "negative racial stereotypes".[112] Despite her uncovering of this tryst, there was no public evidence that their relationship had soured.[113]

The couple appeared in the experimental Swiss film Borderline (1930).[114] He then returned to the Savoy Theatre, in London's West End to play Othello, opposite Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona.[115] He cited the lack of a "racial problem" in London as significant in his decision to move to London.[116] Robeson was the first black actor to play Othello in Britain since Ira Aldridge.[117] The production received mixed reviews which noted Robeson's "highly civilized quality [but lacking the] grand style."[118] Robeson stated the best way to diminish the oppression African Americans faced was for his artistic work to be an example of what "men of my colour" could accomplish rather than to "be a propagandist and make speeches and write articles about what they call the Colour Question."[119]

After Essie discovered Robeson had been having an affair with Ashcroft, she decided to seek a divorce and they split up.[120] While working in London, Robeson became one of the first artists to record at the new EMI Recording Studios (later known as Abbey Road Studios), recording four songs in September 1931, almost two months before the studio was officially opened.[121] Robeson returned to Broadway as Joe in the 1932 revival of Show Boat, to critical and popular acclaim.[122] He received, with immense pride, an honorary master's degree from Rutgers.[123] It is said that Foster Sanford, his college football coach advised him that divorcing Essie and marrying Ashcroft would do irreparable damage to his reputation.[124] In any case, Ashcroft and Robeson's relationship ended in 1932,[125] and Robeson and Essie reconciled, leaving their relationship scarred permanently.[126]

1933–1937: Ideological awakening edit

In 1933, Robeson played the role of Jim in the London production of Chillun, virtually gratis,[127] then returned to the United States to star as Brutus in the film The Emperor Jones—the first film to feature an African American in a starring role, "a feat not repeated for more than two decades in the U.S."[128][129] His acting in The Emperor Jones was well received.[129] On the film set he rejected any slight to his dignity, despite the widespread Jim Crow atmosphere in the United States.[130] Upon returning to England, he publicly criticized African Americans' rejection of their own culture.[131] Despite negative reactions from the press, such as a New York Amsterdam News retort that Robeson had made a "jolly well [ass of himself]",[132] he also announced that he would reject any offers to perform central European (though not Russian, which he considered "Asiatic") opera because the music had no connection to his heritage.[133]

In early 1934, Robeson enrolled in the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), a constituent college of the University of London, where he studied phonetics and Swahili.[134][135] His "sudden interest" in African history and its influence on culture[136] coincided with his essay "I Want to be African", wherein he wrote of his desire to embrace his ancestry.[137]

 
Robeson and actress Irén Ágay on the set of Sanders of the River, London, 1934

His friends in the anti-imperialist movement and his association with British socialists led him to visit the Soviet Union.[137] Robeson, Essie, and Marie Seton traveled to the Soviet Union on an invitation from Sergei Eisenstein in December 1934.[138] A stopover in Berlin enlightened Robeson to the racism in Nazi Germany[139] and, on his arrival in Moscow, in the Soviet Union, Robeson said, "Here I am not a Negro but a human being for the first time in my life ... I walk in full human dignity."[140]

He undertook the role of Bosambo in the movie Sanders of the River (1935),[141] which he felt would render a realistic view of colonial African culture. Sanders of the River made Robeson an international movie star;[142] but the stereotypical portrayal of a colonial African[143] was seen as embarrassing to his stature as an artist[144] and damaging to his reputation.[145] The Commissioner of Nigeria to London protested the film as slanderous to his country,[146] and Robeson thereafter became more politically conscious of his roles.[147] He appeared in the play Stevedore at the Embassy Theatre in London in May 1935,[148] which was favorably reviewed in The Crisis by Nancy Cunard, who concluded: "Stevedore is extremely valuable in the racial–social question—it is straight from the shoulder".[149] In early 1936, he decided to send his son to school in the Soviet Union to shield him from racist attitudes.[150] He then played the role of Toussaint Louverture in the eponymous play by C. L. R. James[151] at the Westminster Theatre, and appeared in the films Song of Freedom,[152] and Show Boat in 1936,[153] and My Song Goes Forth,[154] King Solomon's Mines.[155] and Big Fella, all in 1937.[156] In 1938, he was named by American Motion Picture Herald as the 10th most popular star in British cinema.[157]

 
Robeson at Einstein's home in Princeton, October 1947

In 1935, Robeson met Albert Einstein when Einstein came backstage after Robeson's concert at the McCarter Theatre. The two discovered that, as well as a mutual passion for music, they shared a hatred for fascism. The friendship between Robeson and Einstein lasted nearly twenty years, but was not well known or publicized.[158]

1937–1939: Spanish Civil War and political activism edit

Robeson believed that the struggle against fascism during the Spanish Civil War was a turning point in his life and transformed him into a political activist.[159] In 1937, he used his concert performances to advocate the Republican cause and the war's refugees.[160] He permanently modified his renditions of "Ol' Man River" – initially, by singing the word "darkies" instead of "niggers"; later, by changing some of the stereotypical dialect in the lyrics to standard English and replacing the fatalistic last verse ("Ah gits weary / An' sick of tryin' / Ah'm tired of livin' / An skeered of dyin'") with an uplifting verse of his own ("But I keep laffin' / Instead of cryin' / I must keep fightin' / Until I'm dyin'") – transforming it from a tragic "song of resignation with a hint of protest implied" into a battle hymn of unwavering defiance.[161] His business agent expressed concern about his political involvement,[162] but Robeson overruled him and decided that contemporary events trumped commercialism.[163] In Wales,[164] he commemorated the Welsh people killed while fighting for the Republicans,[165] where he recorded a message that became his epitaph: "The artist must take sides. He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I had no alternative."[166]

After an invitation from J. B. S. Haldane,[167] he traveled to Spain in 1938 because he believed in the International Brigades's cause,[168] visited the hospital of the Benicàssim, singing to the wounded soldiers.[169] Robeson also visited the battlefront[170] and provided a morale boost to the Republicans at a time when their victory was unlikely.[168] Back in England, he hosted Jawaharlal Nehru to support Indian independence, whereat Nehru expounded on imperialism's affiliation with Fascism.[171] Robeson reevaluated the direction of his career and decided to focus on the ordeals of "common people".[172] He appeared in the pro-labor play Plant in the Sun, in which he played an Irishman, his first "white" role.[clarification needed][173] With Max Yergan, and the International Committee on African Affairs (later known as the Council on African Affairs or CAA), Robeson became an advocate for African nationalism and political independence.[174]

 
Robeson performs at Birmingham Town Hall, England, on March 7, 1939, in aid of a local charity, the Birmingham Mail Christmas Tree Fund.[175] The advertised pianist was Lawrence Brown.[176]

Paul Robeson was living in Britain until shortly before the start of the Second World War in 1939. His name was included in the Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. as a target for arrest if Germany had occupied Britain.[177]

World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism edit

1939–1945: World War II, and the Broadway Othello edit

 
Robeson leading Moore Shipyard (Oakland, California) workers in singing the "Star Spangled Banner", September 1942
 
Robeson with Uta Hagen in the Theatre Guild production of Othello (1943–44)

Robeson's last British film was The Proud Valley (1940), set in a Welsh coal-mining town.[178] Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, Robeson and his family returned to the United States in 1940, to Enfield, Connecticut, and he became America's "no.1 entertainer"[according to whom?][179] with a radio broadcast of Ballad for Americans.[180] Nevertheless, during a tour in 1940, the Beverly Wilshire Hotel was the only major Los Angeles hotel willing to accommodate him due to his race, at an exorbitant rate and registered under an assumed name, and he therefore dedicated two hours every afternoon to sitting in the lobby, where he was widely recognised, "to ensure that the next time Black[s] come through, they'll have a place to stay." Los Angeles hotels lifted their restrictions on black guests soon afterwards.[181][182]

Robeson narrated the 1942 documentary Native Land which was labeled by the FBI as communist propaganda.[183] After an appearance in Tales of Manhattan (1942), a production which he felt was "very offensive to my people", he announced that he would no longer act in films because of the demeaning roles available to blacks.[184] (See Tales of Manhattan#Controversy surrounding fifth tale upon 1942 release).

According to democratic socialist writer Barry Finger's critical appraisal of Robeson, while the Hitler-Stalin pact was still in effect, Robeson counseled American blacks that they had no stake in the rivalry of European powers. Once Russia was attacked, he urged blacks to support the war effort, now warning that an Allied defeat would "make slaves of us all".[185] Robeson participated in benefit concerts on behalf of the war effort and at a concert at the Polo Grounds, he met two emissaries from the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Solomon Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer.[186] Subsequently, Robeson reprised his role of Othello at the Shubert Theatre in 1943,[187] and became the first African American to play the role with a white supporting cast on Broadway. The production was a success, running for 296 performances on Broadway (a record for a Shakespeare production on Broadway that still stands),[188] and winning for Robeson the first Donaldson Award for Best Actor in a Play. During the same period, he addressed a meeting with Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis and team owners in a failed attempt to convince them to admit black players to Major League Baseball.[189] He toured North America with Othello until 1945,[190] and subsequently, his political efforts with the CAA to get colonial powers to discontinue their exploitation of Africa were short-circuited by the United Nations.[191]

During this period, Robeson also developed a sympathy for the Republic of China's side in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1940, the Chinese progressive activist, Liu Liangmo taught Robeson the patriotic song "Chee Lai!" ("Arise!"), known as the March of the Volunteers.[192] Robeson premiered the song at a concert in New York City's Lewisohn Stadium[192] and recorded it in both English and Chinese for Keynote Records in early 1941.[193][194] Robeson gave further performances at benefit concerts for the China Aid Council and United China Relief at Washington's Uline Arena on April 24, 1941.[195] The Washington Committee for Aid to China's booking of Constitution Hall had been blocked by the Daughters of the American Revolution owing to Robeson's race. The indignation was so great that Eleanor Roosevelt and Hu Shih, the Chinese ambassador, became sponsors. However, when the organizers offered tickets on generous terms to the National Negro Congress to help fill the larger venue, both sponsors withdrew, objecting to the NNC's Communist ties.[196]

The song became newly founded People's Republic of China's National Anthem after 1949. Its Chinese lyricist, Tian Han, died in a Beijing prison in 1968, but Robeson continued to send royalties to his family.[194]

1946–1949: Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations edit

After the Moore's Ford lynchings of four African Americans in Georgia on July 25, 1946, Robeson met with President Truman and admonished Truman by stating that if he did not enact legislation to end lynching,[197] "the Negroes will defend themselves".[197][198] Truman immediately terminated the meeting and declared that the time was not right to propose anti-lynching legislation.[197] Subsequently, Robeson publicly called upon all Americans to demand that Congress pass civil rights legislation.[199] Robeson founded the American Crusade Against Lynching organization in 1946. This organization was thought to be a threat to the NAACP antiviolence movement. Robeson received support from W. E. B. Du Bois on this matter and launched the organization on the anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, September 23.[200]

About this time, Robeson's belief that trade unionism was crucial to civil rights became a mainstay of his political beliefs as he became a proponent of the union activist and Communist Party USA member Revels Cayton.[201] Robeson was later called before the Tenney Committee where he responded to questions about his affiliation with the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) by testifying that he was not a member of the CPUSA.[202] Nevertheless, two organizations with which Robeson was intimately involved, the Civil Rights Congress (CRC)[203] and the CAA,[204] were placed on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations (AGLOSO).[205] Subsequently, he was summoned before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, and when questioned about his affiliation with the Communist Party, he refused to answer, stating: "Some of the most brilliant and distinguished Americans are about to go to jail for the failure to answer that question, and I am going to join them, if necessary."[206][207]

In 1948, Robeson was prominent in Henry A. Wallace's bid for the President of the United States,[208] during which Robeson traveled to the Deep South, at risk to his own life, to campaign for him.[209] In the ensuing year, Robeson was forced to go overseas to work because his concert performances were canceled at the FBI's behest.[210] While on tour, he spoke at the World Peace Council,[211] at which his speech was publicly reported as equating America with a Fascist state[212]—a depiction that he flatly denied.[213] Nevertheless, the speech publicly attributed to him was a catalyst for his being seen as an enemy of mainstream America.[214] Robeson refused to bow to public criticism when he advocated in favor of twelve defendants, including his long-time friend, Benjamin J. Davis Jr., charged during the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders.[215]

 
Label of a record by Robeson published by the Soviet Ministry of Culture

Robeson traveled to Moscow in June 1949, and tried to find Itzik Feffer whom he had met during World War II. He let Soviet authorities know that he wanted to see him.[216] Reluctant to lose Robeson as a propagandist for the Soviet Union,[217] the Soviets brought Feffer from prison to him. Feffer told him that Mikhoels had been murdered, and he would be summarily executed.[218] To protect the Soviet Union's reputation,[219] and to keep the right wing of the United States from gaining the moral high ground, Robeson denied that any persecution existed in the Soviet Union,[220] and kept the meeting secret for the rest of his life, except from his son.[219] On June 20, 1949, Robeson spoke at the Paris Peace Congress saying that "We in America do not forget that it was on the backs of the white workers from Europe and on the backs of millions of Blacks that the wealth of America was built. And we are resolved to share it equally. We reject any hysterical raving that urges us to make war on anyone. Our will to fight for peace is strong. We shall not make war on anyone. We shall not make war on the Soviet Union. We oppose those who wish to build up imperialist Germany and to establish fascism in Greece. We wish peace with Franco's Spain despite her fascism. We shall support peace and friendship among all nations, with Soviet Russia and the people's Republics." He was blacklisted for saying this in the mainstream press within the United States, including in many periodicals of the Negro press such as The Crisis.[221]

In order to isolate Robeson politically,[222] the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed Jackie Robinson[223] to comment on Robeson's Paris speech.[223] Robinson testified that Robeson's statements, "'if accurately reported', were silly'".[222] Days later, the announcement of a concert headlined by Robeson in New York City provoked the local press to decry the use of their community to support "subversives".[224] The Peekskill riots ensued in which violent anti-Robeson protests shut down a Robeson concert on August 27, 1949, and marred the aftermath of the replacement concert held eight days later.[225][226]

1950–1955: Blacklisted edit

A book reviewed in early 1950 as "the most complete record on college football"[227] failed to list Robeson as ever having played on the Rutgers team[228] and as ever having been an All-American.[229] Months later, NBC canceled Robeson's appearance on Eleanor Roosevelt's television program.[230] Subsequently, the State Department denied Robeson a passport and issued a "stop notice" at all ports. An isolated existence inside United States borders afforded him less freedom to express[231] what some saw as his "extreme advocacy on behalf of the independence of the colonial peoples of Africa."[232] When Robeson met with State Department officials and asked why he was denied a passport, he was told that "his frequent criticism of the treatment of blacks in the United States should not be aired in foreign countries".[233]

In 1950, Robeson co-founded, with W. E. B. Du Bois, a monthly newspaper, Freedom, showcasing his views and those of his circle. Most issues had a column by Robeson, on the front page. In the final issue, July–August 1955, an unsigned column on the front page of the newspaper described the struggle for the restoration of his passport. It called for support from the leading African-American organizations, and asserted that "Negroes, [and] all Americans who have breathed a sigh of relief at the easing of international tensions... have a stake in the Paul Robeson passport case." An article by Robeson appeared on the second page continuing the passport issue under the headline: "If Enough People Write Washington I'll Get My Passport in a Hurry."[234]

In 1951, an article titled "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd" was published in The Crisis and attributed to Robert Alan,[235] although Paul Jr. suspected it was written by Amsterdam News columnist Earl Brown.[236] J. Edgar Hoover and the United States State Department arranged for the article to be printed and distributed in Africa[237] in order to damage Robeson's reputation and reduce his popularity and Communism's popularity in colonial countries.[238] Another article by Roy Wilkins (now thought to have been the real author of "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd") denounced Robeson as well as the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in terms consistent with the anti-Communist FBI propaganda of the era.[239]

In December 1951, Robeson, in New York City, and William L. Patterson, in Paris, presented the United Nations with a Civil Rights Congress's petition titled "We Charge Genocide".[240][241] The document asserted that the United States federal government, by its failure to act against lynching in the United States, was "guilty of genocide" under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention. The petition was not officially acknowledged by the UN, and, though receiving some favorable reception in Europe and in America's Black press, was largely either ignored or criticized for its association with Communism in America's mainstream press.[242][243]

In 1952, Robeson was awarded the International Stalin Prize by the Soviet Union.[244] Unable to travel to Moscow, he accepted the award in New York.[245] In April 1953, shortly after Stalin's death, Robeson penned "To You My Beloved Comrade", praising Stalin as dedicated to peace and a guide to the world: "Through his deep humanity, by his wise understanding, he leaves us a rich and monumental heritage."[246] Robeson's opinions about the Soviet Union kept his passport out of reach and stopped his return to the entertainment industry and the civil rights movement.[247] In his opinion, the Soviet Union was the guarantor of political balance in the world.[248]

In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban, in May 1952, labor unions in the United States and Canada organized a concert at the International Peace Arch on the border between Washington state and the Canadian province of British Columbia.[249] Robeson returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953,[250] and over the next two years, two further concerts took place. In this period, with the encouragement of his friend the Welsh politician Aneurin Bevan, Robeson recorded a number of radio concerts for supporters in Wales.

1956–1957: End of McCarthyism edit

In 1956, Robeson was called before HUAC after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist. In his testimony, he invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to reveal his political affiliations. When asked why he had not remained in the Soviet Union because of his affinity with its political ideology, he replied, "because my father was a slave and my people died to build [the United States and], I am going to stay here, and have a part of it just like you and no fascist-minded people will drive me from it!"[251][252] At that hearing, Robeson stated "Whether I am or not a Communist is irrelevant. The question is whether American citizens, regardless of their political beliefs or sympathies, may enjoy their constitutional rights."[253]

Due to the reaction to the promulgation of Robeson's political views, his recordings and films were removed from public distribution, and he was universally condemned in the U.S. press.[254] During the height of the Cold War, it became increasingly difficult in the United States to hear Robeson sing on commercial radio, buy his music or see his films.[255]

In 1956, in the United Kingdom, Topic Records, at that time part of the Workers Music Association, released a single of Robeson singing the labor anthem "Joe Hill", written by Alfred Hayes and Earl Robinson, backed with "John Brown's Body". In 1956, after public pressure brought a one-time exemption to the travel ban, Robeson performed two concerts in Canada in February, one in Toronto and the other at a union convention in Sudbury, Ontario.[256]

Still unable to perform abroad in person, on May 26, 1957, Robeson sang for a London audience at St. Pancras Town Hall (where the 1,000 available concert tickets for "Let Robeson Sing" sold out within an hour) via the recently completed transatlantic telephone cable TAT-1.[257][258][259] In October of that year, using the same technology, Robeson sang to an audience of 5,000 at Porthcawl's Grand Pavilion in Wales.[260][261]

Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism at the 1956 Party Congress silenced Robeson on Stalin, although Robeson continued to praise the Soviet Union.[262] That year Robeson, along with close friend W.E.B. Du Bois, compared the anti-Soviet uprising in Hungary to the "same sort of people who overthrew the Spanish Republican Government" and supported the Soviet invasion and suppression of the revolt.[185]

Robeson's passport was finally restored in 1958 as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's 5 to 4 decision in Kent v. Dulles where the majority ruled that the denial of a passport without due process amounted to a violation of constitutionally protected liberty under the 5th Amendment.[263]

Later years edit

1958–1960: Comeback tours edit

1958 saw the publication of Robeson's "manifesto-autobiography" Here I Stand.[264]

Europe edit

Robeson embarked on a world tour using London as his base.[265] In 1958, he gave 28 performances at towns and cities around the UK (see souvenir programme opposite). In April 1959 he starred in Tony Richardson's production of Othello at Stratford-Upon-Avon.[266] In Moscow in August 1959, he received a tumultuous reception at the Luzhniki Stadium where he sang classic Russian songs along with American standards.[267] Robeson and Essie then flew to Yalta to rest and spend time with Nikita Khrushchev.[268]

On October 11, 1959, Robeson took part in a service at St. Paul's Cathedral, the first black performer to sing there.[269]

On a trip to Moscow, Robeson experienced bouts of dizziness and heart problems and was hospitalized for two months while Essie was diagnosed with operable cancer.[270] He recovered and returned to the UK to visit the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

In 1960, in what was his final concert performance in Great Britain, Robeson sang to raise money for the Movement for Colonial Freedom at the Royal Festival Hall.[271]

Australia and New Zealand edit

In October 1960, Robeson embarked on a two-month concert tour of Australia and New Zealand with Essie, primarily to generate money,[272] at the behest of Australian politician Bill Morrow.[273] While in Sydney, he became the first major artist to perform at the construction site of the future Sydney Opera House.[274] After appearing at the Brisbane Festival Hall, they went to Auckland where Robeson reaffirmed his support of Marxism-Leninism,[275] denounced the inequality faced by the Māori and efforts to denigrate their culture.[276] Thereabouts, Robeson publicly stated "... the people of the lands of Socialism want peace dearly".[277]

During the tour he was introduced to Faith Bandler and other activists who aroused the Robesons' concern for the plight of the Australian Aborigines.[278] Robeson subsequently demanded that the Australian government provide the Aborigines citizenship and equal rights.[279] He attacked the view of the Aborigines as being unsophisticated and uncultured, and declared that "there's no such thing as a backward human being, there is only a society which says they are backward."[280]

Robeson left Australia as a respected, albeit controversial, figure and his support for Aboriginal rights had a profound effect in Australia over the next decade.[281]

1961–1963: Health breakdown edit

Back in London after his Australia and New Zealand tour, Robeson expressed a desire to return to the United States and participate in the civil rights movement, while his wife argued that he would be unsafe there and "unable to make any money" due to government harassment. In March 1961 Robeson again traveled to Moscow.[282]

Moscow breakdown edit

During an uncharacteristically wild party in his Moscow hotel room, Robeson locked himself in his bedroom and attempted suicide by cutting his wrists.[283] Three days later, under Soviet medical care, he told his son, who had traveled to Moscow at the news, that he felt extreme paranoia, thought that the walls of the room were moving and, overcome by a powerful sense of emptiness and depression, tried to take his own life.[284]

Paul Jr. has said that his father's health problems stemmed from attempts by the CIA and MI5 to "neutralize" his father.[285][286] He remembered that his father had had such fears before his prostate operation.[287] He said that three doctors treating Robeson in London and New York had been CIA contractors,[285] and that his father's symptoms resulted from being "subjected to mind de-patterning under MK-ULTRA", a secret CIA programme.[288] Martin Duberman wrote that Robeson's health breakdown was probably brought on by a combination of factors including extreme emotional and physical stress, bipolar depression, exhaustion and the beginning of circulatory and heart problems. "[E]ven without an organic predisposition and accumulated pressures of government harassment he might have been susceptible to a breakdown."[283]

Repeated deterioration in London edit

Robeson stayed at the Barvikha Sanatorium until September 1961, when he left for London. There his depression reemerged, and after another period of recuperation in Moscow, he returned to London.

Three days after arriving back[when?], he became suicidal and suffered a panic attack while passing the Soviet Embassy.[289] He was admitted to the Priory Hospital, where he underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and was given heavy doses of drugs for nearly two years, with no accompanying psychotherapy.[290] During his treatment at the Priory, Robeson was being monitored by the British MI5.[291]

Both British and American intelligence services were well aware of Robeson's suicidal state of mind: An FBI memo described Robeson's debilitated condition, remarking that his "death would be much publicized" and would be used for Communist propaganda, necessitating continued surveillance.[292] Numerous memos advised that Robeson should be denied a passport renewal, an obstacle that was likely to further jeopardize his recovery process.[293]

Treatment in East Germany edit

In August 1963, disturbed about his treatment, friends and family had Robeson transferred to the Buch Clinic in East Berlin.[294][295] Given psychotherapy and less medication, his physicians found him still "completely without initiative" and they expressed "doubt and anger" about the "high level of barbiturates and ECT" that had been administered in London. He rapidly improved, though his doctor stressed that "what little is left of Paul's health must be quietly conserved."[296]

1963–1976: Retirement edit

 
The Paul Robeson House in Philadelphia (2009)

In December 1963, Robeson returned to the United States[297] and for the remainder of his life lived mainly in seclusion.[298] He momentarily assumed a role in the civil rights movement,[285] making a few major public appearances before falling seriously ill during a tour. Double pneumonia and a kidney blockage in 1965 nearly killed him.[298]

Invitations to civil rights movement edit

Robeson was contacted by both Bayard Rustin and James Farmer about the possibility of becoming involved with the mainstream of the Civil Rights Movement.[299]

Because of Rustin's past anti-Communist stances, Robeson declined to meet with him. Robeson eventually met with Farmer, but because he was asked to denounce Communism and the Soviet Union in order to assume a place in the mainstream, Robeson adamantly declined.[300]

Final years edit

After Essie, who had been his spokesperson to the media, died in December 1965,[301] Robeson moved in with his son's family in New York City.[302][295] He was rarely seen strolling near his Harlem apartment on Jumel Place, and his son responded to press inquiries that his "father's health does not permit him to perform, or answer questions."[295] In 1968, he settled at his sister's home in Philadelphia.[303][295]

Numerous celebrations were held in honor of Robeson over the next several years, including at public arenas that had previously shunned him, but he saw few visitors aside from close friends and gave few statements apart from messages to support current civil rights and international movements, feeling that his record "spoke for itself".[304]

At a Carnegie Hall tribute to mark his 75th birthday in 1973, he was unable to attend, but a taped message from him was played that said: "Though I have not been able to be active for several years, I want you to know that I am the same Paul, dedicated as ever to the worldwide cause of humanity for freedom, peace and brotherhood."[305]

1976: Death, funeral, and public response edit

On January 23, 1976, following complications of a stroke, Robeson died in Philadelphia at the age of 77.[306] He lay in state in Harlem[307] and his funeral was held at his brother Ben's former parish, Mother Zion AME Zion Church,[308] where Bishop J. Clinton Hoggard performed the eulogy.[309] His 12 pall bearers included Harry Belafonte[310] and Fritz Pollard.[311] He was interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.[310]

Biographer Martin Duberman said of news media notices upon Robeson's death:

the "white [American] press ... ignored the continuing inability of white America to tolerate a black maverick who refused to bend, ... downplayed the racist component central to his persecution" [during his life, as they] "gingerly" [paid him] "respect and tipped their hat to him as a 'great American'," while the black American press, "which had never, overall, been as hostile to Robeson" [as the white American press had,] opined that his life " '... would always be a challenge to white and Black America.'"[308]

Legacy and honors edit

 
The Robeson holdings in the archive of the Academy of the Arts of the German Democratic Republic, 1981

Early in his life, Robeson was one of the most influential participants in the Harlem Renaissance.[312] His achievements in sport and culture were all the more impressive given the barriers of racism he had to surmount.[313] Robeson brought Negro spirituals into the American mainstream.[314] He was among the first artists to refuse to perform to segregated audiences. Historian Penny Von Eschen wrote: "After McCarthyism, [Robeson's stand] on anti-colonialism in the 1940s would never again have a voice in American politics, but the [African independence movements] of the late 1950s and 1960s would vindicate his anti-colonial [agenda]."[315][dubious ]

In 1945, he received the Spingarn medal from the NAACP.[316] Several public and private establishments he was associated with have been landmarked,[317] or named after him.[318] His efforts to end Apartheid in South Africa were posthumously rewarded in 1978 by the United Nations General Assembly.[319] Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist won an Academy Award for best short documentary in 1980.[320] In 1995, he was named to the College Football Hall of Fame.[321] In the centenary of his birth, which was commemorated around the world,[322] he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award,[323] as well as a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[324] Robeson is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.[325]

As of 2011, the run of Othello starring Robeson was the longest-running production of a Shakespeare play ever staged on Broadway.[326] He received a Donaldson Award for his performance.[327] His Othello was characterised by Michael A. Morrison in 2011 as a high point in Shakespearean theatre in the 20th century.[328] In 1930, while performing Othello in London, Robeson was painted by the British artist Glyn Philpot; this portrait was sold in 1944 under the title Head of a Negro and thereafter thought lost, but was rediscovered by Simon Martin, the director of the Pallant House Gallery, for an exhibition held there in 2022.[329]

Robeson archives exist at the Academy of Arts;[330] Howard University,[331] and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.[332] In 2010, Susan Robeson launched a project at Swansea University, supported the Welsh Assembly, to create an online learning resource in her grandfather's memory.[333]

In 1976, the apartment building on Edgecombe Avenue in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan where Robeson lived during the early 1940s was officially renamed the Paul Robeson Residence, and declared a National Historic Landmark.[334][335][336] In 1993, the building was designated a New York City landmark as well.[337] Edgecombe Avenue itself was later co-named Paul Robeson Boulevard.

In 1978, TASS announced that the Latvian Shipping Company had named one of its new 40,000-ton tankers Paul Robeson in honor of the singer. TASS said the ship's crew established a Robeson museum aboard the tanker.[338] After Robeson's death, a street in the Prenzlauer Berg district of East Berlin was renamed Paul-Robeson-Straße, and the street name remains in reunified Berlin. An East German stamp featuring Robeson's face was issued with the text "For Peace Against Racism, Paul Robeson 1898–1976."[339]

In 2001, (Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson, a public artwork by American artist Allen Uzikee Nelson, was dedicated in the Petworth neighborhood in Washington, D.C.

In 2002, a blue plaque was unveiled by English Heritage on the house in Hampstead where Robeson lived in 1929–30.[340] On May 18, 2002, a memorial concert celebrating the 50th anniversary of Robeson's concert across the Canadian border took place on the same spot at Peace Park in Vancouver.[341]

In 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 37-cent stamp honoring Robeson.[342] In 2006, a plaque was unveiled in his honor at SOAS University of London.[343][344] In 2007, the Criterion Collection, a company that specializes in releasing special-edition versions of classic and contemporary films, released a DVD boxed set of Robeson films.[345] In 2009, Robeson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[346]

 
Illustration of Paul Robeson by Charles Henry Alston

The main campus library at Rutgers University-Camden is named after Robeson,[347] as is the campus center at Rutgers University-Newark.[348] The Paul Robeson Cultural Center is on the campus of Rutgers University-New Brunswick.[349]

In 1972, Penn State established a formal cultural center on the University Park campus. Students and staff chose to name the center for Robeson.[350] A street in Princeton, New Jersey, is named after him. In addition, the block of Davenport Street in Somerville, New Jersey, where St. Thomas AME Zion Church still stands, is called Paul Robeson Boulevard.[351] In West Philadelphia, the Paul Robeson High School is named after him.[352] To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Robeson's graduation, Rutgers University named an open-air plaza after him on Friday, April 12, 2019. The plaza, next to the Voorhees Mall on the College Avenue campus at Rutgers–New Brunswick, features eight black granite panels with details of Robeson's life.[353]

On March 6, 2019, the city council of New Brunswick, New Jersey, approved the renaming of Commercial Avenue to Paul Robeson Boulevard.[354]

A dark red heirloom tomato from the Soviet Union was given the name Paul Robeson.[355][356]

In popular culture edit

In 1949, some Chinese editors published children cartoons presenting him as an artistic and revolutionary hero.[357] In 1954, the Kurdish poet Abdulla Goran wrote the poem Bangêk bo Pol Ropsin ("A Call for Paul Robeson"). In the same year, another Kurdish poet, Cegerxwîn, also wrote a poem about him, Heval Pol Robson ("Comrade Paul Robeson"), which was put to music by singer Şivan Perwer in 1976.[358]

Black 47's 1989 album Home of the Brave includes the song "Paul Robeson (Born to Be Free)", which features spoken quotes of Robeson as part of the song.[359] These quotes are drawn from Robeson's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee in June 1956. In 2001, Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers released a song titled "Let Robeson Sing" as a tribute to Robeson, which reached number 19 on the UK Singles Chart.

In January 1978, James Earl Jones performed the one-man show Paul Robeson, written by Phillip Hayes Dean, on Broadway.[360][361] This stage drama was made into a TV movie in 1979, starring Jones and directed by Lloyd Richards.[362] At the 2007 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, British-Nigerian actor Tayo Aluko, himself a baritone soloist, premiered his one-man show, Call Mr. Robeson: A Life with Songs, which has since toured various countries.[363]

A fictional Paul Robeson appears in George Lucas's Young Indiana Jones in Winds of Change as a friend of Indiana Jones.[364]

World Inferno Friendship Society had a semi biographical song about Paul Robeson's life on their 2006 album Red Eyed Soul.[365]

Tom Rob Smith's novel Agent 6 (2012) includes the character Jesse Austin, "a black singer, political activist and communist sympathizer modeled after real-life actor/activist Paul Robeson."[366] Robeson also appears in short fiction published in the online literary magazines the Maple Tree Literary Supplement[367] and Every Day Fiction.[368]

Film director Steve McQueen's video work End Credits (2012–ongoing), shown at the Whitney, the Tate Modern, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Pérez Art Museum, reproduces Robeson's declassified, although still heavily redacted, FBI files.[369]

On September 7, 2019, Crossroads Theatre Company performed Phillip Hayes Dean's play Paul Robeson in the inaugural performance of the New Brunswick Performing Arts Center.[370]

Robeson was widely popular among Indian intellectuals and artists. Noted Indian singer-songwriter, Dr. Bhupen Hazarika met Robeson in 1949, befriended him and participated in civil rights activities.[371] Hazarika based his iconic Assamese song "Bistirno Parore" ("Of the wide shores") on Robeson's "Ol' Man River",[372][373][374] later translated into Bengali, Hindi, Nepali and Sanskrit. Singer-songwriter Hemanga Biswas sang the Bengali ballad "Negro bhai amar Paul Robeson" ("Our Negro brother Paul Robeson").[374] There were nation-wide celebrations in India on Robeson's 60th birthday in 1958, with the then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru saying: "This occasion deserves celebration…because Paul Robeson is one of the greatest artistes of our generation."[371][374]

Filmography edit

Discography edit

Paul Robeson had an extensive recording career; discogs.com lists[376] some 66 albums and 195 singles.

Selected albums

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Thorpe–M'Millan Fight Great Duel: Robeson Scores Both Touchdowns for Locals Against Indians". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 20, 1922. p. 7.[permanent dead link]; cf. Badgers Trim Thorpe's Team April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Paul Robeson Quotations". Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  3. ^ Vizetelly, Frank H. (March 3, 1934). "What's the Name, Please?". The Literary Digest: 11.
  4. ^ "Freedom". NYU Libraries. from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  5. ^ "Resources About Paul Robeson (1898–1976)" June 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  6. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 3; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 18, Duberman 1989, pp. 4–5
  7. ^ Brown 1997, pp. 5–6, 145–49; cf. Robeson 2001, pp. 4–5; Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 10–12
  8. ^ Nollen 2010
  9. ^ Francis, Hywel (May 1, 2014). "The inheritor of his father's political mantle". Morning Star. from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  10. ^ Robeson 2001, pp. 4, 337–38; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 4, Duberman 1989, p. 4, Brown 1997, pp. 9–10
  11. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 5–6, 14; cf. Robeson 2001, pp. 4–5, Duberman 1989, pp. 4–6, Brown 1997, pp. 17, 26
  12. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 3; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 18, Brown 1997, p. 21
  13. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 6–7; cf. Robeson 2001, pp. 5–6, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 18–20
  14. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 16–17; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 12
  15. ^ Robeson 2001, pp. 5–6; cf. Duberman 1989, pp. 6–9, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 18–20, Brown 1997, p. 26
  16. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 9; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 21, Robeson 2001, pp. 6–7, Brown 1997, p. 28
  17. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 22–23; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 8, Robeson 2001, pp. 7–8, Brown 1997, pp. 25–29; cf. Seton 1958, p. 7
  18. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 11; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 9, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 27–29
  19. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 9–10; cf. Brown 1997, p. 39, Robeson 2001, pp. 13–14
  20. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 17; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 30, Brown 1997, pp. 46–47
  21. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 37–38; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 12, Brown 1997, pp. 49–51
  22. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 13–16; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 34–36, Brown 1997, pp. 43, 46, 48–49
  23. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 37–38; cf. Robeson 2001, p. 16, Duberman 1989, pp. 13–16, Brown 1997, pp. 46–47
  24. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 41–42; cf. Brown 1997, pp. 54–55, Duberman 1989, p. 17, Robeson 2001, pp. 17–18; contra. The dispute is over whether it was a one-year or four-year scholarship. "ROBESON FOUND EMPHASIS TO WIN TOO GREAT IN COLLEGE FOOTBALL: Giant Negro Actor and Singer, Former Grid Star, Says Color Prejudices Forgotten on Stage". Boston Daily Globe. March 13, 1926. p. A7. ProQuest 498725929.
  25. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 11; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 40–41, Seton 1958, pp. 18–19, Brown 1997, pp. 53–54, 65, Carroll 1998, p. 58
  26. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 19; cf. Brown 1997, pp. 60, 64, Gilliam 1978, Robeson 2001, p. 20
  27. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 45–49; cf. Duberman 1989, pp. 19, 24, Brown 1997, pp. 60, 65
  28. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 20–21; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 49–50, Brown 1997, pp. 61–63
  29. ^ Gelder, Robert van (January 16, 1944). "ROBESON REMEMBERS; An Interview With the Star of 'Othello,' Partly About His Past". The New York Times. ProQuest 107050287. from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 49–50, Duberman 1989, pp. 20–21, Robeson 2001, pp. 22–23
  30. ^ Yeakey, Lamont H. (1973). "A Student Without Peer: The Undergraduate College Years of Paul Robeson". The Journal of Negro Education. 42 (4): 489–503. doi:10.2307/2966562. JSTOR 2966562.
  31. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 24; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 54, Brown 1997, p. 71, Robeson 2001, pp. 28, 31–32
  32. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 54; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 24, Levy 2003, pp. 1–2, Brown 1997, p. 71, Robeson 2001, p. 28
  33. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 24; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 54, Brown 1997, p. 70, Robeson 2001, p. 35
  34. ^ Brown 1997, pp. 68–70; Duberman 1989, pp. 22–23, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 59–60, Robeson 2001, p. 27, Pitt 1972, p. 42
  35. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 22, 573; cf. Robeson 2001, pp. 29–30, Brown 1997, pp. 74–82, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 65–66
  36. ^ "Men of the Month". The Crisis. Vol. 15, no. 5. March 1918. pp. 229–31. ISSN 0011-1422.; cf. Marable 2005, p. 171
  37. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 68.
  38. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 33; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 25, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 68–69, Brown 1997, pp. 85–87
  39. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 68–69.
  40. ^ Seton 1958, p. 6.
  41. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 25; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 68–69, Brown 1997, pp. 86–87, Robeson 2001, p. 33
  42. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 24; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 69, 74, 437, Robeson 2001, p. 35
  43. ^ "Hall of Fame: Robeson". Record-Journal. January 19, 1995. p. 20. from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.; The number of letters varies between 12 and 15 based on author; Duberman 1989, p. 22, Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 73, Robeson 2001, pp. 34–35
  44. ^ Jenkins, Burris (September 28, 1922). "Four Coaches – O'Neill of Columbia, Sanderson of Rutgers, Gargan of Fordham, and Thorp of N.Y.U. – Worrying About Outcome of Impending Battles". The Evening World. p. 24. from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  45. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 66; cf. Duberman 1989, pp. 22–23, Robeson 2001, pp. 30, 35
  46. ^ . The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012., Brown 1997, p. 94, Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 74, Duberman 1989, p. 24
  47. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 74; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 26, Brown 1997, p. 94
  48. ^ Brown 1997, pp. 94–95; cf. Duberman 1989, p. 30, Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 75–76, Harris 1998, p. 47
  49. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 26; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 75, Brown 1997, p. 94, Robeson 2001, p. 36
  50. ^ Kirshenbaum, Jerry (March 27, 1972). "Paul Robeson: Remaking A Fallen Hero". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 36, no. 13. pp. 75–77. from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  51. ^ Robeson, Paul Leroy (June 10, 1919). . The Targum. Vol. 50, no. 1918–19. pp. 570–71. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 76, Duberman 1989, pp. 26–27, Brown 1997, p. 95, Robeson 2001, pp. 36–39
  52. ^ Robeson 2001, p. 43; cf. Boyle and Bunie; 78–82, Brown 1997, p. 107
  53. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 34; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 82, Robeson 2001, p. 44, Carroll 1998, pp. 140–41
  54. ^ Brown 1997, p. 111; cf. Gilliam 1978, p. 25, Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 53, Duberman 1989, p. 41
  55. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 82.
  56. ^ Robeson 2001, pp. 43–44; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 82, Brown 1997, pp. 107–08
  57. ^ Boyle & Bunie 2005, p. 143; cf. Robeson 2001, p. 45
  58. ^ Weisenfeld 1997, pp. 161–62; cf. Seton 1958, p. 2
  59. ^ Duberman 1989, pp. 34–35, 37–38; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 87–89, Robeson 2001, pp. 46–48
  60. ^ Duberman 1989, p. 43.
  61. ^ Peterson 1997, p. 93; cf. Robeson 2001, pp. 48–49; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 89, 104, "WHO'S WHO". The New York Times. May 11, 1924. ProQuest 103384313. from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  62. ^ Robeson 2001, pp. 50–52; cf. Duberman 1989, pp. 39–41; cf. Boyle & Bunie 2005, pp. 88–89, 94, Brown 1997, p. 119
  63. ^ Levy 2003, p. 30; cf. Akron Pros 1920 by Bob Carrol March 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Carroll 1998, pp. 147–48, Robeson 2001, p. 53
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  83. ^ "And there is an 'Othello' when I am ready.... One of the great measures of a people is its culture. Above all things, we boast that the only true artistic contributions of America are Negro in origin. We boast of the culture of ancient Africa. [I]n any discussion of art or culture,[one must include] music and the drama and its interpretation. So today Roland Hayes is infinitely more of a racial asset than many who 'talk' at great length. Thousands of people hear him, see him, are moved by him, and are brought to a clearer understanding of human values. If I can do something of a like nature, I shall be happy. My early experiences give me much hope." cf. Wilson 2000, p. 292.
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  136. ^ The rationale for Robeson's sudden interest in African history is viewed as inexplicable by one of his biographers and no biographers have stated an explanation for what Duberman terms a "sudden interest"; cf. Cameron 1990, p. 285
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Primary materials edit

  • Robeson, Paul Jr. (1976). Paul Robeson: Tributes and Selected Writings. Paul Robeson Archives. OCLC 2507933..
  • Robeson, Paul (1978a). Sheldon, Philip; Foner, Henry (eds.). Paul Robeson Speaks: Writings, Speeches, and Interviews, a Centennial Celebration. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0806508153.
  • Robeson, Paul Leroy (1919-06-10). . The Targum 50, 1918–1919: 570–71.
  • Robeson, Paul; Brown, Lloyd L. (1988). Here I Stand. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807064450. Paul Robeson at Google Books
  • Wilson, Sondra K., ed. (2000). The Messenger Reader: Stories, Poetry, and Essays from The Messenger Magazine. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 978-0375755392.

Biographies edit

  • Boyle, Sheila Tully; Bunie, Andrew (October 1, 2005). Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558495050.
  • Brown, Lloyd Louis (1997). The Young Paul Robeson: "on My Journey Now". Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3177-5.[permanent dead link]
  • Duberman, Martin B. (1989). Paul Robeson. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0370305752.
  • Ehrlich, Scott (1989). Paul Robeson. Holloway House Publishing. ISBN 978-0870675522.
  • Gilliam, Dorothy Butler (1978). Paul Robeson: All-American. New Republic Book Company.
  • Goodman, Jordan (2013). Paul Robeson: A Watched Man. Verso Books.
  • Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1967). Paul Robeson: The American Othello. World Publishing Company.
  • Ramdin, Ron (October 1987). Paul Robeson: the man and his mission. Peter Owen.
  • Robeson, Eslanda Goode (April 16, 2013). Paul Robeson, Negro. Read Books Limited. ISBN 978-1447494010.
  • Robeson, Paul Jr. (July 9, 2001). The Undiscovered Paul Robeson, An Artist's Journey, 1898–1939. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0471151050.
  • Robeson, Paul Jr. (December 21, 2009). The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: Quest for Freedom, 1939–1976. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470569689.
  • Seton, Marie (1958). Paul Robeson. D. Dobson.
  • Seton, Mary (1978). "Paul Robeson on the English Stage". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 978-0396075455.
  • Swindall, Lindsey R. (October 27, 2010). . University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1604738254. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Paul Robeson at Google Books
  • Swindall, Lindsey R. (August 15, 2015). Paul Robeson: A Life of Activism and Art. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442207943. Paul Robeson at Google Books

Secondary materials edit

  • Balaji, Murali (April 29, 2009). The Professor and the Pupil: The Politics and Friendship of W.E.B Du Bois and Paul Robeson. Nation Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-3260-9.[permanent dead link]
  • Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143037651.
  • Bell, Charlotte Turner (January 1, 1986). Paul Robeson's Last Days in Philadelphia. Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0805930269.
  • Bogle, Donald (February 25, 2016). Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films, Updated and Expanded 5th Edition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0826429537.
  • Cameron, Kenneth M. (October 1, 1990). "Paul Robeson, Eddie Murphy, and the Film Text of 'Africa'". Text & Performance Quarterly. 10 (4): 282–93. doi:10.1080/10462939009365979.
  • Carroll, John M. (September 1, 1998). Fritz Pollard: Pioneer in Racial Advancement. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252067990.
  • Curthoys, Ann (2010). "Paul Robeson's visit to Australia and Aboriginal activism, 1960" (PDF). In Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (eds.). Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. pp. 163–84. ISBN 978-1921666650. Paul Robeson, p. 163, at Google Books
  • Dorinson, Joseph; Pencak, William, eds. (January 1, 2004). Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786421633.
  • Dorinson, Joseph (2002). Something to Cheer About: Paul Robeson, Athlete. pp. 65–.
  • Foner, Henry (2002). "Foreword". Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. 9 (2): 117. doi:10.1007/BF00972143. PMID 24390044.
  • Eby, Cecil D. (2007). Comrades and Commissars: The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0271029108.
  • Farmer, James (1985). Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. TCU Press. ISBN 978-0875651880.
  • Finkelman, Paul (January 2007). Wintz, Cary D. (ed.). Paul Robeson. Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1402204364. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Foner, Henry (2001). Paul Robeson: A Century of Greatness. Paul Robeson Foundation.
  • Glazer, Peter (2007). "The lifted fist: performing the Spanish Civil War, New York City, 1936–1939". In Carroll, Peter N.; Fernández, James D. (eds.). Facing fascism: New York and the Spanish Civil War. Museum of the City of New York. ISBN 978-0-8147-1681-6.
  • Goldstein, Robert Justin (2008). American blacklist: the attorney general's list of subversive organizations. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700616046.
  • Hopkins, James K. (1998). Into the Heart of the Fire: The British in the Spanish Civil War. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804731270.
  • James, C.L.R.; Høgsbjerg, Christian; Dubois, Laurent (December 31, 2012). Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History; A Play in Three Acts. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822353140.
  • Landis, Arthur H. (1967). The Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Citadel Press.
  • Kelly, Elaine; Wlodarski, Amy, eds. (2011). Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture. Editions Rodopi. pp. 111–130. ISBN 978-90-420-3341-2.
  • Lennox, Sara (2011). Reading Transnationally: the GDR and American Black Writers.
  • Levy, Alan H. (2003). Tackling Jim Crow, Racial Segregation in Professional Football. McFarland and Co., Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1597-5.
  • Lewis, David L. (October 17, 2000). W.E.B. Du Bois, 1919–1963: The Fight for Equality and the American Century. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0805025347.
  • Low, Rachael (1985). Film Making in 1930s Britain. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0047910425.
  • Lustiger, Arno (2003). Stalin and the Jews: The Red Book : the Tragedy of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee and the Soviet Jews. Enigma. ISBN 978-1929631100.
  • Marable, Manning (2005). W.E.B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1594510199.
  • McConnell, Lauren (2010). "Understanding Paul Robeson's Soviet Experience". Theatre History Studies. 30 (1): 138–153. doi:10.1353/ths.2010.0003. S2CID 191612284.
  • Morrison, Michael A. (May 2011). "Paul Robeson's Othello at the Savoy Theatre, 1930". New Theatre Quarterly. 27 (2): 114–40. doi:10.1017/S0266464X11000261. S2CID 190731391.
  • Nollen, Scott Allen (October 14, 2010). Paul Robeson: Film Pioneer. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786457472.
  • Pellowski, Michael (2008). Rutgers Football: A Gridiron Tradition in Scarlet. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813542836.
  • Peterson, Bernard L. (January 1, 1997). The African American Theatre Directory, 1816–1960: A Comprehensive Guide to Early Black Theatre Organizations, Companies, Theatres, and Performing Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313295379.
  • Pitt, Larry (1972). Football at Rutgers: A History, 1869–1969. ISBN 978-0813507477.
  • Price, Clement Alexander (2007). Paul Robeson: Portraits of the Artist. Criterion Collection. ISBN 978-1934121191.
  • Richards, Jeffrey (March 21, 2001). The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–1939. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1860646287.
  • Richards, Larry (2005). African American Films Through 1959: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Filmography. McFarland. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0786422746.
  • Robeson, Paul Jr. (1978b). "Paul Robeson: Black Warrior". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-0396075455.
  • Robeson, Susan (1981). The whole world in his hands: a pictorial biography of Paul Robeson. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0806507545.
  • Robinson, Eugene (1978). "A Distant Image: Paul Robeson and Rutgers' Students". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 978-0396075455.
  • Robinson, Jackie; Duckett, Alfred (March 19, 2013). I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062287298.
  • Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (1998). 1937: Stalin's Year of Terror. Mehring Books. ISBN 978-0929087771.
  • Sampson, Henry T. (2005). Swingin' on the Ether Waves: A Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Programming, 1925–1955. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810840874.
  • Snyder, Timothy (November 25, 2013). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465032976.
  • Stewart, Jeffrey C., ed. (April 1998). Paul Robeson: artist and citizen. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813525105.
  • Harris, Francis C. (1998). Paul Robeson: An Athlete's Legacy.
  • Naison, Mark (1998). Paul Robeson and the American Labor Movement.
  • Stuckey, Sterling (1994). Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195086041.
  • Von Eschen, Penny M. (June 13, 2014). Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801471704.
  • Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2007). Lorenzo Dow Turner: Father of Gullah Studies. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1570036286.
  • Walsh, Christy (1949). College Football and All America Review. Murray & Gee.
  • Weisenfeld, Judith (1997). African American Women and Christian Activism: New York's Black YWCA, 1905–1945. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674007789.
  • Wintz, Cary D., ed. (January 2007). Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance. Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1402204364.
  • Wright, Charles H. (January 1, 1975). Robeson: Labor's Forgotten Champion. Balamp Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0913642061.
  • Wyden, Peter (1983). The Passionate War: The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0671253301.

Film biographies and documentaries edit

Further reading edit

  • Callow, Simon, "The Emperor Robeson" (review of Gerald Horne, Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary, Pluto, 250 pp.; and Jeff Sparrow, No Way But This: In Search of Paul Robeson, Scribe, 292 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 2 (February 8, 2018), pp. 8, 10–11.
  • Fordin, Hugh (1986). Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80668-1.[permanent dead link]
  • Weaver, Harold D. Jr. (June 19, 2021). "Paul Robeson Was One of the Greatest Figures of the 20th Century". Jacobin. Retrieved June 22, 2021.

External links edit

  • Paul Robeson at IMDb
  • Paul Robeson's FBI records
  • Paul Robeson at the Internet Broadway Database
  • Paul Robeson Youtube channel
  • Subversives: Stories from the Red Scare. Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Paul Robeson is featured in this lesson).

Associated institutions edit

  • Paul Robeson House
  • Paul Robeson Charter School
  • Paul Robeson Performing Arts Company

Paul Robeson archives edit

  • Marxists.org
  • National Archives
  • Library of Congress
  • Guide to the Paul Robeson Centennial Project Records, Center for Black Music Research, Columbia College Chicago

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This article is about the singer and activist For his son see Paul Robeson Jr Paul Leroy Robeson ˈ r oʊ b s en ROHB sen 2 3 April 9 1898 January 23 1976 was an American bass baritone concert artist stage and film actor professional football player and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political stances Paul RobesonRobeson in 1942BornPaul Leroy Robeson 1898 04 09 April 9 1898Princeton New Jersey U S DiedJanuary 23 1976 1976 01 23 aged 77 Philadelphia Pennsylvania U S Resting placeFerncliff Cemetery Greenburgh New York EducationRutgers University New Brunswick BA New York University Columbia University LLB SOAS University of LondonOccupationsSingeractorsocial activistlawyerathleteKnown forShow BoatThe Emperor JonesOthelloAll God s Chillun Got WingsSpouseEslanda Goode m 1921 died 1965 wbr ChildrenPaul Robeson Jr ParentsWilliam Drew RobesonMaria Louisa BustillRelativesBustill familyAmerican football careerRobeson in football uniform at Rutgers c 1919No 21 17Position End tacklePersonal informationHeight 6 ft 3 in 1 91 m Weight 219 lb 99 kg Career informationHigh school Somerville NJ College RutgersCareer historyAkron Pros 1921 Milwaukee Badgers 1922 Career highlights and awards2 Consensus All American 1917 1918 Career NFL statisticsGames played 15Games started 15Touchdowns 2 1 Player stats at NFL com PFRCollege Football Hall of FameIn 1915 Robeson won an academic scholarship to Rutgers College in New Brunswick New Jersey where he was the only African American student While at Rutgers he was twice named a consensus All American in football and was elected class valedictorian He earned his LL B from Columbia Law School while playing in the National Football League NFL After graduation he became a figure in the Harlem Renaissance with performances in Eugene O Neill s The Emperor Jones and All God s Chillun Got Wings Robeson performed in Britain in a touring melodrama Voodoo in 1922 and in Emperor Jones in 1925 In 1928 he scored a major success in the London premiere of Show Boat Living in London for several years with his wife Eslanda Robeson continued to establish himself as a concert artist and starred in a London production of Othello the first of three productions of the play over the course of his career He also gained attention in Sanders of the River 1935 and in the film production of Show Boat 1936 Robeson s political activities began with his involvement with unemployed workers and anti imperialist students in Britain and it continued with his support for the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War and his involvement in the Council on African Affairs CAA After returning to the United States in 1939 Robeson supported the American and Allied war efforts during World War II His history of supporting civil rights causes and Soviet policies however brought scrutiny from the FBI After the war ended the CAA was placed on the Attorney General s List of Subversive Organizations Robeson was investigated during the McCarthy era When he refused to recant his public advocacy of his political beliefs the U S State Department withdrew his passport and his income plummeted He moved to Harlem and published a periodical called Freedom 4 which was critical of United States policies from 1950 to 1955 Robeson s right to travel was eventually restored as a result of the 1958 United States Supreme Court decision Kent v Dulles Between 1925 and 1961 Robeson released recordings of some 276 songs The first of these was the spiritual Steal Away backed with Were You There in 1925 Robeson s recorded repertoire spanned many styles including Americana popular standards classical music European folk songs political songs poetry and spoken excerpts from plays 5 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 1898 1915 Childhood 1 2 1915 1919 Rutgers College 1 3 1919 1923 Columbia Law School and marriage 2 Theatrical success and ideological transformation 2 1 1923 1927 Harlem Renaissance 2 2 1928 1932 Show Boat Othello and marriage difficulties 2 3 1933 1937 Ideological awakening 2 4 1937 1939 Spanish Civil War and political activism 3 World War II the Broadway Othello political activism and McCarthyism 3 1 1939 1945 World War II and the Broadway Othello 3 2 1946 1949 Attorney General s List of Subversive Organizations 3 3 1950 1955 Blacklisted 3 4 1956 1957 End of McCarthyism 4 Later years 4 1 1958 1960 Comeback tours 4 1 1 Europe 4 1 2 Australia and New Zealand 4 2 1961 1963 Health breakdown 4 2 1 Moscow breakdown 4 2 2 Repeated deterioration in London 4 2 3 Treatment in East Germany 4 3 1963 1976 Retirement 4 3 1 Invitations to civil rights movement 4 3 2 Final years 4 4 1976 Death funeral and public response 5 Legacy and honors 5 1 In popular culture 6 Filmography 7 Discography 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Primary materials 9 2 Biographies 9 3 Secondary materials 9 4 Film biographies and documentaries 10 Further reading 11 External links 11 1 Associated institutions 11 2 Paul Robeson archivesEarly life edit1898 1915 Childhood edit nbsp Robeson s birthplace in Princeton New JerseyRobeson was born in Princeton New Jersey in 1898 to Reverend William Drew Robeson and Maria Louisa Bustill 6 His mother Maria was a member of the Bustills a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry 7 His father William was of Igbo origin and was born into slavery 8 9 William escaped from a plantation in his teens 10 and eventually became the minister of Princeton s Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in 1881 11 Robeson had three brothers William Drew Jr born 1881 Reeve born c 1887 and Ben born c 1893 and one sister Marian born c 1895 12 In 1900 a disagreement between William and white financial supporters of the Witherspoon church arose with apparent racial undertones 13 which were prevalent in Princeton 14 William who had the support of his entirely black congregation resigned in 1901 15 The loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs 16 Three years later when Robeson was six his mother who was nearly blind died in a house fire 17 Eventually William became financially incapable of providing a house for himself and his children still living at home Ben and Paul so they moved into the attic of a store in Westfield New Jersey 18 William found a stable parsonage at the St Thomas A M E Zion in 1910 19 where Robeson filled in for his father during sermons when he was called away 20 In 1912 Robeson began attending Somerville High School in New Jersey 21 where he performed in Julius Caesar and Othello sang in the chorus and excelled in football basketball baseball and track 22 His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored 23 Prior to his graduation he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers and was named class valedictorian 24 He took a summer job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier Rhode Island where he befriended Fritz Pollard later to be the first African American coach in the National Football League 25 1915 1919 Rutgers College edit nbsp Fritz Pollard left and Robeson in a photo from the March 1918 issue of The CrisisIn late 1915 Robeson became the third African American student ever enrolled at Rutgers and the only one at the time 26 He tried out for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team 27 and his resolve to make the squad was tested as his teammates engaged in excessive play during which his nose was broken and his shoulder dislocated 28 The coach Foster Sanford decided he had overcome the provocation and announced that he had made the team 29 Robeson joined the debating team 30 and sang off campus for spending money 31 and on campus with the Glee Club informally as membership required attending all white mixers 32 He also joined the other collegiate athletic teams 33 As a sophomore amidst Rutgers sesquicentennial celebration he was benched when a Southern football team Washington and Lee University refused to take the field because the Scarlet Knights had fielded a Negro Robeson 34 After a standout junior year of football 35 he was recognized in The Crisis for his athletic academic and singing talents 36 At this time 37 his father fell grievously ill 38 Robeson took the sole responsibility in caring for him shuttling between Rutgers and Somerville 39 His father who was the glory of his boyhood years 40 soon died and at Rutgers Robeson expounded on the incongruity of African Americans fighting to protect America in World War I but not having the same opportunities in the United States as whites 41 nbsp Robeson far left was part of the Rutgers University class of 1919 and one of four students accepted into the Cap and Skull honor society He finished university with four annual oratorical triumphs 42 and varsity letters in multiple sports 43 His play at end 44 won him first team All American selection in both his junior and senior years Walter Camp considered him the greatest end ever 45 Academically he was accepted into Phi Beta Kappa 46 and Cap and Skull 47 His classmates recognized him 48 by electing him class valedictorian 49 The Daily Targum published a poem featuring his achievements 50 In his valedictory speech he exhorted his classmates to work for equality for all Americans At Rutgers Robeson also gained a reputation for his singing having a deep rich voice which some saw as bass with a high range others as baritone with low notes Throughout his career Robeson was classified as a bass baritone 51 1919 1923 Columbia Law School and marriage edit Robeson entered New York University School of Law in fall 1919 52 To support himself he became an assistant football coach at Lincoln University 53 where he joined the Alpha Phi Alpha 54 However Robeson felt uncomfortable at NYU 55 and moved to Harlem and transferred to Columbia Law School in February 1920 56 Already known in the black community for his singing 57 he was selected to perform at the dedication of the Harlem YWCA 58 Robeson began dating Eslanda Essie Goode 59 and after her coaxing 60 he made his theatrical debut as Simon in Ridgely Torrence s Simon of Cyrene 61 After a year of courtship they were married in August 1921 62 Robeson was recruited by Fritz Pollard to play for the NFL s Akron Pros while he continued his law studies 63 In the spring of 1922 Robeson postponed school 64 to portray Jim in Mary Hoyt Wiborg s play Taboo 65 He then sang in the chorus of an Off Broadway production of Shuffle Along 66 before he joined Taboo in Britain 67 The play was adapted by Mrs Patrick Campbell to highlight his singing 68 After the play s run ended he befriended Lawrence Benjamin Brown 69 a classically trained musician 70 before returning to Columbia while playing for the NFL s Milwaukee Badgers 71 He ended his football career after the 1922 season 72 and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1923 73 Theatrical success and ideological transformation edit1923 1927 Harlem Renaissance edit Robeson worked briefly as a lawyer but he renounced a career in law because of racism 74 His wife supported them financially She was the head histological chemist in Surgical Pathology at New York Presbyterian Hospital She continued to work there until 1925 when his career took off 75 They frequented the social functions at the future Schomburg Center 76 In December 1924 he landed the lead role of Jim in Eugene O Neill s All God s Chillun Got Wings 77 which culminated with Jim metaphorically consummating his marriage with his white wife by symbolically emasculating himself Chillun s opening was postponed due to nationwide controversy over its plot 78 Chillun s delay led to a revival of The Emperor Jones with Robeson as Brutus a role pioneered by Charles Sidney Gilpin 79 The role terrified and galvanized Robeson as it was practically a 90 minute soliloquy 80 Reviews declared him an unequivocal success 81 Though arguably clouded by its controversial subject his Jim in Chillun was less well received 82 He answered criticism of its plot by writing that fate had drawn him to the untrodden path of drama that the true measure of a culture is in its artistic contributions and that the only true American culture was African American 83 The success of his acting placed him in elite social circles 84 and his ascension to fame which was forcefully aided by Essie 85 had occurred at a startling pace 86 Essie s ambition for Robeson was a startling dichotomy to his indifference 87 She quit her job became his agent and negotiated his first movie role in a silent race film directed by Oscar Micheaux Body and Soul 1925 88 To support a charity for single mothers he headlined a concert singing spirituals 89 He performed his repertoire of spirituals on the radio 90 Lawrence Benjamin Brown who had become renowned while touring as a pianist with gospel singer Roland Hayes chanced upon Robeson in Harlem 91 The two ad libbed a set of spirituals with Robeson as lead and Brown as accompanist This so enthralled them that they booked Provincetown Playhouse for a concert 92 The pair s rendition of African American folk songs and spirituals was captivating 93 and Victor Records signed Robeson to a contract in September 1925 94 The Robesons went to London for a revival of The Emperor Jones before spending the rest of the fall on holiday on the French Riviera socializing with Gertrude Stein and Claude McKay 95 Robeson and Brown performed a series of concert tours in America from January 1926 until May 1927 96 During a hiatus in New York Robeson learned that Essie was several months pregnant 97 Paul Robeson Jr was born in November 1927 in New York while Robeson and Brown toured Europe 98 Essie experienced complications from the birth 99 and by mid December her health had deteriorated dramatically Ignoring Essie s objections her mother wired Robeson and he immediately returned to her bedside 100 Essie completely recovered after a few months citation needed 1928 1932 Show Boat Othello and marriage difficulties edit In 1928 Robeson played Joe in the London production of the American musical Show Boat at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane 101 His rendition of Ol Man River became the benchmark for all future performers of the song 102 Some black critics objected to the play s use of the then common racial epithet 103 It was nonetheless immensely popular with white audiences 104 He was summoned for a Royal Command Performance at Buckingham Palace 105 and Robeson was befriended by Members of Parliament MPs from the House of Commons 106 Show Boat continued for 350 performances and as of 2001 it remained the Royal s most profitable venture 102 The Robesons bought a home in Hampstead 107 He reflected on his life in his diary and wrote that it was all part of a higher plan and God watches over me and guides me He s with me and lets me fight my own battles and hopes I ll win 108 However an incident at the Savoy Grill in which he was refused seating sparked him to issue a press release describing the insult which subsequently became a matter of public debate 109 Essie had learned early in their marriage that Robeson had been involved in extramarital affairs but she tolerated them 110 However when she discovered that he was having another affair she unfavorably altered the characterization of him in his biography 111 and defamed him by describing him with negative racial stereotypes 112 Despite her uncovering of this tryst there was no public evidence that their relationship had soured 113 The couple appeared in the experimental Swiss film Borderline 1930 114 He then returned to the Savoy Theatre in London s West End to play Othello opposite Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona 115 He cited the lack of a racial problem in London as significant in his decision to move to London 116 Robeson was the first black actor to play Othello in Britain since Ira Aldridge 117 The production received mixed reviews which noted Robeson s highly civilized quality but lacking the grand style 118 Robeson stated the best way to diminish the oppression African Americans faced was for his artistic work to be an example of what men of my colour could accomplish rather than to be a propagandist and make speeches and write articles about what they call the Colour Question 119 After Essie discovered Robeson had been having an affair with Ashcroft she decided to seek a divorce and they split up 120 While working in London Robeson became one of the first artists to record at the new EMI Recording Studios later known as Abbey Road Studios recording four songs in September 1931 almost two months before the studio was officially opened 121 Robeson returned to Broadway as Joe in the 1932 revival of Show Boat to critical and popular acclaim 122 He received with immense pride an honorary master s degree from Rutgers 123 It is said that Foster Sanford his college football coach advised him that divorcing Essie and marrying Ashcroft would do irreparable damage to his reputation 124 In any case Ashcroft and Robeson s relationship ended in 1932 125 and Robeson and Essie reconciled leaving their relationship scarred permanently 126 1933 1937 Ideological awakening edit In 1933 Robeson played the role of Jim in the London production of Chillun virtually gratis 127 then returned to the United States to star as Brutus in the film The Emperor Jones the first film to feature an African American in a starring role a feat not repeated for more than two decades in the U S 128 129 His acting in The Emperor Jones was well received 129 On the film set he rejected any slight to his dignity despite the widespread Jim Crow atmosphere in the United States 130 Upon returning to England he publicly criticized African Americans rejection of their own culture 131 Despite negative reactions from the press such as a New York Amsterdam News retort that Robeson had made a jolly well ass of himself 132 he also announced that he would reject any offers to perform central European though not Russian which he considered Asiatic opera because the music had no connection to his heritage 133 In early 1934 Robeson enrolled in the School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS a constituent college of the University of London where he studied phonetics and Swahili 134 135 His sudden interest in African history and its influence on culture 136 coincided with his essay I Want to be African wherein he wrote of his desire to embrace his ancestry 137 nbsp Robeson and actress Iren Agay on the set of Sanders of the River London 1934His friends in the anti imperialist movement and his association with British socialists led him to visit the Soviet Union 137 Robeson Essie and Marie Seton traveled to the Soviet Union on an invitation from Sergei Eisenstein in December 1934 138 A stopover in Berlin enlightened Robeson to the racism in Nazi Germany 139 and on his arrival in Moscow in the Soviet Union Robeson said Here I am not a Negro but a human being for the first time in my life I walk in full human dignity 140 He undertook the role of Bosambo in the movie Sanders of the River 1935 141 which he felt would render a realistic view of colonial African culture Sanders of the River made Robeson an international movie star 142 but the stereotypical portrayal of a colonial African 143 was seen as embarrassing to his stature as an artist 144 and damaging to his reputation 145 The Commissioner of Nigeria to London protested the film as slanderous to his country 146 and Robeson thereafter became more politically conscious of his roles 147 He appeared in the play Stevedore at the Embassy Theatre in London in May 1935 148 which was favorably reviewed in The Crisis by Nancy Cunard who concluded Stevedore is extremely valuable in the racial social question it is straight from the shoulder 149 In early 1936 he decided to send his son to school in the Soviet Union to shield him from racist attitudes 150 He then played the role of Toussaint Louverture in the eponymous play by C L R James 151 at the Westminster Theatre and appeared in the films Song of Freedom 152 and Show Boat in 1936 153 and My Song Goes Forth 154 King Solomon s Mines 155 and Big Fella all in 1937 156 In 1938 he was named by American Motion Picture Herald as the 10th most popular star in British cinema 157 nbsp Robeson at Einstein s home in Princeton October 1947In 1935 Robeson met Albert Einstein when Einstein came backstage after Robeson s concert at the McCarter Theatre The two discovered that as well as a mutual passion for music they shared a hatred for fascism The friendship between Robeson and Einstein lasted nearly twenty years but was not well known or publicized 158 1937 1939 Spanish Civil War and political activism edit Robeson believed that the struggle against fascism during the Spanish Civil War was a turning point in his life and transformed him into a political activist 159 In 1937 he used his concert performances to advocate the Republican cause and the war s refugees 160 He permanently modified his renditions of Ol Man River initially by singing the word darkies instead of niggers later by changing some of the stereotypical dialect in the lyrics to standard English and replacing the fatalistic last verse Ah gits weary An sick of tryin Ah m tired of livin An skeered of dyin with an uplifting verse of his own But I keep laffin Instead of cryin I must keep fightin Until I m dyin transforming it from a tragic song of resignation with a hint of protest implied into a battle hymn of unwavering defiance 161 His business agent expressed concern about his political involvement 162 but Robeson overruled him and decided that contemporary events trumped commercialism 163 In Wales 164 he commemorated the Welsh people killed while fighting for the Republicans 165 where he recorded a message that became his epitaph The artist must take sides He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery I have made my choice I had no alternative 166 After an invitation from J B S Haldane 167 he traveled to Spain in 1938 because he believed in the International Brigades s cause 168 visited the hospital of the Benicassim singing to the wounded soldiers 169 Robeson also visited the battlefront 170 and provided a morale boost to the Republicans at a time when their victory was unlikely 168 Back in England he hosted Jawaharlal Nehru to support Indian independence whereat Nehru expounded on imperialism s affiliation with Fascism 171 Robeson reevaluated the direction of his career and decided to focus on the ordeals of common people 172 He appeared in the pro labor play Plant in the Sun in which he played an Irishman his first white role clarification needed 173 With Max Yergan and the International Committee on African Affairs later known as the Council on African Affairs or CAA Robeson became an advocate for African nationalism and political independence 174 nbsp Robeson performs at Birmingham Town Hall England on March 7 1939 in aid of a local charity the Birmingham Mail Christmas Tree Fund 175 The advertised pianist was Lawrence Brown 176 Paul Robeson was living in Britain until shortly before the start of the Second World War in 1939 His name was included in the Sonderfahndungsliste G B as a target for arrest if Germany had occupied Britain 177 World War II the Broadway Othello political activism and McCarthyism edit1939 1945 World War II and the Broadway Othello edit nbsp Robeson leading Moore Shipyard Oakland California workers in singing the Star Spangled Banner September 1942 nbsp Robeson with Uta Hagen in the Theatre Guild production of Othello 1943 44 Robeson s last British film was The Proud Valley 1940 set in a Welsh coal mining town 178 Shortly after the outbreak of World War II Robeson and his family returned to the United States in 1940 to Enfield Connecticut and he became America s no 1 entertainer according to whom 179 with a radio broadcast of Ballad for Americans 180 Nevertheless during a tour in 1940 the Beverly Wilshire Hotel was the only major Los Angeles hotel willing to accommodate him due to his race at an exorbitant rate and registered under an assumed name and he therefore dedicated two hours every afternoon to sitting in the lobby where he was widely recognised to ensure that the next time Black s come through they ll have a place to stay Los Angeles hotels lifted their restrictions on black guests soon afterwards 181 182 Robeson narrated the 1942 documentary Native Land which was labeled by the FBI as communist propaganda 183 After an appearance in Tales of Manhattan 1942 a production which he felt was very offensive to my people he announced that he would no longer act in films because of the demeaning roles available to blacks 184 See Tales of Manhattan Controversy surrounding fifth tale upon 1942 release According to democratic socialist writer Barry Finger s critical appraisal of Robeson while the Hitler Stalin pact was still in effect Robeson counseled American blacks that they had no stake in the rivalry of European powers Once Russia was attacked he urged blacks to support the war effort now warning that an Allied defeat would make slaves of us all 185 Robeson participated in benefit concerts on behalf of the war effort and at a concert at the Polo Grounds he met two emissaries from the Jewish Anti Fascist Committee Solomon Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer 186 Subsequently Robeson reprised his role of Othello at the Shubert Theatre in 1943 187 and became the first African American to play the role with a white supporting cast on Broadway The production was a success running for 296 performances on Broadway a record for a Shakespeare production on Broadway that still stands 188 and winning for Robeson the first Donaldson Award for Best Actor in a Play During the same period he addressed a meeting with Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis and team owners in a failed attempt to convince them to admit black players to Major League Baseball 189 He toured North America with Othello until 1945 190 and subsequently his political efforts with the CAA to get colonial powers to discontinue their exploitation of Africa were short circuited by the United Nations 191 During this period Robeson also developed a sympathy for the Republic of China s side in the Second Sino Japanese War In 1940 the Chinese progressive activist Liu Liangmo taught Robeson the patriotic song Chee Lai Arise known as the March of the Volunteers 192 Robeson premiered the song at a concert in New York City s Lewisohn Stadium 192 and recorded it in both English and Chinese for Keynote Records in early 1941 193 194 Robeson gave further performances at benefit concerts for the China Aid Council and United China Relief at Washington s Uline Arena on April 24 1941 195 The Washington Committee for Aid to China s booking of Constitution Hall had been blocked by the Daughters of the American Revolution owing to Robeson s race The indignation was so great that Eleanor Roosevelt and Hu Shih the Chinese ambassador became sponsors However when the organizers offered tickets on generous terms to the National Negro Congress to help fill the larger venue both sponsors withdrew objecting to the NNC s Communist ties 196 The song became newly founded People s Republic of China s National Anthem after 1949 Its Chinese lyricist Tian Han died in a Beijing prison in 1968 but Robeson continued to send royalties to his family 194 1946 1949 Attorney General s List of Subversive Organizations edit After the Moore s Ford lynchings of four African Americans in Georgia on July 25 1946 Robeson met with President Truman and admonished Truman by stating that if he did not enact legislation to end lynching 197 the Negroes will defend themselves 197 198 Truman immediately terminated the meeting and declared that the time was not right to propose anti lynching legislation 197 Subsequently Robeson publicly called upon all Americans to demand that Congress pass civil rights legislation 199 Robeson founded the American Crusade Against Lynching organization in 1946 This organization was thought to be a threat to the NAACP antiviolence movement Robeson received support from W E B Du Bois on this matter and launched the organization on the anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation September 23 200 About this time Robeson s belief that trade unionism was crucial to civil rights became a mainstay of his political beliefs as he became a proponent of the union activist and Communist Party USA member Revels Cayton 201 Robeson was later called before the Tenney Committee where he responded to questions about his affiliation with the Communist Party USA CPUSA by testifying that he was not a member of the CPUSA 202 Nevertheless two organizations with which Robeson was intimately involved the Civil Rights Congress CRC 203 and the CAA 204 were placed on the Attorney General s List of Subversive Organizations AGLOSO 205 Subsequently he was summoned before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary and when questioned about his affiliation with the Communist Party he refused to answer stating Some of the most brilliant and distinguished Americans are about to go to jail for the failure to answer that question and I am going to join them if necessary 206 207 In 1948 Robeson was prominent in Henry A Wallace s bid for the President of the United States 208 during which Robeson traveled to the Deep South at risk to his own life to campaign for him 209 In the ensuing year Robeson was forced to go overseas to work because his concert performances were canceled at the FBI s behest 210 While on tour he spoke at the World Peace Council 211 at which his speech was publicly reported as equating America with a Fascist state 212 a depiction that he flatly denied 213 Nevertheless the speech publicly attributed to him was a catalyst for his being seen as an enemy of mainstream America 214 Robeson refused to bow to public criticism when he advocated in favor of twelve defendants including his long time friend Benjamin J Davis Jr charged during the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders 215 nbsp Label of a record by Robeson published by the Soviet Ministry of CultureRobeson traveled to Moscow in June 1949 and tried to find Itzik Feffer whom he had met during World War II He let Soviet authorities know that he wanted to see him 216 Reluctant to lose Robeson as a propagandist for the Soviet Union 217 the Soviets brought Feffer from prison to him Feffer told him that Mikhoels had been murdered and he would be summarily executed 218 To protect the Soviet Union s reputation 219 and to keep the right wing of the United States from gaining the moral high ground Robeson denied that any persecution existed in the Soviet Union 220 and kept the meeting secret for the rest of his life except from his son 219 On June 20 1949 Robeson spoke at the Paris Peace Congress saying that We in America do not forget that it was on the backs of the white workers from Europe and on the backs of millions of Blacks that the wealth of America was built And we are resolved to share it equally We reject any hysterical raving that urges us to make war on anyone Our will to fight for peace is strong We shall not make war on anyone We shall not make war on the Soviet Union We oppose those who wish to build up imperialist Germany and to establish fascism in Greece We wish peace with Franco s Spain despite her fascism We shall support peace and friendship among all nations with Soviet Russia and the people s Republics He was blacklisted for saying this in the mainstream press within the United States including in many periodicals of the Negro press such as The Crisis 221 In order to isolate Robeson politically 222 the House Un American Activities Committee HUAC subpoenaed Jackie Robinson 223 to comment on Robeson s Paris speech 223 Robinson testified that Robeson s statements if accurately reported were silly 222 Days later the announcement of a concert headlined by Robeson in New York City provoked the local press to decry the use of their community to support subversives 224 The Peekskill riots ensued in which violent anti Robeson protests shut down a Robeson concert on August 27 1949 and marred the aftermath of the replacement concert held eight days later 225 226 1950 1955 Blacklisted edit A book reviewed in early 1950 as the most complete record on college football 227 failed to list Robeson as ever having played on the Rutgers team 228 and as ever having been an All American 229 Months later NBC canceled Robeson s appearance on Eleanor Roosevelt s television program 230 Subsequently the State Department denied Robeson a passport and issued a stop notice at all ports An isolated existence inside United States borders afforded him less freedom to express 231 what some saw as his extreme advocacy on behalf of the independence of the colonial peoples of Africa 232 When Robeson met with State Department officials and asked why he was denied a passport he was told that his frequent criticism of the treatment of blacks in the United States should not be aired in foreign countries 233 In 1950 Robeson co founded with W E B Du Bois a monthly newspaper Freedom showcasing his views and those of his circle Most issues had a column by Robeson on the front page In the final issue July August 1955 an unsigned column on the front page of the newspaper described the struggle for the restoration of his passport It called for support from the leading African American organizations and asserted that Negroes and all Americans who have breathed a sigh of relief at the easing of international tensions have a stake in the Paul Robeson passport case An article by Robeson appeared on the second page continuing the passport issue under the headline If Enough People Write Washington I ll Get My Passport in a Hurry 234 In 1951 an article titled Paul Robeson the Lost Shepherd was published in The Crisis and attributed to Robert Alan 235 although Paul Jr suspected it was written by Amsterdam News columnist Earl Brown 236 J Edgar Hoover and the United States State Department arranged for the article to be printed and distributed in Africa 237 in order to damage Robeson s reputation and reduce his popularity and Communism s popularity in colonial countries 238 Another article by Roy Wilkins now thought to have been the real author of Paul Robeson the Lost Shepherd denounced Robeson as well as the Communist Party USA CPUSA in terms consistent with the anti Communist FBI propaganda of the era 239 In December 1951 Robeson in New York City and William L Patterson in Paris presented the United Nations with a Civil Rights Congress s petition titled We Charge Genocide 240 241 The document asserted that the United States federal government by its failure to act against lynching in the United States was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention The petition was not officially acknowledged by the UN and though receiving some favorable reception in Europe and in America s Black press was largely either ignored or criticized for its association with Communism in America s mainstream press 242 243 In 1952 Robeson was awarded the International Stalin Prize by the Soviet Union 244 Unable to travel to Moscow he accepted the award in New York 245 In April 1953 shortly after Stalin s death Robeson penned To You My Beloved Comrade praising Stalin as dedicated to peace and a guide to the world Through his deep humanity by his wise understanding he leaves us a rich and monumental heritage 246 Robeson s opinions about the Soviet Union kept his passport out of reach and stopped his return to the entertainment industry and the civil rights movement 247 In his opinion the Soviet Union was the guarantor of political balance in the world 248 In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban in May 1952 labor unions in the United States and Canada organized a concert at the International Peace Arch on the border between Washington state and the Canadian province of British Columbia 249 Robeson returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953 250 and over the next two years two further concerts took place In this period with the encouragement of his friend the Welsh politician Aneurin Bevan Robeson recorded a number of radio concerts for supporters in Wales 1956 1957 End of McCarthyism edit Main article Paul Robeson Congressional hearings In 1956 Robeson was called before HUAC after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist In his testimony he invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to reveal his political affiliations When asked why he had not remained in the Soviet Union because of his affinity with its political ideology he replied because my father was a slave and my people died to build the United States and I am going to stay here and have a part of it just like you and no fascist minded people will drive me from it 251 252 At that hearing Robeson stated Whether I am or not a Communist is irrelevant The question is whether American citizens regardless of their political beliefs or sympathies may enjoy their constitutional rights 253 Due to the reaction to the promulgation of Robeson s political views his recordings and films were removed from public distribution and he was universally condemned in the U S press 254 During the height of the Cold War it became increasingly difficult in the United States to hear Robeson sing on commercial radio buy his music or see his films 255 In 1956 in the United Kingdom Topic Records at that time part of the Workers Music Association released a single of Robeson singing the labor anthem Joe Hill written by Alfred Hayes and Earl Robinson backed with John Brown s Body In 1956 after public pressure brought a one time exemption to the travel ban Robeson performed two concerts in Canada in February one in Toronto and the other at a union convention in Sudbury Ontario 256 Still unable to perform abroad in person on May 26 1957 Robeson sang for a London audience at St Pancras Town Hall where the 1 000 available concert tickets for Let Robeson Sing sold out within an hour via the recently completed transatlantic telephone cable TAT 1 257 258 259 In October of that year using the same technology Robeson sang to an audience of 5 000 at Porthcawl s Grand Pavilion in Wales 260 261 Nikita Khrushchev s denunciation of Stalinism at the 1956 Party Congress silenced Robeson on Stalin although Robeson continued to praise the Soviet Union 262 That year Robeson along with close friend W E B Du Bois compared the anti Soviet uprising in Hungary to the same sort of people who overthrew the Spanish Republican Government and supported the Soviet invasion and suppression of the revolt 185 Robeson s passport was finally restored in 1958 as a result of the U S Supreme Court s 5 to 4 decision in Kent v Dulles where the majority ruled that the denial of a passport without due process amounted to a violation of constitutionally protected liberty under the 5th Amendment 263 Later years edit1958 1960 Comeback tours edit 1958 saw the publication of Robeson s manifesto autobiography Here I Stand 264 Europe edit Robeson embarked on a world tour using London as his base 265 In 1958 he gave 28 performances at towns and cities around the UK see souvenir programme opposite In April 1959 he starred in Tony Richardson s production of Othello at Stratford Upon Avon 266 In Moscow in August 1959 he received a tumultuous reception at the Luzhniki Stadium where he sang classic Russian songs along with American standards 267 Robeson and Essie then flew to Yalta to rest and spend time with Nikita Khrushchev 268 On October 11 1959 Robeson took part in a service at St Paul s Cathedral the first black performer to sing there 269 On a trip to Moscow Robeson experienced bouts of dizziness and heart problems and was hospitalized for two months while Essie was diagnosed with operable cancer 270 He recovered and returned to the UK to visit the National Eisteddfod of Wales In 1960 in what was his final concert performance in Great Britain Robeson sang to raise money for the Movement for Colonial Freedom at the Royal Festival Hall 271 Australia and New Zealand edit In October 1960 Robeson embarked on a two month concert tour of Australia and New Zealand with Essie primarily to generate money 272 at the behest of Australian politician Bill Morrow 273 While in Sydney he became the first major artist to perform at the construction site of the future Sydney Opera House 274 After appearing at the Brisbane Festival Hall they went to Auckland where Robeson reaffirmed his support of Marxism Leninism 275 denounced the inequality faced by the Maori and efforts to denigrate their culture 276 Thereabouts Robeson publicly stated the people of the lands of Socialism want peace dearly 277 During the tour he was introduced to Faith Bandler and other activists who aroused the Robesons concern for the plight of the Australian Aborigines 278 Robeson subsequently demanded that the Australian government provide the Aborigines citizenship and equal rights 279 He attacked the view of the Aborigines as being unsophisticated and uncultured and declared that there s no such thing as a backward human being there is only a society which says they are backward 280 Robeson left Australia as a respected albeit controversial figure and his support for Aboriginal rights had a profound effect in Australia over the next decade 281 1961 1963 Health breakdown edit Back in London after his Australia and New Zealand tour Robeson expressed a desire to return to the United States and participate in the civil rights movement while his wife argued that he would be unsafe there and unable to make any money due to government harassment In March 1961 Robeson again traveled to Moscow 282 Moscow breakdown edit During an uncharacteristically wild party in his Moscow hotel room Robeson locked himself in his bedroom and attempted suicide by cutting his wrists 283 Three days later under Soviet medical care he told his son who had traveled to Moscow at the news that he felt extreme paranoia thought that the walls of the room were moving and overcome by a powerful sense of emptiness and depression tried to take his own life 284 Paul Jr has said that his father s health problems stemmed from attempts by the CIA and MI5 to neutralize his father 285 286 He remembered that his father had had such fears before his prostate operation 287 He said that three doctors treating Robeson in London and New York had been CIA contractors 285 and that his father s symptoms resulted from being subjected to mind de patterning under MK ULTRA a secret CIA programme 288 Martin Duberman wrote that Robeson s health breakdown was probably brought on by a combination of factors including extreme emotional and physical stress bipolar depression exhaustion and the beginning of circulatory and heart problems E ven without an organic predisposition and accumulated pressures of government harassment he might have been susceptible to a breakdown 283 Repeated deterioration in London edit Robeson stayed at the Barvikha Sanatorium until September 1961 when he left for London There his depression reemerged and after another period of recuperation in Moscow he returned to London Three days after arriving back when he became suicidal and suffered a panic attack while passing the Soviet Embassy 289 He was admitted to the Priory Hospital where he underwent electroconvulsive therapy ECT and was given heavy doses of drugs for nearly two years with no accompanying psychotherapy 290 During his treatment at the Priory Robeson was being monitored by the British MI5 291 Both British and American intelligence services were well aware of Robeson s suicidal state of mind An FBI memo described Robeson s debilitated condition remarking that his death would be much publicized and would be used for Communist propaganda necessitating continued surveillance 292 Numerous memos advised that Robeson should be denied a passport renewal an obstacle that was likely to further jeopardize his recovery process 293 Treatment in East Germany edit In August 1963 disturbed about his treatment friends and family had Robeson transferred to the Buch Clinic in East Berlin 294 295 Given psychotherapy and less medication his physicians found him still completely without initiative and they expressed doubt and anger about the high level of barbiturates and ECT that had been administered in London He rapidly improved though his doctor stressed that what little is left of Paul s health must be quietly conserved 296 1963 1976 Retirement edit nbsp The Paul Robeson House in Philadelphia 2009 In December 1963 Robeson returned to the United States 297 and for the remainder of his life lived mainly in seclusion 298 He momentarily assumed a role in the civil rights movement 285 making a few major public appearances before falling seriously ill during a tour Double pneumonia and a kidney blockage in 1965 nearly killed him 298 Invitations to civil rights movement edit Robeson was contacted by both Bayard Rustin and James Farmer about the possibility of becoming involved with the mainstream of the Civil Rights Movement 299 Because of Rustin s past anti Communist stances Robeson declined to meet with him Robeson eventually met with Farmer but because he was asked to denounce Communism and the Soviet Union in order to assume a place in the mainstream Robeson adamantly declined 300 Final years edit After Essie who had been his spokesperson to the media died in December 1965 301 Robeson moved in with his son s family in New York City 302 295 He was rarely seen strolling near his Harlem apartment on Jumel Place and his son responded to press inquiries that his father s health does not permit him to perform or answer questions 295 In 1968 he settled at his sister s home in Philadelphia 303 295 Numerous celebrations were held in honor of Robeson over the next several years including at public arenas that had previously shunned him but he saw few visitors aside from close friends and gave few statements apart from messages to support current civil rights and international movements feeling that his record spoke for itself 304 At a Carnegie Hall tribute to mark his 75th birthday in 1973 he was unable to attend but a taped message from him was played that said Though I have not been able to be active for several years I want you to know that I am the same Paul dedicated as ever to the worldwide cause of humanity for freedom peace and brotherhood 305 1976 Death funeral and public response edit On January 23 1976 following complications of a stroke Robeson died in Philadelphia at the age of 77 306 He lay in state in Harlem 307 and his funeral was held at his brother Ben s former parish Mother Zion AME Zion Church 308 where Bishop J Clinton Hoggard performed the eulogy 309 His 12 pall bearers included Harry Belafonte 310 and Fritz Pollard 311 He was interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale New York 310 Biographer Martin Duberman said of news media notices upon Robeson s death the white American press ignored the continuing inability of white America to tolerate a black maverick who refused to bend downplayed the racist component central to his persecution during his life as they gingerly paid him respect and tipped their hat to him as a great American while the black American press which had never overall been as hostile to Robeson as the white American press had opined that his life would always be a challenge to white and Black America 308 Legacy and honors edit nbsp The Robeson holdings in the archive of the Academy of the Arts of the German Democratic Republic 1981Early in his life Robeson was one of the most influential participants in the Harlem Renaissance 312 His achievements in sport and culture were all the more impressive given the barriers of racism he had to surmount 313 Robeson brought Negro spirituals into the American mainstream 314 He was among the first artists to refuse to perform to segregated audiences Historian Penny Von Eschen wrote After McCarthyism Robeson s stand on anti colonialism in the 1940s would never again have a voice in American politics but the African independence movements of the late 1950s and 1960s would vindicate his anti colonial agenda 315 dubious discuss In 1945 he received the Spingarn medal from the NAACP 316 Several public and private establishments he was associated with have been landmarked 317 or named after him 318 His efforts to end Apartheid in South Africa were posthumously rewarded in 1978 by the United Nations General Assembly 319 Paul Robeson Tribute to an Artist won an Academy Award for best short documentary in 1980 320 In 1995 he was named to the College Football Hall of Fame 321 In the centenary of his birth which was commemorated around the world 322 he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award 323 as well as a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 324 Robeson is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame 325 As of 2011 update the run of Othello starring Robeson was the longest running production of a Shakespeare play ever staged on Broadway 326 He received a Donaldson Award for his performance 327 His Othello was characterised by Michael A Morrison in 2011 as a high point in Shakespearean theatre in the 20th century 328 In 1930 while performing Othello in London Robeson was painted by the British artist Glyn Philpot this portrait was sold in 1944 under the title Head of a Negro and thereafter thought lost but was rediscovered by Simon Martin the director of the Pallant House Gallery for an exhibition held there in 2022 329 Robeson archives exist at the Academy of Arts 330 Howard University 331 and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 332 In 2010 Susan Robeson launched a project at Swansea University supported the Welsh Assembly to create an online learning resource in her grandfather s memory 333 In 1976 the apartment building on Edgecombe Avenue in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan where Robeson lived during the early 1940s was officially renamed the Paul Robeson Residence and declared a National Historic Landmark 334 335 336 In 1993 the building was designated a New York City landmark as well 337 Edgecombe Avenue itself was later co named Paul Robeson Boulevard In 1978 TASS announced that the Latvian Shipping Company had named one of its new 40 000 ton tankers Paul Robeson in honor of the singer TASS said the ship s crew established a Robeson museum aboard the tanker 338 After Robeson s death a street in the Prenzlauer Berg district of East Berlin was renamed Paul Robeson Strasse and the street name remains in reunified Berlin An East German stamp featuring Robeson s face was issued with the text For Peace Against Racism Paul Robeson 1898 1976 339 In 2001 Here I Stand In the Spirit of Paul Robeson a public artwork by American artist Allen Uzikee Nelson was dedicated in the Petworth neighborhood in Washington D C In 2002 a blue plaque was unveiled by English Heritage on the house in Hampstead where Robeson lived in 1929 30 340 On May 18 2002 a memorial concert celebrating the 50th anniversary of Robeson s concert across the Canadian border took place on the same spot at Peace Park in Vancouver 341 In 2004 the U S Postal Service issued a 37 cent stamp honoring Robeson 342 In 2006 a plaque was unveiled in his honor at SOAS University of London 343 344 In 2007 the Criterion Collection a company that specializes in releasing special edition versions of classic and contemporary films released a DVD boxed set of Robeson films 345 In 2009 Robeson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame 346 nbsp Illustration of Paul Robeson by Charles Henry AlstonThe main campus library at Rutgers University Camden is named after Robeson 347 as is the campus center at Rutgers University Newark 348 The Paul Robeson Cultural Center is on the campus of Rutgers University New Brunswick 349 In 1972 Penn State established a formal cultural center on the University Park campus Students and staff chose to name the center for Robeson 350 A street in Princeton New Jersey is named after him In addition the block of Davenport Street in Somerville New Jersey where St Thomas AME Zion Church still stands is called Paul Robeson Boulevard 351 In West Philadelphia the Paul Robeson High School is named after him 352 To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Robeson s graduation Rutgers University named an open air plaza after him on Friday April 12 2019 The plaza next to the Voorhees Mall on the College Avenue campus at Rutgers New Brunswick features eight black granite panels with details of Robeson s life 353 On March 6 2019 the city council of New Brunswick New Jersey approved the renaming of Commercial Avenue to Paul Robeson Boulevard 354 A dark red heirloom tomato from the Soviet Union was given the name Paul Robeson 355 356 In popular culture edit In 1949 some Chinese editors published children cartoons presenting him as an artistic and revolutionary hero 357 In 1954 the Kurdish poet Abdulla Goran wrote the poem Bangek bo Pol Ropsin A Call for Paul Robeson In the same year another Kurdish poet Cegerxwin also wrote a poem about him Heval Pol Robson Comrade Paul Robeson which was put to music by singer Sivan Perwer in 1976 358 Black 47 s 1989 album Home of the Brave includes the song Paul Robeson Born to Be Free which features spoken quotes of Robeson as part of the song 359 These quotes are drawn from Robeson s testimony before the House Un American Activities Committee in June 1956 In 2001 Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers released a song titled Let Robeson Sing as a tribute to Robeson which reached number 19 on the UK Singles Chart In January 1978 James Earl Jones performed the one man show Paul Robeson written by Phillip Hayes Dean on Broadway 360 361 This stage drama was made into a TV movie in 1979 starring Jones and directed by Lloyd Richards 362 At the 2007 Edinburgh Festival Fringe British Nigerian actor Tayo Aluko himself a baritone soloist premiered his one man show Call Mr Robeson A Life with Songs which has since toured various countries 363 A fictional Paul Robeson appears in George Lucas s Young Indiana Jones in Winds of Change as a friend of Indiana Jones 364 World Inferno Friendship Society had a semi biographical song about Paul Robeson s life on their 2006 album Red Eyed Soul 365 Tom Rob Smith s novel Agent 6 2012 includes the character Jesse Austin a black singer political activist and communist sympathizer modeled after real life actor activist Paul Robeson 366 Robeson also appears in short fiction published in the online literary magazines the Maple Tree Literary Supplement 367 and Every Day Fiction 368 Film director Steve McQueen s video work End Credits 2012 ongoing shown at the Whitney the Tate Modern the Art Institute of Chicago and the Perez Art Museum reproduces Robeson s declassified although still heavily redacted FBI files 369 On September 7 2019 Crossroads Theatre Company performed Phillip Hayes Dean s play Paul Robeson in the inaugural performance of the New Brunswick Performing Arts Center 370 Robeson was widely popular among Indian intellectuals and artists Noted Indian singer songwriter Dr Bhupen Hazarika met Robeson in 1949 befriended him and participated in civil rights activities 371 Hazarika based his iconic Assamese song Bistirno Parore Of the wide shores on Robeson s Ol Man River 372 373 374 later translated into Bengali Hindi Nepali and Sanskrit Singer songwriter Hemanga Biswas sang the Bengali ballad Negro bhai amar Paul Robeson Our Negro brother Paul Robeson 374 There were nation wide celebrations in India on Robeson s 60th birthday in 1958 with the then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru saying This occasion deserves celebration because Paul Robeson is one of the greatest artistes of our generation 371 374 Filmography editMain article Paul Robeson filmography Body and Soul 1925 Camille 1926 Borderline 1930 The Emperor Jones 1933 Sanders of the River 1935 Show Boat 1936 Song of Freedom 1936 Big Fella 1937 My Song Goes Forth 1937 King Solomon s Mines 1937 Jericho Dark Sands 1937 The Proud Valley 1940 Native Land 1942 Tales of Manhattan 1942 The Song of the Rivers 1954 375 Discography editMain article Paul Robeson discography Paul Robeson had an extensive recording career discogs com lists 376 some 66 albums and 195 singles Selected albums Songs of Free Men 1943 Spirituals 1946 Swing Low Sweet Chariot 1949 Paul Robeson Favorite Songs 1959 Paul Robeson at Carnegie Hall 1959 Encore Robeson Paul Robeson Favorite Songs Vol 2 1960 See also editFreedom American newspaper List of peace activistsReferences edit Thorpe M Millan Fight Great Duel Robeson Scores Both Touchdowns for Locals Against Indians The Milwaukee Sentinel November 20 1922 p 7 permanent dead link cf Badgers Trim Thorpe s Team Archived April 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine Paul Robeson Quotations Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration Archived from the original on March 15 2017 Retrieved March 15 2017 Vizetelly Frank H March 3 1934 What s the Name Please The Literary Digest 11 Freedom NYU Libraries Archived from the original on March 15 2022 Retrieved June 3 2020 Resources About Paul Robeson 1898 1976 Archived June 22 2017 at the Wayback Machine Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration Retrieved June 12 2017 Robeson 2001 p 3 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 18 Duberman 1989 pp 4 5 Brown 1997 pp 5 6 145 49 cf Robeson 2001 pp 4 5 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 10 12 Nollen 2010 Francis Hywel May 1 2014 The inheritor of his father s political mantle Morning Star Archived from the original on September 17 2017 Retrieved September 17 2017 Robeson 2001 pp 4 337 38 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 4 Duberman 1989 p 4 Brown 1997 pp 9 10 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 5 6 14 cf Robeson 2001 pp 4 5 Duberman 1989 pp 4 6 Brown 1997 pp 17 26 Robeson 2001 p 3 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 18 Brown 1997 p 21 Duberman 1989 pp 6 7 cf Robeson 2001 pp 5 6 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 18 20 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 16 17 cf Duberman 1989 p 12 Robeson 2001 pp 5 6 cf Duberman 1989 pp 6 9 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 18 20 Brown 1997 p 26 Duberman 1989 p 9 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 21 Robeson 2001 pp 6 7 Brown 1997 p 28 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 22 23 cf Duberman 1989 p 8 Robeson 2001 pp 7 8 Brown 1997 pp 25 29 cf Seton 1958 p 7 Robeson 2001 p 11 cf Duberman 1989 p 9 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 27 29 Duberman 1989 pp 9 10 cf Brown 1997 p 39 Robeson 2001 pp 13 14 Robeson 2001 p 17 cf Duberman 1989 p 30 Brown 1997 pp 46 47 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 37 38 cf Duberman 1989 p 12 Brown 1997 pp 49 51 Duberman 1989 pp 13 16 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 34 36 Brown 1997 pp 43 46 48 49 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 37 38 cf Robeson 2001 p 16 Duberman 1989 pp 13 16 Brown 1997 pp 46 47 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 41 42 cf Brown 1997 pp 54 55 Duberman 1989 p 17 Robeson 2001 pp 17 18 contra The dispute is over whether it was a one year or four year scholarship ROBESON FOUND EMPHASIS TO WIN TOO GREAT IN COLLEGE FOOTBALL Giant Negro Actor and Singer Former Grid Star Says Color Prejudices Forgotten on Stage Boston Daily Globe March 13 1926 p A7 ProQuest 498725929 Duberman 1989 p 11 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 40 41 Seton 1958 pp 18 19 Brown 1997 pp 53 54 65 Carroll 1998 p 58 Duberman 1989 p 19 cf Brown 1997 pp 60 64 Gilliam 1978 Robeson 2001 p 20 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 45 49 cf Duberman 1989 pp 19 24 Brown 1997 pp 60 65 Duberman 1989 pp 20 21 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 49 50 Brown 1997 pp 61 63 Gelder Robert van January 16 1944 ROBESON REMEMBERS An Interview With the Star of Othello Partly About His Past The New York Times ProQuest 107050287 Archived from the original on November 6 2023 Retrieved October 22 2023 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 49 50 Duberman 1989 pp 20 21 Robeson 2001 pp 22 23 Yeakey Lamont H 1973 A Student Without Peer The Undergraduate College Years of Paul Robeson The Journal of Negro Education 42 4 489 503 doi 10 2307 2966562 JSTOR 2966562 Duberman 1989 p 24 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 54 Brown 1997 p 71 Robeson 2001 pp 28 31 32 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 54 cf Duberman 1989 p 24 Levy 2003 pp 1 2 Brown 1997 p 71 Robeson 2001 p 28 Duberman 1989 p 24 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 54 Brown 1997 p 70 Robeson 2001 p 35 Brown 1997 pp 68 70 Duberman 1989 pp 22 23 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 59 60 Robeson 2001 p 27 Pitt 1972 p 42 Duberman 1989 pp 22 573 cf Robeson 2001 pp 29 30 Brown 1997 pp 74 82 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 65 66 Men of the Month The Crisis Vol 15 no 5 March 1918 pp 229 31 ISSN 0011 1422 cf Marable 2005 p 171 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 68 Robeson 2001 p 33 cf Duberman 1989 p 25 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 68 69 Brown 1997 pp 85 87 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 68 69 Seton 1958 p 6 Duberman 1989 p 25 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 68 69 Brown 1997 pp 86 87 Robeson 2001 p 33 Duberman 1989 p 24 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 69 74 437 Robeson 2001 p 35 Hall of Fame Robeson Record Journal January 19 1995 p 20 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 The number of letters varies between 12 and 15 based on author Duberman 1989 p 22 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 73 Robeson 2001 pp 34 35 Jenkins Burris September 28 1922 Four Coaches O Neill of Columbia Sanderson of Rutgers Gargan of Fordham and Thorp of N Y U Worrying About Outcome of Impending Battles The Evening World p 24 Archived from the original on May 25 2013 Retrieved December 10 2011 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 66 cf Duberman 1989 pp 22 23 Robeson 2001 pp 30 35 Who Belongs to Phi Beta Kappa The Phi Beta Kappa Society Archived from the original on January 3 2012 Brown 1997 p 94 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 74 Duberman 1989 p 24 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 74 cf Duberman 1989 p 26 Brown 1997 p 94 Brown 1997 pp 94 95 cf Duberman 1989 p 30 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 75 76 Harris 1998 p 47 Duberman 1989 p 26 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 75 Brown 1997 p 94 Robeson 2001 p 36 Kirshenbaum Jerry March 27 1972 Paul Robeson Remaking A Fallen Hero Sports Illustrated Vol 36 no 13 pp 75 77 Archived from the original on March 10 2018 Retrieved March 10 2018 Robeson Paul Leroy June 10 1919 The New Idealism The Targum Vol 50 no 1918 19 pp 570 71 Archived from the original on March 14 2012 Retrieved November 10 2011 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 76 Duberman 1989 pp 26 27 Brown 1997 p 95 Robeson 2001 pp 36 39 Robeson 2001 p 43 cf Boyle and Bunie 78 82 Brown 1997 p 107 Duberman 1989 p 34 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 82 Robeson 2001 p 44 Carroll 1998 pp 140 41 Brown 1997 p 111 cf Gilliam 1978 p 25 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 53 Duberman 1989 p 41 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 82 Robeson 2001 pp 43 44 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 82 Brown 1997 pp 107 08 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 143 cf Robeson 2001 p 45 Weisenfeld 1997 pp 161 62 cf Seton 1958 p 2 Duberman 1989 pp 34 35 37 38 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 87 89 Robeson 2001 pp 46 48 Duberman 1989 p 43 Peterson 1997 p 93 cf Robeson 2001 pp 48 49 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 89 104 WHO S WHO The New York Times May 11 1924 ProQuest 103384313 Archived from the original on November 6 2023 Retrieved October 22 2023 Robeson 2001 pp 50 52 cf Duberman 1989 pp 39 41 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 88 89 94 Brown 1997 p 119 Levy 2003 p 30 cf Akron Pros 1920 by Bob Carrol Archived March 11 2012 at the Wayback Machine Carroll 1998 pp 147 48 Robeson 2001 p 53 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 104 05 Darnton Charles April 5 1922 Taboo Casts Voodoo Spell The Evening World p 24 Archived from the original on May 25 2013 Retrieved November 9 2011 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 100 05 Review of Taboo Archived July 28 2020 at the Wayback MachineDuberman 1989 p 43 Wintz 2007 pp 6 8 cf Duberman 1989 pp 44 45 Robeson 2001 pp 57 59 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 98 100 Duberman 1989 pp 44 45 cf Brown 1997 p 120 Robeson 2001 pp 57 59 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 100 01 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 105 07 cf Brown 1997 p 120 Duberman 1989 pp 47 48 50 Robeson 2001 pp 59 63 64 Brown 1997 pp 120 21 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 105 06 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 139 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 108 109 cf Robeson 2001 pp 68 69 Duberman 1989 pp 34 51 Carroll 1998 pp 151 52 Levy 2003 pp 31 32 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 111 Duberman 1989 pp 54 55 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 111 113 Robeson 2001 Brown 1997 p 122 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 111 14 cf Duberman 1989 pp 54 55 Robeson 2001 pp 71 72 Gilliam 1978 p 29 Paul Robeson Jr March 15 2001 The Undiscovered Paul Robeson An Artist s Journey 1898 1939 John Wiley amp Sons 2001 pp 43 54 ISBN 0 471 24265 9 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 115 cf History Archived January 12 2012 at the Wayback Machine Fraser C Gerald April 1 1979 Schomburg Unit Listed as Landmark The New York Times ProQuest 120941139 Duberman 1989 pp 52 55 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 111 116 17 Robeson 2001 p 73 All God s Chillun Time March 17 1924 Archived from the original on August 23 2007 The dramatic miscegenation will shortly be enacted produced by the Provincetown Players headed by O Neill dramatist Robert Edmond Jones artist and Kenneth Macgowan author Many white people do not like the plot Neither do many black Duberman 1989 pp 57 59 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 118 121 Gilliam 1978 pp 32 33 Robeson 2001 pp 73 76 cf Gilliam 1978 pp 36 37 Duberman 1989 pp 53 57 59 61 62 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 90 91 122 23 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 123 Madden Will Anthony May 17 1924 Paul Robeson Rises To Supreme Heights In The Emperor Jones Pittsburgh Courier p 8 ProQuest 201849682 cf Corbin John May 7 1924 THE PLAY Jazzed Methodism The New York Times ProQuest 103407566 Archived from the original on October 27 2023 Retrieved October 22 2023 Duberman 1989 pp 62 63 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 124 25 Young Stark August 24 1924 The Prompt Book The New York Times p X1 ProQuest 103317885 Mantle Burns May 25 1924 All God s Chillun Plays Without a Single Protest O Neill Makes Good Threat to Produce All God s Chillun Chicago Daily Tribune p F1 ProQuest 180569383 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 126 127 Duberman 1989 pp 64 65 And there is an Othello when I am ready One of the great measures of a people is its culture Above all things we boast that the only true artistic contributions of America are Negro in origin We boast of the culture of ancient Africa I n any discussion of art or culture one must include music and the drama and its interpretation So today Roland Hayes is infinitely more of a racial asset than many who talk at great length Thousands of people hear him see him are moved by him and are brought to a clearer understanding of human values If I can do something of a like nature I shall be happy My early experiences give me much hope cf Wilson 2000 p 292 Gilliam 1978 pp 38 40 cf Duberman 1989 pp 68 71 76 Sampson 2005 p 9 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 142 43 cf I Owe My Success To My Wife Says Paul Robeson Star In O Neill s Drama Tendered Informal Reception in New York Newspapers Well Represented The Pittsburgh Courier June 14 1924 p 13 ProQuest 201834383 Robeson 2001 p 84 Robeson 2001 p 84 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 149 152 Nollen 2010 pp 14 18 19 cf Duberman 1989 p 67 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 160 Gilliam 1978 p 43 Robeson to Sing for Nursery Fund Benefit to Be Given in Greenwich Village Theatre March 15 New York Amsterdam News March 11 1925 p 9 ProQuest 226378502 Coates Ulysses April 18 1925 Radio Chicago Defender p A8 ProQuest 492070128 cf Robeson to Sing Over Radio The New York Amsterdam News April 8 1925 p 2 ProQuest 226176207 Duberman 1989 p 78 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 139 Robeson 2001 p 85 Duberman 1989 p 79 cf Gilliam 1978 pp 41 42 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 140 Robeson 2001 pp 85 86 Clara Young Loses 75 000 in Jewels The New York Times April 20 1925 p 21 ProQuest 103557765 cf Paul Robeson Lawrence Brown Score Big New York Success With Negro Songs The Pittsburgh Courier May 2 1925 p 10 ProQuest 201840160 Music Postal Carrier to Give Song Recital The New York Amsterdam News April 15 1925 p 9 ProQuest 226457501 Duberman 1989 pp 80 81 Duberman 1989 pp 82 86 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 149 Robeson 2001 p 93 ROBESON ON VICTOR The New York Amsterdam News September 16 1925 p 6 ProQuest 226389224 Gilliam 1978 pp 45 47 Duberman 1989 pp 83 88 98 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 161 67 Robeson 2001 pp 95 97 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 169 84 cf Duberman 1989 pp 98 106 Gilliam 1978 pp 47 49 Duberman 1989 p 106 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 184 Robeson 2001 p 143 cf Duberman 1989 p 106 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 184 Duberman 1989 p 110 cf Robeson 2001 p 147 Gilliam 1978 p 49 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 186 cf Duberman 1989 p 112 Robeson 2001 p 148 Drury Lane Theatre Showboat PDF The Times May 4 1928 p 14 Mr Robeson s melancholy song about the old river is one of the two chief hits of the evening permanent dead link Duberman 1989 pp 113 15 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 188 92 Robeson 2001 pp 149 56 a b Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 192 Rogers J A October 6 1928 Show Boat Pleasure Disappointment Rogers Gives New View Says Race Talent Is Submerged Pittsburgh Courier pp A2 ProQuest 201884274 Show Boat is so far as the Negro is concerned a regrettable bit of American n ism introduced into Europe Duberman 1989 p 114 Gilliam 1978 p 52 Mrs Paul Robeson Majestic Passenger Coming to Settle Business Affairs of Her Distinguished Husband New York Amsterdam News August 22 1928 p 8 ProQuest 226257877 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 193 97 cf Duberman 1989 p 114 Gilliam 1978 p 52 Sings For Prince Of Wales Pittsburgh Courier July 28 1928 p 12 ProQuest 201895989 Duberman 1989 p 115 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 196 Robeson 2001 p 153 English Parliament Honors Paul Robeson Chicago Defender December 1 1928 p A1 ProQuest 492188338 cf Seton 1958 p 30 cf Robeson 2001 p 155 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 205 07 cf Robeson 2001 pp 153 56 Gilliam 1978 p 52 Duberman 1989 p 118 Duberman 1989 pp 126 27 Duberman 1989 pp 123 24 Duberman Martin December 28 1988 Writing Robeson The Nation Vol 267 no 22 pp 33 38 cf Gilliam 1978 p 57 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 159 60 Robeson 2001 pp 100 101 Robeson 2001 pp 163 65 Robeson 2001 pp 172 73 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 230 34 Duberman 1989 pp 139 40 Duberman 1989 pp 143 44 cf Robeson 2001 pp 165 66 Nollen 2010 p 24 cf Duberman 1989 pp 129 30 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 221 23 Duberman 1989 pp 133 38 cf Nollen 2010 pp 59 60 Paul Robeson Quits America for London San Bernardino Sun Associated Press May 14 1931 Archived from the original on October 21 2022 Retrieved October 21 2022 Morrison 2011 p 114 cf Swindall 2010 p 23 Robeson 2001 p 166 Nollen 2010 p 29 cf Gilliam 1978 p 60 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 226 29 Robeson 2001 pp 176 77 cf Nollen 2010 p 29 Robeson 2001 pp 178 82 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 238 40 257 cf Gilliam 1978 pp 62 64 Duberman 1989 pp 140 44 The Genius of Paul Robeson As Told by Cameron Colbeck Abbey Road Archived from the original on October 8 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Oakley Annie May 24 1932 The Theatre and Its People Border Cities Star p 4 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 253 54 Duberman 1989 p 161 Robeson 2001 pp 192 93 Duberman 1989 p 161 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 258 59 Robeson 2001 pp 132 194 Sources are unclear on this point Duberman 1989 p 145 cf Robeson 2001 p 182 Duberman 1989 pp 162 63 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 262 63 Robeson 2001 pp 194 196 Robeson 2001 pp 195 200 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 267 68 Duberman 1989 p 166 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 271 74 Duberman 1989 p 167 Robeson 2001 p 204 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 269 71 a b Nollen 2010 pp 41 42 cf Robeson 2001 p 207 Duberman 1989 pp 168 69 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 275 279 cf Duberman 1989 pp 167 68 Black Greatness The Border Cities Star September 8 1933 p 4 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 284 85 Duberman 1989 pp 169 70 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 285 86 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 284 85 SOAS October 10 2018 Photograph of Paul Robeson s admission form for SOAS in 1934 Tweet via Twitter Paul Robeson SOAS tribute with the late Tony Benn now available on YouTube SOAS University of London Soas ac uk Archived from the original on February 7 2021 Retrieved August 13 2018 The rationale for Robeson s sudden interest in African history is viewed as inexplicable by one of his biographers and no biographers have stated an explanation for what Duberman terms a sudden interest cf Cameron 1990 p 285 a b Nollen 2010 p 52 Duberman 1989 pp 182 85 Smith Ronald A Summer 1979 The Paul Robeson Jackie Robinson Saga and a Political Collision Journal of Sport History 6 2 Duberman 1989 pp 184 85 628 29 Robeson 1978a pp 94 96 cf Smith Vern January 15 1935 I am at Home Says Robeson at Reception in Soviet Union Daily Worker Nollen 2010 p 45 Nollen 2010 pp 53 55 Nollen 2010 p 53 cf Duberman 1989 pp 78 182 Rotha Paul Spring 1935 Sanders on the River Cinema Quarterly 3 3 175 76 You may like me feel embarrassed for Robeson To portray on the public screen your own race as a smiling but cunning rogue as clay in a woman s hands especially when she is of the sophisticated American Brand as toady to the white man is no small feat It is important to remember that the multitudes of this country Britain who see Africa in this film are being encouraged to believe this fudge is real It is a disturbing thought To exploit the past is the historian s loss To exploit the present means in this case the disgrace of a Continent Duberman 1989 pp 180 82 contra Leicester Square Theatre Sanders of the River The Times April 3 1935 p 12 Low 1985 p 257 cf Duberman 1989 pp 181 82 Low 1985 pp 170 71 Sources are unclear if Robeson unilaterally took the final product of the film as insulting or if his distaste was abetted by criticism of the film Nollen 2010 p 53 Duberman 1989 p 182 Fischer Lucy Landy Marcia 2004 Stars The Film Reader Psychology Press p 209 ISBN 978 0415278928 Cunard Nancy August 1935 Stevedore in London The Crisis Vol 42 no 8 The Crisis Publishing Company Inc Robeson 2001 pp 280 281 James Hogsbjerg amp Dubois 2012 Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Africa Sings Villon Films Archived from the original on May 22 2001 Retrieved July 10 2012 Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Most Popular Stars of 1937 Choice of British Public The Mercury Hobart Tas 1860 1954 Hobart Tas National Library of Australia February 12 1938 p 5 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved April 25 2012 cf Richards 2001 p 18 Jerome F 2004 Einstein Race and the Myth of the Cultural Icon Archived January 24 2023 at the Wayback Machine Isis Vol 95 No 4 December 2004 pp 627 639 The University of Chicago Press Seton 1958 p 53 cf Robeson 1981 p 38 Duberman 1989 p 220 Robeson 2001 p 292 cf Boyle amp Bunie 2005 pp 375 78 Glazer defines it as a change from a lyric of defeat into a rallying cry Glazer 2007 p 167 cf Robeson 2001 p 293 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 381 Lennox 2011 p 124 Robeson 1981 p 37 Hopkins 1998 p 313 Duberman 1989 p 222 Paul Robeson at the Unity Theater Daily Express June 20 1938 cf Duberman 1989 pp 222 23 Paul Robeson Coalfield Web Materials University of Wales Swansea 2002 Archived from the original on February 3 2006 Retrieved March 3 2006 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 396 Spanish Relief Efforts Albert Hall Meeting 1 000 Collected for Children The Manchester Guardian June 25 1937 p 6 ProQuest 484207378 cf Brown 1997 p 77 Robeson 2001 p 372 Beevor 2006 p 356 a b Wyden 1983 pp 433 34 Paul Robeson Rutas Culturales Archived from the original on October 30 2016 Retrieved October 29 2016 Beevor 2006 p 356 cf Eby 2007 pp 279 80 Landis 1967 pp 245 46 INDIA S STRUGGLE FOR FREEDON Mr Nehru on Imperialism and Fascism The Manchester Guardian June 28 1938 p 6 ProQuest 484443209 Duberman 1989 p 225 Duberman 1989 p 223 Nollen 2010 p 122 Nollen 2010 p 122 Boyle amp Bunie 2005 p 320 cf Von Eschen 2014 Robeson s Return Birmingham Mail March 8 1939 p 10 Priestley s Present Paul Robeson with Lawrence Brown at the piano Birmingham Mail February 20 1939 p 1 Nazi s black list discovered in Berlin The Manchester Guardian September 14 1945 Archived from the original on October 1 2022 Retrieved June 22 2021 via Guardian Century 1940 1949 Bourne Stephen Dr Hywel Francis The Proud Valley PDF Edinburgh Film Guide Archived from the original PDF on February 3 2012 Price 2007 p 8 9 cf Collier s Duberman 1989 pp 236 38 Earl Robinson with Eric A Gordon Ballad of an American The Autobiography of Earl Robinson Scarecrow Press Lanham Md 1998 p 99 Peter Dreier May 8 2014 We Are Long Overdue for a Paul Robeson Revival Los Angeles Review of Books Archived from the original on March 2 2021 Retrieved August 3 2019 FBI record Paul Robeson FBI 100 25857 New York December 8 1942 Duberman 1989 pp 259 61 a b Barry Finger Paul Robeson A Flawed Martyr Archived January 12 2012 at the Wayback Machine in New Politics Vol 7 No 1 Summer 1998 Lustiger 2003 pp 125 27 Othello 1943 IBDB com Internet Broadway Database Archived from the original on February 13 2021 Retrieved May 9 2022 Longest running Shakespeare play Broadway Guinness World Records Archived from the original on October 21 2023 Retrieved October 21 2023 Dorinson amp Pencak 2004 p 1 Duberman 1989 p 295 Duberman 1989 pp 296 97 a b Liu Liangmo Translated by Ellen Yeung 2006 Paul Robeson The People s Singer 1950 In Yung Judy Chang Gordon H Lai H Mark eds Chinese American Voices From the Gold Rush to the Present University of California Press ISBN 978 0520243095 Chi Robert 2007 The March of the Volunteers From Movie Theme Song to National Anthem In Lee Ching Kwan ed Re envisioning the Chinese Revolution The Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in Reform China Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0804758536 a b Liang Luo International Avant garde and the Chinese National Anthem Tian Han Joris Ivens and Paul Robeson in The Ivens Magazine No 16 Archived March 6 2019 at the Wayback Machine European Foundation Joris Ivens Nijmegen October 2010 Retrieved 2015 01 22 Gellman Erik S February 1 2012 Death Blow to Jim Crow The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights Univ of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0807869932 Robeson Paul Jr December 21 2009 The Undiscovered Paul Robeson Quest for Freedom 1939 1976 Wiley p 25 ISBN 978 0470569689 a b c Duberman 1989 p 307 Group Confers with Truman on Lynching Pittsburgh Post Gazette September 24 1946 p 2 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 Nollen 2010 pp 157 56 Lewis 2000 p 522 Duberman 1989 pp 249 50 Duberman 1989 p 241 Brady Siff Sarah May 2016 Policing the Policy A Civil Rights Story Origins Current Events in Historical Perspective 9 Archived from the original on September 22 2018 Retrieved September 21 2018 Duberman 1989 p 296 Cornell Douglas B December 5 1947 Attorney General s List of Subversive Groups is Derided by Solon The Modesto Bee p 1 permanent dead link cf Goldstein 2008 pp 62 66 88 Bay Area Paul Robeson Centennial Committee Paul Robeson Chronology Part 5 Archived May 25 2011 at the Wayback Machine Paul Robeson Speaks 1948 Senate Testimony on YouTube Duberman 1989 p 324 Duberman 1989 p 326 27 Robeson 2001 p 137 Robeson 1978a pp 197 198 Robeson 2001 pp 142 43 Duberman 1989 pp 342 45 687 Robeson 2001 pp 142 43 cf Robeson 1978a pp 197 198 Seton 1958 p 179 Interview with Paul Robeson Jnr Archived January 30 2012 at the Wayback Machine Studs Terkel Paul Robeson Speak of Me As I Am BBC 1998 Paul Robeson collection 1925 1956 bulk 1943 1956 Paul Robeson collection Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture The New York Public Library The New York Public Library Archives amp Manuscripts Archived from the original on August 1 2017 Retrieved March 9 2018 Duberman 1989 pp 352 53 Lustiger 2003 pp 210 11 McConnell 2010 p 348 a b Seton 1958 pp 210 11 Duberman 1989 pp 353 54 Robeson 2001 pp 142 43 a b Duberman 1989 pp 361 62 cf Robinson 1978 pp 94 98 a b Duberman 1989 pp 358 60 cf Robinson 1978 pp 94 98 Duberman 1989 p 364 cf Robeson 1981 p 181 Duberman 1989 pp 364 70 cf Robeson 1981 p 181 Willaims Roger M April 1976 A rough Sunday at Peerskill American Heritage Magazine Archived from the original on September 1 2021 Retrieved September 1 2021 Los Angeles Times 1950 01 01 p Walsh 1949 p 689 Brown 1997 p 162 cf Robeson 1978b p 4 Walsh only listed a ten man All American team for the 1917 team and he lists no team due to World War I Walsh 1949 pp 16 18 32 The information in the book was compiled by information from the colleges but many deserving names are missing entirely from the pages of the book because their alma mater was unable to provide them Glenn S Warner Walsh 1949 p 6 The Rutgers University list was presented to Walsh by Gordon A McCoy Director of Publicity for Rutgers and although this list says that Rutgers had two All Americans at the time of the publishing of the book the book only lists the other All American and does not list Robeson as being an All American Walsh 1949 p 684 MRS ROOSEVELT SEES A MISUNDERSTANDING The New York Times March 16 1950 Archived from the original on May 16 2021 Retrieved October 22 2023 Wright 1975 p 97 Von Eschen 2014 pp 181 85 Duberman 1989 pp 388 89 Robeson Paul July August 1955 If Enough People Write Washington I ll Get My Passport in a Hurry Freedom Vol V no 6 Freedom Associates hdl 2333 1 vhhmgvws Paul Robeson the Lost Shepherd The Crisis November 1951 pp 569 73 Duberman 1989 p 396 Foner 2001 pp 112 15 Von Eschen 2014 p 127 Duberman 1989 p 396 cf Foner 2001 pp 112 15 Duberman 1989 pp 397 98 Cornell Douglas B December 29 1951 UN Asked to Act Against Genocide in United States The Afro American p 19 Archived from the original on September 5 2021 Retrieved September 5 2021 John Docker Raphael Lemkin creator of the concept of genocide a world history perspective Archived March 10 2021 at the Wayback Machine Humanities Research 16 2 2010 Docker John 2010 Raphael Lemkin creator of the concept of genocide a world history perspective Humanities Research 16 2 49 III ProQuest 763259026 Paul Robeson is Awarded Stalin Prize The News and Courier December 22 1952 p 6 permanent dead link Post Robeson Gets Stalin Peace Prize The Victoria Advocate September 25 1953 p 5 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 Robeson 1978a pp 347 349 Duberman 1989 p 354 Robeson 1978a pp 236 241 Duberman 1989 p 400 Duberman 1989 p 411 Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un American Activities June 12 1956 History Matters Archived from the original on February 21 2021 Retrieved January 30 2015 Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un American Activities June 12 1956 YouTube Archived from the original on November 5 2021 Retrieved November 5 2021 The Many Faces of Paul Robeson US National Archives August 15 2016 Archived from the original on February 27 2021 Retrieved February 3 2017 Steinke Nicole June 7 2013 Paul Robeson the singer who fought for justice and paid with his life Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on January 24 2021 Retrieved May 7 2019 Robeson 1978b pp 3 8 Goodman Jordan 2013 Paul Robeson A Watched Man London Verso Books p 224 Robeson sings the first transatlantic telephone cable Science Museum October 10 2018 Archived from the original on January 11 2023 Retrieved January 11 2023 Presenters Aleks Krotoski January 5 2016 Hidden Histories of the Information Age TAT 1 Hidden Histories of the Information Age 9 50 minutes in BBC Radio 4 Archived from the original on June 20 2015 Retrieved January 6 2016 Presenters Aleks Krotoski January 5 2016 Hidden Histories of the Information Age TAT 1 Hidden Histories of the Information Age 0 55 minutes in BBC Radio 4 Archived from the original on June 20 2015 Retrieved January 6 2016 Howard Tony January 29 2009 Showcase Let Robeson Sing University of Warwick Archived from the original on February 20 2016 Retrieved November 15 2011 Sparrow Jeff July 2 2017 How Paul Robeson found his political voice in the Welsh valleys The Observer Archived from the original on May 6 2022 Retrieved September 7 2021 Duberman 1989 p 437 Glass Andrew August 16 2018 Paul Robeson loses passport appeal Aug 16 1955 Politico Archived from the original on November 26 2018 Retrieved September 7 2017 Duberman 1989 p 458 British give singer Paul Robeson hero s welcome The Modesto Bee July 11 1958 permanent dead link RSC Performances OTH195904 Othellos Shakespeare Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Archived from the original on September 12 2021 Retrieved September 12 2021 Duberman 1989 p 469 Duberman 1989 pp 469 470 Duberman 1989 p 471 Robeson 1981 p 218 Williams Daniel G April 15 2015 Wales Unchained Literature politics and identity in the American century University of Wales Press p 76 ISBN 978 1783162147 Duberman 1989 pp 487 491 Curthoys 2010 p 171 Steinke Nicole Paul Robeson The singer who fought for justice and paid with his life Archived from the original on December 30 2017 Retrieved March 9 2018 Duberman 1989 p 489 Curthoys 2010 p 168 Duberman 1989 p 489 Robeson 1978a pp 470 71 Curthoys 2010 pp 164 173 175 cf Duberman 1989 p 490 Curthoys 2010 pp 175 77 cf Duberman 1989 Duberman 1989 Curthoys 2010 pp 178 80 cf Duberman 1989 p 491 Robeson 2001 p 309 a b Duberman 1989 pp 498 99 Nollen 2010 p 180 a b c presenter Amy Goodman July 1 1999 Did the U S Government drug Paul Robeson Part 1 Democracy Now radio broadcast Archived from the original on February 13 2021 Retrieved December 15 2010 presenter Amy Goodman July 6 1999 Did the U S Government drug Paul Robeson Part 2 Democracy Now radio broadcast Archived from the original on December 17 2010 Retrieved December 15 2010 Duberman 1989 pp 563 64 Duberman 1989 pp 438 42 Robeson Paul Jr December 20 1999 Time Out The Paul Robeson files The Nation Vol 269 no 21 p 9 Duberman 1989 pp 735 36 Nollen 2010 pp 180 81 Travis Alan March 6 2003 Paul Robeson was tracked by MI5 The Guardian Guardian News and Media Limited Archived from the original on August 18 2016 Retrieved December 12 2016 cf MI5 tracked Robeson amid communist fears Western Mail Archived from the original on January 22 2012 Retrieved November 6 2011 Duberman 1989 p 509 Duberman 1989 pp 498 499 Nollen 2010 p 182 a b c d Lamparski Richard 1968 Whatever Became of Vol II Ace Books p 9 Duberman 1989 pp 516 18 Feron James December 20 1963 Robeson Will Return to the U S Monday to Retire The New York Times p 10 Archived from the original on September 15 2021 Retrieved September 14 2021 a b Duberman 1989 p 537 Robeson 2001 p 346 Farmer 1985 pp 297 98 Duberman 1989 pp 162 63 Robeson 1981 pp 235 37 Bell 1986 p Duberman 1989 p 516 Nollen 2010 p 186 Died Time February 2 1976 Archived from the original on August 19 2007 cf Duberman 1989 p 548 Robeson 1981 pp 236 37 a b Duberman 1989 p 549 Hoggard Bishop J Clinton Eulogy The Paul Robeson Foundation Archived from the original on July 27 2011 a b Nollen 2010 p 187 Carroll 1998 Finkelman 2007 p 363 cf Dorinson 2002 p 74 Miller Patrick B January 1 2005 Muscular assimilationism sport and the paradoxes of racial reform In Ross Charles K ed Race and Sport The Struggle for Equality on and Off the Field University Press of Mississippi pp 149 50 ISBN 978 1578068975 Archived from the original on January 5 2024 Retrieved August 13 2018 Duberman 1989 p 81 Von Eschen 2014 p 185 Spingarn Medal Winners 1915 to Today naacp org Archived from the original on August 2 2014 List of National Historic Landmarks by State PDF National Historic Landmarks Program January 3 2012 p 71 Archived from the original PDF on November 5 2011 Paul Robeson Galleries Archived from the original on August 5 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 cf Paul Robeson Library Archived March 29 2008 at the Wayback Machine Princeton University Ceremony to honor Robeson Jan 20 Archived from the original on November 23 2011 Retrieved January 25 2011 The Paul Robeson Cultural Center Archived July 1 2010 at the Wayback Machine Frequently Asked Questions O Malley Padraig 1978 Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory Archived from the original on July 10 2017 Retrieved February 12 2012 1980 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved October 2 2015 Armour Nancy August 26 1995 Brown Robeson inducted into college football hall The Day Reid MacCluggage p C6 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved May 29 2020 Robeson Peace Arch Concert Anniversary Cpsr cs uchicago edu Archived from the original on June 30 2007 Retrieved April 1 2014 From the Valley of Obscurity Robeson s Baritone Rings Out 22 Years After His Death Actor Activist Gets a Grammy The New York Times February 25 1998 Archived from the original on March 9 2021 Retrieved February 18 2017 The Paul Robeson centennial Ebony Vol 53 no 7 Johnson Publishing Company May 1 1998 pp 110 14 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved August 26 2018 cf Wade Lewis 2007 p 108 Theater Hall of Fame The Official Website Members Preserve the Past Honor the Present Encourage the Future Theaterhalloffame org Archived from the original on August 24 2019 Retrieved May 22 2014 A contract for Othello Shakespeare amp Beyond February 26 2016 Archived from the original on October 16 2019 Retrieved October 16 2019 Paul Robeson as Othello Library of Congress July 29 2010 Archived from the original on April 28 2010 Morrison 2011 pp 114 40 Pallant House Gallery Glyn Philpot Flesh and Spirit Archived from the original on April 10 2022 Retrieved April 14 2022 Paul Robeson zu Gast Unter den Linden Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin in German Hu berlin de Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved March 9 2018 Duberman 1989 p 557 Paul Robeson Archive New York New York Public Libraries Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved March 9 2018 Prior Neil August 3 2010 Paul Robeson s granddaughter at Ebbw Vale eisteddfod BBC News Archived from the original on August 5 2020 Retrieved August 12 2016 Gomez Lynn January 16 2012 National Register of Historical Places Inventory Nomination Form Paul Robeson Residence PDF United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Archived from the original on January 16 2012 Retrieved January 16 2012 Finch Ginny We Shall Overcome Paul Robeson Home Nps gov Archived from the original on January 14 2013 Retrieved May 20 2016 Paul Robeson Residence Accompanying 3 photos exterior from 1976 PDF Npgallery nps gov Archived PDF from the original on November 7 2018 Retrieved March 10 2018 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Dolkart Andrew S Postal Matthew A 2009 Postal Matthew A ed Guide to New York City Landmarks 4th ed New York John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 28963 1 p 211 Tanker Named Paul Robeson The Hour UPI June 1 1978 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved June 27 2015 Farber Paul M 2020 A Wall of Our Own an American History of the Berlin Wall Chapel Hill p 196 ISBN 978 1 4696 5510 9 OCLC 1141094001 Archived from the original on January 5 2024 Retrieved February 19 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link English Heritage Unveil A Blue Plaque To Honour Paul Robeson untoldlondon org uk Archived from the original on April 29 2014 Retrieved May 7 2013 Gill Alexandra Paul Robeson s legendary border straddling concert The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on September 23 2021 Retrieved May 18 2021 Stamp Series United States Postal Service Archived from the original on August 10 2013 Retrieved September 2 2013 Paul Robeson tribute at Soas Socialist Worker Britain Archived from the original on August 14 2018 Retrieved August 13 2018 Leader September 21 2006 Leader In praise of Paul Robeson The Guardian Archived from the original on August 14 2018 Retrieved August 13 2018 Paul Robeson Portraits of the Artist The Criterion Collection Archived from the original on July 10 2018 Retrieved March 9 2018 Mascarenhas Rohan May 3 2009 2009 New Jersey Hall of Fame Inductees Welcomed at NJPAC The Star Ledger Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved March 9 2018 Paul Robeson Library Rutgers University Camden Archived from the original on January 29 2018 Retrieved March 9 2018 Paul Robeson Campus Center Rutgers University Newark Archived from the original on September 28 2017 Retrieved March 9 2018 Home Page prcc Archived from the original on March 7 2018 Retrieved March 9 2018 Paul Robeson Cultural Center History Paul Robeson Cultural Center at PSU Archived from the original on March 5 2021 Retrieved May 28 2018 Somerville History Borough of Somerville Archived from the original on May 28 2018 Retrieved May 28 2018 Paul Robeson High School The School District of Philadelphia Robeson philasd org Archived from the original on March 10 2018 Retrieved October 2 2019 Rutgers dedicates plaza to Paul Robeson amsterdamnews com April 18 2019 Archived from the original on January 13 2021 Retrieved May 2 2019 Loyer Susan March 28 2019 New Brunswick Commercial Avenue renamed Paul Robeson Boulevard Archived from the original on June 10 2019 Retrieved October 16 2019 Tomato Paul Robeson Seeds Archived from the original on June 15 2017 Retrieved April 13 2015 Paul Robeson Tomato Rareseeds com Archived from the original on July 25 2022 Retrieved July 25 2022 Gao Yunxiang Why the People s Republic of China embraced Paul Robeson Aeon Essays Aeon Archived from the original on August 18 2022 Retrieved August 18 2022 Yuksel Metin 2015 Solidarity without borders The poetic tributes to Paul Robeson of Goran and Cegerxwin Journal of Postcolonial Writing 51 5 556 73 doi 10 1080 17449855 2015 1065287 S2CID 143371833 Paul Robeson Lyrics Metro Lyrics Archived from the original on March 1 2018 Retrieved March 9 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Eder Richard January 20 1978 Stage James Earl Jones as Robeson The New York Times Archived from the original on January 12 2021 Retrieved March 9 2018 Weber Bruce April 23 2014 Phillip Hayes Dean the Playwright of Divisive Paul Robeson Dies at 83 The New York Times Archived from the original on May 4 2021 Retrieved June 5 2017 Paul Robeson 1979 TV Movie Internet Movie Database October 8 1979 Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved July 21 2018 Call Mr Robeson Award winning monodrama with songs celebrating the life and art of Paul Robeson Tayoalukoandfriends com Archived from the original on February 16 2021 Retrieved October 21 2023 TheRaider net The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Theraider net Archived from the original on June 3 2023 Retrieved June 3 2023 The World Inferno Friendship Society Paul Robeson retrieved January 31 2024 Woods Paula January 27 2012 Book review Agent 6 by Tom Rob Smith Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on August 23 2017 Retrieved March 9 2018 Frank David The Robeson Connection Maple Tree Literary Supplement No 23 April July 2018 Archived from the original on April 19 2021 Retrieved April 1 2019 Alexander Morris A Small World Every Day Fiction January 23 2019 Archived from the original on April 14 2021 Retrieved March 31 2019 Steve McQueen End Credits The Art Institute of Chicago July 20 2017 Archived from the original on October 30 2020 Retrieved February 19 2021 Crossroads Premieres Paul Robeson at NBPAC s Grand Opening Lion King Actor to Star Rutgers edu Archived from the original on April 11 2021 Retrieved February 19 2021 a b Raman Papri Sri April 9 2021 Singer actor Paul Robeson is still missed and he still inspires 44 years after his death National Herald Archived from the original on October 18 2022 Retrieved October 18 2022 Goswami Manash P April 9 2021 From Ol Man River to Burha Luit The Assam Tribune Archived from the original on October 18 2022 Retrieved October 18 2022 Dutta Pranjal November 5 2020 The African American Bhupen Hazarika The Sentinel Archived from the original on October 18 2022 Retrieved October 18 2022 a b c Raju Archishman April 9 2019 Remembering a Revolutionary Artist Paul Robeson and His India Connection The Wire India Archived from the original on October 18 2022 Retrieved October 18 2022 Richards 2005 p 231 Paul Robeson Discogs Archived from the original on March 18 2022 Retrieved March 18 2022 Primary materials edit Robeson Paul Jr 1976 Paul Robeson Tributes and Selected Writings Paul Robeson Archives OCLC 2507933 Robeson Paul 1978a Sheldon Philip Foner Henry eds Paul Robeson Speaks Writings Speeches and Interviews a Centennial Celebration Citadel Press ISBN 978 0806508153 Robeson Paul Leroy 1919 06 10 The New Idealism The Targum 50 1918 1919 570 71 Robeson Paul Brown Lloyd L 1988 Here I Stand Beacon Press ISBN 978 0807064450 Paul Robeson at Google Books Wilson Sondra K ed 2000 The Messenger Reader Stories Poetry and Essays from The Messenger Magazine New York Modern Library ISBN 978 0375755392 Biographies edit Boyle Sheila Tully Bunie Andrew October 1 2005 Paul Robeson The Years of Promise and Achievement University of Massachusetts Press ISBN 978 1558495050 Brown Lloyd Louis 1997 The Young Paul Robeson on My Journey Now Westview Press ISBN 978 0 8133 3177 5 permanent dead link Duberman Martin B 1989 Paul Robeson Bodley Head ISBN 978 0370305752 Ehrlich Scott 1989 Paul Robeson Holloway House Publishing ISBN 978 0870675522 Gilliam Dorothy Butler 1978 Paul Robeson All American New Republic Book Company Goodman Jordan 2013 Paul Robeson A Watched Man Verso Books Hoyt Edwin Palmer 1967 Paul Robeson The American Othello World Publishing Company Ramdin Ron October 1987 Paul Robeson the man and his mission Peter Owen Robeson Eslanda Goode April 16 2013 Paul Robeson Negro Read Books Limited ISBN 978 1447494010 Robeson Paul Jr July 9 2001 The Undiscovered Paul Robeson An Artist s Journey 1898 1939 John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0471151050 Robeson Paul Jr December 21 2009 The Undiscovered Paul Robeson Quest for Freedom 1939 1976 John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0470569689 Seton Marie 1958 Paul Robeson D Dobson Seton Mary 1978 Paul Robeson on the English Stage In Freedomways ed Paul Robeson The Great Forerunner New York Dodd Mead amp Company ISBN 978 0396075455 Swindall Lindsey R October 27 2010 The Politics of Paul Robeson s Othello University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1604738254 Archived from the original on September 7 2015 Retrieved September 26 2015 Paul Robeson at Google Books Swindall Lindsey R August 15 2015 Paul Robeson A Life of Activism and Art Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1442207943 Paul Robeson at Google BooksSecondary materials edit Balaji Murali April 29 2009 The Professor and the Pupil The Politics and Friendship of W E B Du Bois and Paul Robeson Nation Books ISBN 978 0 7867 3260 9 permanent dead link Beevor Antony 2006 The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Penguin Books ISBN 978 0143037651 Bell Charlotte Turner January 1 1986 Paul Robeson s Last Days in Philadelphia Dorrance Publishing Company Incorporated ISBN 978 0805930269 Bogle Donald February 25 2016 Toms Coons Mulattoes Mammies and Bucks An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films Updated and Expanded 5th Edition Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 0826429537 Cameron Kenneth M October 1 1990 Paul Robeson Eddie Murphy and the Film Text of Africa Text amp Performance Quarterly 10 4 282 93 doi 10 1080 10462939009365979 Carroll John M September 1 1998 Fritz Pollard Pioneer in Racial Advancement University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0252067990 Curthoys Ann 2010 Paul Robeson s visit to Australia and Aboriginal activism 1960 PDF In Peters Little Frances Curthoys Ann Docker John eds Passionate Histories Myth Memory and Indigenous Australia Canberra Australia Australian National University Press pp 163 84 ISBN 978 1921666650 Paul Robeson p 163 at Google Books Dorinson Joseph Pencak William eds January 1 2004 Paul Robeson Essays on His Life and Legacy McFarland ISBN 978 0786421633 Dorinson Joseph 2002 Something to Cheer About Paul Robeson Athlete pp 65 Foner Henry 2002 Foreword Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology 9 2 117 doi 10 1007 BF00972143 PMID 24390044 Eby Cecil D 2007 Comrades and Commissars The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War Penn State Press ISBN 978 0271029108 Farmer James 1985 Lay Bare the Heart An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement TCU Press ISBN 978 0875651880 Finkelman Paul January 2007 Wintz Cary D ed Paul Robeson Sourcebooks ISBN 978 1402204364 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Foner Henry 2001 Paul Robeson A Century of Greatness Paul Robeson Foundation Glazer Peter 2007 The lifted fist performing the Spanish Civil War New York City 1936 1939 In Carroll Peter N Fernandez James D eds Facing fascism New York and the Spanish Civil War Museum of the City of New York ISBN 978 0 8147 1681 6 Goldstein Robert Justin 2008 American blacklist the attorney general s list of subversive organizations University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0700616046 Hopkins James K 1998 Into the Heart of the Fire The British in the Spanish Civil War Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0804731270 James C L R Hogsbjerg Christian Dubois Laurent December 31 2012 Toussaint Louverture The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History A Play in Three Acts Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822353140 Landis Arthur H 1967 The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Citadel Press Kelly Elaine Wlodarski Amy eds 2011 Art Outside the Lines New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture Editions Rodopi pp 111 130 ISBN 978 90 420 3341 2 Lennox Sara 2011 Reading Transnationally the GDR and American Black Writers Levy Alan H 2003 Tackling Jim Crow Racial Segregation in Professional Football McFarland and Co Inc ISBN 0 7864 1597 5 Lewis David L October 17 2000 W E B Du Bois 1919 1963 The Fight for Equality and the American Century Henry Holt and Company ISBN 978 0805025347 Low Rachael 1985 Film Making in 1930s Britain Allen amp Unwin ISBN 978 0047910425 Lustiger Arno 2003 Stalin and the Jews The Red Book the Tragedy of the Jewish Anti Fascist Committee and the Soviet Jews Enigma ISBN 978 1929631100 Marable Manning 2005 W E B Du Bois Black Radical Democrat Paradigm Publishers ISBN 978 1594510199 McConnell Lauren 2010 Understanding Paul Robeson s Soviet Experience Theatre History Studies 30 1 138 153 doi 10 1353 ths 2010 0003 S2CID 191612284 Morrison Michael A May 2011 Paul Robeson s Othello at the Savoy Theatre 1930 New Theatre Quarterly 27 2 114 40 doi 10 1017 S0266464X11000261 S2CID 190731391 Nollen Scott Allen October 14 2010 Paul Robeson Film Pioneer McFarland ISBN 978 0786457472 Pellowski Michael 2008 Rutgers Football A Gridiron Tradition in Scarlet Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0813542836 Peterson Bernard L January 1 1997 The African American Theatre Directory 1816 1960 A Comprehensive Guide to Early Black Theatre Organizations Companies Theatres and Performing Groups Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0313295379 Pitt Larry 1972 Football at Rutgers A History 1869 1969 ISBN 978 0813507477 Price Clement Alexander 2007 Paul Robeson Portraits of the Artist Criterion Collection ISBN 978 1934121191 Richards Jeffrey March 21 2001 The Unknown 1930s An Alternative History of the British Cinema 1929 1939 I B Tauris ISBN 978 1860646287 Richards Larry 2005 African American Films Through 1959 A Comprehensive Illustrated Filmography McFarland pp 4 ISBN 978 0786422746 Robeson Paul Jr 1978b Paul Robeson Black Warrior In Freedomways ed Paul Robeson The Great Forerunner New York Dodd Mead amp Company pp 3 16 ISBN 978 0396075455 Robeson Susan 1981 The whole world in his hands a pictorial biography of Paul Robeson Citadel Press ISBN 978 0806507545 Robinson Eugene 1978 A Distant Image Paul Robeson and Rutgers Students In Freedomways ed Paul Robeson The Great Forerunner New York Dodd Mead amp Company ISBN 978 0396075455 Robinson Jackie Duckett Alfred March 19 2013 I Never Had It Made An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson HarperCollins ISBN 978 0062287298 Rogovin Vadim Zakharovich 1998 1937 Stalin s Year of Terror Mehring Books ISBN 978 0929087771 Sampson Henry T 2005 Swingin on the Ether Waves A Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Programming 1925 1955 Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0810840874 Snyder Timothy November 25 2013 Bloodlands Europe Between Hitler and Stalin Basic Books ISBN 978 0465032976 Stewart Jeffrey C ed April 1998 Paul Robeson artist and citizen Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0813525105 Harris Francis C 1998 Paul Robeson An Athlete s Legacy Naison Mark 1998 Paul Robeson and the American Labor Movement Stuckey Sterling 1994 Going Through the Storm The Influence of African American Art in History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195086041 Von Eschen Penny M June 13 2014 Race against Empire Black Americans and Anticolonialism 1937 1957 Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801471704 Wade Lewis Margaret 2007 Lorenzo Dow Turner Father of Gullah Studies University of South Carolina Press ISBN 978 1570036286 Walsh Christy 1949 College Football and All America Review Murray amp Gee Weisenfeld Judith 1997 African American Women and Christian Activism New York s Black YWCA 1905 1945 Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674007789 Wintz Cary D ed January 2007 Harlem Speaks A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance Sourcebooks ISBN 978 1402204364 Wright Charles H January 1 1975 Robeson Labor s Forgotten Champion Balamp Publishing Company ISBN 978 0913642061 Wyden Peter 1983 The Passionate War The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0671253301 Film biographies and documentaries edit The Tallest Tree in Our Forest 1977 Paul Robeson Tribute to an Artist 1979 Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Paul Robeson James Earl Jones One Man Show 1979 TV movie Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Paul Robeson I m a Negro I m an American 1989 DEFA East Germany dir Kurt Tetzlaff Paul Robeson I m a Negro I m an American DEFA Film library University of Massachusetts Retrieved October 26 2021 Paul Robeson Speak of Me as I Am 1998 His name was Robeson 1998 Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Interview by director Nikolay Milovidov with Paul Robeson Jr who shares his memories about a conversation Robeson had in 1949 in a room at the Moscow Hotel with the Jewish poet Itzik Feffer who told Robeson the circumstances of Solomon Mikhoels death Paul Robeson Here I Stand 1999 PBS American Masters directed by St Clair Bourne Paul Robeson at IMDb nbsp Paul Robeson Portraits of an Artist 2007 Irvington Criterion Collection ISBN 1934121193 Further reading editCallow Simon The Emperor Robeson review of Gerald Horne Paul Robeson The Artist as Revolutionary Pluto 250 pp and Jeff Sparrow No Way But This In Search of Paul Robeson Scribe 292 pp The New York Review of Books vol LXV no 2 February 8 2018 pp 8 10 11 Fordin Hugh 1986 Getting to Know Him A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 80668 1 permanent dead link Weaver Harold D Jr June 19 2021 Paul Robeson Was One of the Greatest Figures of the 20th Century Jacobin Retrieved June 22 2021 External links editPaul Robeson at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Paul Robeson at IMDb Paul Robeson s FBI records Paul Robeson at the Internet Broadway Database Paul Robeson Youtube channel Subversives Stories from the Red Scare Lesson by Ursula Wolfe Rocca Paul Robeson is featured in this lesson Associated institutions edit Paul Robeson House Paul Robeson Charter School Paul Robeson Performing Arts CompanyPaul Robeson archives edit Marxists org National Archives Library of Congress Guide to the Paul Robeson Centennial Project Records Center for Black Music Research Columbia College Chicago Portals nbsp United States nbsp Politics nbsp Film nbsp Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paul Robeson amp oldid 1207132362, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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