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List of Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[2]

Nobel laureates receive a gold medal together with a diploma and (as of 2023) 11 million SEK (roughly US $1.0 million, €0.95 million).
Nobel laureates of 2012 – Alvin E. Roth, Brian Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz, David J. Wineland, and Serge Haroche – during the ceremony

Prize

Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 8,402,670 SEK in December 2017. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]

Laureates

Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010)[9] and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention.[10] Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.

Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[11] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[12] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[11]

List of laureates

Year Physics Chemistry Physiology
or Medicine
Literature Peace Economics
(The Sveriges Riksbank Prize)[13][a]
1901 Wilhelm Röntgen Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Emil von Behring Sully Prudhomme Henry Dunant;
Frédéric Passy
1902 Hendrik Lorentz;
Pieter Zeeman
Emil Fischer Ronald Ross Theodor Mommsen Élie Ducommun;
Charles Albert Gobat
1903 Henri Becquerel;
Pierre Curie;
Marie Curie
Svante Arrhenius Niels Ryberg Finsen Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Randal Cremer
1904 Lord Rayleigh William Ramsay Ivan Pavlov Frédéric Mistral;
José Echegaray
Institut de Droit International
1905 Philipp Lenard Adolf von Baeyer Robert Koch Henryk Sienkiewicz Bertha von Suttner
1906 J. J. Thomson Henri Moissan Camillo Golgi;
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Giosuè Carducci Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Albert A. Michelson Eduard Buchner Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Rudyard Kipling Ernesto Teodoro Moneta;
Louis Renault
1908 Gabriel Lippmann Ernest Rutherford Élie Metchnikoff;
Paul Ehrlich
Rudolf Christoph Eucken Klas Pontus Arnoldson;
Fredrik Bajer
1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun;
Guglielmo Marconi
Wilhelm Ostwald Emil Theodor Kocher Selma Lagerlöf Auguste Beernaert;
Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Otto Wallach Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse International Peace Bureau
1911 Wilhelm Wien Marie Curie Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Maeterlinck Tobias Asser;
Alfred Hermann Fried
1912 Gustaf Dalén Victor Grignard;
Paul Sabatier
Alexis Carrel Gerhart Hauptmann Elihu Root
1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Alfred Werner Charles Richet Rabindranath Tagore Henri La Fontaine
1914 Max von Laue Theodore William Richards Robert Bárány None None
1915 William Henry Bragg;
Lawrence Bragg
Richard Willstätter None Romain Rolland None
1916 None None None Verner von Heidenstam None
1917 Charles Glover Barkla None None Karl Adolph Gjellerup;
Henrik Pontoppidan
International Committee of the Red Cross
1918 Max Planck Fritz Haber None None None
1919 Johannes Stark None Jules Bordet Carl Spitteler Woodrow Wilson
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Walther Nernst August Krogh Knut Hamsun Léon Bourgeois
1921 Albert Einstein Frederick Soddy None Anatole France Hjalmar Branting;
Christian Lous Lange
1922 Niels Bohr Francis William Aston Archibald Hill;
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Jacinto Benavente Fridtjof Nansen
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan Fritz Pregl Frederick Banting;
John Macleod
W. B. Yeats None
1924 Manne Siegbahn None Willem Einthoven Władysław Reymont None
1925 James Franck;
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy None George Bernard Shaw Austen Chamberlain;
Charles G. Dawes
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin Theodor Svedberg Johannes Fibiger Grazia Deledda Aristide Briand;
Gustav Stresemann
1927 Arthur Compton;
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Heinrich Otto Wieland Julius Wagner-Jauregg Henri Bergson Ferdinand Buisson;
Ludwig Quidde
1928 Owen Willans Richardson Adolf Windaus Charles Nicolle Sigrid Undset None
1929 Louis de Broglie Arthur Harden;
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Christiaan Eijkman;
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Thomas Mann Frank B. Kellogg
1930 C. V. Raman Hans Fischer Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis Nathan Söderblom
1931 None Carl Bosch;
Friedrich Bergius
Otto Heinrich Warburg Erik Axel Karlfeldt Jane Addams;
Nicholas Murray Butler
1932 Werner Heisenberg Irving Langmuir Charles Scott Sherrington;
Edgar Adrian
John Galsworthy None
1933 Erwin Schrödinger;
Paul Dirac
None Thomas Hunt Morgan Ivan Bunin Norman Angell
1934 None Harold Urey George Whipple;
George Minot;
William P. Murphy
Luigi Pirandello Arthur Henderson
1935 James Chadwick Frédéric Joliot-Curie;
Irène Joliot-Curie
Hans Spemann None Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Victor Francis Hess;
Carl David Anderson
Peter Debye Henry Hallett Dale;
Otto Loewi
Eugene O'Neill Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Clinton Davisson;
George Paget Thomson
Norman Haworth;
Paul Karrer
Albert Szent-Györgyi Roger Martin du Gard Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938 Enrico Fermi Richard Kuhn[b] Corneille Heymans Pearl S. Buck Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939 Ernest Lawrence Adolf Butenandt;[b]
Leopold Ružička
Gerhard Domagk[b] Frans Eemil Sillanpää None
1940 Cancelled due to World War II
1941
1942
1943 Otto Stern George de Hevesy Henrik Dam;
Edward Adelbert Doisy
None None
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Hahn Joseph Erlanger;
Herbert Spencer Gasser
Johannes V. Jensen International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Alexander Fleming;
Ernst Chain;
Howard Florey
Gabriela Mistral Cordell Hull
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman James B. Sumner;
John Howard Northrop;
Wendell Meredith Stanley
Hermann Joseph Muller Hermann Hesse Emily Greene Balch;
John Mott
1947 Edward Victor Appleton Robert Robinson Carl Ferdinand Cori;
Gerty Cori;
Bernardo Houssay
André Gide Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee
1948 Patrick Blackett Arne Tiselius Paul Hermann Müller T. S. Eliot None[c]
1949 Hideki Yukawa William Giauque Walter Rudolf Hess;
António Egas Moniz
William Faulkner John Boyd Orr
1950 C. F. Powell Otto Diels;
Kurt Alder
Philip Showalter Hench;
Edward Calvin Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein
Bertrand Russell Ralph Bunche
1951 John Cockcroft;
Ernest Walton
Edwin McMillan;
Glenn T. Seaborg
Max Theiler Pär Lagerkvist Léon Jouhaux
1952 Felix Bloch;
Edward Mills Purcell
Archer Martin;
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
Selman Waksman François Mauriac Albert Schweitzer
1953 Frits Zernike Hermann Staudinger Hans Adolf Krebs;
Fritz Albert Lipmann
Winston Churchill George Marshall
1954 Max Born;
Walther Bothe
Linus Pauling John Franklin Enders;
Frederick Chapman Robbins;
Thomas Huckle Weller
Ernest Hemingway United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955 Willis Lamb;
Polykarp Kusch
Vincent du Vigneaud Hugo Theorell Halldór Laxness None
1956 John Bardeen;
Walter Houser Brattain;
William Shockley
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Nikolay Semyonov
André Frédéric Cournand;
Werner Forssmann;
Dickinson W. Richards
Juan Ramón Jiménez None
1957 Yang Chen-Ning;
Tsung-Dao Lee
The Lord Todd Daniel Bovet Albert Camus Lester B. Pearson
1958 Pavel Cherenkov;
Ilya Frank;
Igor Tamm
Frederick Sanger George Beadle;
Edward Tatum;
Joshua Lederberg
Boris Pasternak[d] Dominique Pire
1959 Emilio Segrè;
Owen Chamberlain
Jaroslav Heyrovský Arthur Kornberg;
Severo Ochoa
Salvatore Quasimodo Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Donald A. Glaser Willard Libby Macfarlane Burnet;
Peter Medawar
Saint-John Perse Albert Lutuli
1961 Robert Hofstadter;
Rudolf Mössbauer
Melvin Calvin Georg von Békésy Ivo Andrić Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Lev Landau Max Perutz;
John Kendrew
Francis Crick;
James Watson;
Maurice Wilkins
John Steinbeck Linus Pauling
1963 Eugene Wigner;
Maria Goeppert Mayer;
J. Hans D. Jensen
Karl Ziegler;
Giulio Natta
John Eccles;
Alan Hodgkin;
Andrew Huxley
Giorgos Seferis International Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross societies
1964 Charles H. Townes;
Nikolay Basov;
Alexander Prokhorov
Dorothy Hodgkin Konrad Emil Bloch;
Feodor Lynen
Jean-Paul Sartre[e] Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 Shin'ichirō Tomonaga;
Julian Schwinger;
Richard Feynman
Robert Burns Woodward François Jacob;
André Michel Lwoff;
Jacques Monod
Mikhail Sholokhov United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
1966 Alfred Kastler Robert S. Mulliken Francis Peyton Rous;
Charles Brenton Huggins
Shmuel Yosef Agnon;
Nelly Sachs
None
1967 Hans Bethe Manfred Eigen;
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish;
George Porter
Ragnar Granit;
Haldan Keffer Hartline;
George Wald
Miguel Ángel Asturias None
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez Lars Onsager Robert W. Holley;
Har Gobind Khorana;
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Yasunari Kawabata René Cassin
1969 Murray Gell-Mann Derek Barton;
Odd Hassel
Max Delbrück;
Alfred Hershey;
Salvador Luria
Samuel Beckett International Labour Organization Ragnar Frisch;
Jan Tinbergen
1970 Hannes Alfvén;
Louis Néel
Luis Federico Leloir Julius Axelrod;
Ulf von Euler;
Bernard Katz
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Norman Borlaug Paul Samuelson
1971 Dennis Gabor Gerhard Herzberg Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. Pablo Neruda Willy Brandt Simon Kuznets
1972 John Bardeen;
Leon Cooper;
John Robert Schrieffer
Christian B. Anfinsen;
Stanford Moore;
William Howard Stein
Gerald Edelman;
Rodney Robert Porter
Heinrich Böll None John Hicks;
Kenneth Arrow
1973 Leo Esaki;
Ivar Giaever;
Brian Josephson
Ernst Otto Fischer;
Geoffrey Wilkinson
Karl von Frisch;
Konrad Lorenz;
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Patrick White Henry Kissinger;
Lê Đức Thọ[f]
Wassily Leontief
1974 Martin Ryle;
Antony Hewish
Paul Flory Albert Claude;
Christian de Duve;
George Emil Palade
Eyvind Johnson;
Harry Martinson
Seán MacBride;
Eisaku Satō
Gunnar Myrdal;
Friedrich Hayek
1975 Aage Bohr;
Ben Roy Mottelson;
James Rainwater
John Cornforth;
Vladimir Prelog
David Baltimore;
Renato Dulbecco;
Howard Martin Temin
Eugenio Montale Andrei Sakharov Leonid Kantorovich;
Tjalling Koopmans
1976 Burton Richter;
Samuel C. C. Ting
William Lipscomb Baruch Samuel Blumberg;
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
Saul Bellow Betty Williams;
Mairead Maguire
Milton Friedman
1977 Philip W. Anderson;
Nevill Francis Mott;
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Ilya Prigogine Roger Guillemin;
Andrew Schally;
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
Vicente Aleixandre Amnesty International Bertil Ohlin;
James Meade
1978 Pyotr Kapitsa;
Arno Allan Penzias;
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Peter D. Mitchell Werner Arber;
Daniel Nathans;
Hamilton O. Smith
Isaac Bashevis Singer Anwar Sadat;
Menachem Begin
Herbert A. Simon
1979 Sheldon Glashow;
Abdus Salam;
Steven Weinberg
Herbert C. Brown;
Georg Wittig
Allan McLeod Cormack;
Godfrey Hounsfield
Odysseas Elytis Mother Teresa Theodore Schultz;
W. Arthur Lewis
1980 James Cronin;
Val Logsdon Fitch
Paul Berg;
Walter Gilbert;
Frederick Sanger
Baruj Benacerraf;
Jean Dausset;
George Davis Snell
Czesław Miłosz Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Lawrence Klein
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen;
Arthur Leonard Schawlow;
Kai Siegbahn
Kenichi Fukui;
Roald Hoffmann
Roger Wolcott Sperry;
David H. Hubel;
Torsten Wiesel
Elias Canetti United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees James Tobin
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson Aaron Klug Sune Bergström;
Bengt I. Samuelsson;
John Vane
Gabriel García Márquez Alva Myrdal;
Alfonso García Robles
George Stigler
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
William Alfred Fowler
Henry Taube Barbara McClintock William Golding Lech Wałęsa Gérard Debreu
1984 Carlo Rubbia;
Simon van der Meer
Robert Bruce Merrifield Niels Kaj Jerne;
Georges J. F. Köhler;
César Milstein
Jaroslav Seifert Desmond Tutu Richard Stone
1985 Klaus von Klitzing Herbert A. Hauptman;
Jerome Karle
Michael Stuart Brown;
Joseph L. Goldstein
Claude Simon International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Franco Modigliani
1986 Ernst Ruska;
Gerd Binnig;
Heinrich Rohrer
Dudley R. Herschbach;
Yuan T. Lee;
John Polanyi
Stanley Cohen;
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Wole Soyinka Elie Wiesel James M. Buchanan
1987 Georg Bednorz;
K. Alex Müller
Donald J. Cram;
Jean-Marie Lehn;
Charles J. Pedersen
Susumu Tonegawa Joseph Brodsky Óscar Arias Robert Solow
1988 Leon M. Lederman;
Melvin Schwartz;
Jack Steinberger
Johann Deisenhofer;
Robert Huber;
Hartmut Michel
James W. Black;
Gertrude B. Elion;
George H. Hitchings
Naguib Mahfouz United Nations peacekeeping forces Maurice Allais
1989 Norman Ramsey Jr.;
Hans Georg Dehmelt;
Wolfgang Paul
Sidney Altman;
Thomas Cech
J. Michael Bishop;
Harold E. Varmus
Camilo José Cela Tenzin Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama) Trygve Haavelmo
1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman;
Henry Way Kendall;
Richard E. Taylor
Elias James Corey Joseph Murray;
E. Donnall Thomas
Octavio Paz Mikhail Gorbachev Harry Markowitz;
Merton Miller;
William F. Sharpe
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Richard R. Ernst Erwin Neher;
Bert Sakmann
Nadine Gordimer Aung San Suu Kyi Ronald Coase
1992 Georges Charpak Rudolph A. Marcus Edmond H. Fischer;
Edwin G. Krebs
Derek Walcott Rigoberta Menchú Gary Becker
1993 Russell Alan Hulse;
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
Kary Mullis;
Michael Smith
Richard J. Roberts;
Phillip Allen Sharp
Toni Morrison Nelson Mandela;
F. W. de Klerk
Robert Fogel;
Douglass North
1994 Bertram Brockhouse;
Clifford Shull
George Andrew Olah Alfred G. Gilman;
Martin Rodbell
Kenzaburō Ōe Yasser Arafat;
Shimon Peres;
Yitzhak Rabin
John Harsanyi;
John Forbes Nash Jr.;
Reinhard Selten
1995 Martin Lewis Perl;
Frederick Reines
Paul J. Crutzen;
Mario J. Molina;
F. Sherwood Rowland
Edward B. Lewis;
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Eric F. Wieschaus
Seamus Heaney Joseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Robert Lucas Jr.
1996 David Lee;
Douglas Osheroff;
Robert Coleman Richardson
Robert Curl;
Harry Kroto;
Richard Smalley
Peter C. Doherty;
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Wisława Szymborska Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
José Ramos-Horta
James Mirrlees;
William Vickrey
1997 Steven Chu;
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji;
William Daniel Phillips
Paul D. Boyer;
John E. Walker;
Jens Christian Skou
Stanley B. Prusiner Dario Fo International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Jody Williams
Robert C. Merton;
Myron Scholes
1998 Robert B. Laughlin;
Horst Ludwig Störmer;
Daniel C. Tsui
Walter Kohn;
John Pople
Robert F. Furchgott;
Louis Ignarro;
Ferid Murad
José Saramago John Hume;
David Trimble
Amartya Sen
1999 Gerard 't Hooft;
Martinus J. G. Veltman
Ahmed Zewail Günter Blobel Günter Grass Médecins Sans Frontières Robert Mundell
2000 Jack Kilby;
Zhores Alferov;
Herbert Kroemer
Alan J. Heeger;
Alan MacDiarmid;
Hideki Shirakawa
Arvid Carlsson;
Paul Greengard;
Eric Kandel
Gao Xingjian Kim Dae-jung James Heckman;
Daniel McFadden
2001 Eric Allin Cornell;
Wolfgang Ketterle;
Carl Wieman
William Standish Knowles;
Ryōji Noyori;
Karl Barry Sharpless
Leland H. Hartwell;
Tim Hunt;
Paul Nurse
V. S. Naipaul United Nations;
Kofi Annan
George Akerlof;
Michael Spence;
Joseph Stiglitz
2002 Riccardo Giacconi;
Raymond Davis Jr.;
Masatoshi Koshiba
John B. Fenn;
Koichi Tanaka;
Kurt Wüthrich
Sydney Brenner;
H. Robert Horvitz;
John Sulston
Imre Kertész Jimmy Carter Daniel Kahneman;
Vernon L. Smith
2003 Alexei Abrikosov;
Vitaly Ginzburg;
Anthony James Leggett
Peter Agre;
Roderick MacKinnon
Paul Lauterbur;
Peter Mansfield
J. M. Coetzee Shirin Ebadi Robert F. Engle;
Clive Granger
2004 David Gross;
Hugh David Politzer;
Frank Wilczek
Aaron Ciechanover;
Avram Hershko;
Irwin Rose
Richard Axel;
Linda B. Buck
Elfriede Jelinek Wangari Maathai Finn E. Kydland;
Edward C. Prescott
2005 Roy J. Glauber;
John L. Hall;
Theodor W. Hänsch
Yves Chauvin;
Robert H. Grubbs;
Richard R. Schrock
Barry Marshall;
Robin Warren
Harold Pinter International Atomic Energy Agency;
Mohamed ElBaradei
Robert Aumann;
Thomas Schelling
2006 John C. Mather;
George Smoot
Roger D. Kornberg Andrew Fire;
Craig Mello
Orhan Pamuk Muhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank
Edmund Phelps
2007 Albert Fert;
Peter Grünberg
Gerhard Ertl Mario Capecchi;
Martin Evans;
Oliver Smithies
Doris Lessing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Al Gore
Leonid Hurwicz;
Eric Maskin;
Roger Myerson
2008 Yoichiro Nambu;
Makoto Kobayashi;
Toshihide Maskawa
Osamu Shimomura;
Martin Chalfie;
Roger Y. Tsien
Harald zur Hausen;
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Luc Montagnier
J. M. G. Le Clézio Martti Ahtisaari Paul Krugman
2009 Charles K. Kao;
Willard S. Boyle;
George E. Smith
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Thomas A. Steitz;
Ada Yonath
Elizabeth Blackburn;
Carol W. Greider;
Jack W. Szostak
Herta Müller Barack Obama Elinor Ostrom;
Oliver E. Williamson
2010 Andre Geim;
Konstantin Novoselov
Richard F. Heck;
Ei-ichi Negishi;
Akira Suzuki
Robert Edwards Mario Vargas Llosa Liu Xiaobo[g] Peter A. Diamond;
Dale T. Mortensen;
Christopher A. Pissarides
2011 Saul Perlmutter;
Adam Riess;
Brian Schmidt
Dan Shechtman Bruce Beutler;
Jules A. Hoffmann;
Ralph M. Steinman
Tomas Tranströmer Ellen Johnson Sirleaf;
Leymah Gbowee;
Tawakel Karman
Thomas J. Sargent;
Christopher A. Sims
2012 Serge Haroche;
David J. Wineland
Brian K. Kobilka;
Robert J. Lefkowitz
John B. Gurdon;
Shinya Yamanaka
Mo Yan European Union Alvin E. Roth;
Lloyd S. Shapley
2013 François Englert;
Peter W. Higgs
Martin Karplus;
Michael Levitt;
Arieh Warshel
James E. Rothman;
Randy W. Schekman;
Thomas C. Südhof
Alice Munro Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Eugene F. Fama;
Lars Peter Hansen;
Robert J. Shiller
2014 Isamu Akasaki;
Hiroshi Amano;
Shuji Nakamura
Eric Betzig;
Stefan Hell;
William Moerner
John O'Keefe;
May-Britt Moser;
Edvard Moser
Patrick Modiano Kailash Satyarthi;
Malala Yousafzai
Jean Tirole
2015 Takaaki Kajita;
Arthur B. McDonald
Tomas Lindahl;
Paul L. Modrich;
Aziz Sancar
William C. Campbell;
Satoshi Ōmura;
Tu Youyou
Svetlana Alexievich Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Angus Deaton
2016 David J. Thouless;
Duncan Haldane;
John M. Kosterlitz
Jean-Pierre Sauvage;
Fraser Stoddart;
Ben Feringa
Yoshinori Ohsumi Bob Dylan Juan Manuel Santos Oliver Hart;
Bengt R. Holmström
2017 Rainer Weiss;
Barry Barish;
Kip Thorne
Jacques Dubochet;
Joachim Frank;
Richard Henderson
Jeffrey C. Hall;
Michael Rosbash;
Michael W. Young
Kazuo Ishiguro International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Richard Thaler
2018 Arthur Ashkin;
Gérard Mourou;
Donna Strickland
Frances H. Arnold;
George Smith;
Greg Winter
James P. Allison;
Tasuku Honjo
Olga Tokarczuk[h] Denis Mukwege;
Nadia Murad
William Nordhaus;
Paul Romer
2019 Jim Peebles;
Michel Mayor;
Didier Queloz
John B. Goodenough;
M. Stanley Whittingham;
Akira Yoshino
William Kaelin Jr.;
Peter J. Ratcliffe;
Gregg L. Semenza
Peter Handke Abiy Ahmed Abhijit Banerjee;
Esther Duflo;
Michael Kremer
2020 Roger Penrose;
Reinhard Genzel;
Andrea M. Ghez
Emmanuelle Charpentier;
Jennifer Doudna
Harvey J. Alter;
Michael Houghton;
Charles M. Rice
Louise Glück World Food Programme Paul Milgrom;
Robert B. Wilson
2021 Giorgio Parisi;
Klaus Hasselmann;
Syukuro Manabe
Benjamin List;
David MacMillan
David Julius;
Ardem Patapoutian
Abdulrazak Gurnah Maria Ressa;
Dmitry Muratov
David Card;
Joshua Angrist;
Guido Imbens
2022 Alain Aspect;
John Clauser;
Anton Zeilinger
Carolyn Bertozzi;
Morten P. Meldal;
Karl Barry Sharpless
Svante Pääbo Annie Ernaux Ales Bialiatski;
Memorial;
Centre for Civil Liberties
Ben Bernanke;
Douglas Diamond;
Philip H. Dybvig
2023 Pierre Agostini;
Ferenc Krausz;
Anne L'Huillier
Moungi Bawendi;
Louis E. Brus;
Alexey Ekimov
Katalin Karikó;
Drew Weissman
Jon Fosse Narges Mohammadi Claudia Goldin
Year Physics Chemistry Physiology
or Medicine
Literature Peace Economics

50-year secrecy rule

The Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees. Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination. After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public.[17] Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states:

A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history. Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which the decision in question was made.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The prize was established in 1968.
  2. ^ a b c In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[11]
  3. ^ In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. However, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[14]
  4. ^ In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[11]
  5. ^ In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[11]
  6. ^ In 1973, Lê Đức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[7][11]
  7. ^ In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities.[15]
  8. ^ The 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 2019, as scandals within the Swedish Academy forced it to postpone the ceremony.[16]

References

Specific

  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  2. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  4. ^ (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  5. ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  6. ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  7. ^ a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  8. ^ "All Nobel Prizes". www.nobelprize.org. from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  9. ^ "Norwegian Nobel Committee mourns Liu Xiaobo, statement by Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen". The Nobel Peace Prize. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  10. ^ . 2010-12-21. Archived from the original on 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  12. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  13. ^ "Nomination and selection of Laureates in Economic Sciences". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  14. ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (December 1, 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2010. Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year.
  15. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  16. ^ Henley, Jon (10 October 2019). "Two Nobel literature prizes to be awarded after sexual assault scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  17. ^ "Nomination and selection of Nobel Peace Prize laureates". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  18. ^ "Confidentiality - Nobel Peace Prize". www.nobelpeaceprize.org. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2022-10-09.

General

  • "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  • "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  • "All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.

External links

  • Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
  • Official website of the Nobel Foundation
  • Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates

list, nobel, laureates, nobel, prizes, swedish, nobelpriset, norwegian, nobelprisen, awarded, annually, royal, swedish, academy, sciences, swedish, academy, karolinska, institutet, norwegian, nobel, committee, individuals, organizations, make, outstanding, con. The Nobel Prizes Swedish Nobelpriset Norwegian Nobelprisen are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences the Swedish Academy the Karolinska Institutet and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry physics literature peace and physiology or medicine 1 They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank Sweden s central bank for outstanding contributions to the field of economics Each recipient a Nobelist or laureate receives a gold medal a diploma and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation 2 Nobel laureates receive a gold medal together with a diploma and as of 2023 11 million SEK roughly US 1 0 million 0 95 million Nobel laureates of 2012 Alvin E Roth Brian Kobilka Robert J Lefkowitz David J Wineland and Serge Haroche during the ceremony Contents 1 Prize 2 Laureates 3 List of laureates 4 50 year secrecy rule 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksPrizeEach prize is awarded by a separate committee the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics Chemistry and Economics the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace 3 Each recipient receives a medal a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years 2 In 1901 the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150 782 SEK which is equal to 8 402 670 SEK in December 2017 In 2017 the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 000 000 SEK 4 The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10 the anniversary of Nobel s death 5 In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize 6 The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II 7 LaureatesBetween 1901 and 2017 the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once this makes a total of 892 individuals including 844 men 48 women and 24 organizations 8 Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans Richard Kuhn Chemistry 1938 Adolf Butenandt Chemistry 1939 Gerhard Domagk Physiology or Medicine 1939 and Carl von Ossietzky Peace 1936 from accepting their Nobel Prizes The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize Peace 2010 9 and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak Literature 1958 to decline his award Liu Xiaobo Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention 10 Two Nobel laureates Jean Paul Sartre Literature 1964 and Le Dức Thọ Peace 1973 declined the award Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time Seven laureates have received more than one prize of the seven the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times more than any other 11 UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field Marie Curie Physics and Chemistry and Linus Pauling Chemistry and Peace Among the 892 Nobel laureates 48 have been women the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 12 She was also the first person male or female to be awarded two Nobel Prizes the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry given in 1911 11 List of laureates1901 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Physics Chemistry Physiologyor Medicine Literature Peace Economics The Sveriges Riksbank Prize 13 a 1901 Wilhelm Rontgen Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Emil von Behring Sully Prudhomme Henry Dunant Frederic Passy 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Pieter Zeeman Emil Fischer Ronald Ross Theodor Mommsen Elie Ducommun Charles Albert Gobat1903 Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie Svante Arrhenius Niels Ryberg Finsen Bjornstjerne Bjornson Randal Cremer1904 Lord Rayleigh William Ramsay Ivan Pavlov Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray Institut de Droit International1905 Philipp Lenard Adolf von Baeyer Robert Koch Henryk Sienkiewicz Bertha von Suttner1906 J J Thomson Henri Moissan Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Giosue Carducci Theodore Roosevelt1907 Albert A Michelson Eduard Buchner Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Rudyard Kipling Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Louis Renault1908 Gabriel Lippmann Ernest Rutherford Elie Metchnikoff Paul Ehrlich Rudolf Christoph Eucken Klas Pontus Arnoldson Fredrik Bajer1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun Guglielmo Marconi Wilhelm Ostwald Emil Theodor Kocher Selma Lagerlof Auguste Beernaert Paul Henri Balluet d Estournelles de Constant1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Otto Wallach Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse International Peace Bureau1911 Wilhelm Wien Marie Curie Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Maeterlinck Tobias Asser Alfred Hermann Fried1912 Gustaf Dalen Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier Alexis Carrel Gerhart Hauptmann Elihu Root1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Alfred Werner Charles Richet Rabindranath Tagore Henri La Fontaine1914 Max von Laue Theodore William Richards Robert Barany None None1915 William Henry Bragg Lawrence Bragg Richard Willstatter None Romain Rolland None1916 None None None Verner von Heidenstam None1917 Charles Glover Barkla None None Karl Adolph Gjellerup Henrik Pontoppidan International Committee of the Red Cross1918 Max Planck Fritz Haber None None None1919 Johannes Stark None Jules Bordet Carl Spitteler Woodrow Wilson1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume Walther Nernst August Krogh Knut Hamsun Leon Bourgeois1921 Albert Einstein Frederick Soddy None Anatole France Hjalmar Branting Christian Lous Lange1922 Niels Bohr Francis William Aston Archibald Hill Otto Fritz Meyerhof Jacinto Benavente Fridtjof Nansen1923 Robert Andrews Millikan Fritz Pregl Frederick Banting John Macleod W B Yeats None1924 Manne Siegbahn None Willem Einthoven Wladyslaw Reymont None1925 James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz Richard Adolf Zsigmondy None George Bernard Shaw Austen Chamberlain Charles G Dawes1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin Theodor Svedberg Johannes Fibiger Grazia Deledda Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann1927 Arthur Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Heinrich Otto Wieland Julius Wagner Jauregg Henri Bergson Ferdinand Buisson Ludwig Quidde1928 Owen Willans Richardson Adolf Windaus Charles Nicolle Sigrid Undset None1929 Louis de Broglie Arthur Harden Hans von Euler Chelpin Christiaan Eijkman Frederick Gowland Hopkins Thomas Mann Frank B Kellogg1930 C V Raman Hans Fischer Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis Nathan Soderblom1931 None Carl Bosch Friedrich Bergius Otto Heinrich Warburg Erik Axel Karlfeldt Jane Addams Nicholas Murray Butler1932 Werner Heisenberg Irving Langmuir Charles Scott Sherrington Edgar Adrian John Galsworthy None1933 Erwin Schrodinger Paul Dirac None Thomas Hunt Morgan Ivan Bunin Norman Angell1934 None Harold Urey George Whipple George Minot William P Murphy Luigi Pirandello Arthur Henderson1935 James Chadwick Frederic Joliot Curie Irene Joliot Curie Hans Spemann None Carl von Ossietzky1936 Victor Francis Hess Carl David Anderson Peter Debye Henry Hallett Dale Otto Loewi Eugene O Neill Carlos Saavedra Lamas1937 Clinton Davisson George Paget Thomson Norman Haworth Paul Karrer Albert Szent Gyorgyi Roger Martin du Gard Robert Cecil 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood1938 Enrico Fermi Richard Kuhn b Corneille Heymans Pearl S Buck Nansen International Office for Refugees1939 Ernest Lawrence Adolf Butenandt b Leopold Ruzicka Gerhard Domagk b Frans Eemil Sillanpaa None1940 Cancelled due to World War II194119421943 Otto Stern George de Hevesy Henrik Dam Edward Adelbert Doisy None None1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Hahn Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser Johannes V Jensen International Committee of the Red Cross1945 Wolfgang Pauli Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Alexander Fleming Ernst Chain Howard Florey Gabriela Mistral Cordell Hull1946 Percy Williams Bridgman James B Sumner John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley Hermann Joseph Muller Hermann Hesse Emily Greene Balch John Mott1947 Edward Victor Appleton Robert Robinson Carl Ferdinand Cori Gerty Cori Bernardo Houssay Andre Gide Friends Service Council American Friends Service Committee1948 Patrick Blackett Arne Tiselius Paul Hermann Muller T S Eliot None c 1949 Hideki Yukawa William Giauque Walter Rudolf Hess Antonio Egas Moniz William Faulkner John Boyd Orr1950 C F Powell Otto Diels Kurt Alder Philip Showalter Hench Edward Calvin Kendall Tadeus Reichstein Bertrand Russell Ralph Bunche1951 John Cockcroft Ernest Walton Edwin McMillan Glenn T Seaborg Max Theiler Par Lagerkvist Leon Jouhaux1952 Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell Archer Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge Selman Waksman Francois Mauriac Albert Schweitzer1953 Frits Zernike Hermann Staudinger Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann Winston Churchill George Marshall1954 Max Born Walther Bothe Linus Pauling John Franklin Enders Frederick Chapman Robbins Thomas Huckle Weller Ernest Hemingway United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees1955 Willis Lamb Polykarp Kusch Vincent du Vigneaud Hugo Theorell Halldor Laxness None1956 John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain William Shockley Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nikolay Semyonov Andre Frederic Cournand Werner Forssmann Dickinson W Richards Juan Ramon Jimenez None1957 Yang Chen Ning Tsung Dao Lee The Lord Todd Daniel Bovet Albert Camus Lester B Pearson1958 Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank Igor Tamm Frederick Sanger George Beadle Edward Tatum Joshua Lederberg Boris Pasternak d Dominique Pire1959 Emilio Segre Owen Chamberlain Jaroslav Heyrovsky Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Salvatore Quasimodo Philip Noel Baker1960 Donald A Glaser Willard Libby Macfarlane Burnet Peter Medawar Saint John Perse Albert Lutuli1961 Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Mossbauer Melvin Calvin Georg von Bekesy Ivo Andric Dag Hammarskjold1962 Lev Landau Max Perutz John Kendrew Francis Crick James Watson Maurice Wilkins John Steinbeck Linus Pauling1963 Eugene Wigner Maria Goeppert Mayer J Hans D Jensen Karl Ziegler Giulio Natta John Eccles Alan Hodgkin Andrew Huxley Giorgos Seferis International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross societies1964 Charles H Townes Nikolay Basov Alexander Prokhorov Dorothy Hodgkin Konrad Emil Bloch Feodor Lynen Jean Paul Sartre e Martin Luther King Jr 1965 Shin ichirō Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard Feynman Robert Burns Woodward Francois Jacob Andre Michel Lwoff Jacques Monod Mikhail Sholokhov United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund1966 Alfred Kastler Robert S Mulliken Francis Peyton Rous Charles Brenton Huggins Shmuel Yosef Agnon Nelly Sachs None1967 Hans Bethe Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald Miguel Angel Asturias None1968 Luis Walter Alvarez Lars Onsager Robert W Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall Warren Nirenberg Yasunari Kawabata Rene Cassin1969 Murray Gell Mann Derek Barton Odd Hassel Max Delbruck Alfred Hershey Salvador Luria Samuel Beckett International Labour Organization Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen1970 Hannes Alfven Louis Neel Luis Federico Leloir Julius Axelrod Ulf von Euler Bernard Katz Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Norman Borlaug Paul Samuelson1971 Dennis Gabor Gerhard Herzberg Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr Pablo Neruda Willy Brandt Simon Kuznets1972 John Bardeen Leon Cooper John Robert Schrieffer Christian B Anfinsen Stanford Moore William Howard Stein Gerald Edelman Rodney Robert Porter Heinrich Boll None John Hicks Kenneth Arrow1973 Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian Josephson Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Patrick White Henry Kissinger Le Đức Thọ f Wassily Leontief1974 Martin Ryle Antony Hewish Paul Flory Albert Claude Christian de Duve George Emil Palade Eyvind Johnson Harry Martinson Sean MacBride Eisaku Satō Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich Hayek1975 Aage Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson James Rainwater John Cornforth Vladimir Prelog David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin Eugenio Montale Andrei Sakharov Leonid Kantorovich Tjalling Koopmans1976 Burton Richter Samuel C C Ting William Lipscomb Baruch Samuel Blumberg Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Saul Bellow Betty Williams Mairead Maguire Milton Friedman1977 Philip W Anderson Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck Van Vleck Ilya Prigogine Roger Guillemin Andrew Schally Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Vicente Aleixandre Amnesty International Bertil Ohlin James Meade1978 Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson Peter D Mitchell Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O Smith Isaac Bashevis Singer Anwar Sadat Menachem Begin Herbert A Simon1979 Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg Herbert C Brown Georg Wittig Allan McLeod Cormack Godfrey Hounsfield Odysseas Elytis Mother Teresa Theodore Schultz W Arthur Lewis1980 James Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch Paul Berg Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger Baruj Benacerraf Jean Dausset George Davis Snell Czeslaw Milosz Adolfo Perez Esquivel Lawrence Klein1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow Kai Siegbahn Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann Roger Wolcott Sperry David H Hubel Torsten Wiesel Elias Canetti United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees James Tobin1982 Kenneth G Wilson Aaron Klug Sune Bergstrom Bengt I Samuelsson John Vane Gabriel Garcia Marquez Alva Myrdal Alfonso Garcia Robles George Stigler1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William Alfred Fowler Henry Taube Barbara McClintock William Golding Lech Walesa Gerard Debreu1984 Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer Robert Bruce Merrifield Niels Kaj Jerne Georges J F Kohler Cesar Milstein Jaroslav Seifert Desmond Tutu Richard Stone1985 Klaus von Klitzing Herbert A Hauptman Jerome Karle Michael Stuart Brown Joseph L Goldstein Claude Simon International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Franco Modigliani1986 Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer Dudley R Herschbach Yuan T Lee John Polanyi Stanley Cohen Rita Levi Montalcini Wole Soyinka Elie Wiesel James M Buchanan1987 Georg Bednorz K Alex Muller Donald J Cram Jean Marie Lehn Charles J Pedersen Susumu Tonegawa Joseph Brodsky oscar Arias Robert Solow1988 Leon M Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel James W Black Gertrude B Elion George H Hitchings Naguib Mahfouz United Nations peacekeeping forces Maurice Allais1989 Norman Ramsey Jr Hans Georg Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul Sidney Altman Thomas Cech J Michael Bishop Harold E Varmus Camilo Jose Cela Tenzin Gyatso The 14th Dalai Lama Trygve Haavelmo1990 Jerome Isaac Friedman Henry Way Kendall Richard E Taylor Elias James Corey Joseph Murray E Donnall Thomas Octavio Paz Mikhail Gorbachev Harry Markowitz Merton Miller William F Sharpe1991 Pierre Gilles de Gennes Richard R Ernst Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann Nadine Gordimer Aung San Suu Kyi Ronald Coase1992 Georges Charpak Rudolph A Marcus Edmond H Fischer Edwin G Krebs Derek Walcott Rigoberta Menchu Gary Becker1993 Russell Alan Hulse Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr Kary Mullis Michael Smith Richard J Roberts Phillip Allen Sharp Toni Morrison Nelson Mandela F W de Klerk Robert Fogel Douglass North1994 Bertram Brockhouse Clifford Shull George Andrew Olah Alfred G Gilman Martin Rodbell Kenzaburō Ōe Yasser Arafat Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin John Harsanyi John Forbes Nash Jr Reinhard Selten1995 Martin Lewis Perl Frederick Reines Paul J Crutzen Mario J Molina F Sherwood Rowland Edward B Lewis Christiane Nusslein Volhard Eric F Wieschaus Seamus Heaney Joseph Rotblat Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Robert Lucas Jr 1996 David Lee Douglas Osheroff Robert Coleman Richardson Robert Curl Harry Kroto Richard Smalley Peter C Doherty Rolf M Zinkernagel Wislawa Szymborska Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo Jose Ramos Horta James Mirrlees William Vickrey1997 Steven Chu Claude Cohen Tannoudji William Daniel Phillips Paul D Boyer John E Walker Jens Christian Skou Stanley B Prusiner Dario Fo International Campaign to Ban Landmines Jody Williams Robert C Merton Myron Scholes1998 Robert B Laughlin Horst Ludwig Stormer Daniel C Tsui Walter Kohn John Pople Robert F Furchgott Louis Ignarro Ferid Murad Jose Saramago John Hume David Trimble Amartya Sen1999 Gerard t Hooft Martinus J G Veltman Ahmed Zewail Gunter Blobel Gunter Grass Medecins Sans Frontieres Robert Mundell2000 Jack Kilby Zhores Alferov Herbert Kroemer Alan J Heeger Alan MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric Kandel Gao Xingjian Kim Dae jung James Heckman Daniel McFadden2001 Eric Allin Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl Wieman William Standish Knowles Ryōji Noyori Karl Barry Sharpless Leland H Hartwell Tim Hunt Paul Nurse V S Naipaul United Nations Kofi Annan George Akerlof Michael Spence Joseph Stiglitz2002 Riccardo Giacconi Raymond Davis Jr Masatoshi Koshiba John B Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wuthrich Sydney Brenner H Robert Horvitz John Sulston Imre Kertesz Jimmy Carter Daniel Kahneman Vernon L Smith2003 Alexei Abrikosov Vitaly Ginzburg Anthony James Leggett Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon Paul Lauterbur Peter Mansfield J M Coetzee Shirin Ebadi Robert F Engle Clive Granger2004 David Gross Hugh David Politzer Frank Wilczek Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose Richard Axel Linda B Buck Elfriede Jelinek Wangari Maathai Finn E Kydland Edward C Prescott2005 Roy J Glauber John L Hall Theodor W Hansch Yves Chauvin Robert H Grubbs Richard R Schrock Barry Marshall Robin Warren Harold Pinter International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei Robert Aumann Thomas Schelling2006 John C Mather George Smoot Roger D Kornberg Andrew Fire Craig Mello Orhan Pamuk Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank Edmund Phelps2007 Albert Fert Peter Grunberg Gerhard Ertl Mario Capecchi Martin Evans Oliver Smithies Doris Lessing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Al Gore Leonid Hurwicz Eric Maskin Roger Myerson2008 Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi Toshihide Maskawa Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y Tsien Harald zur Hausen Francoise Barre Sinoussi Luc Montagnier J M G Le Clezio Martti Ahtisaari Paul Krugman2009 Charles K Kao Willard S Boyle George E Smith Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Thomas A Steitz Ada Yonath Elizabeth Blackburn Carol W Greider Jack W Szostak Herta Muller Barack Obama Elinor Ostrom Oliver E Williamson2010 Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov Richard F Heck Ei ichi Negishi Akira Suzuki Robert Edwards Mario Vargas Llosa Liu Xiaobo g Peter A Diamond Dale T Mortensen Christopher A Pissarides2011 Saul Perlmutter Adam Riess Brian Schmidt Dan Shechtman Bruce Beutler Jules A Hoffmann Ralph M Steinman Tomas Transtromer Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Leymah Gbowee Tawakel Karman Thomas J Sargent Christopher A Sims2012 Serge Haroche David J Wineland Brian K Kobilka Robert J Lefkowitz John B Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka Mo Yan European Union Alvin E Roth Lloyd S Shapley2013 Francois Englert Peter W Higgs Martin Karplus Michael Levitt Arieh Warshel James E Rothman Randy W Schekman Thomas C Sudhof Alice Munro Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Eugene F Fama Lars Peter Hansen Robert J Shiller2014 Isamu Akasaki Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamura Eric Betzig Stefan Hell William Moerner John O Keefe May Britt Moser Edvard Moser Patrick Modiano Kailash Satyarthi Malala Yousafzai Jean Tirole2015 Takaaki Kajita Arthur B McDonald Tomas Lindahl Paul L Modrich Aziz Sancar William C Campbell Satoshi Ōmura Tu Youyou Svetlana Alexievich Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Angus Deaton2016 David J Thouless Duncan Haldane John M Kosterlitz Jean Pierre Sauvage Fraser Stoddart Ben Feringa Yoshinori Ohsumi Bob Dylan Juan Manuel Santos Oliver Hart Bengt R Holmstrom2017 Rainer Weiss Barry Barish Kip Thorne Jacques Dubochet Joachim Frank Richard Henderson Jeffrey C Hall Michael Rosbash Michael W Young Kazuo Ishiguro International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Richard Thaler2018 Arthur Ashkin Gerard Mourou Donna Strickland Frances H Arnold George Smith Greg Winter James P Allison Tasuku Honjo Olga Tokarczuk h Denis Mukwege Nadia Murad William Nordhaus Paul Romer2019 Jim Peebles Michel Mayor Didier Queloz John B Goodenough M Stanley Whittingham Akira Yoshino William Kaelin Jr Peter J Ratcliffe Gregg L Semenza Peter Handke Abiy Ahmed Abhijit Banerjee Esther Duflo Michael Kremer2020 Roger Penrose Reinhard Genzel Andrea M Ghez Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna Harvey J Alter Michael Houghton Charles M Rice Louise Gluck World Food Programme Paul Milgrom Robert B Wilson2021 Giorgio Parisi Klaus Hasselmann Syukuro Manabe Benjamin List David MacMillan David Julius Ardem Patapoutian Abdulrazak Gurnah Maria Ressa Dmitry Muratov David Card Joshua Angrist Guido Imbens2022 Alain Aspect John Clauser Anton Zeilinger Carolyn Bertozzi Morten P Meldal Karl Barry Sharpless Svante Paabo Annie Ernaux Ales Bialiatski Memorial Centre for Civil Liberties Ben Bernanke Douglas Diamond Philip H Dybvig2023 Pierre Agostini Ferenc Krausz Anne L Huillier Moungi Bawendi Louis E Brus Alexey Ekimov Katalin Kariko Drew Weissman Jon Fosse Narges Mohammadi Claudia GoldinYear Physics Chemistry Physiologyor Medicine Literature Peace Economics50 year secrecy ruleThe Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination After fifty years the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public 17 Statutes of the Nobel Foundation 10 states A prize awarding body may however after due consideration in each individual case permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize for purposes of research in intellectual history Such permission may not however be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which the decision in question was made 18 See alsoMain category Lists of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates by country List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation List of female Nobel laureates List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace PrizeNotes The prize was established in 1968 a b c In 1938 and 1939 the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to accept their Nobel Prizes The three were Richard Kuhn Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938 Adolf Butenandt Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939 and Gerhard Domagk Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal but not the money 11 In 1948 the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded The Nobel Foundation s website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi However due to his assassination earlier that year it was left unassigned in his honor 14 In 1958 Russian born Boris Pasternak under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature 11 In 1964 Jean Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past 11 In 1973 Le Đức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords a cease fire in the Vietnam War there had been no actual peace agreement 7 11 In 2010 Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities 15 The 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 2019 as scandals within the Swedish Academy forced it to postpone the ceremony 16 ReferencesSpecific Alfred Nobel The Man Behind the Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2007 10 25 Retrieved 2008 11 27 a b The Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 10 15 Retrieved 2008 11 27 The Nobel Prize Awarders Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 10 15 Retrieved 2008 11 27 The Nobel Prize Amounts PDF Nobel Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 2018 06 15 Retrieved 2018 06 23 The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 08 22 Retrieved 2008 11 27 List of All Nobel Laureates 1942 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 12 08 Retrieved 2008 11 30 a b Lundestad Geir 2001 03 15 The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 2000 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 12 19 Retrieved 2008 11 30 All Nobel Prizes www nobelprize org Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2018 Norwegian Nobel Committee mourns Liu Xiaobo statement by Chair Berit Reiss Andersen The Nobel Peace Prize Retrieved 2020 10 08 Liu Xiaobo Isn t the First Nobel Laureate Barred From Accepting His Prize 2010 12 21 Archived from the original on 2010 12 21 Retrieved 2020 10 08 a b c d e f Nobel Prize Facts Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2017 07 08 Retrieved 2015 10 11 Women Nobel Laureates Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2008 09 28 Retrieved 2011 10 11 Nomination and selection of Laureates in Economic Sciences Nobel Foundation Retrieved 13 May 2020 Tonnesson Oyvind December 1 1999 Mahatma Gandhi the Missing Laureates Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on January 9 2010 Retrieved January 3 2010 Later there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was no suitable living candidate namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine Count Bernadotte who was murdered in September 1948 Today this can be ruled out Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948 Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 Presentation Speech Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on November 5 2011 Retrieved October 10 2011 Henley Jon 10 October 2019 Two Nobel literature prizes to be awarded after sexual assault scandal The Guardian Retrieved 10 October 2019 Nomination and selection of Nobel Peace Prize laureates NobelPrize org Retrieved 2022 10 09 Confidentiality Nobel Peace Prize www nobelpeaceprize org 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2022 10 09 General All Nobel Laureates in Physics Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Medicine Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 All Nobel Laureates in Literature Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 All Laureates in Economics Nobel Foundation Retrieved 2008 11 25 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Official website of the Nobel Foundation Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Nobel laureates amp oldid 1189340047, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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