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Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Julius of Braunschweig; 29 June 1528 – 3 May 1589), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death. From 1584, he also ruled over the Principality of Calenberg. By embracing the Protestant Reformation, establishing the University of Helmstedt, and introducing a series of administrative reforms, Julius was one of the most important Brunswick dukes in the early modern era.

Julius
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Contemporary portrait
Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Reign1568–1589
Born(1528-06-29)29 June 1528
Wolfenbüttel, Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Died3 May 1589(1589-05-03) (aged 60)
Wolfenbüttel
Noble familyHouse of Welf
Spouse(s)Hedwig of Brandenburg
IssueSophie Hedwig
Henry Julius
Maria
Elisabeth
Philip Siegmund
Joachim Charles
Dorothea Augusta
Julius Augustus
Hedwig
FatherHenry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
MotherMaria of Württemberg

Life

Born at the princely court in Wolfenbüttel, Julius was the youngest surviving son of the warlike Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1489–1568) and his consort Maria (1496–1541), daughter of the Swabian count Henry of Württemberg. His father, a devout Catholic, had significantly enlarged the territories of his Principality of Wolfenbüttel in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud, but soon after entered a fierce conflict with the Schmalkaldic League which brought him close to the loss of his principality, until the Protestant forces were finally defeated in the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg.

As a younger son, Julius was expected to pursue a clerical career. He studied at the universities of Cologne and Leuven. He set out on a Grand Tour through France in 1550 and began to build up a personal collection of books, the basis of the later Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel. At the instigation of his father, Julius was appointed Prince-Bishop of Minden, by the cathedral chapter on 23 April 1553, succeeding Franz von Waldeck. He never received papal confirmation, however, and resigned after only a year.

In 1552 Julius' father Duke Henry V had joined a princely alliance against the not less warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. During the Second Margrave War, both sides met in the 1553 Battle of Sievershausen, where both Julius' elder brothers were killed in action. Suddenly, he became heir to the principality – for the distress of his father, who noted his feeble constitution and his sympathies for French culture and the Protestant faith. Julius avoided an open conclict and temporarily withdrew to his residence at Hessen Castle. As all plans to exclude him from the line of succession had failed, he succeeded as ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel upon his father's death in 1568. He moved to Wolfenbüttel Castle.

 
Wolfenbüttel Castle

Julius nevertheless turned out a capable ruler. He immediately introduced the Reformation and instituted a tax reform that improved the rights of farmers in relation to noblemen. He also founded a militia — every head of household was required to own a weapon and participate in military training — and reformed the court system. Julius also entered into an agreement in the smouldering conflict with the Hanse city of Brunswick in 1569, in which the citizens recognized his overlordship; however, the quarrels between Duchy and City continued nonetheless.

By his mercantilist policies, Duke Julius promoted trade and especially mining. Copper and lead mining in the Harz mountains flourished, and many new mines were opened. Julius himself wrote a book about the uses of marl. To enable the sale of mining products, Julius invested into the improvements of roads and rivers. In 1577 the Oker river was made navigable between the Harz range and the armouries in Wolfenbüttel. On 15 October 1576, Julius solemnly inaugurated the Academia Julia, the first university of the state in Helmstedt, intended to train Protestant clergy for the newly reformed state according to his Lutheran Church Order. As a Protestant prince, he signed both the 1577 Formula of Concord and the Book of Concord three years later.

In 1581, he purchased the palazzo Ca' Vendramin Calergi on the Grand Canal in Venice, one of his favorite cities to visit. He paid 50,000 ducats for the palazzo to the Loredan family, who were having financial difficulties at the time. However, he sold it only two years later to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga of Mantua.[1] Julius also had the Dutch architect Hans Vredeman de Vries lay out a network of grachten in his Wolfenbüttel residence.

Julius enlarged his territories with the acquisition of the eastern exclave of Calvörde in 1571 and parts of the County of Hoya in 1582. Upon the death of his Welf cousin Duke Eric II of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1584, Julius inherited the Principality of Calenberg. He died in 1589 and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry Julius.

Family

 
Duke Julius of Brunswick, 1590 portrait

Julius married Hedwig (1540–1602), a younger daughter of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg, on 25 February 1560. They had the following children who reached adulthood:

References

  1. ^ Ca' Vendramin Calergi: La storia

External links

Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Cadet branch of the House of Este
Born: 29 June 1528 Died: 3 May 1589
Regnal titles
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Prince-Bishop of Minden
1553–1554
Succeeded by
George
Regnal titles
Preceded by Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

1568–1589
Succeeded by
Preceded by Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Prince of Calenberg

1584–1589

julius, duke, brunswick, lüneburg, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Julius Duke of Brunswick Luneburg news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Julius of Brunswick Luneburg also known as Julius of Braunschweig 29 June 1528 3 May 1589 a member of the House of Welf was Duke of Brunswick Luneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel from 1568 until his death From 1584 he also ruled over the Principality of Calenberg By embracing the Protestant Reformation establishing the University of Helmstedt and introducing a series of administrative reforms Julius was one of the most important Brunswick dukes in the early modern era JuliusDuke of Brunswick LuneburgContemporary portraitPrince of Brunswick WolfenbuttelReign1568 1589Born 1528 06 29 29 June 1528Wolfenbuttel Duchy of Brunswick LuneburgDied3 May 1589 1589 05 03 aged 60 WolfenbuttelNoble familyHouse of WelfSpouse s Hedwig of BrandenburgIssueSophie HedwigHenry JuliusMariaElisabethPhilip SiegmundJoachim CharlesDorothea AugustaJulius AugustusHedwigFatherHenry V Duke of Brunswick LuneburgMotherMaria of Wurttemberg Contents 1 Life 2 Family 3 References 4 External linksLife EditBorn at the princely court in Wolfenbuttel Julius was the youngest surviving son of the warlike Duke Henry V of Brunswick Luneburg 1489 1568 and his consort Maria 1496 1541 daughter of the Swabian count Henry of Wurttemberg His father a devout Catholic had significantly enlarged the territories of his Principality of Wolfenbuttel in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud but soon after entered a fierce conflict with the Schmalkaldic League which brought him close to the loss of his principality until the Protestant forces were finally defeated in the 1547 Battle of Muhlberg As a younger son Julius was expected to pursue a clerical career He studied at the universities of Cologne and Leuven He set out on a Grand Tour through France in 1550 and began to build up a personal collection of books the basis of the later Herzog August Library in Wolfenbuttel At the instigation of his father Julius was appointed Prince Bishop of Minden by the cathedral chapter on 23 April 1553 succeeding Franz von Waldeck He never received papal confirmation however and resigned after only a year In 1552 Julius father Duke Henry V had joined a princely alliance against the not less warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg Kulmbach During the Second Margrave War both sides met in the 1553 Battle of Sievershausen where both Julius elder brothers were killed in action Suddenly he became heir to the principality for the distress of his father who noted his feeble constitution and his sympathies for French culture and the Protestant faith Julius avoided an open conclict and temporarily withdrew to his residence at Hessen Castle As all plans to exclude him from the line of succession had failed he succeeded as ruling Prince of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel upon his father s death in 1568 He moved to Wolfenbuttel Castle Wolfenbuttel Castle Julius nevertheless turned out a capable ruler He immediately introduced the Reformation and instituted a tax reform that improved the rights of farmers in relation to noblemen He also founded a militia every head of household was required to own a weapon and participate in military training and reformed the court system Julius also entered into an agreement in the smouldering conflict with the Hanse city of Brunswick in 1569 in which the citizens recognized his overlordship however the quarrels between Duchy and City continued nonetheless By his mercantilist policies Duke Julius promoted trade and especially mining Copper and lead mining in the Harz mountains flourished and many new mines were opened Julius himself wrote a book about the uses of marl To enable the sale of mining products Julius invested into the improvements of roads and rivers In 1577 the Oker river was made navigable between the Harz range and the armouries in Wolfenbuttel On 15 October 1576 Julius solemnly inaugurated the Academia Julia the first university of the state in Helmstedt intended to train Protestant clergy for the newly reformed state according to his Lutheran Church Order As a Protestant prince he signed both the 1577 Formula of Concord and the Book of Concord three years later In 1581 he purchased the palazzo Ca Vendramin Calergi on the Grand Canal in Venice one of his favorite cities to visit He paid 50 000 ducats for the palazzo to the Loredan family who were having financial difficulties at the time However he sold it only two years later to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga of Mantua 1 Julius also had the Dutch architect Hans Vredeman de Vries lay out a network of grachten in his Wolfenbuttel residence Julius enlarged his territories with the acquisition of the eastern exclave of Calvorde in 1571 and parts of the County of Hoya in 1582 Upon the death of his Welf cousin Duke Eric II of Brunswick Luneburg in 1584 Julius inherited the Principality of Calenberg He died in 1589 and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry Julius Family Edit Duke Julius of Brunswick 1590 portrait Julius married Hedwig 1540 1602 a younger daughter of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg on 25 February 1560 They had the following children who reached adulthood Sophie Hedwig 1561 1631 married Duke Ernest Louis of Pomerania Wolgast Henry Julius 1564 1613 Maria 13 January 1566 13 August 1626 married on 10 November 1582 Duke Francis II of Saxe Lauenburg Elisabeth 1567 1618 married Adolf XI Count of Holstein Schauenburg Pinneburg and Christopher Duke of Brunswick Harburg Philip Siegmund Bishop of Osnabruck 1568 1623 Joachim Charles Provost of Strasbourg 1573 1615 Dorothea Augusta Abbess of Gandersheim 1577 1625 Julius Augustus Abbot of Michaelstein 1578 1617 Hedwig 1580 1657 married Otto III Duke of Brunswick Harburg and brother of Christopher References Edit Ca Vendramin Calergi La storiaExternal links EditAllgemeine Deutsche Biographie vol 14 p 663 670 permanent dead link Julius Duke of Brunswick LuneburgHouse of WelfCadet branch of the House of EsteBorn 29 June 1528 Died 3 May 1589Regnal titlesCatholic Church titlesPreceded byFrancis II Prince Bishop of Minden1553 1554 Succeeded byGeorgeRegnal titlesPreceded byHenry V Duke of Brunswick LuneburgPrince of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel1568 1589 Succeeded byHenry JuliusPreceded byEric II Duke of Brunswick LuneburgPrince of Calenberg1584 1589 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Julius Duke of Brunswick Luneburg amp oldid 1011748044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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