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Norwegian Association for Women's Rights

The Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (Norwegian: Norsk Kvinnesaksforening; NKF) is Norway's oldest and preeminent women's and girls' rights organization and works "to promote gender equality and all women's and girls' human rights through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy."[1][2][3][4] Founded in 1884, NKF is Norway's oldest political organization after the Liberal Party. NKF stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive mainstream liberal feminism and has always been open to everyone regardless of gender. Headquartered at Majorstuen, Oslo, NKF consists of a national-level association as well as regional chapters based in the larger cities, and is led by a national executive board. NKF has had a central role in the adoption of all major gender equality legislation and reforms since 1884.[3]

Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
NKF's offices in Majorstuen, Oslo
Founded28 June 1884; 139 years ago (1884-06-28)
FoundersGina Krog and Hagbart Berner
FocusGender equality
HeadquartersMajorstuen, Oslo
MethodsLaw reform, political advocacy
President
Anne Hege Grung
AffiliationsInternational Alliance of Women
Websitekvinnesak.no

NKF aims to represent the interests of all those who identify as girls and women. Its basic principle is that full and equal enjoyment of human rights is due to all girls and women. NKF works for women's political rights, legal equality and representation of women in politics, equal education, working life and economic justice, strengthening women's perspectives in foreign policy and international development, sexual and reproductive rights, ending violence against women, and LGBT+ rights.[1] NKF supports legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression.

NKF was founded on the initiative of Gina Krog and Hagbart Berner by 171 prominent women and men of the progressive liberal establishment, including five Norwegian Prime Ministers, and was modeled after the predecessors of the League of Women Voters in the U.S. From the early years the association worked to bring women into the political mainstream. Traditionally the most important association of the Norwegian bourgeois-liberal women's rights movement and historically associated with the Liberal Party, NKF is today a big tent coalition with members from the centre-left to the centre-right. The association has always been Norway's most important mainstream feminist organization and has successfully campaigned for women’s right to education, the right to vote, the right to work, the adoption of the 1978 Gender Equality Act, and the establishment of the Gender Equality Ombud. At the behest of NKF and affiliated organizations, Norway became the world's first independent country to introduce women's suffrage in 1913. NKF founded the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association.

In line with its roots in 19th century first-wave liberal feminism, political and legal reform remains its primary focus, and it has always concentrated on lobbying government bodies in a professional way. As a result of its focus on legal reform, the association has always attracted many lawyers and other academics. NKF members had key roles in developing the government apparatus and legislation related to gender equality in Norway; during the 1970s, the "Norwegian government adopted NKF's [equality] ideology as its own",[5] and NKF's political tradition is closely linked to the concept of state feminism. In foreign policy NKF has a liberal internationalist outlook and generally supports Norwegian official foreign policy. Starting with the presidency of Eva Kolstad, from 1956, NKF focused strongly on the United Nations, and NKF members have been appointed to key UN bodies including UNCSW and the CEDAW Committee; the CEDAW convention remains an important focus of NKF. NKF is a member of the International Alliance of Women (IAW), which has general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and participatory status with the Council of Europe, and is also generally considered as a sister organization of the National Organization for Women. NKF's logo is a stylized sunflower, adopted in 1894, based on the model of the liberal American suffrage movement.

History Edit

 
NKF's founder Gina Krog, a liberal politician and the principal leader of the struggle for women's right to vote in Norway

The Norwegian Association for Women's Rights was founded in 1884 by 171 prominent Norwegians, led by the liberal politician and women's rights pioneer Gina Krog and liberal Member of Parliament and the first editor-in-chief of Dagbladet Hagbart Berner. It was modeled after the American National Woman Suffrage Association, the predecessor of the League of Women Voters.[6] The organization's founders included 87 men and 84 women, overwhelmingly prominent liberal public figures.[7]

From its establishment, the organization was strongly associated with the Liberal Party; its 171 founders included five Norwegian Prime Ministers, several leaders of the Liberal Party, and many liberal Members of Parliament, as well as the editors of the large liberal newspapers and public figures such as novelist Alexander Kielland. Three of the first Presidents of the organization, Anna Stang, Randi Blehr, and Fredrikke Marie Qvam, were all wives of Norwegian Prime Ministers. NKF grew out of overlapping milieus connected to the political elite and liberal media in Norway, particularly the women's rights association Skuld that had been founded the previous year by the first women to pursue higher education in Norway, but also Læseforening for Kvinder (founded by Camilla Collett in 1874), Nissen's Girls' School, Kristiania Lærerindeforening, the influential political and cultural magazine Nyt Tidsskrift, and the liberal newspaper Dagbladet.[8] Membership has always been open to both women and men, and among the board members in the first years were several prominent lawyers such as the conservative prime minister Francis Hagerup and the attorney-general Annæus Johannes Schjødt. Historian Aslaug Moksnes has noted that NKF is a women's rights organization, not a women's organization; the distinction has always been important to NKF.

 
NKF's first President (1884–85) Hagbart Berner, a lawyer, liberal member of parliament and editor of the liberal daily Dagbladet

NKF is traditionally the main bourgeois or liberal women's rights organization in Norway. Cathrine Holst noted that "the bourgeois women's rights movement was liberal or liberal feminist. The bourgeois women's rights advocates fought for women’s civil liberties and rights: freedom of speech, freedom of movement, the right to vote, freedom of association, inheritance rights, property rights and freedom of trade – and for women's access to education and working life. In short, women should have the same freedoms and rights as men."[9]

Among the important causes that the NKF has campaigned for are women's suffrage (achieved in 1913), the right to work (in the 1930s), abolishment of the common taxing for spouses (the 1950s), right to equal schooling (the 1960s), the establishment of the Gender Equality Council (Norwegian: Likestillingsrådet) in 1972, the Gender Equality Ombud in 1978, and the adoption of the Gender Equality Act (1979). The government apparatus concerned with gender equality, including both the Gender Equality Council and the Gender Equality Ombud, were largely built by NKF members.

Key NKF members initiated the establishment of the National Association for Women's Suffrage and the Norwegian National Women's Council. NKF inherited the former's founding membership in the International Alliance of Women (IAW) in 1937.

The association also initiated the establishment of the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association (Norwegian: Norske Kvinners Sanitetsforening), a humanitarian organization, which grew to become Norway's largest women's organization with around 250,000 members at one point. Historically, NKF was the most important association of the Norwegian bourgeois-liberal women's movement (associated chiefly with the Liberal Party), in contrast to the labour women's movement (associated with the Labour Party), and was traditionally dominated by liberal women from the upper and educated middle class, as well as by liberal men.[10] With the increasing reformism of the Labour Party, many Labour politicians joined NKF in the postwar era. Today, NKF is a nonpartisan organization.

The 1936 bylaws described NKF's main aim as "women's full equality with men in state and society" and NKF's working methods as influencing legislative processes, cooperating with the government and influencing public opinion.[11]

During the presidency of Eva Kolstad (1956–1968), NKF became strongly involved in international cooperation through the United Nations and contributed significantly to early UN gender equality policies, and Kolstad was elected as a member and vice chair of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women in 1968, the year she stepped down as NKF President, after being nominated as the joint candidate of the Nordic governments. Kolstad later became a cabinet minister in Norway, the leader of the Liberal Party, and then the world's first Gender Equality Ombud. During the 1970s and 1980s, the lawyers Karin M. Bruzelius and Sigrun Hoel led the organization. Bruzelius became the first woman to head a government ministry as Permanent Secretary in 1989 and later became a Supreme Court Justice. Hoel served as the deputy Gender Equality Ombud during Kolstad's tenure and as acting Gender Equality Ombud.

In the early 1980s, NKF was responsible for the government-funded information campaign "Women and the election". In the late 1980s, NKF initiated the TV-aksjonen campaign to raise funds for "Women in the Third World", and NKF co-founded the campaign's successor Forum for Women and Development in 1995. During the presidency of diplomat and psychologist Torild Skard (2006–2013), the former Chairman of UNICEF, NKF renewed its focus on the United Nations, and NKF initiated the establishment of the Norwegian Women's Lobby, the umbrella organization of the Norwegian women's movement. Skard was succeeded as President by Professor Margunn Bjørnholt in 2013, by the Norwegian Parliament's First Vice President Marit Nybakk in 2016, by Supreme Court Justice Karin M. Bruzelius in 2018,[12] and by Professor Anne Hege Grung in 2020.

The organization had its offices in Sehesteds gate 1 in Oslo for many years and now has its offices in Majorstuveien 39 at Majorstuen in central Oslo.

NKF differed markedly from the second-wave feminist movement in its liberal and moderate political outlook, formal style of organization, emphasis on cooperation with the government and focus on legal and policy issues, and also in its membership dominated by lawyers and academics, prioritization of professional lobbying methods and lack of interest in grassroots activism. Elisabeth Lønnå describes NKF by 1970 as "an almost dignified organization" that had its "origins in the Liberal Party and had a liberal platform, centered on the main idea of equality for all citizens and based on the idea of fundamental human rights". Lønnå notes that NKF had long traditions, a clearly defined form of organization, an established network, well formulated policies and principles, and that it spent most of its resources on lobbying government bodies in a professional way. According to Lønnå it was the "only feminist organization that was primarily based on the idea of gender equality". In contrast to the many new feminist organizations that sprung up in the 1970s but quickly lost most of their membership, NKF was strengthened in the 1980s.[13] The government's gender equality apparatus viewed NKF as its main civil society partner and recognised the association's historical role in spearheading the struggle for equality.[14]

NKF has traditionally referred to its political platform as kvinnesak, a term that in this context means women's rights and that has always been associated with the liberal women's rights movement in Norway. However, supreme court justice and two-time NKF President Karin M. Bruzelius has noted that NKF has always used the term women's rights synonymously with the struggle for gender equality, the association's overarching aim since the 19th century.[15] NKF expressed scepticism towards the term "feminism" as late as 1980 because it could foster "unnecessary antagonism towards men",[16] but accepted the term some years later as it became the mainstream general term for the women's rights struggle in the western world. Today the tradition that NKF represents is generally known as liberal feminism in English. NKF works to represent the interests of all those who identify as women and girls.[17]

Although it grew out of 19th century progressive liberalism, NKF, like modern liberal feminism itself, is not limited to liberalism in a modern party-political sense, and NKF is non-partisan and broadly representative of the democratic political spectrum from the centre-left to the centre-right; its members tend to be affiliated with parties like the social-liberal Liberal Party, the social democratic Labour Party, the reformist socialist Socialist Left Party, the centrist Green Party, the liberal-conservative Conservative Party, or the Centre Party. NKF seeks the centre ground and to speak for the majority of all those who identify as women and girls, and NKF has always sought broad political support among women and men for reforms aimed at improving women's rights, believing its nonpartisan approach is the most effective way to advocate for women's rights and obtain practical results. Norwegian supreme court justice and two-time NKF President Karin Maria Bruzelius has described NKF's liberal feminism as "a realistic, sober, practical feminism".[3]

While NKF was modeled after a predecessor of the League of Women Voters in the U.S., it is also generally seen as the Norwegian counterpart of the National Organization for Women in the U.S.

International work and affiliations Edit

The United Nations has been a major focus of NKF since the presidency of Eva Kolstad starting in 1956. NKF is a member of the International Alliance of Women (IAW), having inherited the founding membership of its de facto subsidiary, the National Association for Women's Suffrage. IAW was the fourth organization to receive general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1947. In its international work, particularly at the UN level, NKF cooperates with its sister organizations in the IAW family such as the Icelandic Women's Rights Association, the Danish Women's Society, the Fredrika Bremer Association, the Deutscher Frauenring and the All India Women's Conference. Several NKF members have served on the IAW international board, notably including NKF presidents Margarete Bonnevie, Eva Kolstad, Clara Ottesen, Karin M. Bruzelius and Margunn Bjørnholt.[18] NKF was a founding member of the Joint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associations in 1916, and still cooperates with the other Nordic national women's rights associations through IAW.

Policies Edit

Basic vision: Gender equality Edit

Since 1884, [NKF] has understood the struggle for women’s rights as fundamentally the same issue as the struggle for gender equality in society. [NKF] has always been open to all people regardless of gender. [NKF] fights for gender equality and for all those who identify as women and girls.

— NKF
 
Margarete Bonnevie (NKF President 1936–1946) said that NKF will work for solutions that are in the best interest of all women and society, "be the captain who keeps a steady course" in the struggle for equality and "set out the main policy objectives and seek to get the government, parliament and local government bodies to implement the reforms that are required"[19][20]

NKF is traditionally the main bourgois-liberal women's rights organization in Norway and applies a human rights approach to its work for gender equality. Today NKF stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism and works "to promote gender equality and women's and girls' human rights through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy."[3][21] NKF describes itself as "an inclusive and non-partisan feminist organization made up of women and men who champion the rights of all girls and women."[22] NKF's main focus is women's political, legal, and human rights, and Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen notes that NKF has "always been liberal and involved in a broad range of issues."[23] NKF focuses on "eliminating attitudes, laws and regulations that are discriminatory towards women and girls and which prevent gender equality".[3][21]

NKF President Margarete Bonnevie said that NKF will work for solutions that are in the best interest of all women and society, "be the captain who keeps a steady course" in the struggle for equality and "set out the main policy objectives and seek to get the government, parliament and local government bodies to implement the reforms that are required;" accordingly NKF views itself as the leader of the women's movement and struggle for equality in Norway.[19][20] NKF views gender equality as a human right[24] and argues that women's rights and human rights for all are fundamentally the same issue.[25][26] NKF has always understood the struggle for women's rights to be identical with the struggle for gender equality, the association's overarching aim since the 19th century.[15]

Core issues Edit

NKF works for the human rights of all girls and women and for a gender equal society. NKF's core issues include "women’s political rights, legal equality, women’s representation in politics, and gender equality in education, employment, and economic justice" and "violence against girls and women (and) the strengthening of the gender perspective in foreign, security, and development policies."[1]

Political rights, legal equality and representation of women in politics Edit

Political rights, legal equality and representation of women in politics is the most important traditional core focus of NKF.

Equal education, working life and economic justice Edit

Equal education, working life and economic justice is the second traditional core focus of NKF.

Foreign policy Edit

NKF's main focus in foreign policy is the strengthening of women's rights. NKF has a strong focus on the United Nations system. NKF played a key role in the development of women-focused development projects and initiated the establishment of what became the Forum for Women and Development. NKF is generally supportive of Norwegian official foreign policy, and in line with its liberal feminist political platform and bourgeois origins, the association maintained a pro-Western stance throughout the Cold War. NKF has never been pacifist; NKF founded the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association, originally intended as an affiliate of the Norwegian Red Cross that aimed to support the Norwegian military in a potential conflict with Sweden during the dissolution of the countries' union in 1905. NKF's non-partisan position meant that NKF consciously adopted a neutral stance on many issues not related to gender equality, especially issues that divided opinion among the political centre in Norway, such as Norwegian membership in the European Union.[15] Clara Ottesen, the NKF President during the membership debate, was herself a member of the executive board of the European Movement in Norway at the time. NKF refused to support anti-nuclear campaigns in Norway from the 1970s, as it would be at odds with official Norwegian (and NATO) security policy during the Cold War, and argued that the issue was unrelated to women's rights.[15]

Sexual and reproductive rights Edit

NKF supports safe and legal abortion, birth control, and reproductive health education for all. NKF initiated the establishment of the NGO Sex og politikk that promotes sexual and reproductive health and rights domestically and internationally. In line with the liberal feminist focus on the "public world"—such as laws, political institutions and working life—NKF originally paid little attention to issues of sexuality, and this gradually changed during the 1960s and 1970s when the issue of abortion became important to the association.[27]

Ending violence against women Edit

NKF has worked to end violence against women since the 19th century. Since the 1980s the topic has become increasingly important for NKF. NKF has mostly focused on legal regulation of violence, and works closely with lawyers and scholars in the field of women's law. NKF worked to abolish the practice of government-sanctioned prostitution in the 19th century, but the association has focused less on this topic than radical organizations in the modern era. Traditionally liberal/mainstream feminists are critical of prostitution, although they may differ on the most appropriate means to help people exit prostitution and combat human trafficking. Alan Soble notes that "contemporary liberal feminists object to prostitution (...) primarily because much of it involves coercion and choices that are not autonomous."[28] In the 21st century NKF supported the ban on buying sexual services in Norway. In line with its pragmatic perspective and emphasis on human rights, NKF has also been willing to listen to different perspectives in this complex area, with a main focus on combating human trafficking and exploitation. NKF and the women's rights movement pay attention to researchers in the field, acknowledge that the question of criminalization is complex, and emphasize that it must be discussed in a nuanced and academic manner, including from a human rights perspective. Among NKF's sister organizations within IAW there are differing opinions on whether criminalization is an appropriate means to help people exit prostitution and combat human trafficking. NKF's U.S. counterpart, NOW, has also been divided on this issue.[29]

Gender and sexual diversity Edit

NKF is part of the liberal women's rights movement and thus shares the mainstream feminist position on LGBT+ rights. NKF views LGBT+ rights as an integral part of feminism and the human rights framework NKF's work is based on, and opposes discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in all areas, including homophobia and transphobia.[30][1] NKF has always viewed itself as inclusive and non-discriminatory. Then-President Eva Kolstad wrote in 1959 that the struggle for women's rights is "a struggle for the free human" and in the 1960s Kolstad was an early advocate of gay rights.[31] Nevertheless, during the 1970s the association showed little interest in lesbian rights and argued that lesbian issues did not concern NKF.[32][33] Since the late 20th century NKF has more consistently adopted LGBT+-inclusive policies and an intersectional approach to discrimination.[1][34] NKF has noted that its main goal has always been a society where no one is discriminated against on the basis of gender, stating that "women's rights and LGBTIQ+ rights go hand in hand."[35][36] Law professor, CEDAW expert and NKF member Anne Hellum has noted that the CEDAW committee views "women" as a complex and multidimensional category that includes lesbians and trans women, and that both groups are protected by the convention.[37] Sociology professor and NKF President Margunn Bjørnholt has said that "the women's rights movement advocates for all girls and women. Trans women are women and trans girls are girls. The women's rights movement is against transphobia, homophobia and racism in all forms."[4]

NKF supported Norway's Gender Recognition Act of 2016, with NKF President Margunn Bjørnholt stating that the act is a milestone for LGBT+ rights that the women's rights movement welcomes.[38] Anne Hellum, a law professor and NKF member, said the act was necessary for Norway to meet its legal obligations under human rights law and anti-discrimination law, as the previous system discriminated against and violated the human rights of transgender people.[39] NKF also supported legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression in the Penal Code in 2018.[30] NKF has stated that "since 1884, [NKF] has understood the struggle for women’s rights as fundamentally the same issue as the struggle for gender equality in society. [NKF] has always been open to all people regardless of gender. [NKF] fights for gender equality and for all those who identify as women and girls."[40] NKF's LGBT+-inclusive views are aligned with its parent organization, the International Alliance of Women (IAW), with its sister organizations in the IAW family including the Danish Women's Society and the Icelandic Women's Rights Association (IWRA), with other equality-oriented mainstream feminist organizations such as its U.S. counterpart, the National Organization for Women, and with the official policies of both Norway and international bodies such as UN Women. During the 2021 session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) NKF's parent organization, IAW, co-hosted a CSW forum together with the Icelandic Women's Rights Association on how the women's movement could counter "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."[41] IWRA has stated that "IWRA works for the rights of all women – feminism without trans women is no feminism at all,"[42] while the Danish Women's Society has said that it takes homophobia and transphobia very seriously, that "we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people" and that "we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual."[43] NKF's largest chapter, its Oslo branch, noted that "the anti-gender movement is now working systematically in a number of countries and in several international forums to reverse and undermine the rights of both women and sexual minorities" and that the association "stands in solidarity with international women's rights and LGBT+ organizations in the fight against these setbacks."[44] The Norwegian Women's Lobby, an umbrella organization founded by NKF, has said that "girls and women with transgender backgrounds are a particularly vulnerable group. Therefore, we all have a responsibility not to contribute to dehumanization and marginalization – in a climate of increasing hatred and discrimination."[45]

Presidents Edit

NKF's president is the highest national-level official and chairs the national board (landsstyret) and the executive board (sentralstyret). NKF's presidents have been:

No Image Name Tenure Background Party
1
 
Hagbart Berner 1884–1885 Lawyer and Member of Parliament Liberal
2
 
Anna Stang 1885–1886 Teacher, usually titled Statsministerinde ("Madam Prime Minister") Liberal
3
 
Ragna Nielsen 1886–1888 Teacher, headmistress and liberal politician, also President of Riksmålsforbundet Liberal
4
 
Anna Bugge 1888–1889 Lawyer and diplomat Liberal
5
 
Ragna Nielsen 1889–1895 Teacher, headmistress and liberal politician, also President of Riksmålsforbundet Liberal
6   Randi Blehr 1895–1899 Humanitarian leader, usually titled Statsministerinde ("Madam Prime Minister") Liberal
7
 
Fredrikke Marie Qvam 1899–1903 Humanitarian leader, usually titled Statsministerinde ("Madam Prime Minister"), also President of the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association Liberal
8   Randi Blehr 1903–1922 Humanitarian leader, usually titled Statsministerinde ("Madam Prime Minister") Liberal
9 Aadel Lampe 1922–1926 Teacher and liberal politician, deputy member of parliament Free-Minded Liberal
10
 
Fredrikke Mørck 1926–1930 Teacher and editor Liberal
11
 
Anna Hvoslef 1930–1935 Aftenposten journalist Conservative
12
 
Kitty Bugge 1935–1936 Union leader Liberal
13   Margarete Bonnevie 1936–1946 Writer and liberal politician Liberal
14
 
Dakky Kiær 1946–1952 Headmistress and liberal politician Liberal
15   Ingerid Gjøstein Resi 1952–1955 Linguist and liberal politician Liberal
16
 
Marit Aarum 1955–1956 Economist, civil servant and liberal politician Liberal
17
 
Signe Swensson 1956 Physician and Member of Parliament Conservative
18   Eva Kolstad 1956–1968 Cabinet minister, Liberal Party leader, Norway's first Gender Equality Ombud Liberal
19 Clara Ottesen 1968–1972 Economist, civil servant, aid worker, UN expert Liberal
20
 
Kari Skjønsberg 1972–1978 Associate professor of literature and Labour Party politician Labour
21
 
Karin M. Bruzelius 1978–1984 Supreme Court Justice
22 Sigrun Hoel 1984–1988 Lawyer and Gender Equality Ombud
23 Irene Bauer 1988–1990 Labour Party politician, civil servant (Director in the Ministry of the Environment) Labour
24 Siri Hangeland 1990–1992 Lecturer SV
25 Bjørg Krane Bostad 1992–1994 Civil servant
26
 
Kjellaug Pettersen 1994–1998 Civil servant (Special Adviser with the Ministry of Education)
27 Siri Hangeland 1998–2004 Lecturer SV
28
 
Berit Kvæven 2004–2006 Chief engineer at the Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency, former Vice President of the Liberal Party, Political Adviser to the Minister of Consumer Affairs and Administration (Eva Kolstad), former President of Tekna Liberal
29
 
Torild Skard 2006–2013 Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, former Member of Parliament, Deputy Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of UNICEF SV
30
 
Margunn Bjørnholt 2013–2016 Professor of Sociology Greens
31
 
Marit Nybakk 2016–2018 First Vice President of the Norwegian Parliament, Norway's longest-serving woman member of parliament of all time, former President of the Nordic Council Labour
32
 
Karin M. Bruzelius 2018–2020 Supreme Court Justice
33 Anne Hege Grung 2020– Professor of Theology

Symbols Edit

 
Masthead of Nylænde (version used 1901–1907)

NKF's logo is a stylized sunflower. It was adopted in 1894, based on the model of the liberal American suffrage movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony from the 1860s; by the late 19th century, the sunflower had become the main international symbol of women's suffrage. The logo was also used as the logo of NKF's journal Nylænde, edited by Gina Krog. NKF states that the sunflower represents the association's "roots in the first wave of feminism and our systematic work since 1884 to promote gender equality through constructive political reforms within the framework of liberal democracy".[46]

Journals Edit

 
NKF's journal Nylænde 1 March 1887 with an article by Camilla Collett

NKF published the journal Nylænde (New Land) from 1887 to 1927, edited by Gina Krog until her death in 1916 and then by Fredrikke Mørck. Nylænde was the first women's rights journal in Norway and was regarded as one of the most influential political journals of the country in its time. It played a major role in the early women's rights movement and the struggle for women's suffrage.[47] It was also a leading journal of literary criticism; Marius Wulfsberg has stated that "it was Gina Krog and her [Nylænde] reviewers who really made Ibsen famous."[48]

From 1950 to 2016 NKF published the journal Kvinnesaksnytt (Women's Rights News) that included news and analysis of Norwegian and international women's rights issues. The editors of Kvinnesaksnytt included Ingerid Gjøstein Resi, Marit Aarum, Eva Kolstad, Kari Skjønsberg, Karin M. Bruzelius, Torild Skard and Margunn Bjørnholt.[49]

Awards Edit

NKF's highest honour is its honorary membership, which was first awarded to Camilla Collett in 1884. Since 2009, NKF also awards the Gina Krog Prize, named after its founder.

Honorary members Edit

Gina Krog Prize Edit

Since 2009, the association has awarded the Gina Krog Prize, named after its founder Gina Krog.

The prize has been awarded to

References Edit

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  6. ^ Moksnes (1984) p. 52
  7. ^ Moksnes (1984) p. 33ff
  8. ^ Moksnes 1984 p. 33
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  20. ^ a b "Dagbladet". 25 March 1946.
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  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
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  29. ^ A War Over Sex Work is Raging Inside The Nation’s Biggest Feminist Group
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  33. ^ Isern, Gerd (31 December 1975). "Mennene er blitt likestillingsbevisste". Adresseavisen. p. 15.
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  37. ^ Anne Hellum (2022-02-23). . Vårt Land. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23.
  38. ^ . 2016-04-02. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16.
  39. ^ "Sterke følelser og mye sinne". Blikk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  40. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  41. ^ "Transfeminism and the Women's Movement". Icelandic Women's Rights Association. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  42. ^ "IWRA works for the rights of ALL women. Feminism without trans women is no feminism at all". Icelandic Women's Rights Association. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  43. ^ . Dansk Kvindesamfund. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  44. ^ . NKF. Archived from the original on 2022-08-03.
  45. ^ . Norges kvinnelobby. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  46. ^ Solsikken symboliserer våre røtter i den første bølgen av feminisme. Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
  47. ^ Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). "Nylænde". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  48. ^ "Gina Krog og Nylænde". National Library of Norway. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  49. ^ "Kvinnesaksnytt". Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  50. ^ Dagbladet 31 May 1896; cf. Nylænde 1897 p. 183 and 1900 p. 146
  51. ^ Nylænde 1907 p. 137
  52. ^ a b Nylænde 1909 p. 373
  53. ^ Nylænde 1914 p. 26
  54. ^ a b c d e Nylænde 1914 p. 233
  55. ^ Nylænde 1919 p. 374
  56. ^ Nylænde 1921 p. 4
  57. ^ Nylænde 1922 p. 369–372
  58. ^ Nylænde 1923 p. 373
  59. ^ a b Nylænde 1925 p. 8
  60. ^ Nylænde 1925 s. 8
  61. ^ Nylænde 1926 p. 83
  62. ^ "Gro Harlem Brundtland utnevnt til æresmedlem av Norsk Kvinnesaksforening". Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  63. ^ "Helga Hernes æresmedlem i NKF". Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

Literature Edit

  • Aslaug Moksnes (1984). Likestilling eller særstilling? Norsk kvinnesaksforening 1884–1913, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 296 pages, ISBN 82-05-15356-6
  • Elisabeth Lønnå (1996). Stolthet og kvinnekamp: Norsk kvinnesaksforenings historie fra 1913, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 341 pages, ISBN 8205244952
  • Norsk kvinnesaksforening gjennom 65 år: 1884–1949, 1950
  • Dakky Kiær (1978). Norsk kvinnesaksforening i 1930-årene: med tilbakeblikk på tidligere virke og streiflys frem til 1977
  • Alette Ottesen (1909). Beretning om Norsk kvindesagsforenings 25 aarige virksomhet: 28de juni 1884–28de juni 1909, Norsk Kvindesagsforening, 1909, 16 pages.
  • Norske kvinder: en oversigt over deres stilling og livsvilkaar i hundredeaaret 1814–1914 (1914), pp. 75–81
  • Anna Caspari Agerholt (1937). Den norske kvinnebevegelses historie. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag.
  • Norum, Jorun Margrethe Stangnæs (1971). Kvinner i organisasjoner på 1800-tallet: fra 'Skuld' til 'Norsk Kvindesagsforening'. Oslo.
  • Nylænde (periodical, 1887–1927)
  • Kvinnesaksnytt (periodical, 1950–2016)

External links Edit

  • Official website  

norwegian, association, women, rights, norwegian, norsk, kvinnesaksforening, norway, oldest, preeminent, women, girls, rights, organization, works, promote, gender, equality, women, girls, human, rights, through, political, legal, reform, within, framework, li. The Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Norwegian Norsk Kvinnesaksforening NKF is Norway s oldest and preeminent women s and girls rights organization and works to promote gender equality and all women s and girls human rights through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy 1 2 3 4 Founded in 1884 NKF is Norway s oldest political organization after the Liberal Party NKF stands for an inclusive intersectional and progressive mainstream liberal feminism and has always been open to everyone regardless of gender Headquartered at Majorstuen Oslo NKF consists of a national level association as well as regional chapters based in the larger cities and is led by a national executive board NKF has had a central role in the adoption of all major gender equality legislation and reforms since 1884 3 Norwegian Association for Women s RightsNKF s offices in Majorstuen OsloFounded28 June 1884 139 years ago 1884 06 28 FoundersGina Krog and Hagbart BernerFocusGender equalityHeadquartersMajorstuen OsloMethodsLaw reform political advocacyPresidentAnne Hege GrungAffiliationsInternational Alliance of WomenWebsitekvinnesak wbr noNKF aims to represent the interests of all those who identify as girls and women Its basic principle is that full and equal enjoyment of human rights is due to all girls and women NKF works for women s political rights legal equality and representation of women in politics equal education working life and economic justice strengthening women s perspectives in foreign policy and international development sexual and reproductive rights ending violence against women and LGBT rights 1 NKF supports legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation gender identity and gender expression NKF was founded on the initiative of Gina Krog and Hagbart Berner by 171 prominent women and men of the progressive liberal establishment including five Norwegian Prime Ministers and was modeled after the predecessors of the League of Women Voters in the U S From the early years the association worked to bring women into the political mainstream Traditionally the most important association of the Norwegian bourgeois liberal women s rights movement and historically associated with the Liberal Party NKF is today a big tent coalition with members from the centre left to the centre right The association has always been Norway s most important mainstream feminist organization and has successfully campaigned for women s right to education the right to vote the right to work the adoption of the 1978 Gender Equality Act and the establishment of the Gender Equality Ombud At the behest of NKF and affiliated organizations Norway became the world s first independent country to introduce women s suffrage in 1913 NKF founded the Norwegian Women s Public Health Association In line with its roots in 19th century first wave liberal feminism political and legal reform remains its primary focus and it has always concentrated on lobbying government bodies in a professional way As a result of its focus on legal reform the association has always attracted many lawyers and other academics NKF members had key roles in developing the government apparatus and legislation related to gender equality in Norway during the 1970s the Norwegian government adopted NKF s equality ideology as its own 5 and NKF s political tradition is closely linked to the concept of state feminism In foreign policy NKF has a liberal internationalist outlook and generally supports Norwegian official foreign policy Starting with the presidency of Eva Kolstad from 1956 NKF focused strongly on the United Nations and NKF members have been appointed to key UN bodies including UNCSW and the CEDAW Committee the CEDAW convention remains an important focus of NKF NKF is a member of the International Alliance of Women IAW which has general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and participatory status with the Council of Europe and is also generally considered as a sister organization of the National Organization for Women NKF s logo is a stylized sunflower adopted in 1894 based on the model of the liberal American suffrage movement Contents 1 History 2 International work and affiliations 3 Policies 3 1 Basic vision Gender equality 3 2 Core issues 3 2 1 Political rights legal equality and representation of women in politics 3 2 2 Equal education working life and economic justice 3 2 3 Foreign policy 3 2 4 Sexual and reproductive rights 3 2 5 Ending violence against women 3 2 6 Gender and sexual diversity 4 Presidents 5 Symbols 6 Journals 7 Awards 7 1 Honorary members 7 2 Gina Krog Prize 8 References 9 Literature 10 External linksHistory Edit nbsp NKF s founder Gina Krog a liberal politician and the principal leader of the struggle for women s right to vote in NorwayThe Norwegian Association for Women s Rights was founded in 1884 by 171 prominent Norwegians led by the liberal politician and women s rights pioneer Gina Krog and liberal Member of Parliament and the first editor in chief of Dagbladet Hagbart Berner It was modeled after the American National Woman Suffrage Association the predecessor of the League of Women Voters 6 The organization s founders included 87 men and 84 women overwhelmingly prominent liberal public figures 7 From its establishment the organization was strongly associated with the Liberal Party its 171 founders included five Norwegian Prime Ministers several leaders of the Liberal Party and many liberal Members of Parliament as well as the editors of the large liberal newspapers and public figures such as novelist Alexander Kielland Three of the first Presidents of the organization Anna Stang Randi Blehr and Fredrikke Marie Qvam were all wives of Norwegian Prime Ministers NKF grew out of overlapping milieus connected to the political elite and liberal media in Norway particularly the women s rights association Skuld that had been founded the previous year by the first women to pursue higher education in Norway but also Laeseforening for Kvinder founded by Camilla Collett in 1874 Nissen s Girls School Kristiania Laererindeforening the influential political and cultural magazine Nyt Tidsskrift and the liberal newspaper Dagbladet 8 Membership has always been open to both women and men and among the board members in the first years were several prominent lawyers such as the conservative prime minister Francis Hagerup and the attorney general Annaeus Johannes Schjodt Historian Aslaug Moksnes has noted that NKF is a women s rights organization not a women s organization the distinction has always been important to NKF nbsp NKF s first President 1884 85 Hagbart Berner a lawyer liberal member of parliament and editor of the liberal daily DagbladetNKF is traditionally the main bourgeois or liberal women s rights organization in Norway Cathrine Holst noted that the bourgeois women s rights movement was liberal or liberal feminist The bourgeois women s rights advocates fought for women s civil liberties and rights freedom of speech freedom of movement the right to vote freedom of association inheritance rights property rights and freedom of trade and for women s access to education and working life In short women should have the same freedoms and rights as men 9 Among the important causes that the NKF has campaigned for are women s suffrage achieved in 1913 the right to work in the 1930s abolishment of the common taxing for spouses the 1950s right to equal schooling the 1960s the establishment of the Gender Equality Council Norwegian Likestillingsradet in 1972 the Gender Equality Ombud in 1978 and the adoption of the Gender Equality Act 1979 The government apparatus concerned with gender equality including both the Gender Equality Council and the Gender Equality Ombud were largely built by NKF members Key NKF members initiated the establishment of the National Association for Women s Suffrage and the Norwegian National Women s Council NKF inherited the former s founding membership in the International Alliance of Women IAW in 1937 The association also initiated the establishment of the Norwegian Women s Public Health Association Norwegian Norske Kvinners Sanitetsforening a humanitarian organization which grew to become Norway s largest women s organization with around 250 000 members at one point Historically NKF was the most important association of the Norwegian bourgeois liberal women s movement associated chiefly with the Liberal Party in contrast to the labour women s movement associated with the Labour Party and was traditionally dominated by liberal women from the upper and educated middle class as well as by liberal men 10 With the increasing reformism of the Labour Party many Labour politicians joined NKF in the postwar era Today NKF is a nonpartisan organization The 1936 bylaws described NKF s main aim as women s full equality with men in state and society and NKF s working methods as influencing legislative processes cooperating with the government and influencing public opinion 11 During the presidency of Eva Kolstad 1956 1968 NKF became strongly involved in international cooperation through the United Nations and contributed significantly to early UN gender equality policies and Kolstad was elected as a member and vice chair of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women in 1968 the year she stepped down as NKF President after being nominated as the joint candidate of the Nordic governments Kolstad later became a cabinet minister in Norway the leader of the Liberal Party and then the world s first Gender Equality Ombud During the 1970s and 1980s the lawyers Karin M Bruzelius and Sigrun Hoel led the organization Bruzelius became the first woman to head a government ministry as Permanent Secretary in 1989 and later became a Supreme Court Justice Hoel served as the deputy Gender Equality Ombud during Kolstad s tenure and as acting Gender Equality Ombud In the early 1980s NKF was responsible for the government funded information campaign Women and the election In the late 1980s NKF initiated the TV aksjonen campaign to raise funds for Women in the Third World and NKF co founded the campaign s successor Forum for Women and Development in 1995 During the presidency of diplomat and psychologist Torild Skard 2006 2013 the former Chairman of UNICEF NKF renewed its focus on the United Nations and NKF initiated the establishment of the Norwegian Women s Lobby the umbrella organization of the Norwegian women s movement Skard was succeeded as President by Professor Margunn Bjornholt in 2013 by the Norwegian Parliament s First Vice President Marit Nybakk in 2016 by Supreme Court Justice Karin M Bruzelius in 2018 12 and by Professor Anne Hege Grung in 2020 The organization had its offices in Sehesteds gate 1 in Oslo for many years and now has its offices in Majorstuveien 39 at Majorstuen in central Oslo NKF differed markedly from the second wave feminist movement in its liberal and moderate political outlook formal style of organization emphasis on cooperation with the government and focus on legal and policy issues and also in its membership dominated by lawyers and academics prioritization of professional lobbying methods and lack of interest in grassroots activism Elisabeth Lonna describes NKF by 1970 as an almost dignified organization that had its origins in the Liberal Party and had a liberal platform centered on the main idea of equality for all citizens and based on the idea of fundamental human rights Lonna notes that NKF had long traditions a clearly defined form of organization an established network well formulated policies and principles and that it spent most of its resources on lobbying government bodies in a professional way According to Lonna it was the only feminist organization that was primarily based on the idea of gender equality In contrast to the many new feminist organizations that sprung up in the 1970s but quickly lost most of their membership NKF was strengthened in the 1980s 13 The government s gender equality apparatus viewed NKF as its main civil society partner and recognised the association s historical role in spearheading the struggle for equality 14 NKF has traditionally referred to its political platform as kvinnesak a term that in this context means women s rights and that has always been associated with the liberal women s rights movement in Norway However supreme court justice and two time NKF President Karin M Bruzelius has noted that NKF has always used the term women s rights synonymously with the struggle for gender equality the association s overarching aim since the 19th century 15 NKF expressed scepticism towards the term feminism as late as 1980 because it could foster unnecessary antagonism towards men 16 but accepted the term some years later as it became the mainstream general term for the women s rights struggle in the western world Today the tradition that NKF represents is generally known as liberal feminism in English NKF works to represent the interests of all those who identify as women and girls 17 Although it grew out of 19th century progressive liberalism NKF like modern liberal feminism itself is not limited to liberalism in a modern party political sense and NKF is non partisan and broadly representative of the democratic political spectrum from the centre left to the centre right its members tend to be affiliated with parties like the social liberal Liberal Party the social democratic Labour Party the reformist socialist Socialist Left Party the centrist Green Party the liberal conservative Conservative Party or the Centre Party NKF seeks the centre ground and to speak for the majority of all those who identify as women and girls and NKF has always sought broad political support among women and men for reforms aimed at improving women s rights believing its nonpartisan approach is the most effective way to advocate for women s rights and obtain practical results Norwegian supreme court justice and two time NKF President Karin Maria Bruzelius has described NKF s liberal feminism as a realistic sober practical feminism 3 While NKF was modeled after a predecessor of the League of Women Voters in the U S it is also generally seen as the Norwegian counterpart of the National Organization for Women in the U S International work and affiliations EditThe United Nations has been a major focus of NKF since the presidency of Eva Kolstad starting in 1956 NKF is a member of the International Alliance of Women IAW having inherited the founding membership of its de facto subsidiary the National Association for Women s Suffrage IAW was the fourth organization to receive general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1947 In its international work particularly at the UN level NKF cooperates with its sister organizations in the IAW family such as the Icelandic Women s Rights Association the Danish Women s Society the Fredrika Bremer Association the Deutscher Frauenring and the All India Women s Conference Several NKF members have served on the IAW international board notably including NKF presidents Margarete Bonnevie Eva Kolstad Clara Ottesen Karin M Bruzelius and Margunn Bjornholt 18 NKF was a founding member of the Joint Organization of Nordic Women s Rights Associations in 1916 and still cooperates with the other Nordic national women s rights associations through IAW Policies EditBasic vision Gender equality Edit Since 1884 NKF has understood the struggle for women s rights as fundamentally the same issue as the struggle for gender equality in society NKF has always been open to all people regardless of gender NKF fights for gender equality and for all those who identify as women and girls NKF nbsp Margarete Bonnevie NKF President 1936 1946 said that NKF will work for solutions that are in the best interest of all women and society be the captain who keeps a steady course in the struggle for equality and set out the main policy objectives and seek to get the government parliament and local government bodies to implement the reforms that are required 19 20 NKF is traditionally the main bourgois liberal women s rights organization in Norway and applies a human rights approach to its work for gender equality Today NKF stands for an inclusive intersectional and progressive liberal feminism and works to promote gender equality and women s and girls human rights through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy 3 21 NKF describes itself as an inclusive and non partisan feminist organization made up of women and men who champion the rights of all girls and women 22 NKF s main focus is women s political legal and human rights and Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen notes that NKF has always been liberal and involved in a broad range of issues 23 NKF focuses on eliminating attitudes laws and regulations that are discriminatory towards women and girls and which prevent gender equality 3 21 NKF President Margarete Bonnevie said that NKF will work for solutions that are in the best interest of all women and society be the captain who keeps a steady course in the struggle for equality and set out the main policy objectives and seek to get the government parliament and local government bodies to implement the reforms that are required accordingly NKF views itself as the leader of the women s movement and struggle for equality in Norway 19 20 NKF views gender equality as a human right 24 and argues that women s rights and human rights for all are fundamentally the same issue 25 26 NKF has always understood the struggle for women s rights to be identical with the struggle for gender equality the association s overarching aim since the 19th century 15 Core issues Edit NKF works for the human rights of all girls and women and for a gender equal society NKF s core issues include women s political rights legal equality women s representation in politics and gender equality in education employment and economic justice and violence against girls and women and the strengthening of the gender perspective in foreign security and development policies 1 Political rights legal equality and representation of women in politics Edit Political rights legal equality and representation of women in politics is the most important traditional core focus of NKF Equal education working life and economic justice Edit Equal education working life and economic justice is the second traditional core focus of NKF Foreign policy Edit NKF s main focus in foreign policy is the strengthening of women s rights NKF has a strong focus on the United Nations system NKF played a key role in the development of women focused development projects and initiated the establishment of what became the Forum for Women and Development NKF is generally supportive of Norwegian official foreign policy and in line with its liberal feminist political platform and bourgeois origins the association maintained a pro Western stance throughout the Cold War NKF has never been pacifist NKF founded the Norwegian Women s Public Health Association originally intended as an affiliate of the Norwegian Red Cross that aimed to support the Norwegian military in a potential conflict with Sweden during the dissolution of the countries union in 1905 NKF s non partisan position meant that NKF consciously adopted a neutral stance on many issues not related to gender equality especially issues that divided opinion among the political centre in Norway such as Norwegian membership in the European Union 15 Clara Ottesen the NKF President during the membership debate was herself a member of the executive board of the European Movement in Norway at the time NKF refused to support anti nuclear campaigns in Norway from the 1970s as it would be at odds with official Norwegian and NATO security policy during the Cold War and argued that the issue was unrelated to women s rights 15 Sexual and reproductive rights Edit NKF supports safe and legal abortion birth control and reproductive health education for all NKF initiated the establishment of the NGO Sex og politikk that promotes sexual and reproductive health and rights domestically and internationally In line with the liberal feminist focus on the public world such as laws political institutions and working life NKF originally paid little attention to issues of sexuality and this gradually changed during the 1960s and 1970s when the issue of abortion became important to the association 27 Ending violence against women Edit NKF has worked to end violence against women since the 19th century Since the 1980s the topic has become increasingly important for NKF NKF has mostly focused on legal regulation of violence and works closely with lawyers and scholars in the field of women s law NKF worked to abolish the practice of government sanctioned prostitution in the 19th century but the association has focused less on this topic than radical organizations in the modern era Traditionally liberal mainstream feminists are critical of prostitution although they may differ on the most appropriate means to help people exit prostitution and combat human trafficking Alan Soble notes that contemporary liberal feminists object to prostitution primarily because much of it involves coercion and choices that are not autonomous 28 In the 21st century NKF supported the ban on buying sexual services in Norway In line with its pragmatic perspective and emphasis on human rights NKF has also been willing to listen to different perspectives in this complex area with a main focus on combating human trafficking and exploitation NKF and the women s rights movement pay attention to researchers in the field acknowledge that the question of criminalization is complex and emphasize that it must be discussed in a nuanced and academic manner including from a human rights perspective Among NKF s sister organizations within IAW there are differing opinions on whether criminalization is an appropriate means to help people exit prostitution and combat human trafficking NKF s U S counterpart NOW has also been divided on this issue 29 Gender and sexual diversity Edit NKF is part of the liberal women s rights movement and thus shares the mainstream feminist position on LGBT rights NKF views LGBT rights as an integral part of feminism and the human rights framework NKF s work is based on and opposes discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in all areas including homophobia and transphobia 30 1 NKF has always viewed itself as inclusive and non discriminatory Then President Eva Kolstad wrote in 1959 that the struggle for women s rights is a struggle for the free human and in the 1960s Kolstad was an early advocate of gay rights 31 Nevertheless during the 1970s the association showed little interest in lesbian rights and argued that lesbian issues did not concern NKF 32 33 Since the late 20th century NKF has more consistently adopted LGBT inclusive policies and an intersectional approach to discrimination 1 34 NKF has noted that its main goal has always been a society where no one is discriminated against on the basis of gender stating that women s rights and LGBTIQ rights go hand in hand 35 36 Law professor CEDAW expert and NKF member Anne Hellum has noted that the CEDAW committee views women as a complex and multidimensional category that includes lesbians and trans women and that both groups are protected by the convention 37 Sociology professor and NKF President Margunn Bjornholt has said that the women s rights movement advocates for all girls and women Trans women are women and trans girls are girls The women s rights movement is against transphobia homophobia and racism in all forms 4 NKF supported Norway s Gender Recognition Act of 2016 with NKF President Margunn Bjornholt stating that the act is a milestone for LGBT rights that the women s rights movement welcomes 38 Anne Hellum a law professor and NKF member said the act was necessary for Norway to meet its legal obligations under human rights law and anti discrimination law as the previous system discriminated against and violated the human rights of transgender people 39 NKF also supported legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation gender identity and gender expression in the Penal Code in 2018 30 NKF has stated that since 1884 NKF has understood the struggle for women s rights as fundamentally the same issue as the struggle for gender equality in society NKF has always been open to all people regardless of gender NKF fights for gender equality and for all those who identify as women and girls 40 NKF s LGBT inclusive views are aligned with its parent organization the International Alliance of Women IAW with its sister organizations in the IAW family including the Danish Women s Society and the Icelandic Women s Rights Association IWRA with other equality oriented mainstream feminist organizations such as its U S counterpart the National Organization for Women and with the official policies of both Norway and international bodies such as UN Women During the 2021 session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women CSW NKF s parent organization IAW co hosted a CSW forum together with the Icelandic Women s Rights Association on how the women s movement could counter anti trans voices that are becoming ever louder and that are threatening feminist solidarity across borders 41 IWRA has stated that IWRA works for the rights of all women feminism without trans women is no feminism at all 42 while the Danish Women s Society has said that it takes homophobia and transphobia very seriously that we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people and that we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual 43 NKF s largest chapter its Oslo branch noted that the anti gender movement is now working systematically in a number of countries and in several international forums to reverse and undermine the rights of both women and sexual minorities and that the association stands in solidarity with international women s rights and LGBT organizations in the fight against these setbacks 44 The Norwegian Women s Lobby an umbrella organization founded by NKF has said that girls and women with transgender backgrounds are a particularly vulnerable group Therefore we all have a responsibility not to contribute to dehumanization and marginalization in a climate of increasing hatred and discrimination 45 Presidents EditNKF s president is the highest national level official and chairs the national board landsstyret and the executive board sentralstyret NKF s presidents have been No Image Name Tenure Background Party1 nbsp Hagbart Berner 1884 1885 Lawyer and Member of Parliament Liberal2 nbsp Anna Stang 1885 1886 Teacher usually titled Statsministerinde Madam Prime Minister Liberal3 nbsp Ragna Nielsen 1886 1888 Teacher headmistress and liberal politician also President of Riksmalsforbundet Liberal4 nbsp Anna Bugge 1888 1889 Lawyer and diplomat Liberal5 nbsp Ragna Nielsen 1889 1895 Teacher headmistress and liberal politician also President of Riksmalsforbundet Liberal6 nbsp Randi Blehr 1895 1899 Humanitarian leader usually titled Statsministerinde Madam Prime Minister Liberal7 nbsp Fredrikke Marie Qvam 1899 1903 Humanitarian leader usually titled Statsministerinde Madam Prime Minister also President of the Norwegian Women s Public Health Association Liberal8 nbsp Randi Blehr 1903 1922 Humanitarian leader usually titled Statsministerinde Madam Prime Minister Liberal9 Aadel Lampe 1922 1926 Teacher and liberal politician deputy member of parliament Free Minded Liberal10 nbsp Fredrikke Morck 1926 1930 Teacher and editor Liberal11 nbsp Anna Hvoslef 1930 1935 Aftenposten journalist Conservative12 nbsp Kitty Bugge 1935 1936 Union leader Liberal13 nbsp Margarete Bonnevie 1936 1946 Writer and liberal politician Liberal14 nbsp Dakky Kiaer 1946 1952 Headmistress and liberal politician Liberal15 nbsp Ingerid Gjostein Resi 1952 1955 Linguist and liberal politician Liberal16 nbsp Marit Aarum 1955 1956 Economist civil servant and liberal politician Liberal17 nbsp Signe Swensson 1956 Physician and Member of Parliament Conservative18 nbsp Eva Kolstad 1956 1968 Cabinet minister Liberal Party leader Norway s first Gender Equality Ombud Liberal19 Clara Ottesen 1968 1972 Economist civil servant aid worker UN expert Liberal20 nbsp Kari Skjonsberg 1972 1978 Associate professor of literature and Labour Party politician Labour21 nbsp Karin M Bruzelius 1978 1984 Supreme Court Justice22 Sigrun Hoel 1984 1988 Lawyer and Gender Equality Ombud23 Irene Bauer 1988 1990 Labour Party politician civil servant Director in the Ministry of the Environment Labour24 Siri Hangeland 1990 1992 Lecturer SV25 Bjorg Krane Bostad 1992 1994 Civil servant26 nbsp Kjellaug Pettersen 1994 1998 Civil servant Special Adviser with the Ministry of Education 27 Siri Hangeland 1998 2004 Lecturer SV28 nbsp Berit Kvaeven 2004 2006 Chief engineer at the Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency former Vice President of the Liberal Party Political Adviser to the Minister of Consumer Affairs and Administration Eva Kolstad former President of Tekna Liberal29 nbsp Torild Skard 2006 2013 Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs former Member of Parliament Deputy Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of UNICEF SV30 nbsp Margunn Bjornholt 2013 2016 Professor of Sociology Greens31 nbsp Marit Nybakk 2016 2018 First Vice President of the Norwegian Parliament Norway s longest serving woman member of parliament of all time former President of the Nordic Council Labour32 nbsp Karin M Bruzelius 2018 2020 Supreme Court Justice33 Anne Hege Grung 2020 Professor of TheologySymbols Edit nbsp Masthead of Nylaende version used 1901 1907 NKF s logo is a stylized sunflower It was adopted in 1894 based on the model of the liberal American suffrage movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony from the 1860s by the late 19th century the sunflower had become the main international symbol of women s suffrage The logo was also used as the logo of NKF s journal Nylaende edited by Gina Krog NKF states that the sunflower represents the association s roots in the first wave of feminism and our systematic work since 1884 to promote gender equality through constructive political reforms within the framework of liberal democracy 46 Journals Edit nbsp NKF s journal Nylaende 1 March 1887 with an article by Camilla CollettNKF published the journal Nylaende New Land from 1887 to 1927 edited by Gina Krog until her death in 1916 and then by Fredrikke Morck Nylaende was the first women s rights journal in Norway and was regarded as one of the most influential political journals of the country in its time It played a major role in the early women s rights movement and the struggle for women s suffrage 47 It was also a leading journal of literary criticism Marius Wulfsberg has stated that it was Gina Krog and her Nylaende reviewers who really made Ibsen famous 48 From 1950 to 2016 NKF published the journal Kvinnesaksnytt Women s Rights News that included news and analysis of Norwegian and international women s rights issues The editors of Kvinnesaksnytt included Ingerid Gjostein Resi Marit Aarum Eva Kolstad Kari Skjonsberg Karin M Bruzelius Torild Skard and Margunn Bjornholt 49 Awards EditNKF s highest honour is its honorary membership which was first awarded to Camilla Collett in 1884 Since 2009 NKF also awards the Gina Krog Prize named after its founder Honorary members Edit Camilla Collett 1884 August Thorvald Deinboll no 1896 50 Aasta Hansteen 1906 51 Gina Krog 1909 52 Hagbart Berner 1909 52 Amalie Hansen no 1913 53 Ragna Nielsen 1914 54 Fredrikke Marie Qvam 1914 54 Thora Storm no 1914 54 Anna Rogstad 1914 54 Francis Hagerup 1914 54 Alette Ottesen 1919 55 Harriet Backer 1920 56 Anna Bugge 1922 57 Randi Blehr 1923 58 Otto Blehr 1924 59 Edvard Isak Hambro Bull 1924 59 Dorothea Schjoldager 1924 60 Aadel Lampe 1926 61 Betzy Kjelsberg 1931 Fredrikke Morck 1934 Katti Anker Moller 1939 Margarete Bonnevie 1946 Dakky Kiaer 1954 Signe Swensson 1954 Eva Kolstad Ebba Haslund 1995 Berit As 2009 Aslaug Moksnes no 2013 Torild Skard 2014 Gro Harlem Brundtland 2016 62 Helga Hernes 2018 63 Gina Krog Prize Edit Since 2009 the association has awarded the Gina Krog Prize named after its founder Gina Krog The prize has been awarded to Historians Ida Blom Gro Hagemann Elisabeth Lonna Aslaug Moksnes no and Elisabeth Aasen 2009 Filmmaker Anja Breien 2010 Tove Smaadahl 2012 Kirsti Kolle Grondahl 2014 Amal Aden 2016 Nancy Herz Sofia Nesrine Srour and Amina Bile 2018 Anne Hellum 2020 References Edit a b c d e Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Archived from the original on 2023 07 04 Retrieved 2023 07 05 Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Archived from the original on 2023 07 04 Retrieved 2023 07 05 a b c d e Hvem vi er Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Retrieved 2020 10 28 a b Kvinnesaksbevegelsen kjemper for alle jenter og kvinner Archived from the original on 2023 10 10 Retrieved 2023 10 10 Lonna 1996 p 273 Moksnes 1984 p 52 Moksnes 1984 p 33ff Moksnes 1984 p 33 Holst Cathrine 2017 Hva er feminisme Oslo Universitetsforlaget p 42 ISBN 9788215029832 Lonna 1996 p 18 Lonna 1996 p 147 Hoyesterettsdommer ny leder i Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Norwegian News Agency Elisabeth Lonna Stolthet og kvinnekamp Norsk kvinnesaksforenings historie fra 1913 pp 228 229 Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 1996 ISBN 8205244952 Kvinnesak i 100 ar Aftenposten 1984 06 28 p 4 a b c d Lonna 1996 p 250 Adresseavisen 8 March 1980 Retrieved 27 July 2021 Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 6 November 2021 International Alliance of Women Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Retrieved 30 November 2021 a b Morgenbladet 25 March 1946 a b Dagbladet 25 March 1946 a b About us Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Retrieved 2020 10 24 Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Archived from the original on 1 May 2021 Retrieved 1 May 2021 Velger nye veier Klassekampen Retrieved 1 August 2021 Ottesen Clara 1972 Likestilling en menneskerettighet Gender equality a human right Samtiden 223 225 Moksnes Aslaug Likestilling versus saerstilling Kvinnesaksnytt 58 1 3 Visste du at Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Archived from the original on 11 October 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021 Kvinnesak er kampen for et likestilt samfunn For Norsk Kvinnesaksforening har det alltid vaert et grunnleggende poeng at jenters og kvinners rettigheter og menneskerettigheter for alle er to sider av samme sak Lonna 1996 p 241 Alan Soble Sex from Plato to Paglia bd A L s 336 2006 A War Over Sex Work is Raging Inside The Nation s Biggest Feminist Group a b Karin M Bruzelius 12 November 2018 Horing utredning om det strafferettslige diskrimineringsvernet Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Eva Kolstad Skeivt arkiv 9 June 2020 Retrieved 2021 11 17 Lonna 1996 p 276 277 Isern Gerd 31 December 1975 Mennene er blitt likestillingsbevisste Adresseavisen p 15 Felleslov for likestilling og diskriminering Norwegian Association for Women s Rights 30 March 2015 Retrieved 12 November 2021 NKF har alltid statt for inkluderende feminisme Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 Retrieved 19 October 2021 Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Anne Hellum 2022 02 23 Hvem har rettslig status som kvinne Vart Land Archived from the original on 2022 02 23 En viktig lov 2016 04 02 Archived from the original on 2023 01 16 Sterke folelser og mye sinne Blikk Retrieved 29 November 2022 Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Archived from the original on 26 October 2021 Retrieved 11 December 2021 Transfeminism and the Women s Movement Icelandic Women s Rights Association 15 March 2021 Retrieved 26 November 2021 IWRA works for the rights of ALL women Feminism without trans women is no feminism at all Icelandic Women s Rights Association Retrieved 28 November 2021 Kon sex og seksualitet Dansk Kvindesamfund Archived from the original on 2022 03 18 Retrieved 2022 03 18 Antifeminisme og anti gender bevegelsen en trussel mot kvinners og seksuelle minoriteters rettigheter NKF Archived from the original on 2022 08 03 Norges kvinnelobby kjemper for alle jenter og kvinner Norges kvinnelobby Archived from the original on 2023 06 19 Retrieved 2023 06 19 Solsikken symboliserer vare rotter i den forste bolgen av feminisme Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Henriksen Petter ed 2007 Nylaende Store norske leksikon in Norwegian Oslo Kunnskapsforlaget Retrieved 24 September 2009 Gina Krog og Nylaende National Library of Norway Retrieved 22 November 2021 Kvinnesaksnytt Norwegian Association for Women s Rights Retrieved 22 November 2021 Dagbladet 31 May 1896 cf Nylaende 1897 p 183 and 1900 p 146 Nylaende 1907 p 137 a b Nylaende 1909 p 373 Nylaende 1914 p 26 a b c d e Nylaende 1914 p 233 Nylaende 1919 p 374 Nylaende 1921 p 4 Nylaende 1922 p 369 372 Nylaende 1923 p 373 a b Nylaende 1925 p 8 Nylaende 1925 s 8 Nylaende 1926 p 83 Gro Harlem Brundtland utnevnt til aeresmedlem av Norsk Kvinnesaksforening Norwegian Association for Women s Rights 21 May 2016 Retrieved 21 May 2016 Helga Hernes aeresmedlem i NKF Norwegian Association for Women s Rights 12 June 2018 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Literature EditAslaug Moksnes 1984 Likestilling eller saerstilling Norsk kvinnesaksforening 1884 1913 Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 296 pages ISBN 82 05 15356 6 Elisabeth Lonna 1996 Stolthet og kvinnekamp Norsk kvinnesaksforenings historie fra 1913 Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 341 pages ISBN 8205244952 Norsk kvinnesaksforening gjennom 65 ar 1884 1949 1950 Dakky Kiaer 1978 Norsk kvinnesaksforening i 1930 arene med tilbakeblikk pa tidligere virke og streiflys frem til 1977 Alette Ottesen 1909 Beretning om Norsk kvindesagsforenings 25 aarige virksomhet 28de juni 1884 28de juni 1909 Norsk Kvindesagsforening 1909 16 pages Norske kvinder en oversigt over deres stilling og livsvilkaar i hundredeaaret 1814 1914 1914 pp 75 81 Anna Caspari Agerholt 1937 Den norske kvinnebevegelses historie Oslo Gyldendal Norsk Forlag Norum Jorun Margrethe Stangnaes 1971 Kvinner i organisasjoner pa 1800 tallet fra Skuld til Norsk Kvindesagsforening Oslo Nylaende periodical 1887 1927 Kvinnesaksnytt periodical 1950 2016 External links EditOfficial website nbsp Portal nbsp Norway Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Norwegian Association for Women 27s Rights amp oldid 1179549692, wikipedia, 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