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Liège

Liège (/liˈɛʒ, liˈʒ/ lee-EZH, lee-AYZH,[2][3][4] French: [ljɛʒ] (listen), locally [li.eːʃ]; Walloon: Lîdje [liːtʃ]; Dutch: Luik [lœyk] (listen); German: Lüttich [ˈlʏtɪç] (listen)) is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.

Liège
Lîdje (Walloon)
Luik (Dutch)
Lüttich (German)
Location of Liège
Liège
Location in Belgium
The municipality of Liège in the province of Liège
Coordinates: 50°38′23″N 05°34′14″E / 50.63972°N 5.57056°E / 50.63972; 5.57056Coordinates: 50°38′23″N 05°34′14″E / 50.63972°N 5.57056°E / 50.63972; 5.57056
Country Belgium
CommunityFrench Community
RegionWallonia
ProvinceLiège
ArrondissementLiège
Government
 • MayorWilly Demeyer (PS)
 • Governing party/iesPSMR
Area
 • Total68.65 km2 (26.51 sq mi)
Population
 (2022-01-01)[1]
 • Total195,278
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
Postal codes
4000–4032
Area codes04
Websitewww.liege.be

The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about 33 km (20.5 mi) to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about 53 km (32.9 mi) north-east). In Liège, the Meuse meets the river Ourthe. The city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Angleur, Bressoux [fr], Chênée, Glain [fr], Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Liège, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km2 (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008.[5][6] This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.[6]

Etymology

The name is of Germanic origin and is reconstructible as *liudik-, from the Germanic word *liudiz "people", which is found in for example Dutch lui(den), lieden, Polish “ludzie”, Czech “lide”, German Leute, Old English lēod (English lede) and Icelandic lýður ("people"). It is found in Lithuanian as liaudis ("people"), in Ukrainian as liudy ("people"), in Russian as liudi ("people"), in Latin as Leodicum or Leodium, in Middle Dutch as ludic or ludeke.[7]

Until 17 September 1946, the city's name was written Liége, with the acute accent instead of a grave accent.[8][9][10]

In French, Liège is associated with the epithet la cité ardente ("the fervent city"). This term, which emerged around 1905, originally referred to the city's history of rebellions against Burgundian rule, but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution.[11]

History

Early Middle Ages

Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city.

A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.

Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods

 
Liège in 1650

The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.[12]

In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.[13]

At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion took place against rule from Burgundy. In 1468 Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack. The rebellion figures prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel Quentin Durward.

The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Érard de La Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.

During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. By the 17th century, the bishopric of Liège became a virtual Secundogeniture of the Bavarian royal house of Wittelsbach, with second sons of the Bavarian monarch ruling as prince-bishop. Beginning with the ascension of Ernest of Bavaria in 1581, Bavarian princes ruled over Cologne, Münster, and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire in addition to Liège. Ferdinand of Bavaria (bishop) ruled from 1612 to1650, and Maximilian Henry of Bavaria ruled from 1650 to 1688.

In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.[14]

18th century to World War I

 
Liège in 1627

The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French Encyclopédistes began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop François-Charles de Velbrück (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg monarchy in 1791.

In the course of the 1794 campaigns of the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary Army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt.[15] No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest,[16] while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.

 
Quai de la Goffe

Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to the Imperial German Army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion of Belgium on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman in the Battle of Liège. The forts initially held off General Alexander von Kluck's German First Army of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers.[17][18] Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.

As part of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg's Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.[19]

World War II to the present

 
Inauguration of the statue of Charlemagne, 26 July 1868

The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British Second Army in September 1944.[20]

After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège".[21] The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.

Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."[22]

On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.

Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the Belgian Federal Government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.

Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration.[citation needed] Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.[citation needed]

On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.[23]

On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.[24]

Climate

In spite of its inland position Liège has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream, travelling over Belgium's interior. As a result, Liège has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position, especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and the fellow Francophone province of Quebec. Summers are also moderated by the maritime air, with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia. Being inland though, Liège has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates.

Climate data for Liège (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1949−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)
20.0
(68.0)
24.4
(75.9)
28.9
(84.0)
32.8
(91.0)
34.9
(94.8)
39.5
(103.1)
36.1
(97.0)
33.3
(91.9)
26.3
(79.3)
21.3
(70.3)
16.1
(61.0)
39.5
(103.1)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)
7.3
(45.1)
11.1
(52.0)
15.4
(59.7)
19.0
(66.2)
22.0
(71.6)
24.1
(75.4)
23.9
(75.0)
20.1
(68.2)
15.4
(59.7)
10.2
(50.4)
6.8
(44.2)
15.2
(59.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7)
4.2
(39.6)
7.1
(44.8)
10.4
(50.7)
14.2
(57.6)
17.3
(63.1)
19.3
(66.7)
19.0
(66.2)
15.6
(60.1)
11.7
(53.1)
7.4
(45.3)
4.4
(39.9)
11.2
(52.2)
Average low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
1.1
(34.0)
3.1
(37.6)
5.5
(41.9)
9.4
(48.9)
12.5
(54.5)
14.5
(58.1)
14.1
(57.4)
11.1
(52.0)
8.0
(46.4)
4.5
(40.1)
2.0
(35.6)
7.2
(45.0)
Record low °C (°F) −19.8
(−3.6)
−18.8
(−1.8)
−16.7
(1.9)
−5.8
(21.6)
−1.7
(28.9)
1.2
(34.2)
2.7
(36.9)
4.5
(40.1)
0.0
(32.0)
−4.8
(23.4)
−8.9
(16.0)
−16.1
(3.0)
−19.8
(−3.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72.2
(2.84)
65.9
(2.59)
60.1
(2.37)
52.7
(2.07)
67.7
(2.67)
78.6
(3.09)
78.9
(3.11)
85.2
(3.35)
67.5
(2.66)
67.4
(2.65)
68.3
(2.69)
89.1
(3.51)
853.7
(33.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.3 12.2 11.7 9.5 10.7 11.0 10.8 10.7 9.9 11.1 12.7 15.3 138.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 79 130 181 203 208 214 204 159 116 67 49 1,670
Source 1: Royal Meteorological Institute[25]
Source 2: Extremes[26]

Demographics

On 1 January 2013, the municipality of Liège had a total population of 197,013. The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. Like the rest of Belgium, the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s. The city has become the home to large numbers of Algerian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Vietnamese immigrants. Liège also houses a significant Afro-Belgian community.

The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 pupils attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.

Main sights

 
View from Montagne de Bueren
 
Panorama of the city of Liège. Photo taken from the heights of the Citadel (left bank of the river Meuse).
 
The stairway of the Montagne de Bueren.

Folklore

 
Traditional Liégeois puppets

The "Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character Tchantchès (Walloon for François), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. Tchantchès is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.

Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium, and the oldest kermesse, the Foire de Liège held each year from 28 October.

Culture

 
Liège, the Sunday "Batte" market

The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") may be the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named Outre-Meuse with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol (mostly peket) and beer, eat cooked pears, boûkètes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours.[30] The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for a few days before the event, students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) beg for money, mostly for drinking.[31][32][33]

Liège is renowned for its nightlife.[34] Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House, there is a square city block known locally as Le Carré (the Square) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché.

The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays.[citation needed] The outdoor market goes along the river Meuse and also attracts many visitors to Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market.

Liège is home to the Opéra Royal de Wallonie (English: Royal Opera of Wallonia) and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liège (OPRL) (English: Liège Royal Philharmonic Orchestra).

The city annually hosts a significant electro-rock festival Les Ardentes and jazz festival Jazz à Liège.

Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also two mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes.

Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.

Sports

 
Stade Maurice Dufrasne, home to football club Standard Liège.

The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchâtelet, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling.

In spring, Liège hosts the start and finish of the annual Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling. The race starts in the centre of Liège, before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans. Traveling through the hilly Ardennes, it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season.[35]

Liège is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours. It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d'Italia; as well as the Grand Départ of the 2004, 2012,[36][37][38] and 2017[39] Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the Grand Départ twice or more times.[40] In 2009, the Vuelta a España visited Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, making Liège the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.[41]

Liège is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli, the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion.[42]

Economy

 
Pont de Fragnée
 
Liège at night, photography taken from the ISS in December 2012[43]

Liège is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective. In the past, Liège was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe, particularly in steel-making. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today, with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liège. Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self, the manufacture of steel goods remain important.

The economy of the region is now diversified; the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and the production of water, beer or chocolate. Liège has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high-technology, such as Techspace Aero, which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5. Other stand-out sectors include Amós which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec, which produces compressed air dryers. Liège also has many other electronic companies such as SAP, EVS, Gillam, AnB, Balteau, IP Trade. Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal, the beer company Jupiler, the chocolate company Galler, and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.

1812 mine accident

In 1812 there were three coal pits (Bure) in close proximity just outside the city gates: Bure Triquenotte, Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster. The first two shafts were joined underground, but the last one was a separate colliery. The shafts were 120 fathoms (720 ft; 220 m) deep. Water was led to a sump (serrement) from which it could be pumped to the surface. At 11:00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery. Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft, but 74 were trapped. [These numbers are taken from the report, the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained.] The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster. After 23 feet (7.0 m) there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine, Martin Wery. The overseer, Monsieur Goffin, led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig. By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a 36 feet (11 m) gallery in darkness.

On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster. A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed, including blasting. The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa. Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion. By 7pm that evening an opening was made, 511 feet (156 m) of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days. All of the 74 miners in Goffin's part survived and were brought to the surface.[44]

Transport

Air

Liège is served by Liège Airport, located in Bierset, a few kilometres west of the city. It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world's 33rd busiest cargo airport.[45] Passenger services are very few.

Maritime

The Port of Liège, located on the river Meuse, is the 3rd largest river port in Europe. Liège also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Meuse.

Rail

Liège is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe. Its three principal stations are Liège-Guillemins railway station, Liège-Carré, and Liège-Saint-Lambert. The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liège-Guillemins, providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris-Nord respectively.

Liège was once home to a network of trams. However, they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system. A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city, but the metro was never built. The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017; however the first rails were only laid in April 2021.[46]

Road

Liège sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25, the European Route E42, the European Route E40 and the European Route E313.

Notable people

 
Statue of Charlemagne in the centre of Liège

International relations

Twin towns - Sister cities - Partner cities

Liège is twinned with (including partner cities):[47]

Sister Cities

  Volgograd, Russia (1959) Suspended due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Partner cities

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022". Statbel.
  2. ^ "Liège". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Liège"[dead link] (US) and . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022.
  4. ^ "Liège". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  5. ^ Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 (excel-file) 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population of all municipalities in Belgium on 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  6. ^ a b Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Liège is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with 480,513 inhabitants (1 January 2008). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 641,591. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 810,983. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  7. ^ "Ludike – Vroegmiddelnederlands woordenboek" (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  8. ^ The Book Collector. Vol. 8 (1959), p. 10.
  9. ^ Room, Adrian. 2006. Placenames of the World. 2nd ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., p. 219.
  10. ^ "Liège". 1991. Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. Vol. 7. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 344.
  11. ^ "D'où vient " Cité Ardente ", le surnom de la ville de Liège". La France en Belgique (in French). Embassy of France. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  12. ^ Brown, Jennifer N. Three women of Liège : a critical edition of and commentary on the Middle English lives of Elizabeth of Spalbeek, Christina Mirabilis and Marie d'Oignies. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
  13. ^ Henri Pirenne, Belgian Democracy, Its Early History, Translated by J.V. Saunders, The University press, Hull 1915, pp. 140–141. Available online: Belgian Democracy, Its Early History pp. 72–73. 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Helfferich, Tryntje, The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 292.
  15. ^ "The New York Times, Published 25 March 1886" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  16. ^ See The New York Times, published 23 March 1886
  17. ^ Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ^ Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918. Penguin, 2014. p.258-59
  20. ^ Merriam, Ray (6 March 2017). World War 2 in Review: A Primer. ISBN 9781365797620.
  21. ^ Erik Jones, Economic Adjustment and Political Transformation in Small States, Oxford Press, 2008, p. 121 978-0-19-920833-3
  22. ^ Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards, Academic and Scientific Publishers, Brussels, 2009, p. 278. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8
  23. ^ "Belgian grenade attack leaves 4 dead, 123 injured". CBC News. 14 December 2011.
  24. ^ "Liege shooting: Two police officers and civilian dead in Belgium". BBC News. 29 May 2018.
  25. ^ "Luchttemperatuur en neerslag Referentieperiode: 1991-2020" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  26. ^ "Temperature estreme in Liège". Temperature Estreme in Toscana (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Liège. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Montagne de Bueren".
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  29. ^ "RTBF Liège: le piétonnier de la rue de la Casquette sera inauguré vendredi". 9 December 2014.
  30. ^ Libre.be, La. "15 août: Outremeuse, où le cœur bat" (in French). Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  31. ^ . www.ulg.ac.be. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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  33. ^ Delandshere, Ludovic Evrard (MyPixhell.com), Pascal Duc+ (Ditc.be), Frank. "Today in Liege - La collecte de Saint-Nicolas des étudiants en médecine ira à la Croix-Rouge". www.todayinliege.be. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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Bibliography

External links

  • Official website of the city of Liège
  • Liège congres 15 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  • Coat of arms of Liège

liège, liege, redirects, here, other, uses, liege, disambiguation, ayzh, french, ljɛʒ, listen, locally, eːʃ, walloon, lîdje, liːtʃ, dutch, luik, lœyk, listen, german, lüttich, ˈlʏtɪç, listen, major, city, municipality, wallonia, capital, belgian, province, lîd. Liege redirects here For other uses see Liege disambiguation Liege l i ˈ ɛ ʒ l i ˈ eɪ ʒ lee EZH lee AYZH 2 3 4 French ljɛʒ listen locally li eːʃ Walloon Lidje liːtʃ Dutch Luik lœyk listen German Luttich ˈlʏtɪc listen is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liege Liege Lidje Walloon Luik Dutch Luttich German City and municipalityFlagCoat of armsLocation of LiegeLiegeLocation in Belgium The municipality of Liege in the province of LiegeCoordinates 50 38 23 N 05 34 14 E 50 63972 N 5 57056 E 50 63972 5 57056 Coordinates 50 38 23 N 05 34 14 E 50 63972 N 5 57056 E 50 63972 5 57056Country BelgiumCommunityFrench CommunityRegionWalloniaProvinceLiegeArrondissementLiegeGovernment MayorWilly Demeyer PS Governing party iesPS MRArea Total68 65 km2 26 51 sq mi Population 2022 01 01 1 Total195 278 Density2 800 km2 7 400 sq mi Postal codes4000 4032Area codes04Websitewww liege beThe city is situated in the valley of the Meuse in the east of Belgium not far from borders with the Netherlands Maastricht is about 33 km 20 5 mi to the north and with Germany Aachen is about 53 km 32 9 mi north east In Liege the Meuse meets the river Ourthe The city is part of the sillon industriel the former industrial backbone of Wallonia It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region The municipality consists of the following districts Angleur Bressoux fr Chenee Glain fr Grivegnee Jupille sur Meuse Liege Rocourt and Wandre In November 2012 Liege had 198 280 inhabitants The metropolitan area including the outer commuter zone covers an area of 1 879 km2 725 sq mi and had a total population of 749 110 on 1 January 2008 5 6 This includes a total of 52 municipalities among others Herstal and Seraing Liege ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium after Brussels and Antwerp and the fourth municipality after Antwerp Ghent and Charleroi 6 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early Middle Ages 2 2 Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods 2 3 18th century to World War I 2 4 World War II to the present 3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Main sights 6 Folklore 7 Culture 7 1 Sports 8 Economy 8 1 1812 mine accident 9 Transport 9 1 Air 9 2 Maritime 9 3 Rail 9 4 Road 10 Notable people 11 International relations 11 1 Twin towns Sister cities Partner cities 11 2 Sister Cities 11 3 Partner cities 12 See also 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 15 External linksEtymology EditThe name is of Germanic origin and is reconstructible as liudik from the Germanic word liudiz people which is found in for example Dutch lui den lieden Polish ludzie Czech lide German Leute Old English leod English lede and Icelandic lydur people It is found in Lithuanian as liaudis people in Ukrainian as liudy people in Russian as liudi people in Latin as Leodicum or Leodium in Middle Dutch as ludic or ludeke 7 Until 17 September 1946 the city s name was written Liege with the acute accent instead of a grave accent 8 9 10 In French Liege is associated with the epithet la cite ardente the fervent city This term which emerged around 1905 originally referred to the city s history of rebellions against Burgundian rule but was appropriated to refer to its economic dynamism during the Industrial Revolution 11 History EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Liege Early Middle Ages Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Although settlements already existed in Roman times the first references to Liege are from 558 when it was known as Vicus Leudicus Around 705 Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region indicating that up to the early 8th century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal since Lambert was murdered in Liege and thereafter regarded as a martyr for his faith To enshrine St Lambert s relics his successor Hubertus later to become St Hubert built a basilica near the bishop s residence which became the true nucleus of the city A few centuries later the city became the capital of a prince bishopric which lasted from 985 till 1794 The first prince bishop Notger transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liege to perform in the Papal court at Avignon thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm The city was renowned for its many churches the oldest of which St Martin s dates from 682 Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire in practice it possessed a large degree of independence Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods Edit Liege in 1650 See also Prince Bishopric of Liege The strategic position of Liege has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city s western side During this medieval period three women from the Liege region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality Elizabeth Spaakbeek Christina the Astonishing and Marie of Oignies 12 In 1345 the citizens of Liege rebelled against Prince Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck their ruler at the time and defeated him in battle near the city Shortly after a unique political system formed in Liege whereby the city s 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate and each guild s voice was equal making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known The system spread to Utrecht and left a democratic spirit in Liege that survived the Middle Ages 13 At the end of the Liege Wars a rebellion took place against rule from Burgundy In 1468 Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy witnessed by King Louis XI of France captured and largely destroyed the city after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack The rebellion figures prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott s 1823 novel Quentin Durward The Prince Bishopric of Liege was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which after 1477 came under the rule of the Habsburgs The reign of prince bishop Erard de La Marck 1506 1538 coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance During the Counter Reformation the diocese of Liege was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power By the 17th century the bishopric of Liege became a virtual Secundogeniture of the Bavarian royal house of Wittelsbach with second sons of the Bavarian monarch ruling as prince bishop Beginning with the ascension of Ernest of Bavaria in 1581 Bavarian princes ruled over Cologne Munster and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire in addition to Liege Ferdinand of Bavaria bishop ruled from 1612 to1650 and Maximilian Henry of Bavaria ruled from 1650 to 1688 In 1636 during the Thirty Years War the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July The army mainly consisting of mercenaries extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege 14 18th century to World War I Edit Liege in 1627 The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French Encyclopedistes began to gain popularity in the region Bishop Francois Charles de Velbruck 1772 84 encouraged their propagation thus prepared the way for the Liege Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liege before it was invaded by counter revolutionary forces of the Habsburg monarchy in 1791 In the course of the 1794 campaigns of the French Revolution the French Revolutionary Army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime destroying St Lambert s Cathedral The overthrow of the Prince Bishopric of Liege was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Dutch rule lasted only until 1830 when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liege After this Liege developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe s first large scale steel making centres The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large scale working class revolt 15 No less than 6 000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest 16 while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel Quai de la Goffe Liege s fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth This presented a major obstacle to the Imperial German Army in 1914 whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France The German invasion of Belgium on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liege which was defended by 30 000 troops under General Gerard Leman in the Battle of Liege The forts initially held off General Alexander von Kluck s German First Army of about 100 000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five day bombardment by heavy artillery including thirty two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers 17 18 Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war Liege received the Legion d Honneur for its resistance in 1914 As part of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg s Septemberprogramm Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Luttich to the German Empire in any post war peace agreement 19 World War II to the present Edit Inauguration of the statue of Charlemagne 26 July 1868 The Germans returned in 1940 this time taking the forts in only three days Most Jews were saved with the help of the sympathetic population as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries Liege was liberated by the British Second Army in September 1944 20 After the war ended the Royal Question came to the fore since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war In July 1950 Andre Renard leader of the Liegeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and seized control over the city of Liege 21 The strike ultimately led to Leopold s abdication Liege began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry particularly the coal industry and later the steel industry producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension During the 1960 1961 Winter General Strike disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins The unrest was so intense that army troops had to wade through caltrops trees concrete blocks car and crane wrecks to advance Streets were dug up Liege saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961 In all 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles 22 On 6 December 1985 the city s courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer Liege is also known as a traditionally socialist city In 1991 powerful Socialist Andre Cools a former Deputy Prime Minister was gunned down in front of his girlfriend s apartment Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party and the Belgian Federal Government in general after Cools death Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004 for involvement in Cools murder Liege has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union surging steel prices and improved administration citation needed Several new shopping centres have been built and numerous repairs carried out citation needed On 13 December 2011 there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint Lambert An attacker later identified as Nordine Amrani aged 33 armed with grenades and an assault rifle attacked people waiting at a bus stop There were six fatalities including the attacker who shot himself and 123 people were injured 23 On 29 May 2018 two female police officers and one civilian a 22 year old man were shot dead by a gunman near a cafe on Boulevard d Avroy in central Liege The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape injuring a number of them around their legs before he was shot dead Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences The incident is currently being treated as terrorism 24 Climate EditIn spite of its inland position Liege has a maritime climate influenced by the mildening sea winds originating from the Gulf Stream travelling over Belgium s interior As a result Liege has very mild winters for its latitude and inland position especially compared to areas in the Russian Far East and the fellow Francophone province of Quebec Summers are also moderated by the maritime air with average temperatures being similar to areas as far north as in Scandinavia Being inland though Liege has a relatively low seasonal lag compared to some other maritime climates Climate data for Liege 1991 2020 normals extremes 1949 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 3 59 5 20 0 68 0 24 4 75 9 28 9 84 0 32 8 91 0 34 9 94 8 39 5 103 1 36 1 97 0 33 3 91 9 26 3 79 3 21 3 70 3 16 1 61 0 39 5 103 1 Average high C F 6 4 43 5 7 3 45 1 11 1 52 0 15 4 59 7 19 0 66 2 22 0 71 6 24 1 75 4 23 9 75 0 20 1 68 2 15 4 59 7 10 2 50 4 6 8 44 2 15 2 59 4 Daily mean C F 3 7 38 7 4 2 39 6 7 1 44 8 10 4 50 7 14 2 57 6 17 3 63 1 19 3 66 7 19 0 66 2 15 6 60 1 11 7 53 1 7 4 45 3 4 4 39 9 11 2 52 2 Average low C F 1 1 34 0 1 1 34 0 3 1 37 6 5 5 41 9 9 4 48 9 12 5 54 5 14 5 58 1 14 1 57 4 11 1 52 0 8 0 46 4 4 5 40 1 2 0 35 6 7 2 45 0 Record low C F 19 8 3 6 18 8 1 8 16 7 1 9 5 8 21 6 1 7 28 9 1 2 34 2 2 7 36 9 4 5 40 1 0 0 32 0 4 8 23 4 8 9 16 0 16 1 3 0 19 8 3 6 Average precipitation mm inches 72 2 2 84 65 9 2 59 60 1 2 37 52 7 2 07 67 7 2 67 78 6 3 09 78 9 3 11 85 2 3 35 67 5 2 66 67 4 2 65 68 3 2 69 89 1 3 51 853 7 33 61 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 13 3 12 2 11 7 9 5 10 7 11 0 10 8 10 7 9 9 11 1 12 7 15 3 138 8Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 79 130 181 203 208 214 204 159 116 67 49 1 670Source 1 Royal Meteorological Institute 25 Source 2 Extremes 26 Demographics EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2017 On 1 January 2013 the municipality of Liege had a total population of 197 013 The metropolitan area has about 750 000 inhabitants Its inhabitants are predominantly French speaking with German and Dutch speaking minorities Like the rest of Belgium the population of minorities has grown significantly since the 1990s The city has become the home to large numbers of Algerian Moroccan Turkish and Vietnamese immigrants Liege also houses a significant Afro Belgian community The city is a major educational hub in Belgium There are 42 000 pupils attending more than 24 schools The University of Liege founded in 1817 has 20 000 students Main sights EditSee also List of protected heritage sites in Liege View from Montagne de Bueren Panorama of the city of Liege Photo taken from the heights of the Citadel left bank of the river Meuse The stairway of the Montagne de Bueren The vast palace of the Prince Bishops of Liege is built on the Place St Lambert where the old St Lambert s Cathedral used to stand before the French Revolution The oldest rooms date from the 16th century An archeological display the Archeoforum can be visited under the Place St Lambert The perron on the nearby Place du Marche was once the symbol of justice in the Prince Bishopric and is now the symbol of the city It stands in front of the 17th century city hall The seven collegiate churches of Liege St Paul raised to cathedral status as Liege Cathedral in 1802 after the demolition of St Lambert s Cathedral It contains a treasury and Saint Lambert s tomb St James raised to collegiate status after the demolition of St Peter s Collegiate Church in 1811 Built in the flamboyant gothic style with an early Renaissance porch The statues are by Liege sculptor Jean Del Cour Saint Jacques contains 29 14th century misericords St Martin St Denis St John the Evangelist Holy Cross St Bartholomew The main museums in Liege are La Boverie Musee des Beaux Arts Museum of Walloon Life Museum of Walloon Art amp Religious Art Mosan art The Grand Curtius Museum is an elegantly furnished mansion from the 17th century along the river Meuse housing collections of Egyptology weaponry archaeology fine arts religious art and Mosan art Other sites of interest include the historical city centre the Carre the Hors Chateau area the Outremeuse fr area the parks and boulevards along the river Meuse the Citadel the 374 27 steps stairway Montagne de Bueren leading from Hors Chateau to the Citadel Mediacite shopping mall designed by Ron Arad Architects and the Liege Guillemins railway station designed by Santiago Calatrava Liege s pedestrian zone is the biggest pedestrian zone of the Walloon Region and the Meuse Rhine Euroregion 28 it is also the oldest in Belgium The pedestrian zone progressively has grown since 1965 to contain the majority of the hypercentre of Liege It continues to grow today with the addition of the Rue de la Casquette on 12 December 2014 29 Folklore EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Traditional Liegeois puppets The Le Quinze Aout celebration takes place annually on 15 August in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city with a religious procession a flea market dances concerts and a series of popular games Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th Some citizens open their doors to party goers and serve peket the traditional local alcohol This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character Tchantches Walloon for Francois a hard headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne s times Tchantches is remembered with a statue a museum and a number of puppets found all over the city Liege hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium and the oldest kermesse the Foire de Liege held each year from 28 October Culture Edit Liege the Sunday Batte market The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals The 15 August festival Le 15 aout may be the best known The population gathers in a quarter named Outre Meuse with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol mostly peket and beer eat cooked pears bouketes or sausages or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours 30 The Saint Nicholas festival around 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University for a few days before the event students wearing very dirty lab coats beg for money mostly for drinking 31 32 33 Liege is renowned for its nightlife 34 Within the pedestrian zone behind the Opera House there is a square city block known locally as Le Carre the Square with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves typically around 6 am Another active area is the Place du Marche The Batte market is where most locals visit on Sundays citation needed The outdoor market goes along the river Meuse and also attracts many visitors to Liege The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o clock in the afternoon every Sunday year long Produce clothing and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market Liege is home to the Opera Royal de Wallonie English Royal Opera of Wallonia and the Orchestre Philharmonique Royal de Liege OPRL English Liege Royal Philharmonic Orchestra The city annually hosts a significant electro rock festival Les Ardentes and jazz festival Jazz a Liege Liege has active alternative cinemas Le Churchill Le Parc and Le Sauveniere There are also two mainstream cinemas the Kinepolis multiplexes Liege also has a particular Walloon dialect sometimes said to be one of Belgium s most distinctive There is a large Italian community and Italian can be heard in many places Sports Edit Stade Maurice Dufrasne home to football club Standard Liege The city has a number of football teams most notably Standard Liege who have won several championships and which was previously owned by Roland Duchatelet and R F C de Liege one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean Marc Bosman a case which led to the Bosman ruling In spring Liege hosts the start and finish of the annual Liege Bastogne Liege cycling race one of the spring classics and the oldest of the five monuments of cycling The race starts in the centre of Liege before heading south to Bastogne and returning north to finish in the industrial suburb of Ans Traveling through the hilly Ardennes it is one of the longest and most arduous races of the season 35 Liege is the only city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours It staged the start of the 1973 and 2006 Giro d Italia as well as the Grand Depart of the 2004 2012 36 37 38 and 2017 39 Tour de France making it the first city outside France to host the Grand Depart twice or more times 40 In 2009 the Vuelta a Espana visited Liege after four stages in the Netherlands making Liege the first city that has hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours 41 Liege is also home to boxer Ermano Fegatilli the current European Boxing Union Super Featherweight champion 42 Economy EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pont de Fragnee Liege at night photography taken from the ISS in December 2012 43 Liege is the most important city of the Walloon region from an economic perspective In the past Liege was one of the most important industrial centres in Europe particularly in steel making Starting in 1817 John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills Liege has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong today with the headquarters of FN Herstal and CMI Defence being located in Liege Although from 1960 on the secondary sector is going down and now is a mere shadow of its former self the manufacture of steel goods remain important The economy of the region is now diversified the most important centres are Mechanical industries Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion space technology information technology biotechnology and the production of water beer or chocolate Liege has an important group of headquarters dedicated to high technology such as Techspace Aero which manufactures pieces for the Airbus A380 or the rocket Ariane 5 Other stand out sectors include Amos which manufactures optical components for telescopes and Drytec which produces compressed air dryers Liege also has many other electronic companies such as SAP EVS Gillam AnB Balteau IP Trade Other prominent businesses are the global leader in light armament FN Herstal the beer company Jupiler the chocolate company Galler and the water and soda companies Spa and Chaudfontaine A science park south east of the city near the University of Liege campus houses spin offs and high technology businesses 1812 mine accident Edit In 1812 there were three coal pits Bure in close proximity just outside the city gates Bure Triquenotte Bure de Beaujone and Bure Mamonster The first two shafts were joined underground but the last one was a separate colliery The shafts were 120 fathoms 720 ft 220 m deep Water was led to a sump serrement from which it could be pumped to the surface At 11 00 on 28 February 1812 the sump in the Beaujone mine failed and flooded the entire colliery Of the 127 men down the mine at the time 35 escaped by the main shaft but 74 were trapped These numbers are taken from the report the 18 miner discrepancy is unexplained The trapped men attempted to dig a passageway into Mamonster After 23 feet 7 0 m there was a firedamp explosion and they realised that they had penetrated some old workings belonging to an abandoned mine Martin Wery The overseer Monsieur Goffin led the men to the point in Martin Wery which he judged closest to Mamonster and they commence to dig By the second day they had run out of candles and dug the remainder of a 36 feet 11 m gallery in darkness On the surface the only possible rescue was held to be via Mamonster A heading was driven towards Beaujone with all possible speed including blasting The trapped miners heard the rescuers and vice versa Five days after the accident communication was possible and the rescuers worked in darkness to avoid the risk of a firedamp explosion By 7pm that evening an opening was made 511 feet 156 m of tunnel had been dug by hand in five days All of the 74 miners in Goffin s part survived and were brought to the surface 44 Transport EditAir Edit Liege is served by Liege Airport located in Bierset a few kilometres west of the city It is the principal axis for the delivery of freight and in 2011 was the world s 33rd busiest cargo airport 45 Passenger services are very few Maritime Edit The Port of Liege located on the river Meuse is the 3rd largest river port in Europe Liege also has direct links to Antwerp through the Albert Canal and to Rotterdam via the river Meuse Rail Edit Liege is served by many direct rail links with the rest of Western Europe Its three principal stations are Liege Guillemins railway station Liege Carre and Liege Saint Lambert The InterCity Express and Thalys call at Liege Guillemins providing direct connections to Cologne and Frankfurt and Paris Nord respectively Liege was once home to a network of trams However they were removed by 1967 in favour of the construction of a new metro system A prototype of the metro was built and a tunnel was dug underneath the city but the metro was never built The construction of a new modern tramway has been ordered and was once scheduled to open by 2017 however the first rails were only laid in April 2021 46 Road Edit Liege sits at the crossroads of a number of highways including the European route E25 the European Route E42 the European Route E40 and the European Route E313 Notable people Edit Statue of Charlemagne in the centre of Liege See also List of people from Liege Alger of Liege 11th century learned priest Nicolas Ancion born 1971 writer Jacques Arcadelt 16th century composer Nacer Chadli born 1989 football player Charlemagne birth in Liege uncertain 8th century King of the Franks then crowned emperor Johannes Ciconia 14th century composer Master of the Ars Nova Steve Darcis born 1984 tennis player Jean d Outremeuse 14th century writer and historian Benoit Debie born 1968 cinematographer Theodor de Bry 1528 1598 engraver Louis De Geer 1587 1652 introducer of Walloon blast furnaces in Sweden Gerard de Lairesse 1640 1711 painter Jean Maurice Dehousse born 1936 politician Walloon movement activists first Minister President of the Walloon Region Serge Delaive born 1965 writer Marie Delcourt 1891 1979 professor at the University expert of the ancient Greek religion Walloon movement activist Louis Dewis 1872 1946 pseudonym for the Post Impressionist painter born Louis Dewachter leading retailer who managed the first chain department stores Emile Digneffe 1858 1937 lawyer and politician Jose Dupuis 1833 1900 creator of many roles in Offenbach s operas bouffes Ermano Fegatilli born 1984 boxer Cesar Franck 1822 1890 composer Hubert Joseph Walther Frere Orban 1812 1896 statesman Marie Gillain born 1975 international actress David Goffin born 1990 tennis player Anton Gosswin 16th century composer Zenobe Gramme 1826 1901 inventor Andre Ernest Modeste Gretry 1741 1813 composer Groupe µ team of scientists Gary Hartstein M D born 1955 Formula 1 delegate Richard Heintz 1871 1929 Post Impressionist painter Justine Henin born 1982 top ranked female tennis player Axel Hervelle born 1983 basketball player Georges Ista 1874 1939 writer Joseph Jongen 1873 1953 organist composer and educator Sandra Kim born 1972 winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 for Belgium Caroline Lamarche born 1955 French speaking writer Philippe Leonard born 1974 football player Linus of Liege 1595 1675 Counter reformation critic of Isaac Newton Lambert Lombard 1505 1566 painter Charles Magnette 1863 1937 lawyer and politician Georges Malempre 1944 retired UNESCO official Georges Nagelmackers 1845 1905 founder of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons Lits Hubert Naich 16th century composer Jacques Ochs 1883 1971 artist and Olympic fencing champion Pippin the Younger in French Pepin le Bref born in Jupille 8th century King of the Franks Henri Pousseur 1929 2009 composer Armand Rassenfosse 1862 1934 painter graphic artist Jean Rey 1902 1983 Old Minister Walloon movement activist second President of the European Commission Philippe Charles Schmerling prehistorian founder of paleontology Gustave Serrurier Bovy 1858 1910 architect and furniture designer Georges Simenon 1903 1989 novelist Stanislas Andre Steeman 1908 1970 writer Haroun Tazieff 1914 1998 volcanologist and geologist William of St Thierry 11th century theologian and mystic Violetta Villas 1938 2011 Polish singer and actress Axel Witsel born 1989 football player Eugene Ysaye 1858 1931 composer and violinistInternational relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium Twin towns Sister cities Partner cities Edit Liege is twinned with including partner cities 47 Sister Cities Edit Nancy France 1954 Cologne Germany 1958 Esch sur Alzette Luxembourg 1958 Lille France 1958 Rotterdam Netherlands 1958 Turin Italy 1958 Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961 Plzen Czech Republic 1965 Porto Portugal 1977 Krakow Poland 1978 Saint Louis Senegal 1980 Szeged Hungary 2001 Volgograd Russia 1959 Suspended due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Partner cities Edit Aachen Germany Abidjan Ivory Coast Baton Rouge United States 48 Bilbao Spain Elbasan Albania Hasselt Belgium Heerlen Netherlands Maastricht Netherlands Port au Prince Haiti Quebec City Canada Samarkand Uzbekistan Taiyuan China Tangier MoroccoSee also EditUniversity of Liege Liege Science Park Bishop of Liege Liege Bastogne Liege Ratherius Liege Island Antarctica named after the cityCitations Edit Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022 Statbel Liege Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 2 March 2019 Liege dead link US and Liege Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 26 August 2022 Liege Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 2 March 2019 Statistics Belgium Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 excel file Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population of all municipalities in Belgium on 1 January 2008 Retrieved on 2008 10 19 a b Statistics Belgium De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 pdf file Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium The metropolitan area of Liege is divided into three levels First the central agglomeration agglomeratie with 480 513 inhabitants 1 January 2008 Adding the closest surroundings banlieue gives a total of 641 591 And including the outer commuter zone forensenwoonzone the population is 810 983 Retrieved on 2008 10 19 Ludike Vroegmiddelnederlands woordenboek in Dutch Retrieved 8 July 2012 The Book Collector Vol 8 1959 p 10 Room Adrian 2006 Placenames of the World 2nd ed Jefferson NC McFarland amp Co p 219 Liege 1991 Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia Vol 7 Chicago Encyclopaedia Britannica p 344 D ou vient Cite Ardente le surnom de la ville de Liege La France en Belgique in French Embassy of France Retrieved 30 May 2018 Brown Jennifer N Three women of Liege a critical edition of and commentary on the Middle English lives of Elizabeth of Spalbeek Christina Mirabilis and Marie d Oignies Turnhout Brepols 2008 Henri Pirenne Belgian Democracy Its Early History Translated by J V Saunders The University press Hull 1915 pp 140 141 Available online Belgian Democracy Its Early History pp 72 73 Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Helfferich Tryntje The Thirty Years War A Documentary History Cambridge 2009 pp 292 The New York Times Published 25 March 1886 PDF The New York Times Retrieved 3 November 2018 See The New York Times published 23 March 1886 Robson Stuart 2007 The First World War Internet Archive 1 ed Harrow England Pearson Longman p 14 ISBN 978 1 4058 2471 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Robson Stuart 2007 The First World War Internet Archive 1 ed Harrow England Pearson Longman p 7 ISBN 978 1 4058 2471 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Watson Alexander Ring of Steel Germany and Austria Hungary at War 1914 1918 Penguin 2014 p 258 59 Merriam Ray 6 March 2017 World War 2 in Review A Primer ISBN 9781365797620 Erik Jones Economic Adjustment and Political Transformation in Small States Oxford Press 2008 p 121 978 0 19 920833 3 Political History of Belgium From 1830 Onwards Academic and Scientific Publishers Brussels 2009 p 278 ISBN 978 90 5487 517 8 Belgian grenade attack leaves 4 dead 123 injured CBC News 14 December 2011 Liege shooting Two police officers and civilian dead in Belgium BBC News 29 May 2018 Luchttemperatuur en neerslag Referentieperiode 1991 2020 PDF in Dutch Royal Meteorological Institute Retrieved 24 August 2022 Temperature estreme in Liege Temperature Estreme in Toscana in Italian Temperature estreme in Liege Retrieved 24 August 2022 Montagne de Bueren La ville autour du Pieton Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 Retrieved 1 February 2018 RTBF Liege le pietonnier de la rue de la Casquette sera inaugure vendredi 9 December 2014 Libre be La 15 aout Outremeuse ou le cœur bat in French Retrieved 17 July 2017 Photographies Folklore etudiant www ulg ac be Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 Retrieved 31 March 2017 lameuse be Saint Nicolas un etudiant qui collecte gagne 15 par heure lameuse in French Retrieved 31 March 2017 Delandshere Ludovic Evrard MyPixhell com Pascal Duc Ditc be Frank Today in Liege La collecte de Saint Nicolas des etudiants en medecine ira a la Croix Rouge www todayinliege be Retrieved 31 March 2017 Paull Jennifer 1 January 2004 Fodor s Belgium Fodor s Travel Publications p 232 ISBN 9781400013333 Spring Classics How to win cycling s hardest one day races BBC Sport Retrieved 27 March 2015 Wynn Nigel 29 October 2010 2012 Tour to start in Liege Cycling Weekly Time Inc UK Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2011 Liggett Phil Raia James Lewis Sammarye 2005 Tour de France for Dummies Indianapolis IN John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 7645 8449 7 Details of 2012 Tour de France start official Cyclingnews com Immediate Media Company 18 November 2010 Retrieved 27 August 2011 Sunday July 2nd Stage 2 206km letour fr ASO Archived from the original on 19 April 2017 Retrieved 18 April 2017 MacMichael Simon 20 November 2010 Details of 2012 Tour de France Grand Depart announced road cc Farrelly Atkinson Retrieved 27 August 2011 Web Oficial de la Vuelta a Espana 2009 Official Web Site Vuelta a Espana 2009 Lavuelta com Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Fightnews 2011 2 26 Fegatilli takes Foster s Euro belt Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Fightnews com Retrieved 2011 3 31 NASA A Nighttime View of Liege Belgium Nasa gov Retrieved on 2013 07 28 Thomson Thomas April 1816 Account of an Accident which happened in a Coal Mine at Liege in 1812 Annals of Philosophy London Robert Baldwin vol VII no XL pp 260 263 retrieved 28 December 2014 McCurry John The world s top 50 airports Air Cargo News Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 https letram be actualites pose des premiers rails rue leopold retour sur levenement Tramoperator s website Twinning and partnerships English Ville de Liege Retrieved 16 October 2021 Angie Francalancia 23 September 1985 CODOFIL welcomes Prince Philippe Baton Rouge Morning Advocate sec B p 1 Bibliography EditMain article Bibliography of the history of LiegeExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liege Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liege Official website of the city of Liege Liege congres Archived 15 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine Leodium the touristic and cultural network Coat of arms of Liege Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liege amp oldid 1141030131, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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