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Off-off-Broadway

Off-off-Broadway theaters are smaller New York City theaters than Broadway and off-Broadway theaters, and usually have fewer than 100 seats. The off-off-Broadway movement began in 1958 as part of a response to perceived commercialism of the professional theatre scene and as an experimental or avant-garde movement of drama and theatre.[1] Over time, some off-off-Broadway productions have moved away from the movement's early experimental spirit.[2]

The Tank, an off-off-Broadway theater in Midtown Manhattan

History

The off-off-Broadway movement began in 1958 as a "complete rejection of commercial theatre".[3] Michael Smith gives credit for the term's coinage to Jerry Tallmer in 1960.[4] Among the first venues for what would soon be called "off-off-Broadway" theatre were coffeehouses in Greenwich Village, particularly the Caffe Cino at 31 Cornelia Street, operated by the eccentric Joe Cino, who early on took a liking to actors and playwrights and agreed to let them stage plays there without bothering to read the plays first, or to even find out much about the content. This DIY aesthetic also led to creative acts of object repurposing by playwrights and directors, who cobbled together sets from materials scavenged from local streets.[5] Also integral to the rise of off-off-Broadway were Ellen Stewart at La MaMa, and Al Carmines at Judson Poets Theatre, located at Judson Memorial Church. Other theaters of note that presented many plays were Theatre Genesis, New York Theatre Ensemble,[6] The Old Reliable,[7] The Dove Company, The Playwrights Workshop,[8] and Workshop of the Players Art.[9]

At its coalescence, off-off-Broadway was known for its experimental nature. Brooks McNamara wrote that over time, off-off-Broadway work lost some of its experimental spirit, instead beginning to imitate the "characteristics of off-Broadway, which had gradually moved toward reshaping itself in the image of Broadway, though often producing works that were unsuitable for commercial theatre."[2]

An off-off-Broadway production that features members of the Actors' Equity Association may be an Equity Showcase production intended to allow actors to be seen by potential future employers. Equity maintains union rules about working in such productions, including restrictions on price of tickets, the length of the run, and rehearsal times.[10] Professional actors' participation in showcase productions is frequent and comprises the bulk of stage work for the majority of New York actors. There has been an ongoing movement to revise the Equity Showcase Code, which many in the community find overly restrictive and detrimental to the creation of New York theatre.[11]

In 1964, off-off-Broadway productions were made eligible for Obie Awards, and in 1974, the Drama Desk Awards began evaluating such productions with the same criteria as it used for Broadway and off-Broadway productions.[12] Since 2005, the New York Innovative Theatre Awards (NYIT Awards or IT Awards) have annually honored individuals and organizations that have achieved artistic excellence in off-off-Broadway theatre.[13]

The term indie theatre, or independent theatre, was suggested as an alternative for "off-off Broadway" by playwright Kirk Bromley during a speech at the 2005 New York Innovative Theatre Awards.[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wright, Charles (October 4, 2004). . Theatermania. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  2. ^ a b McNamara, Brooks (2001). "Broadway: A Theatre Historian's Perspective". The Drama Review. 45 (4): 125–128. doi:10.1162/105420401772990360. S2CID 57571738.
  3. ^ Viagas 2004, p. 72.
  4. ^ Smith, Michael (1966). "The Good Scene: Off Off-Broadway". The Tulane Drama Review. 10 (4): 159–176. doi:10.2307/1125218. JSTOR 1125218.
  5. ^ Malewitz 2014, p. 51.
  6. ^ Gilbert, Ruth, ed. (March 2, 1970). "In and Around Town". New York Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 13. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  7. ^ Bottoms, Stephen James (2004). Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. p. 292. doi:10.3998/mpub.22965. ISBN 978-0-472-03194-8. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  8. ^ Winters, Jennifer L. (May 2004). (PDF). New York Public Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  9. ^ Berman, Audrey (May 3, 2011) [May 24, 1973]. . The Village Voice. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  10. ^ "Resources – Contracts & Codes – NY Showcase". Actors' Equity Association. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  11. ^ Eisler, Garrett (August 28, 2007). . The Village Voice. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  12. ^ . Drama Desk Awards. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  13. ^ "About The New York Innovative Theatre Awards", New York Innovative Theatre Awards, accessed November 2021
  14. ^ Istel, John (2007). "The Season Off Off Broadway". In Jenkins, Jeffrey Eric (ed.). The Best Plays Theater Yearbook 2005-2006. New York: Limelight Editions. p. 261. ISBN 978-0879103460.

Sources

  • Bottoms, Stephen J (2004), Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-03194-5.
  • Curley, Mallory (2013), Tales of Off Off Broadway, Randy Press.
  • Malewitz, Raymond (2014). The Practice of Misuse: Rugged Consumerism in Contemporary American Culture. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804791960.001.0001. ISBN 9780804791960.
  • Viagas, Robert (2004), The Back Stage Guide to Broadway, New York: Back Stage, ISBN 0-8230-8809-X.

External links

  • , an awards and advocacy group for independent theater
  • League of Independent Theater
  • Off off online.

broadway, theaters, smaller, york, city, theaters, than, broadway, broadway, theaters, usually, have, fewer, than, seats, broadway, movement, began, 1958, part, response, perceived, commercialism, professional, theatre, scene, experimental, avant, garde, movem. Off off Broadway theaters are smaller New York City theaters than Broadway and off Broadway theaters and usually have fewer than 100 seats The off off Broadway movement began in 1958 as part of a response to perceived commercialism of the professional theatre scene and as an experimental or avant garde movement of drama and theatre 1 Over time some off off Broadway productions have moved away from the movement s early experimental spirit 2 The Tank an off off Broadway theater in Midtown Manhattan Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Sources 5 External linksHistory EditThe off off Broadway movement began in 1958 as a complete rejection of commercial theatre 3 Michael Smith gives credit for the term s coinage to Jerry Tallmer in 1960 4 Among the first venues for what would soon be called off off Broadway theatre were coffeehouses in Greenwich Village particularly the Caffe Cino at 31 Cornelia Street operated by the eccentric Joe Cino who early on took a liking to actors and playwrights and agreed to let them stage plays there without bothering to read the plays first or to even find out much about the content This DIY aesthetic also led to creative acts of object repurposing by playwrights and directors who cobbled together sets from materials scavenged from local streets 5 Also integral to the rise of off off Broadway were Ellen Stewart at La MaMa and Al Carmines at Judson Poets Theatre located at Judson Memorial Church Other theaters of note that presented many plays were Theatre Genesis New York Theatre Ensemble 6 The Old Reliable 7 The Dove Company The Playwrights Workshop 8 and Workshop of the Players Art 9 At its coalescence off off Broadway was known for its experimental nature Brooks McNamara wrote that over time off off Broadway work lost some of its experimental spirit instead beginning to imitate the characteristics of off Broadway which had gradually moved toward reshaping itself in the image of Broadway though often producing works that were unsuitable for commercial theatre 2 An off off Broadway production that features members of the Actors Equity Association may be an Equity Showcase production intended to allow actors to be seen by potential future employers Equity maintains union rules about working in such productions including restrictions on price of tickets the length of the run and rehearsal times 10 Professional actors participation in showcase productions is frequent and comprises the bulk of stage work for the majority of New York actors There has been an ongoing movement to revise the Equity Showcase Code which many in the community find overly restrictive and detrimental to the creation of New York theatre 11 In 1964 off off Broadway productions were made eligible for Obie Awards and in 1974 the Drama Desk Awards began evaluating such productions with the same criteria as it used for Broadway and off Broadway productions 12 Since 2005 the New York Innovative Theatre Awards NYIT Awards or IT Awards have annually honored individuals and organizations that have achieved artistic excellence in off off Broadway theatre 13 The term indie theatre or independent theatre was suggested as an alternative for off off Broadway by playwright Kirk Bromley during a speech at the 2005 New York Innovative Theatre Awards 14 See also Edit LGBT portal New York City portal New York state portalBroadway theatre Off BroadwayNotes Edit Wright Charles October 4 2004 Off Off Broadway Way Back When Theatermania Archived from the original on December 2 2018 Retrieved December 2 2018 a b McNamara Brooks 2001 Broadway A Theatre Historian s Perspective The Drama Review 45 4 125 128 doi 10 1162 105420401772990360 S2CID 57571738 Viagas 2004 p 72 Smith Michael 1966 The Good Scene Off Off Broadway The Tulane Drama Review 10 4 159 176 doi 10 2307 1125218 JSTOR 1125218 Malewitz 2014 p 51 Gilbert Ruth ed March 2 1970 In and Around Town New York Magazine Vol 3 no 9 p 13 Retrieved March 28 2015 Bottoms Stephen James 2004 Playing Underground A Critical History of the 1960s Off Off Broadway Movement Ann Arbor MI The University of Michigan Press p 292 doi 10 3998 mpub 22965 ISBN 978 0 472 03194 8 Retrieved March 28 2015 Winters Jennifer L May 2004 Robert Patrick Papers ca 1940 1984 PDF New York Public Library Archived from the original PDF on July 10 2018 Retrieved December 3 2018 Berman Audrey May 3 2011 May 24 1973 Christopher Lloyd Stacy Keach Jessica Tandy It s the 1973 Obies The Village Voice Archived from the original on July 10 2018 Retrieved December 3 2018 Resources Contracts amp Codes NY Showcase Actors Equity Association Retrieved December 11 2019 Eisler Garrett August 28 2007 Breaking the Code The Village Voice Archived from the original on November 9 2007 Retrieved December 3 2018 About the Drama Desk Awards Drama Desk Awards Archived from the original on March 25 2015 Retrieved March 28 2015 About The New York Innovative Theatre Awards New York Innovative Theatre Awards accessed November 2021 Istel John 2007 The Season Off Off Broadway In Jenkins Jeffrey Eric ed The Best Plays Theater Yearbook 2005 2006 New York Limelight Editions p 261 ISBN 978 0879103460 Sources EditBottoms Stephen J 2004 Playing Underground A Critical History of the 1960s Off Off Broadway Movement Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 03194 5 Curley Mallory 2013 Tales of Off Off Broadway Randy Press Malewitz Raymond 2014 The Practice of Misuse Rugged Consumerism in Contemporary American Culture Palo Alto CA Stanford University Press doi 10 11126 stanford 9780804791960 001 0001 ISBN 9780804791960 Viagas Robert 2004 The Back Stage Guide to Broadway New York Back Stage ISBN 0 8230 8809 X External links EditNew York Innovative Theatre Award an awards and advocacy group for independent theater League of Independent Theater Off off online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Off off Broadway amp oldid 1115728324, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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