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Fraser Island

Fraser Island, or K’gari (/ˈɡɑːri/ GAH-ree),[2] is a World Heritage-listed sand island along the south-eastern coast in the Wide Bay–Burnett region, Queensland, Australia. The island is approximately 250 km (160 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane, and is within the Fraser Coast Region local government area. The world heritage listing includes the island, its surrounding waters and parts of the nearby mainland.

Fraser Island
K'gari
Queensland
View of the beach from Indian Head, May 2016
Fraser Island
Coordinates25°14′S 153°09′E / 25.24°S 153.15°E / -25.24; 153.15 (K'Gari)
Population152 (2021 census)[1]
 • Density0.09184/km2 (0.2379/sq mi)
Postcode(s)4581
Area1,655.0 km2 (639.0 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
LGA(s)Fraser Coast Region
State electorate(s)Hervey Bay
Federal division(s)Wide Bay
Localities around Fraser Island:
Unnamed Locality Coral Sea
Great Sandy Strait Fraser Island
Great Sandy Strait Eurong
K’gari (Fraser Island)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaNatural: vii, viii, ix
Reference630
Inscription1992 (16th Session)

The island is part of the traditional lands of the Butchulla people, under the traditional name of "K'gari". European settlers who arrived in 1847 named the island "Fraser Island" after Captain James Fraser, master of Stirling Castle, who was shipwrecked and died on the island in early August 1836.[3][4][5]

In the 2021 census, the island had a population of 152 people.[1] Up to 500,000 people visit the island each year.

History Edit

 
Fraser Island: locator map

Pre-colonial settlement Edit

The lands that include the current day island have been inhabited for at least 60,000 years by the Butchulla people.[6][7][8][9] Originally attached to the mainland, K'Gari became an island 10,000—20,000 years ago during rising seas.[9][10]

Butchulla (also known as Batjala, Badtjala, Badjela and Badjala) is the language of the Fraser Coast region, including the island.[11] The traditional Butchulla name of the island is K'gari or Gari.[12] Butchulla language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Fraser Coast Regional Council, particularly the towns of Maryborough and Hervey Bay extending south towards Noosa.[11]

Archaeological research and evidence shows that Aboriginal Australians occupied K'gari at least 5,000 years ago. There was a permanent population of 400–600 that grew to 2,000–3,000 in the winter months due to abundant seafood resources.[13] Conflict with European settlers and disease reduced the population from 435 in 1872 to 230 in 1880. Most of these people were taken off the island in 1904 and relocated to missions in Yarrabah and Durundur (near Caboolture).[14][15]

It is estimated that up to 500 Indigenous archaeological sites are located on the island.[16]

British exploration (1770–1840s) Edit

Initial European contact was limited to explorers and shipwrecks. The first recorded Briton to sight K'gari was James Cook who passed along the coast of the island between 18 and 20 May 1770. He named Indian Head after viewing a number of Aboriginal people gathered on the headland. After Cook's passage an Aboriginal song was composed to commemorate the event. This was later recognised as the first preserved oral testimony of Indigenous observation of Europeans.[17] Matthew Flinders sailed past the island in 1799, and again in 1802, this time landing at Sandy Cape,[18] while charting Hervey Bay. His 1814 chart is a combination of both voyages, but did not confirm K'gari as being separate from the mainland. However, Flinders did suggest the presence of shallow swampy areas at the lower part of the bay. Flinders was told of an opening at Hook Point, between K'gari and the mainland, by two American whalers who were hunting whales in Hervey Bay.[19] In 1842, Andrew Petrie recorded good pastoral lands and forests, attracting graziers to the region.[20] Lieutenant Robert Dayman was the first European to sail between K'gari and the mainland in 1847.[21]

Shipwreck; Eliza Fraser (1836) Edit

Captain James Fraser and his wife, Eliza Fraser, of England, were shipwrecked on the island in 1836. Their ship, the brig Stirling Castle, set sail from Sydney to Singapore with 18 crew and passengers. The ship was holed on coral while travelling through the Great Barrier Reef north of the island.[22] Transferring to two lifeboats, the crew set a course south, attempting to reach the settlement at Moreton Bay (now Brisbane). During this trip in the leaking lifeboats, Captain Fraser's pregnant wife gave birth in water up to her waist; the infant drowned after birth. The Captain's lifeboat began sinking and was soon left behind by the second one, which continued on. The wrecked boat and its crew was beached on what was then known as the Great Sandy Island.[5]

Captain Fraser died, leaving his wife Eliza and the second mate Mr Baxter living among the local peoples. Eliza and Baxter were found six weeks later by a convict, John Graham,[23] who had lived in the bush as an escapee and who spoke the Aboriginal language. He was sent from the settlement at Moreton Bay by the authorities there who had heard about their plight, and negotiated their return.[24][5]

Within six months, Eliza had married another sea captain. She returned to England and became a sideshow attraction in Hyde Park, telling ever more lurid tales about her experiences with the enslavement of the crew, cannibalism, torture, and murder. As she is known to have told several versions of the story, it is unknown which (if any) version was most accurate.[25][26] It has been suggested that she was killed in a carriage accident during a visit to Melbourne in 1858.[22]

Fraser's stories were disputed, by other survivors[who?] at the time and afterwards.[27][28] On her return to England, Fraser appealed for money to the Lord Mayor of London, claiming to be a penniless widow in need, but the subsequent inquiry revealed that prior to leaving Sydney she had both remarried an English captain with whom she returned, and also there received a large sum of charitable funds in light of her ordeal.[29]

Frontier conflict (1851–1860) Edit

Non-Indigenous settlement of the traditional Butchulla mainland area began in 1847, sparking frontier conflict. Violence between Indigenous people and non-Indigenous people was reported.[30] In October 1850, it was reported "blacks [sic] had driven away 2000 sheep from a station about forty miles from here, and had killed a shepherd".[31] In 1851, a small government-led force including Commandant Frederick Walker and a contingent of the Native Police were called in "for the purpose of endeavouring to apprehend some aboriginal natives [sic] who stand charged with various offences, and who have hitherto found shelter in the scrub" of Fraser Island.[32] Frontier war was anticipated, condoned, and facilitated by the government, with Walker receiving advice from the Attorney-General of New South Wales, John Hubert Plunkett saying, "It must, unhappily, be expected that the proposed attempt at arrest may lead to a warlike conflict and perhaps to loss of life, but the aim of the law must not be paralysed by the expectation of such results".[33]

The force included Walker, Lieutenant Richard Marshall, Sergeant Doolan, three divisions of troopers, and armed locals including James Leith Hay, aboard a schooner. A boat reputedly stolen by "the blacks [sic] from Maryborough" was captured along the way.[34] The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up. During the night, conflict began and a number of Indigenous people were shot and others captured. The weather was bad and Commandant Walker allowed his division to track down other groups without him. This group tracked a group of Indigenous people across the island to the east coast where they pursued them into the open ocean near Indian Head/Tacky Waroo to an unknown fate. After months of conflict, the force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of £10 for his contribution.[35] According to Native Police reports, operations on Fraser Island during 24 December 1851 and 3 January 1852 were lawful, and only two Indigenous people were killed while attacking Walker’s police party on the night of 27 December 1851.[36] Academics as well as community advocates have demonstrated that the word dispersed was often used regardless of the actual results of clashes between Native Police and Indigenous Australians and the pursuing of Indigenous people into the sea at Indian Head/Tacky Waroo was most likely a massacre as the relevant report states that the Butchulla were "dispersed into the sea".[37][38]

British commissioners stationed in Maryborough reported non-Indigenous occupants felt threatened by Butchulla people.[39] In 1857, a Native Police barracks under the command of Lieutenant John O'Connell Bligh was established at Coopers Plains, now Owanyilla, not far from Maryborough. Bligh conducted further forays into Fraser Island,[40] Cooloola, and in the town of Maryborough itself.[41]

The "white girls" (1859) Edit

In 1859 rumours of two shipwrecked "white" girls living with Butchulla people on Fraser Island gained some credence when Captain Arnold of Coquette arrived in Sydney with information seeming to confirm the story.[42] Public interest was stirred and Arnold was requested by the government of the Colony of New South Wales to return to the island with a rescue party, obtaining the right to a £200 bonus if the girls were brought back. The expedition was carried out with the aid of an Aboriginal man named Tommy, who identified the Aboriginal camp near Indian Head where two girls aged about 12 and 18 were located and captured.[43] On taking them to Sydney, it became evident through their appearance and through their complete lack of knowledge of the English language that the girls were likely Aboriginal "half-castes". Edward Preddy of the rescue party wrote that "they could not converse with any of us, nor did they seem capable of talking with the blacks."[40] Arthur Macalister stated that he "thought it very probable that these girls were half castes, and that the whole thing was a trick".[44] Further discredit was placed on the process when it was found that the Aboriginal people who were paid by the search party to find the girls were rewarded in worthless commemorative coins instead of real money.[45] The girls, "Kitty" Mundi and "Maria" Quoheen/Coyeen, were not returned to their home but were initially kept at the Immigration Depot, where they yearned for their family.[46] Kitty, the eldest of the two, suffered severe mental distress and died shortly afterwards. Maria survived for about 20 years, dying from pulmonary tuberculosis.[47]

Aboriginal internment camp (1897–1904) Edit

 
Shelters at Boggimbah, Fraser Island, 1902. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Negative number: 107735.

In 1897, as part of the implementation of the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, the Government of Queensland moved 51 Indigenous people who had been deemed to have "reached a deplorable stage of degradation, being completely demoralised by drink, opium, disease, and intermittent periods of semi-starvation" from the Maryborough district to a camp on the west coast of Fraser Island. The main bureaucrat in charge of the relocations of Indigenous people in Queensland at the time, Archibald Meston, transported the 51 men, women and children to a defunct quarantine station at White Cliffs (Beerillbee) about 2 km south of the present day Kingfisher Bay Resort.[48] However, white residents of Maryborough made incursions into the camp area and caused tension and flare ups[49] which resulted in the relocation of the camp 10 km north to Bogimbah creek.[50] The Queensland Government ran the Bogimbah site under the direction of Archibald Meston's son and wife until February 1900, when control was handed over to the Australian Board of Missions.[51] By this time, Bogimbah had become an incarceration facility for Indigenous people from around Queensland, it was described as a hell hole of deprivation, lacking medical supplies, food and shelter and mosquito born diseases were prevalent.[52] At the end of 1899 there were 137 Indigenous people from 25 different locations, including some who had served prison sentences in places like St Helena Island and Townsville Gaol and had been refused permission to return to their homes.[53] A former Native Police trooper named Barney, who had assisted in the operations to capture Ned Kelly, was sent to Bogimbah but drowned there not long after in a boating accident.[54]

 
Archibald Meston. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Negative Number 17065.

Conditions at Bogimbah were dire, with inadequate shelter and rations.[55] Inmates frequently tried to escape to the mainland in order to get access to better food and obtain employment. Some died through malnutrition, pulmonary tuberculosis and geophagia.[56] In 1904, in order to save money on funding to the Missions Board, the Queensland Government decided to shut the Bogimbah facility.[57] Of the 145 Indigenous people counted at the time of closure, 94 were transferred to the Yarrabah facility near Cairns, 33 to the Durundur facility near Woodford, 9 were kept local and another 9 escaped or were sent elsewhere.[58] Those who were removed to Yarrabah were transported by the Rio Loge and there appears to have been deceptive techniques involved in getting the people to separate from loved ones.[59] Once in Yarrabah, similarly poor living standards greeted these people and those who become troublesome were transferred to Fitzroy Island.[60]

Wreck of Maheno (1935) Edit

 
The wreck of SS Maheno near Eli Creek, 2019

A major landmark on Fraser Island is the shipwreck of SS Maheno. Maheno was built in Scotland in 1905 as a luxury passenger ship for the trans-Tasman crossing. During World War I it served as a hospital ship in the English Channel, and was then returned to its owners to resume usual commercial operation. By 1935 the ship had been taken out of service and was sold to a ship-breaker in Japan. On 25 June 1935, while being towed to Osaka to be broken up, the ship was caught in a strong cyclone about 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of Queensland. The towline parted, and on 9 July 1935 Maheno became beached on the east coast of Fraser Island.[citation needed]

During World War II the wreck served as target bombing practice for the RAAF and was used as an explosives demolition target by special forces from the Fraser Commando School. The remains of the ship are now severely rusted, with almost three and a half storeys buried under the sand. Because of the danger it poses, climbing on the wreck is not permitted.[61]

Fraser Commando School (WW2) Edit

During World War II, the area near McKenzie's Jetty was used by the Services Reconnaissance Department (popularly known as "Z Special Unit") as a special forces training camp – the Fraser Commando School. Thousands of soldiers were trained here because the conditions were similar to those found on Pacific Islands where the Japanese were fought.[62] Lake McKenzie was used for parachute training and the wreck of Maheno was used for explosive demolitions practice.[citation needed]

Visitors to the site of the Fraser Commando School today can still see various relics of its military past including armour plates used to test armour piercing explosive charges and weapons and a concrete relief map of Singapore Harbour used as an aid in operations planning.[citation needed]

Nauru resettlement proposition (1961) Edit

As part of ongoing meetings in the United Nations Trusteeship Council on the "Conditions in the Trust Territories", the Republic of Nauru expressed concern that its phosphate mining exportation would be depleted by the end of the century, endangering the future of the island.[63][64] In 1961, Fraser Island was proposed by Australia as a location for the resettlement of the entire population of the Republic of Nauru. The timber industry on Fraser Island managed to ensure that resettlement on Fraser Island did not proceed.[65] In 1964 in the 31st session of United Nations Trusteeship Council meetings it was concluded that Curtis Island could provide a more satisfactory resettlement for the population of Nauru.[64] Nauru rejected the offer of moving the entire population to Curtis Island due to political independence considerations that Australia would not agree to.[63] When visiting the island in 1964, the head of the Nauru delegation, Hammer de Roburt, insisted on this point of sovereignty in order to protect his people from the overt racism that he himself experienced on this tour.[66] Although a resettlement never did occur, the Republic of Nauru went on to achieve independence on 31 January 1968.[citation needed]

World Heritage Site (1992) Edit

In 1992, Fraser Island was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[67] In 2021, the listing was updated to add the traditional Butchulla Aboriginal name of K'gari[68] as well as the island's colonial name of Fraser Island. In 2009, as part of the Q150 celebrations, Fraser Island was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "natural attraction".[69]

Native title (2014) Edit

In October 2014, native title rights were granted to the Butchulla people by the Federal Court. This enables Butchulla people to hunt, fish, and take water for domestic purposes; and opens the island up to economic opportunities for current and future generations of Butchulla people through ecotourism and related business development.[70]

2020 bushfire Edit

On 14 October 2020, a large bushfire was started on the island by an illegal campfire. It impacted multiple communities and caused residents to flee their homes as it burned out of control.[71]

In early December interstate assistance, including from the New South Wales Rural Fire Service (NSWRFS) who provided a Boeing 737-300 Large Air Tanker waterbombing aircraft, was used to fight the fire as Happy Valley township was threatened. High temperatures, 32 °C (90 °F), and strong winds hindered fire fighting and Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) Director Brian Cox said "A lot of this fire is burning in inaccessible country …".[72]

Heavy rainfall in mid-December helped contain the fire and the QFES was able to hand control back to the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS).[73] This was the longest burning fire of the 2020–21 bushfire season up to 14 December 2020 as it had been burning since October, over two months, and as of that date, more than half the island had been "blackened" by fire.[74]

The island reopened to tourists on 15 December. The fire was still burning, but the island was declared safe for visitors, though some walking trails and burner areas were still restricted for safety.[74] It is expected that the burned areas will successfully regenerate.[75]

Demographics Edit

In the 2021 census, the island had a population of 152 people.[1]

Toponymy Edit

The earliest known name of the island is K'gari in the Butchulla (Badjala) language (pronounced "gurri" or "GUR-rie"),[76] which comes from a creation story. According to the Butchulla Dreaming story, the creator being Beiral sent his messenger Yendingie to create land and sea for the people. His helper, a "beautiful white spirit called Princess K’gari", worked hard to create the shores and the land, but afterwards persuaded Yedingie to let her stay on their beautiful creation. In order to stay, she had to be changed into an island, so Yedingie created lakes, vegetation, animals and people to keep her company. She remains today, happy "in, and as a 'paradise'".[77]

After European colonisation, it was called Great Sandy Island, and then Fraser Island from 1842, after Captain James Fraser, master of Stirling Castle, who was shipwrecked and died on the island in early August 1836.[3][4]

The island has also been referred to as Thoorgine, or Thoorgine Island.[78][79]

In 2011, the Indigenous names of K'gari and Gari were entered as alternative names for the island in the Queensland Place Names register.[3]

In 2017, the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service began referring to the Fraser Island section of Great Sandy National Park as the K'gari (Fraser Island) section,[80] in recognition of the Butchulla name.[81]

In September 2021, the World Heritage Area within Great Sandy National Park, along with the surrounding waters and parts of the nearby mainland, was renamed K'gari, the original Butchulla people's name for the island. The move was celebrated at a ceremony with elders and representatives of the Butchulla people on Fraser Island. The name change was formally adopted at the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee, and was a major milestone in a long running campaign by the region's traditional owners.[82][83]

On 7 June 2023, the dual name was dropped and both the geographical feature and locality were officially renamed K'gari as the standalone name,[84][85] thus changing to its original name.[86]

Past industries Edit

Logging (1863–1991) Edit

 
McKenzie's Tramway Locomotive, c. 1920

Logging on the island began in 1863, initiated by American Jack Piggott (known as "Yankee Jack").[20] Piggott's contribution, however, was limited as he was killed the following year by Indigenous people on the northern part of the island after what was rumoured to be a "black-shooting expedition" went awry.[87] Blackbutt trees (Eucalyptus pilularis), Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) and satinay or Fraser Island turpentine (Syncarpia hillii) were extensively exploited as they provided excellent timber.[20][88] Satinay logs were sent to Egypt to be used in the construction of the Suez Canal.[62] For the first 70 years of logging, bullock drays were used to haul the timber to loading points on the beach.[62] Railway tracks were laid through the forest to facilitate logging, but were later removed. The logging industry continued until 1991, ceasing following concerns raised by the Commission of Inquiry into the Conservation, Management and Use of Fraser Island and the Great Sandy Region, appointed by the Goss Labor government and chaired by Justice Tony Fitzgerald.[89]

Sand mining (1950–1977) Edit

The geology of the island includes extensive deposits of rutile, ilmenite, zircon and monazite. Sand mining leases were first granted in 1950, and mining continued until 1977.[90] Without public knowledge the Queensland Government granted mining leases to the American mining company Dillingham-Murphyores in the 1960s. In 1971, the Fraser Island Defenders Organisation (FIDO) opposed the granting of more leases to the company. Despite more than 1,300 submissions that were made to the local mining warden objecting to new leases, the submission was granted.[91][92] FIDO took the case to the High Court of Australia which overruled the decision noting that the public interest was not being upheld. Dillingham-Murphyores continued mining. The Whitlam government established Australia's first environmental impact inquiry, which recommended that mining cease.[91] Eventually the Fraser government cancelled the company's mineral export licence, which halted mining on the island. That represented a significant win for the conservation movement in Australia.[91] Fraser Island then became the first place to be included in the Australian Heritage Commission's Register of the National Estate.[93]

Geography and ecology Edit

The island is about 123 km (76 mi) long and 22 km (14 mi) wide.[94] It was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1992.[95] The island is the largest sand island in the world at 1,840 km2 (710 sq mi).[94] It is also Queensland's largest island, Australia's sixth largest island and the largest island on the east coast of Australia.

K'gari has rainforests, eucalyptus woodland, mangrove forests, wallum and peat swamps, sand dunes and coastal heaths. It is made up of sand that has been accumulating for approximately 750,000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast. Unlike on many sand dunes, plant life is abundant due to the naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi present in the sand, which release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by the plants.[96] The island is home to a small number of mammal species,[13] as well as a diverse range of birds, reptiles and amphibians, including the occasional saltwater crocodile. The island is protected as part of the Great Sandy National Park, and is a popular tourism destination.[97]

 
NASA Landsat image of insular K'gari

K'gari is separated from the mainland by Great Sandy Strait. The southern tip, near Tin Can Bay, is situated to the north of Inskip Peninsula. The most northern point of the island is Sandy Cape where the Sandy Cape Light operated from 1870 to 1994.[98] The establishment of the lighthouse was the first permanent European settlement on the island.[21] The nearest large town to the island is Hervey Bay, while Maryborough and Bundaberg are also close by. The bay on the north east coast is called Marloo Bay and on the north west coast is Platypus Bay. The most westerly place on the island is Moon Point.[99]

The island is divided into two localities: the eponymous K'gari locality consisting of most of the land on the island and the locality of Eurong on the east coast of the island.[100][101][102]

 
Eli Creek is the largest creek on the eastern beach.
 
Eli Creek where it enters the sea

Eli Creek is the largest freshwater creek on the east coast of K'gari with a flow of 80 million litres per day.[103] Eli Creek has its own unique and varied wild life. Coongul Creek, on the west coast, has a flow rate of four to five million litres per hour.[99] Some of the swamps on the island are fens, particularly near Moon Point. That was only discovered in 1996, when a group of experts who had attended a Ramsar conference in Brisbane flew over the island and conducted an aerial survey.[104] From above, they noticed the distinct patterns of potholed peat devoid of trees. That was the first instance of fens being found in Australia and in a sub-tropical region, although more were subsequently discovered on the adjacent Cooloola coast.

Sandmass and The Pinnacles Edit

 
The Pinnacles on K'gari

The total volume of sand above sea level on K'gari is directly proportional to the mass of 113 km3 (27 cu mi).[105] All of the sand, which originated in the Hawkesbury, Hunter and Clarence River catchments in New South Wales, has been transported northward by longshore drift driven by onshore winds from the southeast and repeated wave actions.[105] Along the eastern coast of the island the process is removing more sand than it is depositing, resulting in the slow erosion of beaches which may accelerate with sea level rises attributed to climate change. The sand consists of 98% quartz.[99]

All hills on K'gari have been formed by sandblowing. Sandblows are parabolic dunes which move across the island via the wind and are devoid of vegetation. In 2004, there was an estimated total of 36 sandblows on the island.[99] With year-round winds from the southeast, the sand dunes on the island move at the rate of 1 to 2 metres a year and grow to a height of 244 metres. The dune movement creates overlapping dunes and sometimes intersects waterways and covers forests. Dune-building has occurred in episodes as the sea levels have changed, and once extended much further to the east.[20] The oldest dune system has been dated at 700,000 years, which is the world's oldest recorded sequence.[20]

The coloured sands found at Rainbow Gorge, The Cathedrals, The Pinnacles and Red Canyon are examples of the sand being stained over thousands of years due to it conglomerating with clay.[20] Hematite, the mineral pigment responsible for the staining, acts like cement. That allows the steeper cliffs of coloured sand to form. Coffee rock, so-called because when it is dissolved in water it turns the colour of coffee, is found in outcrops along the beaches on both sides of the island.[99]

The "75-Mile Beach" (120 km) runs along most of the east coast of K'gari. It is officially designated as a main road and is used as a landing strip for planes. Highway rules state that vehicles must give way to aircraft if they are oncoming. Along the beach are the Champagne Pools, Indian Head, the Maheno wreck, and the outflow of Eli Creek. Exposed volcanic rocks are found at Indian Head, Waddy Point and Middle Rocks,[106] as well as near Boon Boon Creek.[99]

Lakes Edit

 
The beach at Lake McKenzie, 2016
 
Hammerstone Sandblow and Lake Wabby

K'gari has more than 100 freshwater lakes,[107] the second highest concentration of lakes in Australia after Tasmania.[103] The freshwater lakes on the island are some of the cleanest in the world.[96] A popular tourist area, Lake McKenzie, is located inland from the small town of Eurong. It is a perched lake, sitting on top of compact sand and vegetable matter 100 m (330 ft) above sea level. Lake McKenzie has an area of 150 hectares and is just over 5 m (16 ft) deep. The beach sand of Lake McKenzie is nearly pure silica. The lakes have very few nutrients and their pH varies, but sunscreen and soaps cause a pollution problem. Fresh water on the island may become stained by organic acids found in decaying vegetation. Because of the organic acids, a pH level as low as 3.7 has been measured in some of the island's perched lakes.[99] The acidity prevents many species from inhabiting the lakes.

Another perched lake on K'gari is Lake Boomanjin which, at 200 hectares in size, is the largest perched lake on any sea island in the world.[62] In total there are 40 perched lakes on the island, half of all known lakes of this kind on the planet.[13] Lake Boomanjin is fed by two creeks that pass through a wallum swamp where it collects tannins which tint the water red.[99] Lake Wabby is the deepest lake on the island, at 12 m (39 ft) in depth, and is also the least acidic, which means it has the most aquatic life of all the lakes.

Some of the lakes on K'gari are window lakes, a subtype of perched lakes, which form when the water table has risen to a point higher than the surrounding land. Most of the valleys on the island have creeks which are fed by springs.[99] Motor boats and jet skis are banned from the lakes on the island.[16]

Climate Edit

K'gari has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw); it is generally warm and not subject to extremes in temperature due to the moderating influence of the ocean. Temperatures rarely rise above 33 °C (91 °F) or drop below 7 °C (45 °F) and humidity is consistently high. Rainfall is heaviest during the summer and early autumn, and the annual average is 1,251 mm (49.25 in). Cyclones can be a threat; Cyclone Hamish brushed the island as a category 5 in March 2009, while Cyclone Oswald in January 2013 was significantly weaker at a Category 1. Both storms however caused severe beach erosion, particularly on the island's northern tip.[108] The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) between July and September to 27 °C (81 °F) between January and March.[109]

Climate data for Fraser Island (Sandy Cape Lighthouse), 1991 - 2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.2
(93.6)
35.8
(96.4)
34.7
(94.5)
31.4
(88.5)
28.7
(83.7)
27.8
(82.0)
26.5
(79.7)
27.2
(81.0)
29.3
(84.7)
31.8
(89.2)
33.2
(91.8)
36.0
(96.8)
36.0
(96.8)
Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)
29.8
(85.6)
28.9
(84.0)
27.1
(80.8)
24.4
(75.9)
22.4
(72.3)
21.8
(71.2)
22.8
(73.0)
24.9
(76.8)
26.3
(79.3)
27.8
(82.0)
29.1
(84.4)
26.3
(79.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2)
26.3
(79.3)
25.4
(77.7)
23.7
(74.7)
21.1
(70.0)
19.1
(66.4)
18.2
(64.8)
19.1
(66.4)
21.2
(70.2)
22.6
(72.7)
24.2
(75.6)
25.5
(77.9)
22.7
(72.9)
Average low °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9)
22.8
(73.0)
22.0
(71.6)
20.3
(68.5)
17.9
(64.2)
15.8
(60.4)
14.7
(58.5)
15.5
(59.9)
17.5
(63.5)
19.0
(66.2)
20.6
(69.1)
21.9
(71.4)
19.2
(66.6)
Record low °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1)
16.1
(61.0)
14.6
(58.3)
13.3
(55.9)
9.6
(49.3)
6.7
(44.1)
5.2
(41.4)
5.6
(42.1)
9.4
(48.9)
11.2
(52.2)
13.9
(57.0)
16.0
(60.8)
5.2
(41.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 150.3
(5.92)
157.6
(6.20)
141.8
(5.58)
111.0
(4.37)
127.9
(5.04)
101.5
(4.00)
70.1
(2.76)
53.8
(2.12)
42.4
(1.67)
90.7
(3.57)
62.2
(2.45)
99.8
(3.93)
1,209.1
(47.61)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.9 10.0 11.4 11.2 11.0 9.8 8.2 6.1 4.7 5.5 5.5 7.4 100.7
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[110]

Fauna Edit

Mammals Edit

Estimates of the number of mammal species present on K'gari range from 25 to 50.[107][111] Mammals include swamp wallabies, echidnas, ringtail and brushtail possums, sugar gliders, squirrel gliders, phascogales, bandicoots, potoroos, flying foxes and dingoes. The swamp wallaby finds protection from dingos in the swampy areas which have dense undergrowth.[112] There are 19 species of bats which live on or visit the island.[112]

Until 2003, when they were removed by the Environmental Protection Agency,[113] there were a few brumbies (horses) on the island, descendants of Arab stock turned loose for breeding purposes, and joined in 1879 by horses brought over for the logging industry.[114][115]

Dingoes Edit

 
K'gari dingoes

Dingoes were once common on K'gari, but are now decreasing. The island dingoes are reputedly some of the last remaining "pure" dingoes in Eastern Australia and to prevent cross-breeding, dogs are not allowed on the island.[116] According to DNA-examinations from the year 2004, the island dingoes are "pure".[117] However, skull measurements from the 1990s detected crossbreeds between dingoes and domestic dogs among the population.[118]

Up until 1995, there were no official records of dingoes attacking humans on K'gari. In April 2001, a boy named Clinton Gage wandered away from his family and was attacked and killed by several dingoes.[119] More than 120 dingoes were killed by rangers as a result of the incident, though locals believe the number was much greater.[114] After the 2001 attack, four dedicated rangers were allocated dingo management roles and ranger patrols were increased.[120] There are fines for feeding dingoes or leaving food and rubbish out which may attract them.[111]

As of January 2008, the number of dingoes on K'gari was estimated to be 120 to 150, and sightings have become less common. A University of Queensland researcher, Nick Baker, claims the island dingoes have adopted unusual behaviour. Rather than hunt in small packs, island dingoes had developed a tolerance for each other and work together in one big hunting pack.[120] Dingo-proof fences, consisting of metals bars across a concrete pit and a 1.8 m high mesh fence were built around nine island settlements in 2008, to keep the dingoes out of the townships.[121]

In March 2010, three separate reports of dingos biting tourists were made.[122] Tourists have been criticised for ignoring advice from park rangers as they try to provoke reactions from dingoes while taking photographs.[122]

As of 2015, the number of dingoes on K'gari was estimated to be around 180 to 220.[123]

Reptiles and amphibians Edit

There has been a total of 74 different species of reptiles recorded on K'gari.[112] 18 species of snakes have been identified with one third of them considered dangerous, including the extremely venomous eastern brown snake.[107] Goannas, snakes, geckos, skinks and frogs are all present on the island. Some frog species have evolved to cope with the acidic waters of lakes and swamps on the island, and are appropriately called acid frogs.[111][115] The island is home to the recently discovered Fraser Island sand skink. Freshwater turtles such as Kreffts river turtle are found in the island's lakes and creeks.

Saltwater crocodiles are exclusively tropical reptiles and usually found in Far North Queensland (several hundred kilometres north-west of K'gari), however, occasionally during the warmer season (December through March, when water temperatures reach consistent tropical temperatures) crocodiles may appear in areas in and around the island. During the 2008–2009 summer several crocodiles (one over 4 metres in length) were present in the surrounding ocean.[124] It is thought that these reptiles are seasonal visitors, as they always disappear during the cold months (presumably returning to tropical northern Queensland.) This sort of activity was apparently reported but unverified decades ago (a handful of crocodiles have also historically been observed on very rare occurrences around Brisbane, the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast during the warmer season) but within recent years has been proven and observed more often. Crocodiles do not breed nor do they appear to have any permanent populations living on the island.

 
Pied oystercatcher

Birds Edit

K'gari forms part of the Cooloola and Fraser Coast Important Bird Area (IBA).[125] There are over 350 different species of birds on the island.[13] Birds of prey include sea eagles, peregrine falcon, osprey and kites. Other common birds include pelicans, terns, honeyeaters, gulls, kingfishers, kookaburra, owls, doves, thornbills, ducks, brolgas, and cockatoos. The island is visited by 20 species of migratory wader birds from as far afield as Siberia.[112] The island provides habitat for 22 different species of gull and tern, four species of falcon and six species of kingfisher.[126] A rare bird on the island is the eastern ground parrot, already extinct in some parts of Australia.[114][115]

 
A humpback whale with the sand dunes of K'gari in the background

Other Edit

Cetaceans, such as humpback whales and some species of dolphins are frequent visitors to the area. Dugongs and sea turtles can also be found in surrounding waters.[111] Great white, bull and tiger sharks can be found, with the latter species sometimes approaching fishermen wading in the surf.[111] Mud crabs are found on the western side of the island near mangrove-lined estuaries.[62] 24 freshwater fish species are found in the island's lakes.[107]

There has been 300 species of ants recorded on K'gari.[112] Long finned eels and giant earthworms are also found on the island.

Flora Edit

The flora of K'gari is diverse. More than 865 species of plants grow on the island.[99] It is the only place on earth where tall rainforest grows in sand.[111] The island contains the largest extent of wallum heath remnants in Queensland. In Pile Valley, 1,000-year-old rough-barked satinays are found.[111] Despite being logged the kauri pines dominate in some areas. Scribbly gums, red gums, piccabeen palms, blue quandong, brush box and pandanus all grow on the island. Along the coast, the foredunes are dominated by salt-tolerant species which includes pigface, goats foot vine and beach spinifex.[20] Spinifex sericeus is an important foundation species. Decayed matter from this dune grass breaks down in the sand, providing vital nutrients for other plant species, such as the beach oak.[99] The rare Angiopteris evecta, a species of fern that has the largest fronds in the world, grows on the island.[107] The southwest coast is dominated by mangroves.[99] Persoonia prostrata was a shrub native to the island which is now extinct.

As one travels from east to west across K'gari, the dune age increases. This leads to the progressive maturing of vegetation in the same direction, except for some areas along the western coast where soil leaching has decreased the nutrient soil layer to a depth beyond the reach of plant roots.[112] Each lake on the island is surrounded by concentric vegetation zones. Typically these zones range from rushes in the shallows, then a mix of pioneer species on the beaches, through to sedges, heath, paperbarks, shrubs and finally eucalypt or banksia woodlands.[112]

Governance and administration Edit

 
K'gari seen from Spot Satellite

K'gari and some satellite islands off the southern west coast comprised the Great Sandy Strait and previously formed the County of Fraser, which was subdivided into six parishes. Among the islands were Slain Island, Tooth Island, Roundbush Island, Moonboom Island, Gardner Island, Dream Island, Stewart Island, and the Reef Islands, all part of the southernmost parish of Talboor.[citation needed]

It is part of the local government area of Fraser Coast Region, which was created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007. Before the local government reorganisation, the island was split up evenly between the City of Hervey Bay (northern part) and the City of Maryborough (southern part).[citation needed]

In 1971, the northern half of K'gari was declared a national park.[20] Now almost all of the island is included in the Great Sandy National Park, which is administered by Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency. This was extended in 1992 when heritage listing was granted. Except for a few small urban areas the island is protected by a Wild Rivers declaration.[127]

Domestic dogs are not permitted on K'gari and fines can be given for non-compliance. The ban, first applied in 1981,[119] is imposed so that the island's dingo population is not exposed to diseases.[128]

In 2010, the management of the park, particularly the treatment of dingoes by the Department of Environment and Resource Management was called into question by Glen Elmes in the Queensland Parliament.[129] Camp grounds are sometimes closed so as to reduce human contact with dingo populations.[122]

Heritage listings Edit

K'gari has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

The island was placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007.[13]

Tourism Edit

 
A 4WD bus on K'gari
 
Scenic flights using the beach as a landing strip
 
Truck on the beach

K'gari is one of Queensland's most popular islands for tourists, who can reach the island by ferry from Hervey Bay or Rainbow Beach, which takes approximately 50-minutes.[131] Estimates of the number of visitors to the island each year range from 350,000 to 500,000.[119][132] The chance of seeing a dingo in its natural setting is one of the main reasons people visit the island.[119] The use of boardwalks and marked tracks by visitors is encouraged to reduce erosion.[16]

It was reported in 2009 that tourists had created environmental problems in K'gari lakes and on coastal dunes, as the foredunes were being used as a toilet by an estimated 90,000 bush campers each year.[132] Many of the perched lakes have no outflow or inflow which exacerbates the problem. Water quality in some lakes was being affected by storm water run-off from dune roads, and by swimmers' use of sunscreen.[citation needed]

"Central Station", which was formerly the hub of the forestry industry when there was logging on K'gari, is a popular tourist destination. Some of the rarest ferns grow in the rainforest near the location.[citation needed]

Access Edit

 
Fraser Island Ferry
 
Kingfisher Bay Resort, 2022

The island can be reached by a ferry from River Heads (South of Hervey Bay) to Kingfisher Bay and Wanggoolba Creek or Inskip Point to north of Rainbow Beach to Hook Point, or by chartered flight from Sunshine Coast Airport.[133]

A four-wheel drive is required for all landings (except Kingfisher Bay), and travel on the island (except within the Kingfisher Bay Resort). A permit is required for vehicles and is obtainable on-line from DERM and several outlets at Rainbow Beach. Several firms provide four-wheel drive vehicles for hire.[134] Tour buses travel the island as well as several kinds of self-drive tours departing regularly from Hervey Bay, Rainbow Beach and Noosa.[135]

Angling Edit

Tailor is one of the more common species sought by anglers on K'gari and along the Queensland coast. Other fish caught on the eastern coast include jewfish, golden trevally and surf bream, while whiting, flathead and surf bream prefer the calmer western waters.[62] Pilchards, bloodworms, yabbies, pipi and sandworms can all be used for bait. Fishing is banned in the island's freshwater creeks and lakes.[112] There is an annual seasonal fishing closure between the beginning of 1 August to the end of 29 September, for eastern foreshore waters as well as waters within 400 m out to sea from the eastern shore and between 400 m north of Waddy Point and 400 m south of Indian Head. The fishing closure prohibits the taking of fin fish only and anglers are still allowed to hand collect worms and pipis during the closure.[136]

Camping Edit

There are many campgrounds on K'gari, with varying amenities and access. The main camping areas are: Dundubara Campground, Cathedrals on Fraser,[137] Waddy Point campground, Central Station Tent Sites, Waddy Beach (tent only campsites), Cornwells Break (large group site), One Tree Rocks camp zone (Eurong-One Tree Rocks), however there are others. Permits are required for camping and also for vehicle access.[138]

Hiking Edit

There are various possibilities for overnight hiking on the island. Most notable is the 90 km long K'gari (Fraser Island) Great Walk. A shorter hike would be for example to start in Kingfisher Bay (ferry drop off) and head to Lake McKenzie, stay there for one night, and then hike back.[citation needed]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

References Edit

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External links Edit

  • Fraser Island Blazes (2020) NASA Earth Observatory
  • World Heritage Places - K'gari (Fraser Island)
  • (2011)
  • Satellite image of S.S. Maheno from Google Maps


fraser, island, this, article, about, island, australia, locality, part, island, queensland, island, canada, nunavut, territory, nunavut, gari, ɑː, world, heritage, listed, sand, island, along, south, eastern, coast, wide, burnett, region, queensland, australi. This article is about the island in Australia For the locality on part of the island see Fraser Island Queensland For the island in Canada s Nunavut Territory see Fraser Island Nunavut Fraser Island or K gari ˈ ɡ ɑː r i GAH ree 2 is a World Heritage listed sand island along the south eastern coast in the Wide Bay Burnett region Queensland Australia The island is approximately 250 km 160 mi north of the state capital Brisbane and is within the Fraser Coast Region local government area The world heritage listing includes the island its surrounding waters and parts of the nearby mainland Fraser Island K gariQueenslandView of the beach from Indian Head May 2016Fraser IslandCoordinates25 14 S 153 09 E 25 24 S 153 15 E 25 24 153 15 K Gari Population152 2021 census 1 Density0 09184 km2 0 2379 sq mi Postcode s 4581Area1 655 0 km2 639 0 sq mi Time zoneAEST UTC 10 00 LGA s Fraser Coast RegionState electorate s Hervey BayFederal division s Wide BayLocalities around Fraser Island Unnamed Locality Coral SeaGreat Sandy Strait Fraser IslandGreat Sandy Strait EurongK gari Fraser Island UNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaNatural vii viii ixReference630Inscription1992 16th Session The island is part of the traditional lands of the Butchulla people under the traditional name of K gari European settlers who arrived in 1847 named the island Fraser Island after Captain James Fraser master of Stirling Castle who was shipwrecked and died on the island in early August 1836 3 4 5 In the 2021 census the island had a population of 152 people 1 Up to 500 000 people visit the island each year Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre colonial settlement 1 2 British exploration 1770 1840s 1 2 1 Shipwreck Eliza Fraser 1836 1 3 Frontier conflict 1851 1860 1 4 The white girls 1859 1 5 Aboriginal internment camp 1897 1904 1 6 Wreck of Maheno 1935 1 7 Fraser Commando School WW2 1 8 Nauru resettlement proposition 1961 1 9 World Heritage Site 1992 1 10 Native title 2014 1 11 2020 bushfire 2 Demographics 3 Toponymy 4 Past industries 4 1 Logging 1863 1991 4 2 Sand mining 1950 1977 5 Geography and ecology 5 1 Sandmass and The Pinnacles 5 2 Lakes 6 Climate 7 Fauna 7 1 Mammals 7 1 1 Dingoes 7 2 Reptiles and amphibians 7 3 Birds 7 4 Other 8 Flora 9 Governance and administration 10 Heritage listings 11 Tourism 11 1 Access 11 2 Angling 11 3 Camping 11 4 Hiking 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External linksHistory Edit nbsp Fraser Island locator mapPre colonial settlement Edit The lands that include the current day island have been inhabited for at least 60 000 years by the Butchulla people 6 7 8 9 Originally attached to the mainland K Gari became an island 10 000 20 000 years ago during rising seas 9 10 Butchulla also known as Batjala Badtjala Badjela and Badjala is the language of the Fraser Coast region including the island 11 The traditional Butchulla name of the island is K gari or Gari 12 Butchulla language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Fraser Coast Regional Council particularly the towns of Maryborough and Hervey Bay extending south towards Noosa 11 Archaeological research and evidence shows that Aboriginal Australians occupied K gari at least 5 000 years ago There was a permanent population of 400 600 that grew to 2 000 3 000 in the winter months due to abundant seafood resources 13 Conflict with European settlers and disease reduced the population from 435 in 1872 to 230 in 1880 Most of these people were taken off the island in 1904 and relocated to missions in Yarrabah and Durundur near Caboolture 14 15 It is estimated that up to 500 Indigenous archaeological sites are located on the island 16 British exploration 1770 1840s Edit Initial European contact was limited to explorers and shipwrecks The first recorded Briton to sight K gari was James Cook who passed along the coast of the island between 18 and 20 May 1770 He named Indian Head after viewing a number of Aboriginal people gathered on the headland After Cook s passage an Aboriginal song was composed to commemorate the event This was later recognised as the first preserved oral testimony of Indigenous observation of Europeans 17 Matthew Flinders sailed past the island in 1799 and again in 1802 this time landing at Sandy Cape 18 while charting Hervey Bay His 1814 chart is a combination of both voyages but did not confirm K gari as being separate from the mainland However Flinders did suggest the presence of shallow swampy areas at the lower part of the bay Flinders was told of an opening at Hook Point between K gari and the mainland by two American whalers who were hunting whales in Hervey Bay 19 In 1842 Andrew Petrie recorded good pastoral lands and forests attracting graziers to the region 20 Lieutenant Robert Dayman was the first European to sail between K gari and the mainland in 1847 21 Shipwreck Eliza Fraser 1836 Edit Captain James Fraser and his wife Eliza Fraser of England were shipwrecked on the island in 1836 Their ship the brig Stirling Castle set sail from Sydney to Singapore with 18 crew and passengers The ship was holed on coral while travelling through the Great Barrier Reef north of the island 22 Transferring to two lifeboats the crew set a course south attempting to reach the settlement at Moreton Bay now Brisbane During this trip in the leaking lifeboats Captain Fraser s pregnant wife gave birth in water up to her waist the infant drowned after birth The Captain s lifeboat began sinking and was soon left behind by the second one which continued on The wrecked boat and its crew was beached on what was then known as the Great Sandy Island 5 Captain Fraser died leaving his wife Eliza and the second mate Mr Baxter living among the local peoples Eliza and Baxter were found six weeks later by a convict John Graham 23 who had lived in the bush as an escapee and who spoke the Aboriginal language He was sent from the settlement at Moreton Bay by the authorities there who had heard about their plight and negotiated their return 24 5 Within six months Eliza had married another sea captain She returned to England and became a sideshow attraction in Hyde Park telling ever more lurid tales about her experiences with the enslavement of the crew cannibalism torture and murder As she is known to have told several versions of the story it is unknown which if any version was most accurate 25 26 It has been suggested that she was killed in a carriage accident during a visit to Melbourne in 1858 22 Fraser s stories were disputed by other survivors who at the time and afterwards 27 28 On her return to England Fraser appealed for money to the Lord Mayor of London claiming to be a penniless widow in need but the subsequent inquiry revealed that prior to leaving Sydney she had both remarried an English captain with whom she returned and also there received a large sum of charitable funds in light of her ordeal 29 Frontier conflict 1851 1860 Edit Further information Australian frontier wars Non Indigenous settlement of the traditional Butchulla mainland area began in 1847 sparking frontier conflict Violence between Indigenous people and non Indigenous people was reported 30 In October 1850 it was reported blacks sic had driven away 2000 sheep from a station about forty miles from here and had killed a shepherd 31 In 1851 a small government led force including Commandant Frederick Walker and a contingent of the Native Police were called in for the purpose of endeavouring to apprehend some aboriginal natives sic who stand charged with various offences and who have hitherto found shelter in the scrub of Fraser Island 32 Frontier war was anticipated condoned and facilitated by the government with Walker receiving advice from the Attorney General of New South Wales John Hubert Plunkett saying It must unhappily be expected that the proposed attempt at arrest may lead to a warlike conflict and perhaps to loss of life but the aim of the law must not be paralysed by the expectation of such results 33 The force included Walker Lieutenant Richard Marshall Sergeant Doolan three divisions of troopers and armed locals including James Leith Hay aboard a schooner A boat reputedly stolen by the blacks sic from Maryborough was captured along the way 34 The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up During the night conflict began and a number of Indigenous people were shot and others captured The weather was bad and Commandant Walker allowed his division to track down other groups without him This group tracked a group of Indigenous people across the island to the east coast where they pursued them into the open ocean near Indian Head Tacky Waroo to an unknown fate After months of conflict the force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of 10 for his contribution 35 According to Native Police reports operations on Fraser Island during 24 December 1851 and 3 January 1852 were lawful and only two Indigenous people were killed while attacking Walker s police party on the night of 27 December 1851 36 Academics as well as community advocates have demonstrated that the word dispersed was often used regardless of the actual results of clashes between Native Police and Indigenous Australians and the pursuing of Indigenous people into the sea at Indian Head Tacky Waroo was most likely a massacre as the relevant report states that the Butchulla were dispersed into the sea 37 38 British commissioners stationed in Maryborough reported non Indigenous occupants felt threatened by Butchulla people 39 In 1857 a Native Police barracks under the command of Lieutenant John O Connell Bligh was established at Coopers Plains now Owanyilla not far from Maryborough Bligh conducted further forays into Fraser Island 40 Cooloola and in the town of Maryborough itself 41 The white girls 1859 Edit In 1859 rumours of two shipwrecked white girls living with Butchulla people on Fraser Island gained some credence when Captain Arnold of Coquette arrived in Sydney with information seeming to confirm the story 42 Public interest was stirred and Arnold was requested by the government of the Colony of New South Wales to return to the island with a rescue party obtaining the right to a 200 bonus if the girls were brought back The expedition was carried out with the aid of an Aboriginal man named Tommy who identified the Aboriginal camp near Indian Head where two girls aged about 12 and 18 were located and captured 43 On taking them to Sydney it became evident through their appearance and through their complete lack of knowledge of the English language that the girls were likely Aboriginal half castes Edward Preddy of the rescue party wrote that they could not converse with any of us nor did they seem capable of talking with the blacks 40 Arthur Macalister stated that he thought it very probable that these girls were half castes and that the whole thing was a trick 44 Further discredit was placed on the process when it was found that the Aboriginal people who were paid by the search party to find the girls were rewarded in worthless commemorative coins instead of real money 45 The girls Kitty Mundi and Maria Quoheen Coyeen were not returned to their home but were initially kept at the Immigration Depot where they yearned for their family 46 Kitty the eldest of the two suffered severe mental distress and died shortly afterwards Maria survived for about 20 years dying from pulmonary tuberculosis 47 Aboriginal internment camp 1897 1904 Edit nbsp Shelters at Boggimbah Fraser Island 1902 John Oxley Library State Library of Queensland Negative number 107735 In 1897 as part of the implementation of the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 the Government of Queensland moved 51 Indigenous people who had been deemed to have reached a deplorable stage of degradation being completely demoralised by drink opium disease and intermittent periods of semi starvation from the Maryborough district to a camp on the west coast of Fraser Island The main bureaucrat in charge of the relocations of Indigenous people in Queensland at the time Archibald Meston transported the 51 men women and children to a defunct quarantine station at White Cliffs Beerillbee about 2 km south of the present day Kingfisher Bay Resort 48 However white residents of Maryborough made incursions into the camp area and caused tension and flare ups 49 which resulted in the relocation of the camp 10 km north to Bogimbah creek 50 The Queensland Government ran the Bogimbah site under the direction of Archibald Meston s son and wife until February 1900 when control was handed over to the Australian Board of Missions 51 By this time Bogimbah had become an incarceration facility for Indigenous people from around Queensland it was described as a hell hole of deprivation lacking medical supplies food and shelter and mosquito born diseases were prevalent 52 At the end of 1899 there were 137 Indigenous people from 25 different locations including some who had served prison sentences in places like St Helena Island and Townsville Gaol and had been refused permission to return to their homes 53 A former Native Police trooper named Barney who had assisted in the operations to capture Ned Kelly was sent to Bogimbah but drowned there not long after in a boating accident 54 nbsp Archibald Meston John Oxley Library State Library of Queensland Negative Number 17065 Conditions at Bogimbah were dire with inadequate shelter and rations 55 Inmates frequently tried to escape to the mainland in order to get access to better food and obtain employment Some died through malnutrition pulmonary tuberculosis and geophagia 56 In 1904 in order to save money on funding to the Missions Board the Queensland Government decided to shut the Bogimbah facility 57 Of the 145 Indigenous people counted at the time of closure 94 were transferred to the Yarrabah facility near Cairns 33 to the Durundur facility near Woodford 9 were kept local and another 9 escaped or were sent elsewhere 58 Those who were removed to Yarrabah were transported by the Rio Loge and there appears to have been deceptive techniques involved in getting the people to separate from loved ones 59 Once in Yarrabah similarly poor living standards greeted these people and those who become troublesome were transferred to Fitzroy Island 60 Wreck of Maheno 1935 Edit nbsp The wreck of SS Maheno near Eli Creek 2019A major landmark on Fraser Island is the shipwreck of SS Maheno Maheno was built in Scotland in 1905 as a luxury passenger ship for the trans Tasman crossing During World War I it served as a hospital ship in the English Channel and was then returned to its owners to resume usual commercial operation By 1935 the ship had been taken out of service and was sold to a ship breaker in Japan On 25 June 1935 while being towed to Osaka to be broken up the ship was caught in a strong cyclone about 80 km 50 mi off the coast of Queensland The towline parted and on 9 July 1935 Maheno became beached on the east coast of Fraser Island citation needed During World War II the wreck served as target bombing practice for the RAAF and was used as an explosives demolition target by special forces from the Fraser Commando School The remains of the ship are now severely rusted with almost three and a half storeys buried under the sand Because of the danger it poses climbing on the wreck is not permitted 61 Fraser Commando School WW2 Edit During World War II the area near McKenzie s Jetty was used by the Services Reconnaissance Department popularly known as Z Special Unit as a special forces training camp the Fraser Commando School Thousands of soldiers were trained here because the conditions were similar to those found on Pacific Islands where the Japanese were fought 62 Lake McKenzie was used for parachute training and the wreck of Maheno was used for explosive demolitions practice citation needed Visitors to the site of the Fraser Commando School today can still see various relics of its military past including armour plates used to test armour piercing explosive charges and weapons and a concrete relief map of Singapore Harbour used as an aid in operations planning citation needed Nauru resettlement proposition 1961 Edit As part of ongoing meetings in the United Nations Trusteeship Council on the Conditions in the Trust Territories the Republic of Nauru expressed concern that its phosphate mining exportation would be depleted by the end of the century endangering the future of the island 63 64 In 1961 Fraser Island was proposed by Australia as a location for the resettlement of the entire population of the Republic of Nauru The timber industry on Fraser Island managed to ensure that resettlement on Fraser Island did not proceed 65 In 1964 in the 31st session of United Nations Trusteeship Council meetings it was concluded that Curtis Island could provide a more satisfactory resettlement for the population of Nauru 64 Nauru rejected the offer of moving the entire population to Curtis Island due to political independence considerations that Australia would not agree to 63 When visiting the island in 1964 the head of the Nauru delegation Hammer de Roburt insisted on this point of sovereignty in order to protect his people from the overt racism that he himself experienced on this tour 66 Although a resettlement never did occur the Republic of Nauru went on to achieve independence on 31 January 1968 citation needed World Heritage Site 1992 Edit In 1992 Fraser Island was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 67 In 2021 the listing was updated to add the traditional Butchulla Aboriginal name of K gari 68 as well as the island s colonial name of Fraser Island In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations Fraser Island was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a natural attraction 69 Native title 2014 Edit In October 2014 native title rights were granted to the Butchulla people by the Federal Court This enables Butchulla people to hunt fish and take water for domestic purposes and opens the island up to economic opportunities for current and future generations of Butchulla people through ecotourism and related business development 70 2020 bushfire Edit On 14 October 2020 a large bushfire was started on the island by an illegal campfire It impacted multiple communities and caused residents to flee their homes as it burned out of control 71 In early December interstate assistance including from the New South Wales Rural Fire Service NSWRFS who provided a Boeing 737 300 Large Air Tanker waterbombing aircraft was used to fight the fire as Happy Valley township was threatened High temperatures 32 C 90 F and strong winds hindered fire fighting and Queensland Fire and Emergency Services QFES Director Brian Cox said A lot of this fire is burning in inaccessible country 72 Heavy rainfall in mid December helped contain the fire and the QFES was able to hand control back to the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service QPWS 73 This was the longest burning fire of the 2020 21 bushfire season up to 14 December 2020 as it had been burning since October over two months and as of that date more than half the island had been blackened by fire 74 The island reopened to tourists on 15 December The fire was still burning but the island was declared safe for visitors though some walking trails and burner areas were still restricted for safety 74 It is expected that the burned areas will successfully regenerate 75 Demographics EditIn the 2021 census the island had a population of 152 people 1 Toponymy EditThe earliest known name of the island is K gari in the Butchulla Badjala language pronounced gurri or GUR rie 76 which comes from a creation story According to the Butchulla Dreaming story the creator being Beiral sent his messenger Yendingie to create land and sea for the people His helper a beautiful white spirit called Princess K gari worked hard to create the shores and the land but afterwards persuaded Yedingie to let her stay on their beautiful creation In order to stay she had to be changed into an island so Yedingie created lakes vegetation animals and people to keep her company She remains today happy in and as a paradise 77 After European colonisation it was called Great Sandy Island and then Fraser Island from 1842 after Captain James Fraser master of Stirling Castle who was shipwrecked and died on the island in early August 1836 3 4 The island has also been referred to as Thoorgine or Thoorgine Island 78 79 In 2011 the Indigenous names of K gari and Gari were entered as alternative names for the island in the Queensland Place Names register 3 In 2017 the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service began referring to the Fraser Island section of Great Sandy National Park as the K gari Fraser Island section 80 in recognition of the Butchulla name 81 In September 2021 the World Heritage Area within Great Sandy National Park along with the surrounding waters and parts of the nearby mainland was renamed K gari the original Butchulla people s name for the island The move was celebrated at a ceremony with elders and representatives of the Butchulla people on Fraser Island The name change was formally adopted at the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee and was a major milestone in a long running campaign by the region s traditional owners 82 83 On 7 June 2023 the dual name was dropped and both the geographical feature and locality were officially renamed K gari as the standalone name 84 85 thus changing to its original name 86 Past industries EditLogging 1863 1991 Edit nbsp McKenzie s Tramway Locomotive c 1920Logging on the island began in 1863 initiated by American Jack Piggott known as Yankee Jack 20 Piggott s contribution however was limited as he was killed the following year by Indigenous people on the northern part of the island after what was rumoured to be a black shooting expedition went awry 87 Blackbutt trees Eucalyptus pilularis Queensland kauri Agathis robusta and satinay or Fraser Island turpentine Syncarpia hillii were extensively exploited as they provided excellent timber 20 88 Satinay logs were sent to Egypt to be used in the construction of the Suez Canal 62 For the first 70 years of logging bullock drays were used to haul the timber to loading points on the beach 62 Railway tracks were laid through the forest to facilitate logging but were later removed The logging industry continued until 1991 ceasing following concerns raised by the Commission of Inquiry into the Conservation Management and Use of Fraser Island and the Great Sandy Region appointed by the Goss Labor government and chaired by Justice Tony Fitzgerald 89 Sand mining 1950 1977 Edit The geology of the island includes extensive deposits of rutile ilmenite zircon and monazite Sand mining leases were first granted in 1950 and mining continued until 1977 90 Without public knowledge the Queensland Government granted mining leases to the American mining company Dillingham Murphyores in the 1960s In 1971 the Fraser Island Defenders Organisation FIDO opposed the granting of more leases to the company Despite more than 1 300 submissions that were made to the local mining warden objecting to new leases the submission was granted 91 92 FIDO took the case to the High Court of Australia which overruled the decision noting that the public interest was not being upheld Dillingham Murphyores continued mining The Whitlam government established Australia s first environmental impact inquiry which recommended that mining cease 91 Eventually the Fraser government cancelled the company s mineral export licence which halted mining on the island That represented a significant win for the conservation movement in Australia 91 Fraser Island then became the first place to be included in the Australian Heritage Commission s Register of the National Estate 93 Geography and ecology EditThe island is about 123 km 76 mi long and 22 km 14 mi wide 94 It was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1992 95 The island is the largest sand island in the world at 1 840 km2 710 sq mi 94 It is also Queensland s largest island Australia s sixth largest island and the largest island on the east coast of Australia K gari has rainforests eucalyptus woodland mangrove forests wallum and peat swamps sand dunes and coastal heaths It is made up of sand that has been accumulating for approximately 750 000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast Unlike on many sand dunes plant life is abundant due to the naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi present in the sand which release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by the plants 96 The island is home to a small number of mammal species 13 as well as a diverse range of birds reptiles and amphibians including the occasional saltwater crocodile The island is protected as part of the Great Sandy National Park and is a popular tourism destination 97 nbsp NASA Landsat image of insular K gariK gari is separated from the mainland by Great Sandy Strait The southern tip near Tin Can Bay is situated to the north of Inskip Peninsula The most northern point of the island is Sandy Cape where the Sandy Cape Light operated from 1870 to 1994 98 The establishment of the lighthouse was the first permanent European settlement on the island 21 The nearest large town to the island is Hervey Bay while Maryborough and Bundaberg are also close by The bay on the north east coast is called Marloo Bay and on the north west coast is Platypus Bay The most westerly place on the island is Moon Point 99 The island is divided into two localities the eponymous K gari locality consisting of most of the land on the island and the locality of Eurong on the east coast of the island 100 101 102 nbsp Eli Creek is the largest creek on the eastern beach nbsp Eli Creek where it enters the sea Eli Creek is the largest freshwater creek on the east coast of K gari with a flow of 80 million litres per day 103 Eli Creek has its own unique and varied wild life Coongul Creek on the west coast has a flow rate of four to five million litres per hour 99 Some of the swamps on the island are fens particularly near Moon Point That was only discovered in 1996 when a group of experts who had attended a Ramsar conference in Brisbane flew over the island and conducted an aerial survey 104 From above they noticed the distinct patterns of potholed peat devoid of trees That was the first instance of fens being found in Australia and in a sub tropical region although more were subsequently discovered on the adjacent Cooloola coast Sandmass and The Pinnacles Edit nbsp The Pinnacles on K gariThe total volume of sand above sea level on K gari is directly proportional to the mass of 113 km3 27 cu mi 105 All of the sand which originated in the Hawkesbury Hunter and Clarence River catchments in New South Wales has been transported northward by longshore drift driven by onshore winds from the southeast and repeated wave actions 105 Along the eastern coast of the island the process is removing more sand than it is depositing resulting in the slow erosion of beaches which may accelerate with sea level rises attributed to climate change The sand consists of 98 quartz 99 All hills on K gari have been formed by sandblowing Sandblows are parabolic dunes which move across the island via the wind and are devoid of vegetation In 2004 there was an estimated total of 36 sandblows on the island 99 With year round winds from the southeast the sand dunes on the island move at the rate of 1 to 2 metres a year and grow to a height of 244 metres The dune movement creates overlapping dunes and sometimes intersects waterways and covers forests Dune building has occurred in episodes as the sea levels have changed and once extended much further to the east 20 The oldest dune system has been dated at 700 000 years which is the world s oldest recorded sequence 20 The coloured sands found at Rainbow Gorge The Cathedrals The Pinnacles and Red Canyon are examples of the sand being stained over thousands of years due to it conglomerating with clay 20 Hematite the mineral pigment responsible for the staining acts like cement That allows the steeper cliffs of coloured sand to form Coffee rock so called because when it is dissolved in water it turns the colour of coffee is found in outcrops along the beaches on both sides of the island 99 The 75 Mile Beach 120 km runs along most of the east coast of K gari It is officially designated as a main road and is used as a landing strip for planes Highway rules state that vehicles must give way to aircraft if they are oncoming Along the beach are the Champagne Pools Indian Head the Maheno wreck and the outflow of Eli Creek Exposed volcanic rocks are found at Indian Head Waddy Point and Middle Rocks 106 as well as near Boon Boon Creek 99 Lakes Edit nbsp The beach at Lake McKenzie 2016 nbsp Hammerstone Sandblow and Lake Wabby K gari has more than 100 freshwater lakes 107 the second highest concentration of lakes in Australia after Tasmania 103 The freshwater lakes on the island are some of the cleanest in the world 96 A popular tourist area Lake McKenzie is located inland from the small town of Eurong It is a perched lake sitting on top of compact sand and vegetable matter 100 m 330 ft above sea level Lake McKenzie has an area of 150 hectares and is just over 5 m 16 ft deep The beach sand of Lake McKenzie is nearly pure silica The lakes have very few nutrients and their pH varies but sunscreen and soaps cause a pollution problem Fresh water on the island may become stained by organic acids found in decaying vegetation Because of the organic acids a pH level as low as 3 7 has been measured in some of the island s perched lakes 99 The acidity prevents many species from inhabiting the lakes Another perched lake on K gari is Lake Boomanjin which at 200 hectares in size is the largest perched lake on any sea island in the world 62 In total there are 40 perched lakes on the island half of all known lakes of this kind on the planet 13 Lake Boomanjin is fed by two creeks that pass through a wallum swamp where it collects tannins which tint the water red 99 Lake Wabby is the deepest lake on the island at 12 m 39 ft in depth and is also the least acidic which means it has the most aquatic life of all the lakes Some of the lakes on K gari are window lakes a subtype of perched lakes which form when the water table has risen to a point higher than the surrounding land Most of the valleys on the island have creeks which are fed by springs 99 Motor boats and jet skis are banned from the lakes on the island 16 Climate EditK gari has a tropical wet and dry climate Koppen Aw it is generally warm and not subject to extremes in temperature due to the moderating influence of the ocean Temperatures rarely rise above 33 C 91 F or drop below 7 C 45 F and humidity is consistently high Rainfall is heaviest during the summer and early autumn and the annual average is 1 251 mm 49 25 in Cyclones can be a threat Cyclone Hamish brushed the island as a category 5 in March 2009 while Cyclone Oswald in January 2013 was significantly weaker at a Category 1 Both storms however caused severe beach erosion particularly on the island s northern tip 108 The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 22 C 72 F between July and September to 27 C 81 F between January and March 109 Climate data for Fraser Island Sandy Cape Lighthouse 1991 2020Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 2 93 6 35 8 96 4 34 7 94 5 31 4 88 5 28 7 83 7 27 8 82 0 26 5 79 7 27 2 81 0 29 3 84 7 31 8 89 2 33 2 91 8 36 0 96 8 36 0 96 8 Average high C F 29 8 85 6 29 8 85 6 28 9 84 0 27 1 80 8 24 4 75 9 22 4 72 3 21 8 71 2 22 8 73 0 24 9 76 8 26 3 79 3 27 8 82 0 29 1 84 4 26 3 79 3 Daily mean C F 26 2 79 2 26 3 79 3 25 4 77 7 23 7 74 7 21 1 70 0 19 1 66 4 18 2 64 8 19 1 66 4 21 2 70 2 22 6 72 7 24 2 75 6 25 5 77 9 22 7 72 9 Average low C F 22 7 72 9 22 8 73 0 22 0 71 6 20 3 68 5 17 9 64 2 15 8 60 4 14 7 58 5 15 5 59 9 17 5 63 5 19 0 66 2 20 6 69 1 21 9 71 4 19 2 66 6 Record low C F 16 7 62 1 16 1 61 0 14 6 58 3 13 3 55 9 9 6 49 3 6 7 44 1 5 2 41 4 5 6 42 1 9 4 48 9 11 2 52 2 13 9 57 0 16 0 60 8 5 2 41 4 Average rainfall mm inches 150 3 5 92 157 6 6 20 141 8 5 58 111 0 4 37 127 9 5 04 101 5 4 00 70 1 2 76 53 8 2 12 42 4 1 67 90 7 3 57 62 2 2 45 99 8 3 93 1 209 1 47 61 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 9 9 10 0 11 4 11 2 11 0 9 8 8 2 6 1 4 7 5 5 5 5 7 4 100 7Source Bureau of Meteorology 110 Fauna EditMammals Edit Estimates of the number of mammal species present on K gari range from 25 to 50 107 111 Mammals include swamp wallabies echidnas ringtail and brushtail possums sugar gliders squirrel gliders phascogales bandicoots potoroos flying foxes and dingoes The swamp wallaby finds protection from dingos in the swampy areas which have dense undergrowth 112 There are 19 species of bats which live on or visit the island 112 Until 2003 when they were removed by the Environmental Protection Agency 113 there were a few brumbies horses on the island descendants of Arab stock turned loose for breeding purposes and joined in 1879 by horses brought over for the logging industry 114 115 Dingoes Edit nbsp K gari dingoesSee also Dingo attacks in Australia and Interbreeding of dingoes with other domestic dogs Dingoes were once common on K gari but are now decreasing The island dingoes are reputedly some of the last remaining pure dingoes in Eastern Australia and to prevent cross breeding dogs are not allowed on the island 116 According to DNA examinations from the year 2004 the island dingoes are pure 117 However skull measurements from the 1990s detected crossbreeds between dingoes and domestic dogs among the population 118 Up until 1995 there were no official records of dingoes attacking humans on K gari In April 2001 a boy named Clinton Gage wandered away from his family and was attacked and killed by several dingoes 119 More than 120 dingoes were killed by rangers as a result of the incident though locals believe the number was much greater 114 After the 2001 attack four dedicated rangers were allocated dingo management roles and ranger patrols were increased 120 There are fines for feeding dingoes or leaving food and rubbish out which may attract them 111 As of January 2008 the number of dingoes on K gari was estimated to be 120 to 150 and sightings have become less common A University of Queensland researcher Nick Baker claims the island dingoes have adopted unusual behaviour Rather than hunt in small packs island dingoes had developed a tolerance for each other and work together in one big hunting pack 120 Dingo proof fences consisting of metals bars across a concrete pit and a 1 8 m high mesh fence were built around nine island settlements in 2008 to keep the dingoes out of the townships 121 In March 2010 three separate reports of dingos biting tourists were made 122 Tourists have been criticised for ignoring advice from park rangers as they try to provoke reactions from dingoes while taking photographs 122 As of 2015 update the number of dingoes on K gari was estimated to be around 180 to 220 123 Reptiles and amphibians Edit There has been a total of 74 different species of reptiles recorded on K gari 112 18 species of snakes have been identified with one third of them considered dangerous including the extremely venomous eastern brown snake 107 Goannas snakes geckos skinks and frogs are all present on the island Some frog species have evolved to cope with the acidic waters of lakes and swamps on the island and are appropriately called acid frogs 111 115 The island is home to the recently discovered Fraser Island sand skink Freshwater turtles such as Kreffts river turtle are found in the island s lakes and creeks Saltwater crocodiles are exclusively tropical reptiles and usually found in Far North Queensland several hundred kilometres north west of K gari however occasionally during the warmer season December through March when water temperatures reach consistent tropical temperatures crocodiles may appear in areas in and around the island During the 2008 2009 summer several crocodiles one over 4 metres in length were present in the surrounding ocean 124 It is thought that these reptiles are seasonal visitors as they always disappear during the cold months presumably returning to tropical northern Queensland This sort of activity was apparently reported but unverified decades ago a handful of crocodiles have also historically been observed on very rare occurrences around Brisbane the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast during the warmer season but within recent years has been proven and observed more often Crocodiles do not breed nor do they appear to have any permanent populations living on the island nbsp Pied oystercatcherBirds Edit K gari forms part of the Cooloola and Fraser Coast Important Bird Area IBA 125 There are over 350 different species of birds on the island 13 Birds of prey include sea eagles peregrine falcon osprey and kites Other common birds include pelicans terns honeyeaters gulls kingfishers kookaburra owls doves thornbills ducks brolgas and cockatoos The island is visited by 20 species of migratory wader birds from as far afield as Siberia 112 The island provides habitat for 22 different species of gull and tern four species of falcon and six species of kingfisher 126 A rare bird on the island is the eastern ground parrot already extinct in some parts of Australia 114 115 nbsp A humpback whale with the sand dunes of K gari in the backgroundOther Edit Cetaceans such as humpback whales and some species of dolphins are frequent visitors to the area Dugongs and sea turtles can also be found in surrounding waters 111 Great white bull and tiger sharks can be found with the latter species sometimes approaching fishermen wading in the surf 111 Mud crabs are found on the western side of the island near mangrove lined estuaries 62 24 freshwater fish species are found in the island s lakes 107 There has been 300 species of ants recorded on K gari 112 Long finned eels and giant earthworms are also found on the island Flora EditThe flora of K gari is diverse More than 865 species of plants grow on the island 99 It is the only place on earth where tall rainforest grows in sand 111 The island contains the largest extent of wallum heath remnants in Queensland In Pile Valley 1 000 year old rough barked satinays are found 111 Despite being logged the kauri pines dominate in some areas Scribbly gums red gums piccabeen palms blue quandong brush box and pandanus all grow on the island Along the coast the foredunes are dominated by salt tolerant species which includes pigface goats foot vine and beach spinifex 20 Spinifex sericeus is an important foundation species Decayed matter from this dune grass breaks down in the sand providing vital nutrients for other plant species such as the beach oak 99 The rare Angiopteris evecta a species of fern that has the largest fronds in the world grows on the island 107 The southwest coast is dominated by mangroves 99 Persoonia prostrata was a shrub native to the island which is now extinct As one travels from east to west across K gari the dune age increases This leads to the progressive maturing of vegetation in the same direction except for some areas along the western coast where soil leaching has decreased the nutrient soil layer to a depth beyond the reach of plant roots 112 Each lake on the island is surrounded by concentric vegetation zones Typically these zones range from rushes in the shallows then a mix of pioneer species on the beaches through to sedges heath paperbarks shrubs and finally eucalypt or banksia woodlands 112 Governance and administration Edit nbsp K gari seen from Spot SatelliteK gari and some satellite islands off the southern west coast comprised the Great Sandy Strait and previously formed the County of Fraser which was subdivided into six parishes Among the islands were Slain Island Tooth Island Roundbush Island Moonboom Island Gardner Island Dream Island Stewart Island and the Reef Islands all part of the southernmost parish of Talboor citation needed It is part of the local government area of Fraser Coast Region which was created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 Before the local government reorganisation the island was split up evenly between the City of Hervey Bay northern part and the City of Maryborough southern part citation needed In 1971 the northern half of K gari was declared a national park 20 Now almost all of the island is included in the Great Sandy National Park which is administered by Queensland s Environmental Protection Agency This was extended in 1992 when heritage listing was granted Except for a few small urban areas the island is protected by a Wild Rivers declaration 127 Domestic dogs are not permitted on K gari and fines can be given for non compliance The ban first applied in 1981 119 is imposed so that the island s dingo population is not exposed to diseases 128 In 2010 the management of the park particularly the treatment of dingoes by the Department of Environment and Resource Management was called into question by Glen Elmes in the Queensland Parliament 129 Camp grounds are sometimes closed so as to reduce human contact with dingo populations 122 Heritage listings EditK gari has a number of heritage listed sites including North end of island Sandy Cape Light 98 Protected Area SS Marloo 130 The island was placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 13 Tourism Edit nbsp A 4WD bus on K gari nbsp Scenic flights using the beach as a landing strip nbsp Truck on the beachK gari is one of Queensland s most popular islands for tourists who can reach the island by ferry from Hervey Bay or Rainbow Beach which takes approximately 50 minutes 131 Estimates of the number of visitors to the island each year range from 350 000 to 500 000 119 132 The chance of seeing a dingo in its natural setting is one of the main reasons people visit the island 119 The use of boardwalks and marked tracks by visitors is encouraged to reduce erosion 16 It was reported in 2009 that tourists had created environmental problems in K gari lakes and on coastal dunes as the foredunes were being used as a toilet by an estimated 90 000 bush campers each year 132 Many of the perched lakes have no outflow or inflow which exacerbates the problem Water quality in some lakes was being affected by storm water run off from dune roads and by swimmers use of sunscreen citation needed Central Station which was formerly the hub of the forestry industry when there was logging on K gari is a popular tourist destination Some of the rarest ferns grow in the rainforest near the location citation needed Access Edit nbsp Fraser Island Ferry nbsp Kingfisher Bay Resort 2022The island can be reached by a ferry from River Heads South of Hervey Bay to Kingfisher Bay and Wanggoolba Creek or Inskip Point to north of Rainbow Beach to Hook Point or by chartered flight from Sunshine Coast Airport 133 A four wheel drive is required for all landings except Kingfisher Bay and travel on the island except within the Kingfisher Bay Resort A permit is required for vehicles and is obtainable on line from DERM and several outlets at Rainbow Beach Several firms provide four wheel drive vehicles for hire 134 Tour buses travel the island as well as several kinds of self drive tours departing regularly from Hervey Bay Rainbow Beach and Noosa 135 Angling Edit Tailor is one of the more common species sought by anglers on K gari and along the Queensland coast Other fish caught on the eastern coast include jewfish golden trevally and surf bream while whiting flathead and surf bream prefer the calmer western waters 62 Pilchards bloodworms yabbies pipi and sandworms can all be used for bait Fishing is banned in the island s freshwater creeks and lakes 112 There is an annual seasonal fishing closure between the beginning of 1 August to the end of 29 September for eastern foreshore waters as well as waters within 400 m out to sea from the eastern shore and between 400 m north of Waddy Point and 400 m south of Indian Head The fishing closure prohibits the taking of fin fish only and anglers are still allowed to hand collect worms and pipis during the closure 136 Camping Edit There are many campgrounds on K gari with varying amenities and access The main camping areas are Dundubara Campground Cathedrals on Fraser 137 Waddy Point campground Central Station Tent Sites Waddy Beach tent only campsites Cornwells Break large group site One Tree Rocks camp zone Eurong One Tree Rocks however there are others Permits are required for camping and also for vehicle access 138 Hiking Edit There are various possibilities for overnight hiking on the island Most notable is the 90 km long K gari Fraser Island Great Walk A shorter hike would be for example to start in Kingfisher Bay ferry drop off and head to Lake McKenzie stay there for one night and then hike back citation needed See also Edit nbsp Queensland portal Geography of Queensland Great Sandy Biosphere Reserve John Sinclair environmentalist Clifford Harry Thompson geomorphologist influential Fraser Island researcher List of islands of Australia Tourism in AustraliaNotes EditReferences Edit a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics 28 June 2022 Fraser Island 2021 Census QuickStats Retrieved 27 July 2023 nbsp How to Pronounce K gari Land Queensland 7 June 2023 Archived from the original on 20 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 via YouTube a b c Fraser Island island in the Fraser Coast Region entry 47533 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 14 October 2021 a b K gari island in the Fraser Coast Region entry 52245 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 27 July 2023 a b c SHIP NEWS The Sydney Herald Vol VI no 519 New South Wales Australia 17 October 1836 p 2 Archived from the original on 27 July 2023 Retrieved 27 July 2023 via National Library of Australia Buchanan Kallee Kay Ross Ford Elaine 24 October 2014 Native title rights granted for Qld s Fraser Island ABC News Archived from the original on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2021 Resources Department of Butchulla stories www resources qld gov au Archived from the original on 21 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 Loram Heagney 7 June 2023 Long time coming Queensland s iconic Fraser Island officially named K gari ABC News Archived from the original on 22 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 a b A Time Line of Significant Events Part 1 Fraser Island Defenders Organisation Archived from the original on 6 June 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 Facts about Queensland s Fraser Island Fraser Island Australia Archived from the original on 21 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 a b Indigenous languages map of Queensland State Library of Queensland 2020 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 21 January 2020 Fraser Island no more K gari s official name change corrects a historic wrong Archived 7 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine 7 June 2023 a b c d e World Heritage Places Fraser Island Federal Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment 2006 Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 Retrieved 7 February 2021 FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island Aboriginal History Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 Retrieved 14 January 2007 Aboriginal History fraserisland net www fraserisland net Retrieved 6 August 2023 a b c Australias World Heritage Places Fraser Island Information Sheet PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 March 2011 Retrieved 28 September 2010 Evans Raymond 2007 A History of Queensland Cambridge University Press p 19 ISBN 978 0521876926 Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 Retrieved 14 September 2020 Fraser Coast History Fraser Coast Regional Council Archived from the original on 1 October 2010 Retrieved 11 September 2010 A Voyage to Terra Australis 1814 a b c d e f g h Great Sandy National Park Nature Culture and History Department of Environment and Resource Management Archived from the original on 27 November 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2010 a b Fraser Island Queensland Australia Travel The Age The Age Company 8 February 2004 Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 5 October 2010 a b Fraser Island Places Vol 218 no 3 The National Geographic Society 1 September 2010 Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 Retrieved 24 August 2010 Fraser Island Queensland Australia Travel The Age The Age Company 8 February 2004 Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 5 October 2010 The Stirling Castle The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser Vol XXXVI no 3074 New South Wales Australia 1 February 1838 p 2 Archived from the original on 5 August 2022 Retrieved 5 August 2022 via National Library of Australia FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island European History Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 Retrieved 2 February 2007 Queensland Shipwrecks including Central and Southern Great Barrier Reef Queensland The Encyclopedia of Australian Shipwrecks Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 Retrieved 10 January 2007 Chloe Sargeant NITV 2017 Miranda Otto on K gari and correcting Eliza Fraser s remarkably silly story Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2020 Brown Elaine Fraser Eliza Anne 1798 1858 Australian Dictionary of Biography Canberra National Centre of Biography Australian National University archived from the original on 18 June 2023 retrieved 18 June 2023 Brown Elaine Fraser Eliza Anne 1798 1858 Australian Dictionary of Biography Canberra National Centre of Biography Australian National University archived from the original on 18 June 2023 retrieved 18 June 2023 The coast blacks The Maitland Mercury And Hunter River General Advertiser Vol VI no 372 New South Wales Australia 26 January 1848 p 4 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia WIDE BAY The Sydney Morning Herald Vol XXIX no 4189 New South Wales Australia 19 October 1850 p 5 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Domestic intelligence The Moreton Bay Courier Vol VI no 273 Queensland Australia 6 September 1851 p 2 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Skinner L E 1975 Police of the Pastoral Frontier UQP pp 46 47 FRASER S ISLAND The Sydney Morning Herald Vol XXXII no 4583 New South Wales Australia 22 January 1852 p 2 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Skinner L E 1975 Police of the Pastoral Frontier UQP pp 64 66 FRASER ISLAND MASSACRE Vrai ou Faux by Paul Dillon ISBN 9781922449108 Connor Court Publishing Richards Jonathan 2008 The Secret War A True History of Queensland s Native Police Brisbane University of Queensland Press ISBN 978 0 7022 3639 6 Foley Fiona 8 July 2020 The People of K Gari Fraser Island Working through 250 Years of Racial Double Coding Genealogy 4 3 5 doi 10 3390 genealogy4030074 Halloran Arthur E Letters to Colonial Secretary relating to Moreton Bay and Queensland PDF Archived PDF from the original on 29 December 2017 Retrieved 28 December 2017 a b MARYBOROUGH The Moreton Bay Courier Vol XIV no 795 Queensland Australia 26 October 1859 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia MARYBOROUGH The Moreton Bay Courier Vol XIV no 830 Queensland Australia 21 February 1860 p 4 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 28 December 2017 via National Library of Australia A female and two children on Fraser s Island The Sydney Morning Herald Vol XL no 6614 New South Wales Australia 19 August 1859 p 4 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia The Fraser Island girls The Brisbane Courier 22 August 1898 p 6 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 December 2020 COLONIAL PARLIAMENT The Sydney Morning Herald Vol XL no 6666 New South Wales Australia 19 October 1859 p 3 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Fraud deception and injustice practised upon the blacks of Frazer s Island The Sydney Morning Herald Vol XLI no 6870 New South Wales Australia 14 June 1860 p 5 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia THE WHITE GIRLS RESCUED FROM FRASER S ISLAND Empire No 2 698 New South Wales Australia 18 May 1860 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Ermology The Queenslander Queensland Australia 1 October 1898 p 650 Unknown Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 9 May 2020 via Trove SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND Queensland Country Life Vol III no 28 1 June 1902 p 14 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia White Cliffs Affair The Brisbane Courier Vol LIII no 12 257 Queensland 26 April 1897 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia THE WHITE CLIFFS AFFAIR Maryborough Chronicle Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser No 7 665 Queensland 31 May 1897 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia Brisbane Maryborough Chronicle Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser No 8 492 Queensland 30 January 1900 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia nbsp This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Dr Fiona Foley Monica Clare Research Fellow 3 November 2020 published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence accessed on 1 June 2022 Evans Raymond 1999 Fighting Words Writing about race St Lucia UQP pp 123 143 Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2018 MAGISTERIAL INQUIRY Maryborough Chronicle Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser No 8 906 Queensland 30 May 1901 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia THE ABORIGINAL STATION AT BOGIMBAH Darling Downs Gazette Vol XLIII no 9 847 Queensland Australia 25 July 1901 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia FRASER ISLAND MISSION The Brisbane Courier Vol LXII no 14 928 Queensland Australia 15 November 1905 p 3 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia ABANDONING FRASER ISLAND MISSION Queensland Times Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser Vol XLV no 6771 Queensland 28 June 1904 p 3 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY The Telegraph No 10235 Queensland 6 September 1905 p 4 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia Fraser Island Again Truth No 243 Brisbane 25 September 1904 p 8 Archived from the original on 5 August 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia ABORIGINAL NEWS The Queenslander No 2123 17 November 1906 p 29 Archived from the original on 5 August 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia Lachie Campbell Gillan Gout 12 June 2003 The Maheno the story of a famous shipwreck ABC Wide Bay Queensland Archived from the original on 4 April 2005 Retrieved 14 January 2007 a b c d e f Hema Maps 1997 Discover Australia s National Parks Milsons Point New South Wales Random House Australia pp 174 177 ISBN 1 875992 47 2 a b Nauru Island Asia and Oceania Encyclopedia of the Nations 2006 Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 Retrieved 11 February 2007 a b United Nations Trusteeship Council International Organization University of Wisconsin Press 18 4 838 839 Autumn 1964 doi 10 1017 s0020818300025352 JSTOR 2705534 S2CID 249402265 Fraser Island The Sydney Morning Herald 8 February 2004 Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 Retrieved 11 February 2007 NAURU AND RACIAL PREJUDICE The Canberra Times Vol 39 no 10 943 Australian Capital Territory Australia 5 September 1964 p 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2018 via National Library of Australia Paradise found as World Heritage Area reinstates traditional name NITV 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 World Heritage Places K gari Fraser Island Australian Government Archived from the original on 2 October 2021 Retrieved 14 October 2021 Bligh Anna 10 June 2009 Premier Unveils Queensland s 150 Icons Queensland Government Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 Retrieved 24 May 2017 Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2014 Fraser Island Native title rights granted to Indigenous people by Federal Court Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 Retrieved 2 November 2014 Binnie Kerrin and Staff 14 November 2020 Fraser Island bushfire closing in on township after blaze started by illegal campfire ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Stewart Jessica and Staff 7 December 2020 Fraser Island residents told to leave immediately as bushfire threatens town and interstate resources join firefighting effort ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 21 January 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Strong winds and temperatures of up to 32 degrees Celsius are predicted on Fraser Island again today as a heatwave continues to scorch parts of Queensland ABC News Van Vonderen Jessica and Staff 13 December 2020 South east Queensland braces for flooding after wet weekend ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2021 a b Hegarty Nicole 14 December 2020 K gari Fraser Island to reopen as weekend rain contains bushfire that has burned since October ABC Wide Bay Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 11 February 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Gramenz Emilie 3 December 2020 Fraser Island bush will regenerate despite fire scorching half of World Heritage listed site scientists say ABC News Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 6 December 2020 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Queensland Government 6 March 2023 Queensland place names search K gari Queensland Place Names Reference no 52245 Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 Retrieved 20 July 2023 Consultation with Butchulla elders has determined that pronunciation and spelling will vary among different family groups Both pronunciations GUR rie and Gurri are commonly accepted and used Gari is also a recognised alternative spelling from the Badtjala Language Ref Badtjala Word List by Wondunna Aboriginal Corporation 1996 p160 Office of the Inspector General Emergency Management Queensland 2021 K gari Fraser Island Bushfire Review PDF Report Report 1 2020 21 State of Queensland Inspector General Emergency Management p 5 ISSN 2204 969X Archived PDF from the original on 6 October 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 nbsp Text may have been copied from this source which is available under a Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence Quaill Avril 2000 World of Dreamings Traditional and modern art of Australia National Gallery of Australia Exhibition at the State Hermitage Museum St Petersburg and the National Gallery of Australia 2000 featuring the work of Fiona Foley Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2021 Thoorgine Island Tharunka Vol 36 no 10 New South Wales Australia 13 August 1990 p 4 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2021 via National Library of Australia K gari Fraser Island Great Sandy National Park Department of Environment and Science Qld 27 March 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 4 December 2020 Fraser Island renamed K gari qorf org au Outdoors Queensland 24 April 2017 Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2020 World Heritage Area renamed K gari after long campaign by Butchulla people Ministerial Media Statements 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 nbsp Text may have been copied from this source which is available under a Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence Return to paradise for K gari Fraser Island ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 Traditional name restored to world s largest sand island The State of Queensland Department of the Premier and Cabinet 7 June 2023 Archived from the original on 7 June 2023 Retrieved 7 June 2023 Fraser Island name officially dropped K gari confirmed as standalone title for QLD destination 7 News 7 June 2023 Archived from the original on 7 June 2023 Retrieved 7 June 2023 Enalanga Marcellus 17 June 2023 Renaming or reclaiming Here s what happened with K gari and what could change elsewhere SBS News Archived from the original on 27 June 2023 Retrieved 27 June 2023 MAGISTERIAL ENQUIRY Maryborough Chronicle Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser Vol IV no 177 Queensland Australia 7 April 1864 p 2 Archived from the original on 5 August 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2017 via National Library of Australia Huth John Holzworth Peter 2005 Araucariaceae in Queensland in Dargavel John ed Araucarian Forests Australia and New Zealand forest histories vol 2 Australian Forest History Society ISBN 0 9757906 1 7 ISSN 1832 8156 archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2013 retrieved 23 October 2012 History of FIDO PDF Fraser Island Defenders Organisation Archived PDF from the original on 9 April 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2013 FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island European History Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 Retrieved 2 February 2007 a b c Lines William J 1991 Taming the Great Southern Land Los Angeles University of California Press pp 237 238 ISBN 0 520 07830 6 Defending Fraser Island Q Album Queensland Government Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Mike Steketee 1 January 2007 Move in New York to stop sand mining ban The Australian News Limited Archived from the original on 10 October 2010 Retrieved 28 September 2010 a b Fraser Island World Heritage More information Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts 2008 Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 Retrieved 5 June 2008 UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2007 Fraser Island Australia Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 Retrieved 14 January 2007 a b Fraser Island Places Vol 218 no 3 The National Geographic Society 1 September 2010 Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 Retrieved 24 August 2010 Hadwen Wade L Arthington Angela H Mosisch Thorsten D March 2003 The impact of tourism on dune lakes on Fraser Island Australia Lakes and Reservoirs 8 1 15 26 doi 10 1046 j 1440 1770 2003 00205 x hdl 10072 6102 In view of the increasing tourism to Fraser Island Queensland a tourist pressure index TPI was developed to assess the potential threat of tourism to 15 of the most accessible dune lakes on the island a b Sandy Cape Lightstation entry 601712 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 7 July 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l Meyer Peter 2004 Fraser Island Australia Hong Kong Printing Express Limited ISBN 0 646 44208 2 Queensland Globe State of Queensland Retrieved 14 October 2021 K gari locality on the island of K gari entry 52247 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 20 July 2023 Eurong entry 46648 Queensland Place Names Queensland Government Retrieved 18 October 2021 a b FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island Lakes and Creeks Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 Retrieved 2 January 2007 Fraser Island s Fens PDF Fraser Island Defenders Organisation Archived PDF from the original on 20 February 2011 Retrieved 23 January 2011 a b Ron Boyd Ian Goodwin Kevin Ruming Shannon Davies August 2004 River of Sand A Geological Perspective on the Evolution of Fraser Island and Surrounding Seabed Abstract Earth and Ocean Science Group University of Newcastle Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 Retrieved 10 September 2010 Cohen B E Vasconcelos P M Knesel K M February 2007 40 Ar 39 Ar constraints on the timing of Oligocene intraplate volcanism in southeast Queensland Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54 1 105 125 Bibcode 2007AuJES 54 105C doi 10 1080 08120090600981483 ISSN 0812 0099 S2CID 128834679 Archived from the original on 14 July 2022 Retrieved 16 March 2021 a b c d e Fraser Island Fraser Island Research and Learning Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 Retrieved 28 September 2010 Katerine Spackman 16 March 2009 Erosion creates Fraser Is access uncertainty ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 2 September 2009 Retrieved 16 March 2009 Fraser QLD ocean water temperature today Australia SeaTemperature info Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 Retrieved 7 February 2021 Monthly climate statistics Sandy Cape Lighthouse 1991 2020 Climate statistics for Australian locations Bureau of Meteorology Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 Retrieved 7 December 2021 a b c d e f g Explore Queensland s National Parks Prahran Victoria Explore Australia Publishing 2008 pp 24 27 ISBN 978 1 74117 245 4 a b c d e f g h Hinchliffe David Julie Hinchliffe 2006 Explore Fraser Island Robe South Australia Great Sandy Publications pp 41 59 ISBN 0 9758190 0 3 Wild horses to be removed from Fraser Island Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine 10 August 2003 ABC News Online Australian Broadcasting Corporation a b c David Kidd 2005 Fraser Island s wildlife About Fraser Island Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 Retrieved 3 January 2007 a b c FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island Wildlife Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 Retrieved 6 January 2007 K gari Fraser Island biosecurity threatened by pet dogs brought from yacht to beach ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3 November 2022 Archived from the original on 24 June 2023 Retrieved 24 June 2023 Jonica Newby 31 March 2005 Last of the Dingoes Catalyst Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 Retrieved 8 May 2009 P F Woodall P Pavlov K L Twyford 1996 Dingoes in Queensland Australia skull dimensions and the identity of wild canids CSIRO Publishing Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 Retrieved 8 May 2009 a b c d Nick Alexander 19 October 2009 Concerns heightening for Fraser Island s dingoes ScienceAlert Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2010 a b Dingo superpack on Fraser Island The Age Company 30 August 2004 Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 Retrieved 13 September 2010 Lou Robson 4 May 2008 Fraser Island fence fails to keep dingoes out The Sunday Mail Queensland Newspapers Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 Retrieved 13 September 2010 a b c Brian Williams 15 March 2010 Tourists behaviour going to the dogs Courier Mail Queensland Newspapers Archived from the original on 18 March 2010 Retrieved 12 September 2010 The last of the pure dingoes Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2 April 2015 Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Fraser Island becoming a crocodile hot spot The Australian News Limited 27 December 2008 Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 Retrieved 14 July 2013 IBA Cooloola and Fraser Coast Birdata Birds Australia Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 16 June 2011 Hobson R Thrash I June 2010 Birds Fraser Island World Heritage Area PDF Queensland Government Department of National Parks Sport and Racing Archived from the original PDF on 14 February 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2017 List compiled June 2010 by R Hobson amp I Thrash Natural Resource Rangers Fraser Island Fraser Wild River Declaration 2007 PDF Department of Resources and Water Archived from the original PDF on 15 March 2011 Retrieved 10 September 2010 Jackson Vernon 30 August 2010 Call to up domestic dog fines on Fraser Island ABC News Online Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 Retrieved 12 September 2010 Arthur Gorrie 2 September 2010 Claims of Fraser Island cover up Gympie Times APN News amp Media Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2010 Protected Area SS Marloo entry 800001 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 7 July 2013 Alchin Jessica 21 October 2020 The Weekender Fraser Island Queensland Hunter and Bligh Archived from the original on 25 November 2020 Retrieved 2 December 2020 a b Brian Williams 7 August 2009 Fraser Island one big toilet Courier Mail Queensland Newspapers Archived from the original on 18 March 2010 FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island General Access Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 FraserIsland net 2006 Fraser Island 4WD and Permits Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 Retrieved 2 January 2007 Fraser Island Station PDF Archived PDF from the original on 6 April 2016 Retrieved 3 September 2016 Closed waters in tidal waters 1 January 2013 archived from the original on 29 September 2021 retrieved 29 September 2021 Cathedrals on Fraser Cathedrals on Fraser Archived from the original on 24 January 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Fraser Island Camping 2010 Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraser Island nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fraser Island Fraser Island Blazes 2020 NASA Earth Observatory World Heritage Places K gari Fraser Island Fraser Island by air 2011 Satellite image of S S Maheno from Google Maps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fraser Island amp oldid 1180466211, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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