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Mutiny of the Matoika

Mutiny of the Matoika is the common name for the events in July 1920 involving a large portion of the 1920 United States Olympic team while on board the U.S. Army transport ship Princess Matoika, headed to Antwerp for the 1920 Summer Olympics. Princess Matoika was a last-minute substitute for another ship and, according to the athletes, did not have adequate accommodations or training facilities on board. Near the end of the voyage, the athletes published a list of grievances and demands and distributed copies of the document to the United States Secretary of War, the American Olympic Committee (AOC) members, and the press. The incident received wide coverage in American newspapers at the time and was still being discussed in the popular press years later. The event was not a mutiny in the traditional sense, but has been called that since the mid-1930s.

Princess Matoika, seen here in U.S. Navy service in 1919, was a last-minute substitution to carry most of the U.S. Olympic team to Antwerp for the 1920 Olympics.

Background

In 1920, the number of ocean liners carrying passengers on the North Atlantic gradually increased, but was still far below the pre-war years; arrivals at Atlantic ports in the United States were still down some 60% from pre-war numbers.[1] With the fewer ships and sailings available, the AOC made arrangements with both the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy to transport the United States Olympic team to Antwerp. The Navy agreed to carry team members who were affiliated with their branch of the service,[2] and the Army, to carry civilian and Army-affiliated competitors. The Olympic trip got off to a bad start when the Army's scheduled ship, Northern Pacific, was declared unseaworthy, requiring a last-minute substitution. The last-minute selection of the Matoika meant the original planned departure date, July 20, had to be pushed back by six days to ready the liner to sail.[3]

The Matoika had been in the service of the U.S. Army as a transport ship since September 1919, and, until the time of her selection, had been returning American soldiers from Europe and repatriating the remains of Americans killed during the war.[4] Before World War I, the Matoika had been a passenger liner for North German Lloyd by the name of Princess Alice. After the United States joined the conflict in 1917, the liner had been pressed into service for the U.S. Navy carrying American troops to Europe; she was renamed Princess Matoika, after one of the given names for Pocahontas, as part of an order to replace Germanic names of seized ships with American names.[5]

Voyage

On the afternoon of July 26, the athletes attended a farewell reception at the Manhattan Opera House presided over by Gustavus T. Kirby, chairman of the American Olympic Committee (AOC), who read congratulatory telegrams to the team from the governors of eleven states. At the end of the reception, the 230 civilian and U.S. Army-affiliated team members marched from the Opera House to the Hudson Pier and ferried to Hoboken, New Jersey, and the waiting Matoika.[6] (The 101 U.S. Navy-affiliated athletes and coaches were carried on cruiser USS Frederick,[2] a frequent convoy escort of Princess Matoika during World War I.[7])

 
American shot putter Pat McDonald (seen here in the 1912 Summer Olympics) was one of the ringleaders of the "Mutiny of the Matoika"

When female team members,[8] AOC members, and U.S. Army athletes and officials accompanying the team were assigned first-class cabins and the balance of the male athletes were relegated to troop quarters on lower decks,[9] grumbling from team members quartered belowdecks began almost immediately. Before the Matoika even sailed, runner Joie Ray, a competitor in the 1500 meters in 1920, complained about the conditions declaring that "if those in charge had deliberately tried to create a psychology of depression and resentment among the members of the team, they couldn't have done anything more effective".[6] Two days after sailing, some of the first-place winners at the Olympic tryouts were moved to the sick bay to escape the sweltering heat on the lower decks, but the majority remained below.[10] Fencer Joseph B. B. Parker—who, as an Army athlete, was bunked in a cabin—commented that the troop accommodations were all right for troops but "not conducive to bringing men to the games in the pink of condition."[8]

Training conditions aboard the ship were less than ideal throughout the voyage. Rough seas for parts of the journey hampered training and contributed to widespread seasickness.[11][12] Although the long distance runners were able to practice by making multiple circuits of the ship,[13] the sprinters and hurdlers were provided only a 70-yard (64 m) cork track—two-thirds the length of the shortest track event at the games—on which to practice.[10] Javelins were tethered by rope and aimed by their throwers at the sea, and, when thrown, would often come down in unexpected locations.[14] The only facility for swimmers was a canvas saltwater tank set up on the lower deck; the tank split when filled for the first time.[10][13] Even after it was repaired, the best the swimmers could do was to practice strokes while tied to the corner of the tank with a rope,[8] and divers, with no other facilities available, were allocated just a few minutes a day in the tank.[15] Conditions on the ship contributed to several injuries to athletes. During foggy weather, American decathlete Everett Ellis fell on the slippery deck, suffering a bad sprain,[16][17] and shot putter Pat McDonald sprained his thumb while tossing a medicine ball on the pitching deck.[18]

Despite the problems encountered by some of the team, others were able to work out adequately. Fencers, wrestlers, and boxers were all able to work out in close-to-usual routines.[8] But perhaps the most impressive training feat was a high jump by Richmond W. Landon who cleared a 5-foot-10-inch (1.78 m) high jump on the rolling deck. He later achieved a gold-medal-winning (and Olympic record) jump of 6 feet 4.2 inches (1.935 m).[19][20]

The "mutiny"

By the time the ship neared Antwerp, the team members had had enough of the "rusty old troop carrier".[11] The team initially threatened to boycott the games if the conditions in the host city were not better than those aboard the Matoika, but quickly rescinded that.[21] The group, with McDonald and Norman Ross serving as ringleaders, drafted a resolution in which they condemned the AOC and outlined their grievances and demands:[22]

  • the quarters aboard the ship were unlivable[22]
  • the food on board was terrible[11]
  • they requested better accommodation in Antwerp
  • they requested cabin passage on the way home
  • and they requested train fare to their homes from New York after returning.[22]

They were careful to give credit to the crew of Princess Matoika who, in the athletes' assessment, did "everything possible to improve conditions".[8] The document was signed by 150 of the athletes;[22] some of the U.S. Army athletes agreed with the resolution but could not sign it.[8] They had 200 copies of the resolution printed and addressed copies to Secretary of War Newton Diehl Baker, the members of the AOC, and members of the press.[22]

Aftermath

After the Olympics were over, fencer Brooks Parker summarized the situation by saying that all who made the trip would want to compete for the United States in future Olympics, but "never again … under the management of the Executive Committee of the Olympic team of 1920".[8] In 1922, author Newton Fuessle brought up the specter of the 1920 Olympic passage on the Matoika when discussing the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and his hopes that the NCAA would take over the functions of the Amateur Athletic Union in controlling American Olympic teams in the future.[23]

By the mid-1930s, the events on board were known as the "Mutiny of the Matoika". Sportswriter John Kieran, in his 1936 book The Story of the Olympic Games: 776 B.C. to 1936 A.D., related the story of the mutiny by that name.[24]

Notes

  1. ^ Immigration Information Bureau. See figures for 1913, the last full year before the war (pp. 165–174) vs. the figures for 1920 (pp. 198–202).
  2. ^ a b "Olympic stars work on water". Los Angeles Times. 1920-07-29. p. III-1.
  3. ^ "Matoika to carry American athletes" (PDF). The New York Times. 1920-07-10. p. 12. Retrieved 2008-04-16. This article in The New York Times and one in The Washington Post ("Uncle Sam causes delay in American Olympic invasion", July 10, 1920, p. 6) both identify the ship as the Northern Pacific. Findling and Pelle mistakenly identify the ship as Northern Pacific's sister ship USAT Great Northern (p. 56).
  4. ^ For returning troops, see, for example: "General say Reds killed 82 Yankees in Russia". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1919-10-16. p. 7. For repatriated remains, see: "Army transport brings both joy and sorrow home". The Atlanta Constitution. 1920-05-24. p. 10.
  5. ^ "Princess Matoika". DANFS.
  6. ^ a b "U. S. athletic stars numbering 230 sail for Olympic Games". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1920-07-27. p. 10.
  7. ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 609, 610–11
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Parker, p. 15.
  9. ^ "Olympic team sets sail". Los Angeles Times. 1920-07-27. p. III-1.
  10. ^ a b c "Athletes start training grind on ship decks". Chicago Daily Tribune. Associated Press. 1920-07-29. p. 10.
  11. ^ a b c Findling and Pelle, p. 56.
  12. ^ "American athletes are now satisfied". The Washington Post. 1920-07-31. p. 8.
  13. ^ a b "U. S. runners workout on board ship". The Atlanta Constitution. 1920-07-29. p. 12.
  14. ^ Rivera, p. 29.
  15. ^ Rivera, p. 19
  16. ^ "Marathoners work out". The Christian Science Monitor. 1920-08-05. p. 10.
  17. ^ "Athletes anxious to reach Antwerp". The Washington Post. 1920-08-06. p. 9.
  18. ^ "Yankee athletes finish hard work". The Washington Post. 1920-08-05. p. 8.
  19. ^ "United States stars train aboard ship". The Christian Science Monitor. 1920-07-31. p. 10.
  20. ^ "Landon close to high jump record" (PDF). The New York Times. 1921-06-05. p. 94. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  21. ^ "Officials criticized by Yankee athletes". The Washington Post. 1920-08-07. p. 8.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Officials blamed by U.S. athletes" (PDF). The New York Times. 1920-08-08. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  23. ^ "Colleges to fight A.A.U., says Fuessle" (PDF). The New York Times. 1922-04-17. p. 19. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  24. ^ Kieran, p. 124.

References

External links

  • Photo of the water tank used by 1920 Olympians on the deck of USAT Princess Matoika

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Mutiny of the Matoika is the common name for the events in July 1920 involving a large portion of the 1920 United States Olympic team while on board the U S Army transport ship Princess Matoika headed to Antwerp for the 1920 Summer Olympics Princess Matoika was a last minute substitute for another ship and according to the athletes did not have adequate accommodations or training facilities on board Near the end of the voyage the athletes published a list of grievances and demands and distributed copies of the document to the United States Secretary of War the American Olympic Committee AOC members and the press The incident received wide coverage in American newspapers at the time and was still being discussed in the popular press years later The event was not a mutiny in the traditional sense but has been called that since the mid 1930s Princess Matoika seen here in U S Navy service in 1919 was a last minute substitution to carry most of the U S Olympic team to Antwerp for the 1920 Olympics Contents 1 Background 2 Voyage 3 The mutiny 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksBackground EditIn 1920 the number of ocean liners carrying passengers on the North Atlantic gradually increased but was still far below the pre war years arrivals at Atlantic ports in the United States were still down some 60 from pre war numbers 1 With the fewer ships and sailings available the AOC made arrangements with both the U S Army and the U S Navy to transport the United States Olympic team to Antwerp The Navy agreed to carry team members who were affiliated with their branch of the service 2 and the Army to carry civilian and Army affiliated competitors The Olympic trip got off to a bad start when the Army s scheduled ship Northern Pacific was declared unseaworthy requiring a last minute substitution The last minute selection of the Matoika meant the original planned departure date July 20 had to be pushed back by six days to ready the liner to sail 3 The Matoika had been in the service of the U S Army as a transport ship since September 1919 and until the time of her selection had been returning American soldiers from Europe and repatriating the remains of Americans killed during the war 4 Before World War I the Matoika had been a passenger liner for North German Lloyd by the name of Princess Alice After the United States joined the conflict in 1917 the liner had been pressed into service for the U S Navy carrying American troops to Europe she was renamed Princess Matoika after one of the given names for Pocahontas as part of an order to replace Germanic names of seized ships with American names 5 Voyage EditOn the afternoon of July 26 the athletes attended a farewell reception at the Manhattan Opera House presided over by Gustavus T Kirby chairman of the American Olympic Committee AOC who read congratulatory telegrams to the team from the governors of eleven states At the end of the reception the 230 civilian and U S Army affiliated team members marched from the Opera House to the Hudson Pier and ferried to Hoboken New Jersey and the waiting Matoika 6 The 101 U S Navy affiliated athletes and coaches were carried on cruiser USS Frederick 2 a frequent convoy escort of Princess Matoika during World War I 7 American shot putter Pat McDonald seen here in the 1912 Summer Olympics was one of the ringleaders of the Mutiny of the Matoika When female team members 8 AOC members and U S Army athletes and officials accompanying the team were assigned first class cabins and the balance of the male athletes were relegated to troop quarters on lower decks 9 grumbling from team members quartered belowdecks began almost immediately Before the Matoika even sailed runner Joie Ray a competitor in the 1500 meters in 1920 complained about the conditions declaring that if those in charge had deliberately tried to create a psychology of depression and resentment among the members of the team they couldn t have done anything more effective 6 Two days after sailing some of the first place winners at the Olympic tryouts were moved to the sick bay to escape the sweltering heat on the lower decks but the majority remained below 10 Fencer Joseph B B Parker who as an Army athlete was bunked in a cabin commented that the troop accommodations were all right for troops but not conducive to bringing men to the games in the pink of condition 8 Training conditions aboard the ship were less than ideal throughout the voyage Rough seas for parts of the journey hampered training and contributed to widespread seasickness 11 12 Although the long distance runners were able to practice by making multiple circuits of the ship 13 the sprinters and hurdlers were provided only a 70 yard 64 m cork track two thirds the length of the shortest track event at the games on which to practice 10 Javelins were tethered by rope and aimed by their throwers at the sea and when thrown would often come down in unexpected locations 14 The only facility for swimmers was a canvas saltwater tank set up on the lower deck the tank split when filled for the first time 10 13 Even after it was repaired the best the swimmers could do was to practice strokes while tied to the corner of the tank with a rope 8 and divers with no other facilities available were allocated just a few minutes a day in the tank 15 Conditions on the ship contributed to several injuries to athletes During foggy weather American decathlete Everett Ellis fell on the slippery deck suffering a bad sprain 16 17 and shot putter Pat McDonald sprained his thumb while tossing a medicine ball on the pitching deck 18 Despite the problems encountered by some of the team others were able to work out adequately Fencers wrestlers and boxers were all able to work out in close to usual routines 8 But perhaps the most impressive training feat was a high jump by Richmond W Landon who cleared a 5 foot 10 inch 1 78 m high jump on the rolling deck He later achieved a gold medal winning and Olympic record jump of 6 feet 4 2 inches 1 935 m 19 20 The mutiny EditBy the time the ship neared Antwerp the team members had had enough of the rusty old troop carrier 11 The team initially threatened to boycott the games if the conditions in the host city were not better than those aboard the Matoika but quickly rescinded that 21 The group with McDonald and Norman Ross serving as ringleaders drafted a resolution in which they condemned the AOC and outlined their grievances and demands 22 the quarters aboard the ship were unlivable 22 the food on board was terrible 11 they requested better accommodation in Antwerp they requested cabin passage on the way home and they requested train fare to their homes from New York after returning 22 They were careful to give credit to the crew of Princess Matoika who in the athletes assessment did everything possible to improve conditions 8 The document was signed by 150 of the athletes 22 some of the U S Army athletes agreed with the resolution but could not sign it 8 They had 200 copies of the resolution printed and addressed copies to Secretary of War Newton Diehl Baker the members of the AOC and members of the press 22 Aftermath EditAfter the Olympics were over fencer Brooks Parker summarized the situation by saying that all who made the trip would want to compete for the United States in future Olympics but never again under the management of the Executive Committee of the Olympic team of 1920 8 In 1922 author Newton Fuessle brought up the specter of the 1920 Olympic passage on the Matoika when discussing the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA and his hopes that the NCAA would take over the functions of the Amateur Athletic Union in controlling American Olympic teams in the future 23 By the mid 1930s the events on board were known as the Mutiny of the Matoika Sportswriter John Kieran in his 1936 book The Story of the Olympic Games 776 B C to 1936 A D related the story of the mutiny by that name 24 Notes Edit Immigration Information Bureau See figures for 1913 the last full year before the war pp 165 174 vs the figures for 1920 pp 198 202 a b Olympic stars work on water Los Angeles Times 1920 07 29 p III 1 Matoika to carry American athletes PDF The New York Times 1920 07 10 p 12 Retrieved 2008 04 16 This article in The New York Times and one in The Washington Post Uncle Sam causes delay in American Olympic invasion July 10 1920 p 6 both identify the ship as the Northern Pacific Findling and Pelle mistakenly identify the ship as Northern Pacific s sister ship USAT Great Northern p 56 For returning troops see for example General say Reds killed 82 Yankees in Russia Chicago Daily Tribune 1919 10 16 p 7 For repatriated remains see Army transport brings both joy and sorrow home The Atlanta Constitution 1920 05 24 p 10 Princess Matoika DANFS a b U S athletic stars numbering 230 sail for Olympic Games Chicago Daily Tribune 1920 07 27 p 10 Crowell and Wilson p 609 610 11 a b c d e f g Parker p 15 Olympic team sets sail Los Angeles Times 1920 07 27 p III 1 a b c Athletes start training grind on ship decks Chicago Daily Tribune Associated Press 1920 07 29 p 10 a b c Findling and Pelle p 56 American athletes are now satisfied The Washington Post 1920 07 31 p 8 a b U S runners workout on board ship The Atlanta Constitution 1920 07 29 p 12 Rivera p 29 Rivera p 19 Marathoners work out The Christian Science Monitor 1920 08 05 p 10 Athletes anxious to reach Antwerp The Washington Post 1920 08 06 p 9 Yankee athletes finish hard work The Washington Post 1920 08 05 p 8 United States stars train aboard ship The Christian Science Monitor 1920 07 31 p 10 Landon close to high jump record PDF The New York Times 1921 06 05 p 94 Retrieved 2008 04 21 Officials criticized by Yankee athletes The Washington Post 1920 08 07 p 8 a b c d e Officials blamed by U S athletes PDF The New York Times 1920 08 08 p 23 Retrieved 2008 04 11 Colleges to fight A A U says Fuessle PDF The New York Times 1922 04 17 p 19 Retrieved 2008 04 11 Kieran p 124 References EditCrowell Benedict Robert Forrest Wilson 1921 The Road to France I The Transportation of Troops and Military Supplies 1917 1918 How America Went To War New Haven Yale University Press OCLC 287391 Findling John E Kimberly D Pelle 1996 Antwerp 1920 Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 28477 9 OCLC 32665209 Immigration Information Bureau 1987 1931 Morton Allan directory of European passenger steamship arrivals for the years 1890 to 1930 at the Port of New York and for the years 1904 to 1926 at the ports of New York Philadelphia Boston and Baltimore Baltimore Genealogical Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 8063 0830 2 OCLC 16464579 Kieran John 1936 The Story of the Olympic Games 776 B C 1936 A D Philadelphia Lippincott OCLC 5778279 Naval Historical Center Princess Matoika Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Navy Department Naval History and Heritage Command Retrieved 2008 04 10 Parker Joseph Brooks Bloodgood October 1920 The Olympic Games U S Air Service Army and Navy Air Service Association 4 3 Rivera Carmen E ed July 2000 An Olympian s Oral History Aileen Riggin PDF Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles Retrieved 2008 04 24 External links EditPhoto of the water tank used by 1920 Olympians on the deck of USAT Princess Matoika Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mutiny of the Matoika amp oldid 1146837132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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