Pahari painting (lit.'a painting from the mountainous regions, pahar meaning a mountain in Hindi') is an umbrella term used for a form of Indian painting, done mostly in miniature forms, originating from the lower Himalayan hill kingdoms of North India and plains of Punjab, during the early 17th to mid 19th century, notably Basohli, Mankot, Nurpur, Chamba, Kangra, Guler, Mandi and Garhwal.[1][2]Nainsukh was a famous master of the mid-18th century, followed by his family workshop for another two generations. The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of Hindu deities Radha and Krishna. A distinct lyricism, spontaneous rhythm, softness, minute intricate details of composition, and intense perception and portrayal of human emotions and physical features distinguish the Pahari miniatures from the other miniature schools like Deccan, Mughal and Rajasthani-Rajput.[3][4]
Pahari painting grew out of the Mughal painting, though this was patronized mostly by the Rajput kings who ruled many parts of the region, and gave birth to a new idiom in Indian painting.[6] Some local antecedents have also been suggested, as a vivid Kashmiri tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries, as seen in the murals of Alchi Monastery or Tsaparang.[7]
Schools of Pahari paintingedit
A small hill state situated alongside the banks of river Ravi, known as Basohli, ushered in this new style in 1690. Over the following two centuries, this style was perfected in various major and minor centres of Pahari Art. The major centres consist of the Guler, Chamba, Mandi and Kangra schools, while the minor ones include: Garwhal, Hindur, Jammu, Kullu, Bilaspur, Srinagar, and a few other schools located in the Punjab plains.[8][4]The Basohli school is further sub-divided into the Nurpur and Mankot sub-schools, while Kangra school also constitutes the Sikh, and the Nalagarh or Hindur branches, and Mandi branch falls under the Kullu branch.
The various schools are characterised by diversities of style, theme and content, yet there is a common Himalayan softness and perspective that weaves them together. The human figures represented are moderately statured. Both male and female figures are exquisitely drawn, and made alluring, as are the representations of deities, which are given an anthropomorphic appeal, particularly visible in the portraits of Radha and Krishna. The figures have round faces, semicircular foreheads above small, deep set eyes that distinctly define this school of miniature art.[4][8]
Major Pahari schools of paintingedit
Basohli School: Basohli is credited with the initiation of the Pahari school in mid-17th Century. As the first school of Pahari miniatures, Basohli can be differentiated by its double storey building structures in a square-format background, lotus flowers and use of elaborate shikharas, and other decorative elements. Literary classics like the Rasa-Manjari, Ramayana, themes from the Ragamala, and Gita Govinda were drawn at Basohli that defined the beginnings and the thematic-base of the entire Pahari form of art which next flourished at Guler.[4][8]
Guler School: The Guler paintings are delicate, similar to the Mughal form of miniatures, but different in terms of the feelings and emotions they evoke. Artworks from this school have refined lines and delicate shades of colours. The school is noted for its wondrous portraiture of the feminine world, and space. Landscapes here are presented with marked sensitivity.[4][8]
Chamba School:[9][10] The typical female figures in paintings of the Chamba school exude warm, sensual and charming beauty. Noted for its deft handling and mixing of colours, the canvas space of Chamba paintings is dominated by red and blue colours.[4]
Mandi: Art from this school is noted for its depictions of the Tantra cult associated with the worship of the Devi or the Goddess. The ferocious and wrathful forms of the Devi are given a larger-than-life finish, and crude mystified look with deep tones of red, black and blue shades.[4][8]
Kangra School: It is at Kangra, that the Pahari miniature form reaches its finest and creative best. The Kangra paintings are closer to the soil given their degree of realism; soft, almost musical effect of the colour textures, and interplay of the primary palette. Red, yellow, and blue dominate the Kangra canvas framed inside fine borders, either plain, or richly embellished. Jewellery with fine brushstrokes, neat buildings and arrangement of the background space, contrasting colours differentiating the relieved landscapes carefully painted with intricately delicate trees, leaves, flowers, birds, etc. - reveal the school's artistic splendour and maturity.[4][11]
Other Pahari schools of paintingedit
Garhwal School: It shares an affinity with the Guler School and its sensitive portrayals of landscape. A Garwhal miniature often has an overcast sky with clouds, foggy landscapes, etc.[4][8]
Hindur or Nalagarh School: This school of Pahari miniatures can be distinguished by their evolved symbolism, narrative details, realist depictions of human figure with sharp features, rich costumes, each figure busy in his/her own lifestyle.[4][8]
Jammu School: The human figures strewn across the Jammu School's canvas are tall, slim with marked well-defined physical characteristics. Hills and strained nature depictions, with light colours employed in bright shades, are other stylised features of this school.[4][8]
Patiala School: An integral part of the Sikh School,[12] this style developed in the Punjab plains and was characterised by Sikh images, and stereotypical costumes, and emphasis on features like beards and moustaches. [4]
Kashmir, Lahore, Mankot and other schools: The surrounding minor centres where Pahari art developed following the conventions of the major art centres. There exists little difference in between these schools.[4][8]
Pahari Masters: Court Painters of Northern India by B. N. Goswamy and Eberhard Fischer Artibus Asiae. Supplementum, Vol. 38, Pahari Masters: Court Painters of Northern India (1992), pp. 3–391.
Wall Paintings of The Western Himalayas, by Mira Seth. Publications Division. 1976.
Garhwal Paintings, by Mukandi Lal. Publications Division. 1982.
Punjab Painting - Study in Art and Culture, by R P Srivastava. Abhinav Publications. 1983. ISBN0-391-02560-0.
Centres of Pahari Painting, by Chandramani Singh. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1982. ISBN0-391-02412-4.
Portfolio - The Bhagavata Paintings from Mankot, by Karl Khandalavala. Lalit Kala Akademi. 1981.
On the origins of Pahari Painting, by Vishwa Chander Ohri, Joseph Jacobs. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. 1991. ISBN81-85182-53-1.
Nainsukh of Guler: A Great Indian Painter from a Small Hill-state by B.N. Goswamy. Niyogi Books. 2011.
Nala and Damayanti: A Great Series of Paintings of an Old Indian Romance. Niyogi Books. 1st Edition. 2015.
^Ohri, Vishwa Chander; Indian Institute of Advanced Study, eds. (1991). On the origins of Pahari painting: some notes and a discussion (1. publ ed.). Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Indus Pub. Co., New Delhi. ISBN978-81-85182-53-7.
^ abcdefghijklm"National Museum, New Delhi". nationalmuseumindia.gov.in. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^Pahari centres Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft, by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. ISBN81-7017-209-8. Page 62.
^. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
^Chaitanya, Krishna (1976). A History of Indian Painting. Abhinav Publications. pp. 6–7.
^Śarmā, Oṅkāracandra (2018). Kangra school of pahari painting (1st ed.). New Delhi: National Publishing House. ISBN978-81-214-0653-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^Kamboj, B. P. (2003). Early Wall Painting of Garhwal. Indus Publishing. p. 107. ISBN9788173871399.
Further readingedit
Kossak, Steven. (1997). Indian court painting, 16th-19th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN0-87099-783-1
External linksedit
Media related to Pahari painting at Wikimedia Commons
Indian Court Painting, 16th-19th Century from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
April 12, 2024
pahari, painting, painting, from, mountainous, regions, pahar, meaning, mountain, hindi, umbrella, term, used, form, indian, painting, done, mostly, miniature, forms, originating, from, lower, himalayan, hill, kingdoms, north, india, plains, punjab, during, ea. Pahari painting lit a painting from the mountainous regions pahar meaning a mountain in Hindi is an umbrella term used for a form of Indian painting done mostly in miniature forms originating from the lower Himalayan hill kingdoms of North India and plains of Punjab during the early 17th to mid 19th century notably Basohli Mankot Nurpur Chamba Kangra Guler Mandi and Garhwal 1 2 Nainsukh was a famous master of the mid 18th century followed by his family workshop for another two generations The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of Hindu deities Radha and Krishna A distinct lyricism spontaneous rhythm softness minute intricate details of composition and intense perception and portrayal of human emotions and physical features distinguish the Pahari miniatures from the other miniature schools like Deccan Mughal and Rajasthani Rajput 3 4 Nala Damayanti theme from the Mahabharat in Pahari style Contents 1 Origin and area 2 Schools of Pahari painting 2 1 Major Pahari schools of painting 2 2 Other Pahari schools of painting 3 Famous examples 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOrigin and area editThe Pahari school developed and flourished during 17th 19th centuries stretching from Jammu to Garhwal in the sub Himalayan India through Himachal Pradesh Each created stark variations within the genre ranging from bold intense Basohli Painting originating from Basohli in Jammu and Kashmir to the delicate and lyrical Kangra paintings which became synonymous to the style before other schools of paintings developed and finally to the poetic and cinematic representations in Garhwali Paintings by Mola Ram The Kangra style reached its pinnacle with paintings of Radha and Krishna inspired by Jayadeva s Gita Govinda 5 Pahari painting grew out of the Mughal painting though this was patronized mostly by the Rajput kings who ruled many parts of the region and gave birth to a new idiom in Indian painting 6 Some local antecedents have also been suggested as a vivid Kashmiri tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries as seen in the murals of Alchi Monastery or Tsaparang 7 Schools of Pahari painting editA small hill state situated alongside the banks of river Ravi known as Basohli ushered in this new style in 1690 Over the following two centuries this style was perfected in various major and minor centres of Pahari Art The major centres consist of the Guler Chamba Mandi and Kangra schools while the minor ones include Garwhal Hindur Jammu Kullu Bilaspur Srinagar and a few other schools located in the Punjab plains 8 4 The Basohli school is further sub divided into the Nurpur and Mankot sub schools while Kangra school also constitutes the Sikh and the Nalagarh or Hindur branches and Mandi branch falls under the Kullu branch The various schools are characterised by diversities of style theme and content yet there is a common Himalayan softness and perspective that weaves them together The human figures represented are moderately statured Both male and female figures are exquisitely drawn and made alluring as are the representations of deities which are given an anthropomorphic appeal particularly visible in the portraits of Radha and Krishna The figures have round faces semicircular foreheads above small deep set eyes that distinctly define this school of miniature art 4 8 Major Pahari schools of painting edit Basohli School Basohli is credited with the initiation of the Pahari school in mid 17th Century As the first school of Pahari miniatures Basohli can be differentiated by its double storey building structures in a square format background lotus flowers and use of elaborate shikharas and other decorative elements Literary classics like the Rasa Manjari Ramayana themes from the Ragamala and Gita Govinda were drawn at Basohli that defined the beginnings and the thematic base of the entire Pahari form of art which next flourished at Guler 4 8 Guler School The Guler paintings are delicate similar to the Mughal form of miniatures but different in terms of the feelings and emotions they evoke Artworks from this school have refined lines and delicate shades of colours The school is noted for its wondrous portraiture of the feminine world and space Landscapes here are presented with marked sensitivity 4 8 Chamba School 9 10 The typical female figures in paintings of the Chamba school exude warm sensual and charming beauty Noted for its deft handling and mixing of colours the canvas space of Chamba paintings is dominated by red and blue colours 4 Mandi Art from this school is noted for its depictions of the Tantra cult associated with the worship of the Devi or the Goddess The ferocious and wrathful forms of the Devi are given a larger than life finish and crude mystified look with deep tones of red black and blue shades 4 8 Kangra School It is at Kangra that the Pahari miniature form reaches its finest and creative best The Kangra paintings are closer to the soil given their degree of realism soft almost musical effect of the colour textures and interplay of the primary palette Red yellow and blue dominate the Kangra canvas framed inside fine borders either plain or richly embellished Jewellery with fine brushstrokes neat buildings and arrangement of the background space contrasting colours differentiating the relieved landscapes carefully painted with intricately delicate trees leaves flowers birds etc reveal the school s artistic splendour and maturity 4 11 Other Pahari schools of painting edit Garhwal School It shares an affinity with the Guler School and its sensitive portrayals of landscape A Garwhal miniature often has an overcast sky with clouds foggy landscapes etc 4 8 Hindur or Nalagarh School This school of Pahari miniatures can be distinguished by their evolved symbolism narrative details realist depictions of human figure with sharp features rich costumes each figure busy in his her own lifestyle 4 8 Jammu School The human figures strewn across the Jammu School s canvas are tall slim with marked well defined physical characteristics Hills and strained nature depictions with light colours employed in bright shades are other stylised features of this school 4 8 Patiala School An integral part of the Sikh School 12 this style developed in the Punjab plains and was characterised by Sikh images and stereotypical costumes and emphasis on features like beards and moustaches 4 Kashmir Lahore Mankot and other schools The surrounding minor centres where Pahari art developed following the conventions of the major art centres There exists little difference in between these schools 4 8 Famous examples editKrishna and Radha in a PavilionGallery edit nbsp Radha celebrating Holi ca 1788 nbsp Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna s golden palace in Dwarka ca 1775 1790 nbsp Kali Attacking Nisumbha c 1740 colour on paper 22 33 cm Cleveland Museum of Art nbsp A Lady Gazing at Doves Punjab Hills Mandi SchoolSee also editSikh art and cultureFurther reading editPahari Masters Court Painters of Northern India by B N Goswamy and Eberhard Fischer Artibus Asiae Supplementum Vol 38 Pahari Masters Court Painters of Northern India 1992 pp 3 391 Wall Paintings of The Western Himalayas by Mira Seth Publications Division 1976 Garhwal Paintings by Mukandi Lal Publications Division 1982 Punjab Painting Study in Art and Culture by R P Srivastava Abhinav Publications 1983 ISBN 0 391 02560 0 Centres of Pahari Painting by Chandramani Singh Published by Abhinav Publications 1982 ISBN 0 391 02412 4 Portfolio The Bhagavata Paintings from Mankot by Karl Khandalavala Lalit Kala Akademi 1981 On the origins of Pahari Painting by Vishwa Chander Ohri Joseph Jacobs Indian Institute of Advanced Study 1991 ISBN 81 85182 53 1 Nainsukh of Guler A Great Indian Painter from a Small Hill state by B N Goswamy Niyogi Books 2011 Nala and Damayanti A Great Series of Paintings of an Old Indian Romance Niyogi Books 1st Edition 2015 References edit Hindu Hill Kingdoms Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine V amp A Museum Pahari Kamat Ohri Vishwa Chander Indian Institute of Advanced Study eds 1991 On the origins of Pahari painting some notes and a discussion 1 publ ed Shimla Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Indus Pub Co New Delhi ISBN 978 81 85182 53 7 a b c d e f g h i j k l m National Museum New Delhi nationalmuseumindia gov in Retrieved 1 June 2023 Pahari centres Arts of India Architecture Sculpture Painting Music Dance and Handicraft by Krishna Chaitanya Published by Abhinav Publications 1987 ISBN 81 7017 209 8 Page 62 Pahari Archived from the original on 11 December 2009 Retrieved 28 May 2008 Chaitanya Krishna 1976 A History of Indian Painting Abhinav Publications pp 6 7 a b c d e f g h i Singh Chandramani 1982 Centres of Pahari painting New Dehli Abhinav Publ ISBN 978 0 391 02412 0 Pahari Paintings Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Pahari paintings Sarma Oṅkaracandra 2018 Kangra school of pahari painting 1st ed New Delhi National Publishing House ISBN 978 81 214 0653 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Kamboj B P 2003 Early Wall Painting of Garhwal Indus Publishing p 107 ISBN 9788173871399 Further reading editKossak Steven 1997 Indian court painting 16th 19th century Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 0 87099 783 1External links edit nbsp Media related to Pahari painting at Wikimedia Commons Indian Court Painting 16th 19th Century from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pahari painting amp oldid 1200439498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
