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Malayali

January 10, 2023

This article is about the ethnic group. For the 2009 film, see Malayali (film).
Not to be confused with Malays or Malayali (tribe).

The Malayali people (Malayalam pronunciation: ​[mɐlɐjɐːɭi]) (also spelt Malayalee and also known by the demonym Keralite) are a Dravidian ethnolinguistic group originating from the present-day state of Kerala in India, occupying its southwestern Malabar coast. They are predominantly native speakers of the Malayalam language, one of the six Classical languages in India.[18] The state of Kerala was created in 1956 through the States Reorganisation Act. Prior to that, since the 1800s existed the Kingdom of Cochin, the Kingdom of Travancore, Malabar District, and South Canara of the British India. The Malabar District was annexed by the British through the Third Mysore War (1790–92) from Tipu Sultan. Before that, the Malabar District was under various kingdoms including the Zamorins of Calicut, Kingdom of Tanur, Arakkal kingdom, Kolathunadu, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Rajas.[19][20]

Malayali people
മലയാളികൾ
Total population
c. 40 million
Regions with significant populations
 India        34,838,819[1]
 United Arab Emirates1,014,000[2]
 Kuwait634,728[3]
 Saudi Arabia595,000[2]
 Qatar445,000[3]
 Malaysia344,000[4]
 Oman195,300[3]
 United States146,000[5]
 Bahrain101,556[3]
 Australia53,206[6][7][8]
 Israel46,600[citation needed]
 United Kingdom45,264[9]
 Canada30,000[10]
 Singapore26,000[11]
 Ireland10,642[12]
 New Zealand6,000[citation needed]
 Pakistan6,000[13]
 Germany5,867[14]
 Indonesia4,000[citation needed]
 Poland4,837[15]
 Austria3,784
 Japan500[16]
 Finland633[17]
Languages
Malayalam
Religion
Majority
Hinduism

Minority
Malabar Jews

Christianity(mainly Mar Thoma Nasrani, Latin Catholics)
Islam (mainly Sunni Islam)
Related ethnic groups

According to the Indian census of 2011, there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala,[21] making up 97% of the total population of the state. Malayali minorities are also found in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu, mainly in Kanyakumari district and Nilgiri district and Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of Karnataka and also in other metropolitan areas of India. Over the course of the later half of the 20th century, significant Malayali communities have emerged in Persian Gulf countries, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait and to a lesser extent, other developed nations with a primarily immigrant background such as Malaysia, Singapore, the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, New Zealand and Canada. As of 2013, there were an estimated 1.6 million ethnic Malayali expatriates worldwide.[22] The estimated population of Malayalees in Malaysia in year 2020 is approximately 348,000, which makes up 12.5% of the total number of Indian population in Malaysia that makes them the second biggest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia, after the Tamils. Most of the Malayalee population in Malaysia aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third, fourth, or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen. According to A. R. Raja Raja Varma, Malayalam was the name of the place, before it became the name of the language spoken by the people.[23]

Etymology

Malayalam, the native language of Malayalis, has its origin from the words mala meaning "mountain" and alam meaning "land" or "locality".[24] Kerala was usually known as Malabar in the foreign trade circles in the medieval era.[25] Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.[26][27] The people of Malabar were known as Malabars. Until the arrival of the East India Company, the term Malabar was used as a general name for Kerala, along with the term Kerala.[25] From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala ('hill').[28][29] Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) is the first known writer to call this country Malabar.[25] Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works.[30] The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills.[31] According to William Logan, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[31] Hence the natives of Malabar Coast were known as Malabarese or Malabari in the foreign trade circles.[25][31] The words Malayali and Malabari are synonymous to each other.[25][31] The Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar (The Ruby King of Kerala), synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple.[32][33] Hence the term Keralar seem to precede the usage of the word Malayala/Malayalam.

Geographic distribution and population

See also: Kerala Gulf diaspora

Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India (from Mangalore to Kanyakumari) and the islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 96.7% of the total population of the state. There were a further 701,673 (2.1% of the total number) in Tamil Nadu, 557,705 (1.7%) in Karnataka and 406,358 (1.2%) in Maharashtra. The number of Malayalam speakers in Lakshadweep is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2001. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan.[21] As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages. Malayalam was the most spoken language in erstwhile Gudalur taluk (now Gudalur and Panthalur taluks) of Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 48.8% population and it was the second most spoken language in Mangalore and Puttur taluks of South Canara accounting for 21.2% and 15.4% respectively according to 1951 census report.[34] 25.57% of the total population in the Kodagu district of Karnataka are Malayalis, in which Malayalis form the largest linguistic group in Virajpet Taluk.[35] Around one-third of the Malayalis in Kodagu district speak the Yerava dialect according to the 2011 census, which is native to Kodagu and Wayanad.[35]

Just before independence, Malaya attracted many Malayalis. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in Chennai (Madras), Delhi, Bangalore, Mangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mumbai (Bombay), Ahmedabad and Chandigarh. Many Malayalis have also emigrated to the Middle East, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. As of 2009-2013, there were approximately 146,000 people with Malayali heritage in the United States,[36] with an estimated 40,000 living in the New York tri-state area.[37] There were 7,093 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2006.[6] The 2001 Canadian census reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mostly in the Greater Toronto Area and Southern Ontario. In 2010, the Census of Population of Singapore reported that there were 26,348 Malayalees in Singapore.[38] The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers.[39] 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in Fiji. There is also a considerable Malayali population in the Persian Gulf regions, especially in Bahrain, Muscat, Doha, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and European region mainly in London. The city of Chennai has the highest population of Malayalis in a metropolitan area outside Kerala, followed by Bangalore.

Besides, the Malayalee citizens in Malaysia are estimated to be 229,800 in the year 2020 whereas the population of the Malayalee expatriates is approximately 2,000. They make up around 10 percent of the total number of Indians in Malaysia.

 
Kerala Samajam, Mysore

History and culture

Main article: History of Kerala

During the ancient period, the people of present-day Kerala were ruled by the Chera dynasty of Tamilakam, with their capital at Vanchi.[40] The dynasty lent the region its name, uniting the entire coast under their suzerainty. The fall of the Cheras in the 15th century CE at the hands of the Cholas proved to be the catalyst of a distinct Malayali identity, wading away from the Tamil cultural sphere of influence over several millennia.

The Malayalis live in a historic area known as the Malabar coast, which for thousands of years has been a major center of the international spice trade, operating at least from the Roman era with Ptolemy documenting it on his map of the world in 150 AD. For that reason, a highly distinct culture was created among the Malayali due to centuries of contact with foreign cultures through the spice trade. The arrival of the Cochin Jews, the rise of Saint Thomas Christians, and the growth of Mappila Muslim community, in particular, were very significant in shaping modern-day Malayali culture. Later, Portuguese Latin Christians, Dutch Malabar, French Mahe, and British English, which arrived after 1498 left their mark through colonialism and pillaging their resources.

In 2017, a detailed study of the evolution of the Singapore Malayalee community over a period of more than 100 years was published as a book: From Kerala to Singapore: Voices of the Singapore Malayalee Community. It is believed to be the first in-depth study of the presence of a NRI Malayalee community outside of Kerala.[41]

Language and literature

Main article: Malayalam
See also: Malayalam literature
 
The word Malayāḷalipi (Meaning: Malayalam script) written in the Malayalam script
 
Malayalam in mobile phone

According to some scholars, the Malayalam language is descended from a dialect of the Tamil Language spoken on the Malabar coast, and largely arose because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Tamil speaking areas. The Sangam literature can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.[42] Malayalam literature is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Some linguists claim that an inscription found from Edakkal Caves, Wayanad, which belongs to 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam, as they contain two modern Malayalam words, Ee (This) and Pazhama (Old), those are not found even in the Oldest form of Tamil.[43] The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE.[44][45][46] It is generally agreed that the Quilon Syrian copper plates of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam. For the first 600 years of Malayalam calendar, the literature mainly consisted of the oral Ballads such as Vadakkan Pattukal (Northern Songs) in North Malabar and Thekkan Pattukal (Southern songs) in Southern Travancore.[42] The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are Ramacharitam and Thirunizhalmala, two epic poems written in Old Malayalam. Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 Jnanapith awards, the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.[47][48]

Designated a "Classical Language in India" in 2013,[18] it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets Cherusseri Namboothiri (Born near Kannur),[49][50] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan (Born near Tirur),[50] and Poonthanam Nambudiri (Born near Perinthalmanna),[50][51] in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.[50][52] Kunchan Nambiar, a Palakkad-based poet also influnced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form, through a new literary branch called Thullal.[50] The prose literature, criticism, and Malayalam journalism, began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam, written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785.[53][54]

The Triumvirate of poets (Kavithrayam: Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer)[55] are recognized for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics and towards a more lyrical mode. In 19th century Chavara Kuriakose Elias, the founder of Carmelites of Mary Immaculate and Congregation of Mother of Carmel congregations, contribute different streams in the Malayalam Literature. All his works are written between 1829 and 1870. Chavara's contribution[56] to Malayalam literature includes, Chronicles, Poems – athmanuthapam (compunction of the soul), Maranaveettil Paduvanulla Pana (Poem to sing in the bereaved house) and Anasthasiayude Rakthasakshyam – and other Literary works . Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards political radicalism.[57] The writers like Kavalam Narayana Panicker have contributred much to Malayalam drama.[42] In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, O. N. V. Kurup, and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri, had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.[58][59][60][61][62] Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, Arundhati Roy, and Vaikom Muhammed Basheer, have gained international recognition.[63][64][65][66]

Arabi Malayalam (also called Mappila Malayalam[67][68] and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional Dravidian language[69] of the Mappila Muslim community in Malabar Coast. The poets like Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder have made notable contributions to the Mappila songs, which is a genre of the Arabi Malayalam literature.[70][71] The Arabi Malayalam script, otherwise known as the Ponnani script,[72][73][74] is a writing system - a variant form of the Arabic script with special orthographic features - which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write Arabi Malayalam until the early 20th century CE.[75][76] Though the script originated and developed in Kerala, today it is predominantly used in Malaysia and Singapore by the migrant Muslim community.[77][78]

The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in late 19th century CE.[79] World Malayali Council with its sister organisation, International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration (IISAC) has come out with a comprehensive book on Kerala titled 'Introduction to Kerala Studies,’ specially intended for the Malayali diaspora across the globe. J.V. Vilanilam, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kerala; Sunny Luke, medical scientist and former professor of Medical Biotechnology at Adelphi University, New York; and Antony Palackal, professor of Sociology at the Loyola College of Social Sciences in Thiruvananthapuram, have edited the book, besides making other contributions to it.

Tharavadu

Main article: Tharavad

Tharavadu is a system of joint family practiced by Malayalis, especially castes that belong to Namboothiris, Nairs, Thiyyar, Ambalavasis and Christians other prominent ethnoreligious groups. Each Tharavadu has a unique name. The Tharavadu was administered by the Karanavar, the oldest male member of the family.[80] He would be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well. The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother, daughters, sons, sisters and brothers. The fathers and husbands had a very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu. It was a true matrilineal affair. The Karanavar took all major decisions. He was usually autocratic. However, the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions. This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother, own mother, mother's sister, his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage. Since the lineage was through the female members, the birth of a daughter was always welcomed. Each Tharavadu also has a Para Devatha (clan deity) revered by those in the particular Tharavadu. Temples were built to honour these deities.

Kerala's society is less patriarchal than the rest of India.[81][82] Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, and Muslims around Kannur, and Ponnani in Malappuram, and Varkala and Edava in Thiruvananthapuram used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam which has in the recent years (post-Indian independence) ceased to exist. Christians, majority of the Muslims, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and some Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[83] Kerala's gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Majority World.[84][85]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Kerala
 
A typical Nalukettu structure.

Kerala, the ancestral land of the Malayali people, has a tropical climate with excessive rains and intensive solar radiation.[86] The architecture of this region has evolved to meet these climatic conditions by having the form of buildings with low walls, sloping roof and projecting caves.[86] The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate.[86]

Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala. Perhaps the skillful choice of timber, accurate joinery, artful assembly, and delicate carving of the woodwork for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Malayali architecture.[86] From the limitations of the materials, a mixed-mode of construction was evolved in Malayali architecture. The stonework was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. Laterite was used for walls. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples.[86] The Kerala murals are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Malayali style of architecture.[86]

 
The Kowdiar Palace, the palace of the Maharajah of Travancore, was built with a traditional Malayali architecture style with a slight influence of early modern European elements

Nalukettu

Nalukettu was a housing style in Kerala. Nalukettu is a quadrangular building constructed after following the Tachu Sastra (Science of Carpentry). It was a typical house that was flanked by out-houses and utility structures. The large house-Nalukettu is constructed within a large compound. It was called Nalukettu because it consisted of four wings around a central courtyard called Nadumuttom. The house has a quadrangle in the center. The quadrangle is in every way the center of life in the house and very useful for the performance of rituals. The layout of these homes was simple, and catered to the dwelling of numerous people, usually part of a tharavadu. Ettukettu (eight halls with two central courtyards) or Pathinarukettu (sixteen halls with four central courtyards) are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture.

An example of a Nalukettu structure is Mattancherry Palace.[87]

Performing arts and music

 
Kalaripayattu posture
Margamkali performed during a Syro-Malabar Nasrani wedding.

Malayalis use two words to denote dance, which is attom and thullal.[88] The art forms of Malayalis are classified into three types: religious, such as Theyyam and Bhagavatipattu; semi religious, like Sanghakali and Krishnanattom; and secular, such as Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, and Thullal.[88] Kathakali and Mohiniyattam are the two classical dance forms from Kerala.[89] Kathakali is actually a dance-drama. Mohiniyattam is a very sensual and graceful dance form that is performed both solo and in a group by women.[89] Kutiyattam is a traditional performing art form from Kerala, which is recognised by UNESCO and given the status Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[90] Ottamthullal is another performing art, which is also known as the poor man's Kathakali, which was created by the poet Kunchan Nambiar as an alternative to Chakiarkooth (another performing art), which was open only for higher castes to see.[91] Theyyam is a ritualistic art form of Malayalis, which is thought to predate hinduism and to have developed from folk dances performed in conjunction with harvest celebrations. Theyyam is performed as an offering to gods so as to get rid of poverty and illness.[92] Velakali is another ritualistic art form, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. Kolkali is a folk art in which dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.

Many ancient Malayali family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines. This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness. Kerala Natanam ( കേരള നടനം ) (Kerala Dance) is a new style of dance that is now recognized as a distinct classical art form evolved from Kathakali. The Indian dancer Guru Gopinath ( ഗുരു ഗോപിനാഥ്‌ ) a well-trained Kathakali artist and his wife Thankamani Gopinath developed this unique form of dance.

Performing arts in Kerala is not limited to a single religion of the Malayali society. Muslim Mappilas, Nasranis and Latin Christians have their own unique performing art forms. Duff Muttu, also known as Dubh Muttu/Aravanamuttu[93] is a performing art form prevalent among the Muslim community. It is a group performance, staged as a social event during festivals and nuptial ceremonies.[93]

Oppana is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community. It is a form accompanied by clapping of hands, in which both men and women participate.[citation needed]

Margamkali is a performing art which is popular among the Saint Thomas Christians. It combines both devotion and entertainment, and was performed by men in groups.[94] Since 1980's women also have found groups. The dancers themselves sing the margamkali songs in unison call and response form.[94] Parichamuttukali is another performing art which is popular among Saint Thomas Christians. This is an artistic adaptation of the martial art of Kerala, Kalaripayattu.[94] Chavittu nadakom is a theatrical art form observed mainly by Kerala Latin Christians, dating back to the second half of the 16th century.[94]

However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms – including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and politically incorrect mimicry and parody – have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years. Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. Since 1930 when the first Malayalam film Vigathakumaran was released and over the following decade or two, Malayalam Cinema had grown to become one of the popular means of expression for both works of fiction and social issues, and it remains so.

Music formed a major part of early Malayalam literature, which is believed to have started developing by 9th century CE.[95] The significance of music in the culture of Kerala can be established just by the fact that in Malayalam language, musical poetry was developed long before prose. Kerala is musically known for Sopanam. Sopanam is religious in nature, and developed through singing invocatory songs at the Kalam of Kali, and later inside temples. Sopanam came to prominence in the wake of the increasing popularity of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda or Ashtapadis. Sopana sangeetham (music), as the very name suggests, is sung by the side of the holy steps (sopanam) leading to the sanctum sanctorum of a shrine. It is sung, typically employing plain notes, to the accompaniment of the small, hourglass-shaped ethnic drum called idakka, besides the chengila or the handy metallic gong to sound the beats.

Sopanam is traditionally sung by men of the Maarar and Pothuval community, who are Ambalavasi (semi-Brahmin) castes engaged to do it as their hereditary profession. Kerala is also home of Carnatic music. Legends like Swati Tirunal, Shadkala Govinda Maarar, Sangitha Vidwan Gopala Pillai Bhagavathar, Chertala Gopalan Nair, M. D. Ramanathan, T.V.Gopalakrishnan, M.S. Gopalakrishnan, L. Subramaniam T.N. Krishnan & K. J. Yesudas are Malayali musicians. Also among the younger generations with wide acclaim and promise is Child Prodigy Violinist L. Athira Krishna etc., who are looked upon as maestros of tomorrow.[96]

Kerala also has a significant presence of Hindustani music as well.[97] The king of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal patronaged and contributed much to the Hindustani Music. The pulluvar of Kerala are closely connected to the serpent worship. One group among these people consider the snake gods as their presiding deity and performs certain sacrifices and sing songs. This is called Pulluvan Pattu. The song conducted by the pulluvar in serpent temples and snake groves is called Sarppapaattu, Naagam Paattu, Sarpam Thullal, Sarppolsavam, Paambum Thullal or Paambum Kalam. Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. Mappila songs are composed in colloquial Malayalam and are sung in a distinctive tune. They are composed in a mixture of Malayalam and Arabic.

Film music, which refers to playback singing in the context of Indian music, forms the most important canon of popular music in India. Film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state.[97]

Vallam Kali

Vallam Kali, is the race of country-made boats. It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in Autumn. Vallam Kali include races of many kinds of traditional boats of Kerala. The race of Chundan Vallam (snake boat) is the major item. Hence Vallam Kali is also known in English as Snake Boat Race and a major tourist attraction. Other types of boats which do participate in various events in the race are Churulan Vallam, Iruttukuthy Vallam, Odi Vallam, Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam), Vadakkanody Vallam, and Kochu Vallam. Nehru Trophy Boat Race is one of the famous Vallam Kali held in Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala. Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. The race is held on river Pamba on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple. The Aranmula Boat Race takes place at Aranmula, near a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna. The President's Trophy Boat Race is a popular event conducted in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam.

Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races. Nearly 50 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival. Payippad Jalotsavam is a three-day water festival. It is conducted in Payippad Lake which is 35 km from Alappuzha district of Kerala state. There is a close relation between this Payippad boat race and Subramanya Swamy Temple in Haripad. Indira Gandhi Boat Race is a boat race festival celebrated in the last week of December in the backwaters of Kochi, a city in Kerala. This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. This festival is conducted to promote Kerala tourism.

Festivals

 
Onam pookkalam/floral carpet
Main article: Malayalam calendar

Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals, namely Onam, Vishu, Deepavali, and Christmas.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Kerala
 
Typical Kerala Sadya

Malayali cuisine is not homogeneous and regional variations are visible throughout. Spices form an important ingredient in almost all curries. Kerala is known for its traditional sadhyas, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes. The sadhya is complemented by payasam, a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala. The sadhya is, as per custom, served on a banana leaf. Traditional dishes include sambar, aviyal, kaalan, theeyal, thoran, injipully, pulisherry, appam, kappa (tapioca), puttu (steamed rice powder), and puzhukku. Coconut is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used.[98]

Puttu is a culinary specialty in Kerala. It is a steamed rice cake which is a favorite breakfast of most Malayalis. It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy, papadams and boiled small green lentils, or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains. In the highlands there is also a variety of puttu served with paani (the boiled-down syrup from sweet palm toddy) and sweet boiled bananas. to steam the puttu, there is a special utensil called a puttu kutti. It consists of two sections. The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored. The upper detachable leaner portion is separated from the lower portion by perforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder.[99]

Appam is a pancake made of fermented batter. The batter is made of rice flour and fermented using either yeast or toddy, the local spirit. It is fried using a special frying pan called appa-chatti and is served with egg curry, chicken curry, mutton stew, vegetable curry and chickpea curry.[100]

Muslim cuisine or Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[101] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[101] Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, Irachi Puttu (Irachi means meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[101] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[101] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine. spices like black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely. The Kerala Biryani, is also prepared by the community.[102]

The snacks include Unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar),[103] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar),[103] Muttamala made of eggs,[101] Chattipathiri, a dessert made of flour, like baked, layered Chapatis with rich filling, Arikkadukka and so on.[101]

Martial arts

 
Common weapons used as part of Kalaripayatt
See also: Kalaripayattu

Malayalis have their own form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu. This type of martial arts was used as a defensive mechanism against intruders. In ancient times, disputes between nobles (naaduvazhis or Vazhunors) were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament. This ancient martial art is claimed as the mother of all martial arts. The word "kalari" can be traced to ancient Sangam literature.[104]

Anthropologists estimate that Kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE.[105] The historian Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai attributes the birth of Kalaripayattu to an extended period of warfare between the Cheras and the Cholas in the 11th century CE.[105] What eventually crystallized into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat, combined with techniques brought by other cultures.[105] Kalaripayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence.[106] The oldest western reference to Kalaripayattu is a 16th-century travelogue of Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese explorer. The southern style, which stresses the importance of hand-to-hand combat, is slightly different than Kalari in the north.[107]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
  • Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
  • Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.

External links

  • Malayalam Resource Centre

January 10, 2023
malayali, this, article, about, ethnic, group, 2009, film, film, confused, with, malays, tribe, people, malayalam, pronunciation, mɐlɐjɐːɭi, also, spelt, malayalee, also, known, demonym, keralite, dravidian, ethnolinguistic, group, originating, from, present, . This article is about the ethnic group For the 2009 film see Malayali film Not to be confused with Malays or Malayali tribe The Malayali people Malayalam pronunciation mɐlɐjɐːɭi also spelt Malayalee and also known by the demonym Keralite are a Dravidian ethnolinguistic group originating from the present day state of Kerala in India occupying its southwestern Malabar coast They are predominantly native speakers of the Malayalam language one of the six Classical languages in India 18 The state of Kerala was created in 1956 through the States Reorganisation Act Prior to that since the 1800s existed the Kingdom of Cochin the Kingdom of Travancore Malabar District and South Canara of the British India The Malabar District was annexed by the British through the Third Mysore War 1790 92 from Tipu Sultan Before that the Malabar District was under various kingdoms including the Zamorins of Calicut Kingdom of Tanur Arakkal kingdom Kolathunadu Valluvanad and Palakkad Rajas 19 20 Malayali peopleമലയ ള കൾTotal populationc 40 millionRegions with significant populations India 34 838 819 1 United Arab Emirates1 014 000 2 Kuwait634 728 3 Saudi Arabia595 000 2 Qatar445 000 3 Malaysia344 000 4 Oman195 300 3 United States146 000 5 Bahrain101 556 3 Australia53 206 6 7 8 Israel46 600 citation needed United Kingdom45 264 9 Canada30 000 10 Singapore26 000 11 Ireland10 642 12 New Zealand6 000 citation needed Pakistan6 000 13 Germany5 867 14 Indonesia4 000 citation needed Poland4 837 15 Austria3 784 Japan500 16 Finland633 17 LanguagesMalayalamReligionMajority Hinduism Minority Malabar Jews Christianity mainly Mar Thoma Nasrani Latin Catholics Islam mainly Sunni Islam Related ethnic groupsTamilsTuluvasSinhaleseKodavaOther Dravidian groupsAccording to the Indian census of 2011 there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala 21 making up 97 of the total population of the state Malayali minorities are also found in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu mainly in Kanyakumari district and Nilgiri district and Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of Karnataka and also in other metropolitan areas of India Over the course of the later half of the 20th century significant Malayali communities have emerged in Persian Gulf countries including the United Arab Emirates UAE Bahrain Saudi Arabia Oman Qatar and Kuwait and to a lesser extent other developed nations with a primarily immigrant background such as Malaysia Singapore the United States US the United Kingdom UK Australia New Zealand and Canada As of 2013 there were an estimated 1 6 million ethnic Malayali expatriates worldwide 22 The estimated population of Malayalees in Malaysia in year 2020 is approximately 348 000 which makes up 12 5 of the total number of Indian population in Malaysia that makes them the second biggest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia after the Tamils Most of the Malayalee population in Malaysia aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third fourth or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen According to A R Raja Raja Varma Malayalam was the name of the place before it became the name of the language spoken by the people 23 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geographic distribution and population 3 History and culture 3 1 Language and literature 3 2 Tharavadu 3 3 Architecture 3 3 1 Nalukettu 3 4 Performing arts and music 3 5 Vallam Kali 3 6 Festivals 3 7 Cuisine 3 8 Martial arts 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology EditMalayalam the native language of Malayalis has its origin from the words mala meaning mountain and alam meaning land or locality 24 Kerala was usually known as Malabar in the foreign trade circles in the medieval era 25 Earlier the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India in addition to the modern state of Kerala 26 27 The people of Malabar were known as Malabars Until the arrival of the East India Company the term Malabar was used as a general name for Kerala along with the term Kerala 25 From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes 6th century CE itself the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male The first element of the name however is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes This mentions a pepper emporium called Male which clearly gave its name to Malabar the country of Male The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala hill 28 29 Al Biruni 973 1048 CE is the first known writer to call this country Malabar 25 Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works 30 The Arab writers had called this place Malibar Manibar Mulibar and Munibar Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills 31 According to William Logan the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala hill and the Persian Arabic word Barr country continent 31 Hence the natives of Malabar Coast were known as Malabarese or Malabari in the foreign trade circles 25 31 The words Malayali and Malabari are synonymous to each other 25 31 The Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar The Ruby King of Kerala synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple 32 33 Hence the term Keralar seem to precede the usage of the word Malayala Malayalam Geographic distribution and population EditSee also Kerala Gulf diaspora Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India from Mangalore to Kanyakumari and the islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea According to the Indian census of 2001 there were 30 803 747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala making up 93 2 of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India and 96 7 of the total population of the state There were a further 701 673 2 1 of the total number in Tamil Nadu 557 705 1 7 in Karnataka and 406 358 1 2 in Maharashtra The number of Malayalam speakers in Lakshadweep is 51 100 which is only 0 15 of the total number but is as much as about 84 of the population of Lakshadweep In all Malayalis made up 3 22 of the total Indian population in 2001 Of the total 33 066 392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001 33 015 420 spoke the standard dialects 19 643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31 329 spoke non standard regional variations like Eranadan 21 As per the 1991 census data 28 85 of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19 64 of the total knew three or more languages Malayalam was the most spoken language in erstwhile Gudalur taluk now Gudalur and Panthalur taluks of Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 48 8 population and it was the second most spoken language in Mangalore and Puttur taluks of South Canara accounting for 21 2 and 15 4 respectively according to 1951 census report 34 25 57 of the total population in the Kodagu district of Karnataka are Malayalis in which Malayalis form the largest linguistic group in Virajpet Taluk 35 Around one third of the Malayalis in Kodagu district speak the Yerava dialect according to the 2011 census which is native to Kodagu and Wayanad 35 Just before independence Malaya attracted many Malayalis Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in Chennai Madras Delhi Bangalore Mangalore Coimbatore Hyderabad Mumbai Bombay Ahmedabad and Chandigarh Many Malayalis have also emigrated to the Middle East the United States Canada Australia New Zealand and Europe As of 2009 2013 there were approximately 146 000 people with Malayali heritage in the United States 36 with an estimated 40 000 living in the New York tri state area 37 There were 7 093 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2006 6 The 2001 Canadian census reported 7 070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue mostly in the Greater Toronto Area and Southern Ontario In 2010 the Census of Population of Singapore reported that there were 26 348 Malayalees in Singapore 38 The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2 139 speakers 39 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in Fiji There is also a considerable Malayali population in the Persian Gulf regions especially in Bahrain Muscat Doha Dubai Abu Dhabi Kuwait and European region mainly in London The city of Chennai has the highest population of Malayalis in a metropolitan area outside Kerala followed by Bangalore Besides the Malayalee citizens in Malaysia are estimated to be 229 800 in the year 2020 whereas the population of the Malayalee expatriates is approximately 2 000 They make up around 10 percent of the total number of Indians in Malaysia Kerala Samajam MysoreHistory and culture EditMain article History of Kerala During the ancient period the people of present day Kerala were ruled by the Chera dynasty of Tamilakam with their capital at Vanchi 40 The dynasty lent the region its name uniting the entire coast under their suzerainty The fall of the Cheras in the 15th century CE at the hands of the Cholas proved to be the catalyst of a distinct Malayali identity wading away from the Tamil cultural sphere of influence over several millennia The Malayalis live in a historic area known as the Malabar coast which for thousands of years has been a major center of the international spice trade operating at least from the Roman era with Ptolemy documenting it on his map of the world in 150 AD For that reason a highly distinct culture was created among the Malayali due to centuries of contact with foreign cultures through the spice trade The arrival of the Cochin Jews the rise of Saint Thomas Christians and the growth of Mappila Muslim community in particular were very significant in shaping modern day Malayali culture Later Portuguese Latin Christians Dutch Malabar French Mahe and British English which arrived after 1498 left their mark through colonialism and pillaging their resources In 2017 a detailed study of the evolution of the Singapore Malayalee community over a period of more than 100 years was published as a book From Kerala to Singapore Voices of the Singapore Malayalee Community It is believed to be the first in depth study of the presence of a NRI Malayalee community outside of Kerala 41 Language and literature Edit Main article Malayalam See also Malayalam literature The word Malayaḷalipi Meaning Malayalam script written in the Malayalam script Malayalam in mobile phone According to some scholars the Malayalam language is descended from a dialect of the Tamil Language spoken on the Malabar coast and largely arose because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Tamil speaking areas The Sangam literature can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam 42 Malayalam literature is ancient in origin and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets Madhava Panikkar Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry Some linguists claim that an inscription found from Edakkal Caves Wayanad which belongs to 3rd century CE approximately 1 800 years old is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam as they contain two modern Malayalam words Ee This and Pazhama Old those are not found even in the Oldest form of Tamil 43 The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE 44 45 46 It is generally agreed that the Quilon Syrian copper plates of 849 850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam For the first 600 years of Malayalam calendar the literature mainly consisted of the oral Ballads such as Vadakkan Pattukal Northern Songs in North Malabar and Thekkan Pattukal Southern songs in Southern Travancore 42 The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are Ramacharitam and Thirunizhalmala two epic poems written in Old Malayalam Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 Jnanapith awards the second most for any Dravidian language and the third highest for any Indian language 47 48 Designated a Classical Language in India in 2013 18 it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets Cherusseri Namboothiri Born near Kannur 49 50 Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Born near Tirur 50 and Poonthanam Nambudiri Born near Perinthalmanna 50 51 in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era 50 52 Kunchan Nambiar a Palakkad based poet also influnced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre mature form through a new literary branch called Thullal 50 The prose literature criticism and Malayalam journalism began following the latter half of 18th century CE The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785 53 54 The Triumvirate of poets Kavithrayam Kumaran Asan Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer 55 are recognized for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics and towards a more lyrical mode In 19th century Chavara Kuriakose Elias the founder of Carmelites of Mary Immaculate and Congregation of Mother of Carmel congregations contribute different streams in the Malayalam Literature All his works are written between 1829 and 1870 Chavara s contribution 56 to Malayalam literature includes Chronicles Poems athmanuthapam compunction of the soul Maranaveettil Paduvanulla Pana Poem to sing in the bereaved house and Anasthasiayude Rakthasakshyam and other Literary works Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social political and economic life context The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards political radicalism 57 The writers like Kavalam Narayana Panicker have contributred much to Malayalam drama 42 In the second half of the 20th century Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G Sankara Kurup S K Pottekkatt Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai M T Vasudevan Nair O N V Kurup and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature 58 59 60 61 62 Later writers like O V Vijayan Kamaladas M Mukundan Arundhati Roy and Vaikom Muhammed Basheer have gained international recognition 63 64 65 66 Arabi Malayalam also called Mappila Malayalam 67 68 and Moplah Malayalam was the traditional Dravidian language 69 of the Mappila Muslim community in Malabar Coast The poets like Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder have made notable contributions to the Mappila songs which is a genre of the Arabi Malayalam literature 70 71 The Arabi Malayalam script otherwise known as the Ponnani script 72 73 74 is a writing system a variant form of the Arabic script with special orthographic features which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write Arabi Malayalam until the early 20th century CE 75 76 Though the script originated and developed in Kerala today it is predominantly used in Malaysia and Singapore by the migrant Muslim community 77 78 The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A R Raja Raja Varma in late 19th century CE 79 World Malayali Council with its sister organisation International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration IISAC has come out with a comprehensive book on Kerala titled Introduction to Kerala Studies specially intended for the Malayali diaspora across the globe J V Vilanilam former Vice Chancellor of the University of Kerala Sunny Luke medical scientist and former professor of Medical Biotechnology at Adelphi University New York and Antony Palackal professor of Sociology at the Loyola College of Social Sciences in Thiruvananthapuram have edited the book besides making other contributions to it Tharavadu Edit Main article Tharavad Tharavadu is a system of joint family practiced by Malayalis especially castes that belong to Namboothiris Nairs Thiyyar Ambalavasis and Christians other prominent ethnoreligious groups Each Tharavadu has a unique name The Tharavadu was administered by the Karanavar the oldest male member of the family 80 He would be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother daughters sons sisters and brothers The fathers and husbands had a very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu It was a true matrilineal affair The Karanavar took all major decisions He was usually autocratic However the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother own mother mother s sister his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage Since the lineage was through the female members the birth of a daughter was always welcomed Each Tharavadu also has a Para Devatha clan deity revered by those in the particular Tharavadu Temples were built to honour these deities Kerala s society is less patriarchal than the rest of India 81 82 Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs and Muslims around Kannur and Ponnani in Malappuram and Varkala and Edava in Thiruvananthapuram used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam which has in the recent years post Indian independence ceased to exist Christians majority of the Muslims and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and some Ezhavas follow makkathayam a patrilineal system 83 Kerala s gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Majority World 84 85 Architecture Edit Main article Architecture of Kerala A typical Nalukettu structure Kerala the ancestral land of the Malayali people has a tropical climate with excessive rains and intensive solar radiation 86 The architecture of this region has evolved to meet these climatic conditions by having the form of buildings with low walls sloping roof and projecting caves 86 The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate 86 Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala Perhaps the skillful choice of timber accurate joinery artful assembly and delicate carving of the woodwork for columns walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Malayali architecture 86 From the limitations of the materials a mixed mode of construction was evolved in Malayali architecture The stonework was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples Laterite was used for walls The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples 86 The Kerala murals are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Malayali style of architecture 86 The Kowdiar Palace the palace of the Maharajah of Travancore was built with a traditional Malayali architecture style with a slight influence of early modern European elements Nalukettu Edit Nalukettu was a housing style in Kerala Nalukettu is a quadrangular building constructed after following the Tachu Sastra Science of Carpentry It was a typical house that was flanked by out houses and utility structures The large house Nalukettu is constructed within a large compound It was called Nalukettu because it consisted of four wings around a central courtyard called Nadumuttom The house has a quadrangle in the center The quadrangle is in every way the center of life in the house and very useful for the performance of rituals The layout of these homes was simple and catered to the dwelling of numerous people usually part of a tharavadu Ettukettu eight halls with two central courtyards or Pathinarukettu sixteen halls with four central courtyards are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture An example of a Nalukettu structure is Mattancherry Palace 87 Performing arts and music Edit Kathakali Mohiniyattam Kalaripayattu posture source source source source source source source source Margamkali performed during a Syro Malabar Nasrani wedding Malayalis use two words to denote dance which is attom and thullal 88 The art forms of Malayalis are classified into three types religious such as Theyyam and Bhagavatipattu semi religious like Sanghakali and Krishnanattom and secular such as Kathakali Mohiniyattam and Thullal 88 Kathakali and Mohiniyattam are the two classical dance forms from Kerala 89 Kathakali is actually a dance drama Mohiniyattam is a very sensual and graceful dance form that is performed both solo and in a group by women 89 Kutiyattam is a traditional performing art form from Kerala which is recognised by UNESCO and given the status Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 90 Ottamthullal is another performing art which is also known as the poor man s Kathakali which was created by the poet Kunchan Nambiar as an alternative to Chakiarkooth another performing art which was open only for higher castes to see 91 Theyyam is a ritualistic art form of Malayalis which is thought to predate hinduism and to have developed from folk dances performed in conjunction with harvest celebrations Theyyam is performed as an offering to gods so as to get rid of poverty and illness 92 Velakali is another ritualistic art form mainly performed at temples in the festival time Kolkali is a folk art in which dance performers move in a circle striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps Many ancient Malayali family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness Kerala Natanam ക രള നടന Kerala Dance is a new style of dance that is now recognized as a distinct classical art form evolved from Kathakali The Indian dancer Guru Gopinath ഗ ര ഗ പ ന ഥ a well trained Kathakali artist and his wife Thankamani Gopinath developed this unique form of dance Performing arts in Kerala is not limited to a single religion of the Malayali society Muslim Mappilas Nasranis and Latin Christians have their own unique performing art forms Duff Muttu also known as Dubh Muttu Aravanamuttu 93 is a performing art form prevalent among the Muslim community It is a group performance staged as a social event during festivals and nuptial ceremonies 93 Oppana is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community It is a form accompanied by clapping of hands in which both men and women participate citation needed Margamkali is a performing art which is popular among the Saint Thomas Christians It combines both devotion and entertainment and was performed by men in groups 94 Since 1980 s women also have found groups The dancers themselves sing the margamkali songs in unison call and response form 94 Parichamuttukali is another performing art which is popular among Saint Thomas Christians This is an artistic adaptation of the martial art of Kerala Kalaripayattu 94 Chavittu nadakom is a theatrical art form observed mainly by Kerala Latin Christians dating back to the second half of the 16th century 94 However many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites Thus more contemporary forms including those heavily based on the use of often risque and politically incorrect mimicry and parody have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years Indeed contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites Since 1930 when the first Malayalam film Vigathakumaran was released and over the following decade or two Malayalam Cinema had grown to become one of the popular means of expression for both works of fiction and social issues and it remains so Music formed a major part of early Malayalam literature which is believed to have started developing by 9th century CE 95 The significance of music in the culture of Kerala can be established just by the fact that in Malayalam language musical poetry was developed long before prose Kerala is musically known for Sopanam Sopanam is religious in nature and developed through singing invocatory songs at the Kalam of Kali and later inside temples Sopanam came to prominence in the wake of the increasing popularity of Jayadeva s Gita Govinda or Ashtapadis Sopana sangeetham music as the very name suggests is sung by the side of the holy steps sopanam leading to the sanctum sanctorum of a shrine It is sung typically employing plain notes to the accompaniment of the small hourglass shaped ethnic drum called idakka besides the chengila or the handy metallic gong to sound the beats Sopanam is traditionally sung by men of the Maarar and Pothuval community who are Ambalavasi semi Brahmin castes engaged to do it as their hereditary profession Kerala is also home of Carnatic music Legends like Swati Tirunal Shadkala Govinda Maarar Sangitha Vidwan Gopala Pillai Bhagavathar Chertala Gopalan Nair M D Ramanathan T V Gopalakrishnan M S Gopalakrishnan L Subramaniam T N Krishnan amp K J Yesudas are Malayali musicians Also among the younger generations with wide acclaim and promise is Child Prodigy Violinist L Athira Krishna etc who are looked upon as maestros of tomorrow 96 Kerala also has a significant presence of Hindustani music as well 97 The king of Travancore Swathi Thirunal patronaged and contributed much to the Hindustani Music The pulluvar of Kerala are closely connected to the serpent worship One group among these people consider the snake gods as their presiding deity and performs certain sacrifices and sing songs This is called Pulluvan Pattu The song conducted by the pulluvar in serpent temples and snake groves is called Sarppapaattu Naagam Paattu Sarpam Thullal Sarppolsavam Paambum Thullal or Paambum Kalam Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language Mappila songs are composed in colloquial Malayalam and are sung in a distinctive tune They are composed in a mixture of Malayalam and Arabic Film music which refers to playback singing in the context of Indian music forms the most important canon of popular music in India Film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state 97 Vallam Kali Edit Vallamkali Nehru Trophy Boat Race Vallam Kali is the race of country made boats It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in Autumn Vallam Kali include races of many kinds of traditional boats of Kerala The race of Chundan Vallam snake boat is the major item Hence Vallam Kali is also known in English as Snake Boat Race and a major tourist attraction Other types of boats which do participate in various events in the race are Churulan Vallam Iruttukuthy Vallam Odi Vallam Veppu Vallam Vaipu Vallam Vadakkanody Vallam and Kochu Vallam Nehru Trophy Boat Race is one of the famous Vallam Kali held in Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala The race is held on river Pamba on the moolam day according to the Malayalam Era of the Malayalam month Midhunam the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple The Aranmula Boat Race takes place at Aranmula near a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna The President s Trophy Boat Race is a popular event conducted in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races Nearly 50 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival Payippad Jalotsavam is a three day water festival It is conducted in Payippad Lake which is 35 km from Alappuzha district of Kerala state There is a close relation between this Payippad boat race and Subramanya Swamy Temple in Haripad Indira Gandhi Boat Race is a boat race festival celebrated in the last week of December in the backwaters of Kochi a city in Kerala This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala This festival is conducted to promote Kerala tourism Festivals Edit Onam pookkalam floral carpet Main article Malayalam calendar Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals namely Onam Vishu Deepavali and Christmas Cuisine Edit Main article Cuisine of Kerala Typical Kerala Sadya Malayali cuisine is not homogeneous and regional variations are visible throughout Spices form an important ingredient in almost all curries Kerala is known for its traditional sadhyas a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side dishes The sadhya is complemented by payasam a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala The sadhya is as per custom served on a banana leaf Traditional dishes include sambar aviyal kaalan theeyal thoran injipully pulisherry appam kappa tapioca puttu steamed rice powder and puzhukku Coconut is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used 98 Puttu is a culinary specialty in Kerala It is a steamed rice cake which is a favorite breakfast of most Malayalis It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy papadams and boiled small green lentils or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains In the highlands there is also a variety of puttu served with paani the boiled down syrup from sweet palm toddy and sweet boiled bananas to steam the puttu there is a special utensil called a puttu kutti It consists of two sections The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored The upper detachable leaner portion is separated from the lower portion by perforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder 99 Appam is a pancake made of fermented batter The batter is made of rice flour and fermented using either yeast or toddy the local spirit It is fried using a special frying pan called appa chatti and is served with egg curry chicken curry mutton stew vegetable curry and chickpea curry 100 Muslim cuisine or Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala Persian Yemenese and Arab food culture 101 This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes 101 Kallummakkaya mussels curry Irachi Puttu Irachi means meat parottas soft flatbread 101 Pathiri a type of rice pancake 101 and ghee rice are some of the other specialties The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine spices like black pepper cardamom and clove are used profusely The Kerala Biryani is also prepared by the community 102 The snacks include Unnakkaya deep fried boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew raisins and sugar 103 pazham nirachathu ripe banana filled with coconut grating molasses or sugar 103 Muttamala made of eggs 101 Chattipathiri a dessert made of flour like baked layered Chapatis with rich filling Arikkadukka and so on 101 Martial arts Edit Common weapons used as part of Kalaripayatt See also Kalaripayattu Malayalis have their own form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu This type of martial arts was used as a defensive mechanism against intruders In ancient times disputes between nobles naaduvazhis or Vazhunors were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament This ancient martial art is claimed as the mother of all martial arts The word kalari can be traced to ancient Sangam literature 104 Anthropologists estimate that Kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE 105 The historian Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai attributes the birth of Kalaripayattu to an extended period of warfare between the Cheras and the Cholas in the 11th century CE 105 What eventually crystallized into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat combined with techniques brought by other cultures 105 Kalaripayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence 106 The oldest western reference to Kalaripayattu is a 16th century travelogue of Duarte Barbosa a Portuguese explorer The southern style which stresses the importance of hand to hand combat is slightly different than Kalari in the north 107 See also EditMalabars Non Resident Keralites Affairs World Malayalee Council Kerala Gulf diaspora Ethnic groups in Kerala Malaysian Malayali Migrant labourers in Kerala Malayali Australian Garshom International AwardsReferences Edit Census of India Archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2010 Retrieved 7 January 2008 a b Kerala Migration Survey 2014 The Indian Express This is the number of approximate emigrants from Kerala which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis No 17 September 2014 Retrieved 21 October 2014 a b c d Zachariah K C amp Rajan S Irudaya 2011 Kerala Migration Survey 2011 Archived 10 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine PDF Department of Non resident Keralite Affairs Government of Kerala p 29 This is the number of emigrants from Kerala which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis Malayali Malayalam in Malaysia Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over 2009 2013 a b The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census PDF Archived from the original PDF on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 14 July 2014 In the Australia 18 of people spoke a language other than English at home in 2011 abs gov au Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS Retrieved 21 October 2014 India born Malayalam speaking community in Australia Some interesting trends The Times of India No 16 July 2014 Retrieved 21 October 2014 Survey finds only 16 25 lakh NoRKs The Hindu 31 October 2013 Census Profile 2016 Census Canada Country and Canada Country 8 February 2017 Singapore Malayalee Association 100th Anniversary 27 December 2018 Irish Census 2016 Where Malayalees once held sway DNA India 5 October 2005 Retrieved 11 August 2015 Swamy M R Narayan 5 October 2005 Where Malayalees once held sway DNA India Vienna Malayalee Association Welcome to Nionkairali com Indian Malayalees in Japan Japan malayalees Malayali Keralite Tokyo nihonkairali com Vaesto 31 12 Muuttujina Maakunta Kieli Ika Sukupuoli Vuosi ja Tiedot a b Classical status for Malayalam The Hindu Thiruvananthapuram India 24 May 2013 Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 25 May 2013 Travancore Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2011 Web 11 November 2011 Chandra Mallampalli Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India 1863 1937 Contending with Marginality RoutledgeCurzon 2004 p 30 a b http www censusindia gov in Census Data 2001 Census Data Online Language data on language html censusindia net 재외동포현황 총계 2015 Total number of overseas Koreans 2015 South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015 Retrieved 30 March 2014 Varma A R Rajaraja 2005 Keralapanineeyam Kottayam D C Books ISBN 81 7130 672 1 kerala gov in Archived from the original on 18 January 2006 go to the website and click the link language amp literature to retrieve the information a b c d e Sreedhara Menon A January 2007 Kerala Charitram 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books p 27 ISBN 978 81 264 1588 5 Retrieved 19 July 2020 J Sturrock 1894 Madras District Manuals South Canara Volume I Madras Government Press V Nagam Aiya 1906 The Travancore State Manual Travancore Government Press C A Innes and F B Evans Malabar and Anjengo volume 1 Madras District Gazetteers Madras Government Press 1915 p 2 M T Narayanan Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar New Delhi Northern Book Centre 2003 xvi xvii Mohammad K M Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol 60 1999 pp 226 34 a b c d Malabar Manual 1887 William Logan Calicut See Sahyadri Kanda Chapter 7 in Skanda Purana Rocher Ludo 1986 The Puranas Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3447025225 Who s Who in Madras 1934 South Kanara The Nilgiris Malabar and Coimbators Districts a b Census of India Language censusindia gov in Retrieved 17 April 2020 Bureau US Census Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over 2009 2013 Census gov Retrieved 12 June 2022 https unreachednewyork com wp content uploads 2012 11 Keralite Profile Final pdf bare URL PDF Pillai Anitha Devi 2017 From Kerala to Singapore Voices from the Singapore Malayalee community Puva Arumugam Singapore Marshall Cavendish Pte Ltd ISBN 9789814721837 OCLC 962741080 Statistics New Zealand Language spoken total responses for the 1996 2006 censuses Table 16 Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine stats govt nz Vimala Angelina 2007 History and Civics Pearson Education India p 107 ISBN 978 81 317 0336 6 Pillai Anitha Devi 2017 From Kerala to Singapore voices from the Singapore Malayalee community Puva Arumugam Singapore Marshall Cavendish ISBN 9789814721837 OCLC 962741080 a b c Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus 2019 Malayalam ed Kozhikode P V Chandran Managing Editor Mathrubhumi Printing amp Publishing Company Limited Kozhikode 2018 p 453 ASIN 8182676444 Sasibhoosan Gayathri 10 July 2012 Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions Times of India Retrieved 9 June 2021 Kollam Era PDF Indian Journal History of Science Archived from the original PDF on 27 May 2015 Retrieved 30 December 2014 Broughton Richmond 1956 Time measurement and calendar construction p 218 R Leela Devi 1986 History of Kerala Vidyarthi Mithram Press amp Book Depot p 408 Naha Abdul Latheef 24 September 2020 Jnanpith given to Akkitham The Hindu Retrieved 12 June 2021 ANI 29 November 2019 Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award Business Standard Retrieved 12 June 2021 Cherussery Krishnagadha malayalam author books keralaliterature com Archived from the original on 7 April 2019 a b c d e Dr K Ayyappa Panicker 2006 A Short History of Malayalam Literature Thiruvananthapuram Department of Information and Public Relations Kerala Arun Narayanan 25 October 2018 The Charms of Poonthanam Illam The Hindu Freeman Rich 2003 Genre and Society The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala In Literary Cultures in History Reconstructions from South Asia Menon A Sreedhara 2008 The legacy of Kerala 1st DCB ed Kottayam Kerala D C Books ISBN 978 81 264 2157 2 August 23 2010 Archives Archived from the original on 27 April 2013 Natarajan Nalini Nelson Emmanuel Sampath 18 December 1996 Handbook of Twentieth century Literatures of India Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780313287787 via Google Books http 111 93 136 232 8080 cgi bin koha opac shelves pl viewshelf 181 dead link South Asian arts Retrieved 15 September 2017 Subodh Kapoor 2002 The Indian Encyclopaedia Biographical Historical Religious Administrative Ethnological Commercial and Scientific Mahi Mewat Cosmo p 4542 ISBN 978 8177552720 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Accessions List South Asia E G Smith for the U S Library of Congress Office New Delhi 1994 p 21 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Indian Writing Today Nirmala Sadanand Publishers 1967 p 21 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Amaresh Datta Sahitya Akademi 1987 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature K to Navalram Sahitya Akademi p 2394 ISBN 978 0836424232 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Malayalam Literary Survey Kerala Sahitya Akademi 1993 p 19 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Eṃ Mukundan C Gopinathan Pillai 2004 Eng Adityan Radha And Others Sahitya Akademi p 3 ISBN 978 8126018833 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Ed Vinod Kumar Maheshwari 2002 Perspectives On Indian English Literature Atlantic Publishers amp Dist p 126 ISBN 978 8126900930 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Amit Chaudhuri 2008 Clearing a Space Reflections On India Literature and Culture Peter Lang pp 44 45 ISBN 978 1906165017 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Lyall Sarah 15 October 1997 Indian s First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain The New York Times Retrieved 11 November 2007 Kottaparamban Musadhique 1 October 2019 Sea community and language a study on the origin and development of Arabi Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 406 416 doi 10 33306 mjssh 31 ISSN 2590 3691 Kuzhiyan Muneer Aram Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India PhD The English and Foreign Languages University Hyderabad hdl 10603 213506 Kottaparamban Musadhique 2 October 2019 Sea Community and Language A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 406 416 doi 10 33306 mjssh 31 ISSN 2590 3691 Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age says MT The Hindu Chennai India 31 March 2007 Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2009 Pg 167 Mappila Muslims a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi Other Books Kozhikode 2007 Kunnath Ammad 15 September 2015 The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD PhD University of Calicut hdl 10603 49524 Panakkal Abbas 2016 Islam in Malabar 1460 1600 a socio cultural study Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia Kallen hussain Randathani Trade and culture Indian ocean interaction on the coast of Malabar in medieval period Miller Roland E Mappila in The Encyclopedia of Islam Volume VI E J Brill Leiden 1987 pp 458 56 Malayalam Resource Centre Menon T Madhava A Handbook of Kerala Volume 2 International School of Dravidian Linguistics 2002 pp 491 493 National Virtual Translation Center Arabic script for malayalam Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus 2019 Malayalam ed Kozhikode P V Chandran Managing Editor Mathrubhumi Printing amp Publishing Company Limited Kozhikode 2018 p 454 ASIN 8182676444 Osella Filippo Caroline Filippo Osella Caroline 20 December 2000 Social Mobility in Kerala Modernity and Identity in Conflict Pluto Press ISBN 9780745316932 via Google Books McKibben 2006harvnb error no target CITEREFMcKibben2006 help Lindberg 2004 pp 18 19harvnb error no target CITEREFLindberg2004 help Government of Kerala 2002bharvnb error no target CITEREFGovernment of Kerala2002b help Government of Kerala 2004r p 366harvnb error no target CITEREFGovernment of Kerala2004r help Lindberg 2004 p 1harvnb error no target CITEREFLindberg2004 help a b c d e f Kerala architecture Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 1 November 2009 Nalukettu Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 Malayalam Resource Centre a b Sciences International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological 18 December 1980 The Communication of Ideas Concept Publishing Company via Google Books a b Classical Dances of India Indian Classical Dances Indian Dances Dances of India dances indobase com Varghese Theresa 18 December 2006 Stark World Kerala Stark World Pub ISBN 9788190250511 via Google Books Reciting Webster s Quotations Facts and Phrases Icon Group International Incorporated 19 December 2008 ISBN 9780546721676 via Google Books Singh Sarina 18 December 2005 India Lonely Planet Publications ISBN 9781740596947 via Google Books a b India Motilal UK Books of 18 February 2008 Tourist Guide to Kerala Sura Books ISBN 9788174781642 via Google Books a b c d Nettl Bruno Arnold Alison Stone Ruth M Porter James Rice Timothy Olsen Dale Alan Miller Terry E Kaeppler Adrienne Lois Sheehy Daniel Edward Koskoff Ellen Williams Sean Love Jacob Wainwright Goertzen Chris Danielson Virginia Marcus Scott Lloyd Reynolds Dwight Provine Robert C Tokumaru Yoshihiko Witzleben John Lawrence 18 December 1998 The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music South Asia the Indian subcontinent Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780824049461 via Google Books Sreedhara Menon A Kerala Charithram Kottayam Kerala D C Books p 494 Rolf Killius 2006 Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala New Delhi BR Rhythms ISBN 81 88827 07 X a b Music Keral com Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 Retrieved 2 January 2009 Onam Sadhya 13 Dishes You Need To Try outlookindia com outlooktraveller Kerala s Favourite Breakfast How to Make Soft Puttu at Home NDTV Food Upadhye Aishwarya 16 November 2018 Appams anyone The Hindu a b c d e f Sabhnani Dhara Vora 14 June 2019 Straight from the Malabar Coast The Hindu Retrieved 26 January 2021 Kerala biryani With vegetables 22 April 2013 a b Kurian Shijo 2 July 2014 Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast The Hindu Retrieved 26 January 2021 Suresh P R 2005 Kalari Payatte The martial art of Kerala Archived 29 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b c Zarrilli Phillip B A South Indian Martial Art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms University of Wisconsin Madison Discovery Latinoamerica Phillip B Zarrilli When the Body Becomes All EyesFurther reading EditDr K Ayyappa Panicker 2006 A Short History of Malayalam Literature Thiruvananthapuram Department of Information and Public Relations Kerala Menon A Sreedhara 2007 A Survey of Kerala History DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus 2019 Malayalam ed Kozhikode P V Chandran Managing Editor Mathrubhumi Printing amp Publishing Company Limited Kozhikode 2018 External links EditMalayali at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Official site of Kerala Government Malayalam Resource Centre Portal India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Malayali amp oldid 1132611175, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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