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Jin dynasty (266–420)

The Jin dynasty ([tɕîn]; Chinese: 晉朝; pinyin: Jìn Cháo) or the Jin Empire, sometimes distinguished as the Sima Jin (司馬晉) or the Two Jins (兩晉), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed from 266 to 420. It was founded by Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), eldest son of Sima Zhao, who had previously been declared the King of Jin. The Jin dynasty was preceded by the Three Kingdoms period, and was succeeded by the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China and the Liu Song dynasty in southern China.

Jin
8 February 266–10 July 420
The Jin dynasty (yellow) at its greatest extent, c. 280, during the Western Jin dynasty
CapitalLuoyang (266–311)
Chang'an (312–316)
Jiankang (317–420)
Common languagesMiddle Chinese
Religion
Buddhism, Daoism, Chinese folk religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 266–290 (first of Western Jin)
Emperor Wu of Jin
• 318–323 (first of Eastern Jin)
Emperor Yuan of Jin
• 419–420 (last)
Emperor Gong of Jin
Chancellor 
History 
• Establishment
8 February 266
• Reunification of China proper under Jin rule
1 May 280
• Jin evacuates to region south of the Huai River; Eastern Jin begins
317
• Abdication to Liu Song
10 July 420
Area
280 (Western Jin peak)[1]3,100,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
347 (Eastern Jin peak)[1]2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)
CurrencyChinese coin, Cash
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Today part ofChina
Mongolia
North Korea
Vietnam

There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin (266–316) was established as the successor to Cao Wei after Sima Yan usurped the throne from Cao Huan. The capital of the Western Jin was initially in Luoyang, though it later moved to Chang'an (modern Xi'an, Shaanxi province). In 280, after conquering Eastern Wu, the Western Jin reunited China proper for the first time since the end of the Han dynasty, ending the Three Kingdoms era. However, 11 years later, a series of civil wars known as the War of the Eight Princes erupted in the dynasty, which weakened it considerably. Subsequently, in 304, the dynasty experienced a wave of rebellions and invasions by non-Han ethnicities termed the Five Barbarians, who went on to establish several short-lived dynastic states in northern China. This inaugurated the chaotic and bloody Sixteen Kingdoms era of Chinese history, in which states in the north rose and fell in rapid succession, constantly fighting both one another and the Jin. Han Zhao, one of the northern states established during the disorder, sacked Luoyang in 311, captured Chang'an in 316, and executed Emperor Min of Jin in 318, ending the Western Jin era. Sima Rui, who succeeded Emperor Min, then reestablished the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang (modern Nanjing), inaugurating the Eastern Jin (317–420). The Eastern Jin dynasty remained in near-constant conflict with the northern states for most of its existence, and it launched several invasions of the north with the aim of recovering its lost territories. Notably, in 383, the Eastern Jin inflicted a devastating defeat on the Former Qin, a Di-ruled state that had briefly unified northern China. In the aftermath of that battle, the Former Qin state splintered, and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River. The Eastern Jin was eventually usurped by General Liu Yu in 420 and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty. The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties.

History

Background

During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima clan—with its most accomplished individual being Sima Yi—rose to prominence within the kingdom of Cao Wei, which dominated northern China and was ruled by the Cao clan. Sima Yi was the regent of Cao Wei, and after he instigated a 249 coup d'état known as the Incident at Gaoping Tombs, the Sima clan began to surpass the Cao clan's power in the kingdom. After Sima Yi's death in 251, Sima Yi's eldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei, maintaining the Sima clan's tight grip on the Cao Wei political scene. After Sima Shi's death in 255, Sima Yi's younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei. Sima Zhao further assisted his clans' interests by suppressing rebellions and dissent.

In 263, he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering Shu Han and capturing Liu Shan (the son of Liu Bei), marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms. Sima Zhao's actions awarded him the title of King of Jin, the last achievable rank beneath that of emperor. He was granted the title because his ancestral home was located in Wen County, on the territory of the Zhou-era marchland and duchy named Jin, which was centered on Shaanxi's Jin River. Sima Zhao's ambitions for the throne were visible (proverbial in Chinese), but he died in 265 before any usurpation attempt could be made, passing the opportunity to his ambitious son, Sima Yan.

Western Jin (266–316)

Founding

 
Western Jin porcelain female figurine.

The Jin dynasty was founded by Sima Yan, who was known posthumously as Emperor Wu (the "Martial Emperor of Jin"). After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265, Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty in 266 and forced Cao Huan (the last ruler of Cao Wei) to abdicate. Emperor Wu (Sima Yan) permitted Cao Huan to live with honor as the Prince of Chenliu, and buried him with imperial ceremony. Under Emperor Wu, the Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280 and united China proper, thus ending the Three Kingdoms period. The period of unity was relatively short-lived, as the Jin state was soon weakened by corruption, political turmoil, and internal conflicts. Emperor Wu's son Zhong, posthumously known as Emperor Hui (the "Benevolent Emperor of Jin"), was developmentally disabled.

Decline

Emperor Wu died in 290, and in 291 conflict over his succession caused the devastating War of the Eight Princes. The dynasty was greatly weakened by this civil conflict, and it soon faced more upheaval when the Uprising of the Five Barbarians began in 304. During this unrest, the Jin capital Luoyang was sacked by Han Zhao ruler Liu Cong in 311, and Jin emperor Sima Chi, posthumously known as Emperor Huai (the "Missing Emperor of Jin"), was captured and later executed. Emperor Huai's successor Sima Ye, posthumously known as Emperor Min (the "Suffering Emperor of Jin"), was then also captured and executed by Han Zhao forces when they seized Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316. This event marked the end of the Western Jin.[2] The surviving members of the Jin imperial family, as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain, subsequently fled to southern China. These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to—for example, they gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name when they settled in its valley in Fujian.

Material culture

The Jin dynasty is well known for the quality of its greenish celadon porcelain wares, which immediately followed the development of proto-celadon. Jar designs often incorporated animal, as well as Buddhist, figures.[3] Examples of Yue ware are also known from the Jin dynasty.[4]

Eastern Jin (317–420)

 
Lacquer screen, from the tomb of Sima Jinlong, 484 CE. Untypical of Northern Wei styles, it was probably brought from the court of the Jin dynasty by Sima Jinlong's father.[5] Alternatively, it could be a Northern Wei work strongly influenced by Jin artistic styles, such as the work of Gu Kaizhi.[6]

Establishment

After the fall of Chang'an and the execution of Emperor Min of Jin, Sima Rui, posthumously known as Emperor Yuan, was enthroned as Jin emperor in 318. He reestablished the Jin government at Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), which became the dynasty's new capital. This marked the start of the Eastern Jin period.[2] One of Sima Rui's titles was the prince of Langya, so the recently established northern states, who denied the legitimacy of his succession, occasionally referred to his empire as "Langya".

The Eastern Jin period witnessed the pinnacle of menfa (門閥, "gentry clans") politics. The authority of the emperors was limited, while national affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite clans like the Wang () clans of Langya and Taiyuan, the Xie () clan of Chenliu, the Huan () clan of Qiao Commandery, and the Yu () clan of Yingchuan. Among the people, a common remark was that "Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together" (王與馬,共天下).[7] It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers, but Wang Dao declined the offer.[8]

Wars with the north

In order to recover the lands lost during the fall of the Western Jin, the Eastern Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the northern states, such as the expeditions led by Huan Wen from 354–369. Most notably, in 383, a heavily outnumbered Eastern Jin force inflicted a devastating defeat on the state of Former Qin at the Battle of Fei River. After this battle, the Former Qin—which had recently unified northern China—began to collapse, and the Jin dynasty recovered the lands south of the Yellow River. Some of these lands were later lost, but the Jin regained them once more when Liu Yu defeated the northern states in his northern expeditions of 409–416.

Despite successes against the northern states like the Battle of Fei River, paranoia in the royal family and a constant disruptions to the throne often caused loss of support for northern campaigns. For example, lack of support by the Jin court was a major cause of Huan Wen's failure to recover the north in his expeditions. Additionally, internal military crises—including the rebellions of generals Wang Dun and Su Jun, but also lesser fangzhen (方鎮, "military command") revolts—plagued the Eastern Jin throughout its 104 year existence.

Mass migration to the south

The local aristocrat clans of the south were often at odds with the immigrants from the north. As such, tensions increased, and rivalry between the immigrants and southern locals loomed large in the domestic politics of the Jin. Two of the most prominent local clans, the Zhou () clan of Yixing and the Shen () clan of Wuxing, were dealt a bitter blow from which they never quite recovered. There was also conflict between the various northern immigrant clans. This led to a virtual balance of power, which somewhat benefited the emperor's rule.

Special "commanderies of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive amounts of northern Han Chinese who moved south during the Eastern Jin.[9] The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants.[10] Particularly in the Jiangnan region, Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Jin dynasty.[11] Southern China overtook the north in population due to depopulation of the north and the migration of northern Chinese to southern China.[12][13] Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times resulted in distinct groups of aristocratic lineages.[14]

 
Celadon jar, Eastern Jin, 317–420 CE.

Demise

In 403, Huan Xuan, the son of esteemed general Huan Wen, usurped the Jin throne and declared the dynasty of Huan Chu. Huan Xuan was soon toppled by Liu Yu, who reinstated Jin rule by installing Sima Dezong on the throne, posthumously known as Emperor An (the "Peaceful Emperor of Jin"). Meanwhile, the civilian administration suffered, as there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun, and Western Shu became an independent kingdom under Qiao Zong. In 419, Liu Yu had Sima Dezong strangled and replaced by his brother Sima Dewen, posthumously known as Emperor Gong (the "Respectful Emperor of Jin"). Finally, in 420, Sima Dewen abdicated in favor of Liu Yu, who declared himself the ruler of the new Song dynasty (which is referred to as the Liu Song dynasty by historians in order to prevent confusion with the Song dynasty established in 960). Sima Dewen was then asphyxiated with a blanket in the following year. In the north, Northern Liang, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms, was conquered by the Northern Wei in 439, ushering in the Northern dynasties period.

The Xianbei Northern Wei accepted the Jin refugees Sima Fei (司馬朏) and Sima Chuzhi (司馬楚之). They both married Xianbei princesses. Sima Fei's wife was named Huayang (華陽公主), who was a daughter of Emperor Xiaowen; Sima Chuzhi's son was Sima Jinlong (司馬金龍), who married a Northern Liang princess who was a daughter of Xiongnu King Juqu Mujian.[15] More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.[16] Much later, Sima Guang (1019–1086), who served as prime minister to the Song, claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, Sima Fu, brother of Sima Yi).

Government and demography

 
Menfa Politics: Administrative divisions of Eastern Jin dynasty, as of 382 AD

Qiaoren and Baiji

The uprising of the five barbarians led to one in eight northerners migrating to the south. These immigrants were called "qiaoren (僑人, literally the lodged people)", accounting for one sixth of the then people living in the south. Considering most property of these refugees had been lost or exhausted as they arrived, they were privileged to be free from diao (調), a special poll tax that was paid via the silk or cotton cloth in ancient China, and other services. Their registers which were bound in white papers were called baiji (白籍). The ordinary ones which were bound in yellow papers were called huangji (黃籍) in comparison.

When the situation settled down, the preferential treatment not only was a heavy burden for the nation, but also aroused dissatisfaction from the natives. Hence, tu duan was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin.

Lodged administrative divisions

The Eastern Jin court established the lodged administrative divisions which served as strongholds of the qiaoren. More effective administration for them was a realistic starting point for that. Consisting of three levels: qiaozhou (僑州, the lodged province), qiaojun (僑郡, the lodged commandery), and qiaoxian (僑縣, the lodged county), these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain, or rather, they were local government in exile; what could scarcely be denied was their significance in Jin's legitimacy for the northern territory as somewhat an announcement. Furthermore, it was also an action done to appease the refugees' homesickness, which was evoking their desire to resume what had been lost.

 
Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

During the rule of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Cheng, the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain. At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang, but when it began is not exactly known. Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang, around 320. According to the Book of Song:

晉永嘉大亂,幽、冀、青、並、兗州及徐州之淮北流民,相率過淮,亦有過江在晉陵郡界者……又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣,其徙過江南及留在江北者,並立僑郡縣以司牧之。徐、兗二州或治江北,江北又僑立幽、冀、青、並四州……(After Disaster of Yongjia, the refugees from You, Ji, Qing, Bing, Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River, some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery... The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them. The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River, where the lodged You, Ji, Qing, Bing provinces were established.)[17]

The lodged Pei, Qinghe, Xiapi, Dongguang, Pingchang, Jiyin, Puyang, Guangping, Taishan, Jiyang, and Lu commanderies were established when Emperor Ming ruled. The rebellions and invasions occurring in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switching to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards.

However, carrying these out was more complex than the policy was formulated. Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies.

A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays. For instance, Dangtu County was originally located in the area of Bengbu, however, the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now, and the latter replaced the former, inheriting its place name.

Tu Duan policy

The tu duan (土斷) is the abbreviation for yi tu duan (以土斷, means classifying people according to their present habitation to register). It was a policy to ensure the ancient hukou system working since the Western Jin. These terms were first recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the Book of Jin:

今九域同規,大化方始,臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法,一擬古制,以土斷,定自公卿以下,皆以所居為正,無復懸客遠屬異土者。[18]

然承魏氏凋弊之跡,人物播越,仕無常朝,人無定處,郎吏蓄於軍府,豪右聚於都邑,事體駁錯,與古不同。謂九品既除,宜先開移徙,聽相並就。且明貢舉之法,不濫於境外,則冠帶之倫將不分而自均,即土斷之實行矣。[19]

Hence, it was perhaps initially proposed by these two people, but was only seriously implemented during the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.

Society and culture

Religion

 
Scene of the Admonitions Scroll, traditionally considered as a Jin court painting by Gu Kaizhi (ca. 345–406)

Taoism was polarized in the Jin dynasty. The Jin emperors repressed Taoists harshly, but also tried to exploit it, given the way it had been used near the end of the Han era in the poor peasants' revolts. Amidst the political turmoil of the era, many successful merchants, small landowners, and other moderately comfortable people found great solace in Taoist teachings and a number of major clans and military officers also took up the faith. Ge Hong emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue; he even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals,[20] which made Taoism more palatable to the imperial hierarchy. As a result, popular Taoist religions were considered heterodoxy while the official schools of the court were supported, but the popular schools like Tianshi Taoism were still secretly held dear and promulgated amongst ordinary people.

Disunity, disintegration, and chaos also made Buddhism more popular, in part due to the focus on addressing suffering. The Jin dynasty marked a critical era for Mahayana in China. Dharmarakṣa’s 286 translation of the Lotus Sutra was the most important one before Kumārajīva’s 5th-century translation. It was said that there were 1,768 Buddhist temples in the Eastern Jin.[21]

Furthermore, Taoism advanced chemistry and medicine in China, whereas the contribution of Mahayana was concentrated in philosophy and literature.

 
The British Museum copy of The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, attributed to Gu Kaizhi (c. 344–406), but likely Tang dynasty copy

List of emperors and eras

Posthumous names Family name and given names Durations of reigns Era names and their according range of years Territories
Western Jin dynasty 266–316
Wu Sima Yan 266–290
  • Taishi 266–274
  • Xianning 275–280
  • Taikang 280–289
  • Taixi January 28, 290 – May 17, 290
Western Jin
 
The Jin Empire (yellow), c. 280
(Western Jin)
Traditional Chinese西晉
Simplified Chinese西晋
Hui Sima Zhong 290–307
  • Yongxi May 17, 290 – February 15, 291
  • Yongping February 16 – April 23, 291
  • Yuankang April 24, 291 – February 6, 300
  • Yongkang February 7, 300 – February 3, 301
  • Yongning June 1, 301 – January 4, 303
  • Taian January 5, 303 – February 21, 304
  • Yongan February 22 – August 15, 304; December 25, 304 – February 3, 305
  • Jianwu August 16 – December 24, 304
  • Yongxing February 4, 305 – July 12, 306
  • Guangxi July 13, 306 – February 19, 307
none Sima Lun 301
  • Jianshi February 3 – June 1, 301
Huai Sima Chi 307–311
  • Yongjia 307 – 313
Min Sima Ye 313–316
  • Jianxing 313–316
Eastern Jin dynasty 317–420
Yuan Sima Rui 317–323
  • Jianwu 317–318
  • Taixing 318–322
  • Yongchang 322–323
Eastern Jin
 
The Jin Empire (yellow), c. 400
(Eastern Jin)
Traditional Chinese東晉
Simplified Chinese东晋
Ming Sima Shao 323–325
  • Taining 323–326
Cheng Sima Yan 325–342
  • Xianhe 326–335
  • Xiankang 335–342
Kang Sima Yue 342–344
  • Jianyuan 343–344
Mu Sima Dan 344–361
  • Yonghe 345–357
  • Shengping 357–361
Ai Sima Pi 361–365
  • Longhe 362–363
  • Xingning 363–365
none Sima Yi 365–372
  • Taihe 365–372
Jianwen Sima Yu 372
  • Xianan 372–373
Xiaowu Sima Yao 372–396
  • Ningkang 373–375
  • Taiyuan (太元) 376–396
An Sima Dezong 396–419
  • Longan 397–402
  • Yuanxing 402–405
  • Yixi 405–419
Gong Sima Dewen 419–420
  • Yuanxi 419–420

Major events

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 128. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  2. ^ a b Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
  3. ^ Shanghai Museum permanent exhibit
  4. ^ Guimet Museum permanent exhibit
  5. ^ Dien, Albert E. (1 January 2007). Six Dynasties Civilization. Yale University Press. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-0-300-07404-8.
  6. ^ Watt, James C. Y. (2004). China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-58839-126-1.
  7. ^ Book of Jin. 帝初鎮江東,威名未著,敦與從弟導等同心翼戴,以隆中興,時人為之語曰:「王與馬,共天下。」
  8. ^ "司马睿".
  9. ^ Gernet (1996), p. 182.
  10. ^ Nicolas Olivier Tackett, The Transformation Of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–1000 C.E.) 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine p. 81.
  11. ^ John Lagerwey; Pengzhi Lü (30 October 2009). Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 Ad). BRILL. pp. 831–. ISBN 978-90-04-17585-3.
  12. ^ Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC--AD 600. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.25. ISBN 978-0-7607-1973-2.
  13. ^ Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21. ISBN 978-0-7607-1976-3.
  14. ^ Hugh R. Clark (2007). Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song. Chinese University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-962-996-227-2.
  15. ^ China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004, pp. 18 ff, ISBN 978-1-58839-126-1
  16. ^ Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century) (PDF) (A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 151, 152, 153.
  17. ^ Book of Song, Vol.35.
  18. ^ Book of Jin, Vol. 36.
  19. ^ Book of Jin, Vol. 46.
  20. ^ Baopuzi, Vol. 3. 欲求仙者,要當以忠孝和順仁信為本。若德行不修,而但務方術,皆不得長生也。
  21. ^ 「東晉偏安一百四載,立寺乃一千七百六十有八,可謂侈盛……」Liu Shiheng (劉世珩,1874–1926) 南朝寺考 quoted from 釋迦氏譜

Sources

  • Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.

External links

  • Chinese History, the Jin Dynasty 晉
  • Largest Jin Dynasty Tomb Discovered in NW China
    • de Crespigny, Rafe. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Preceded by Jin dynasty
266–420
Succeeded by

dynasty, other, uses, dynasty, tɕi, chinese, 晉朝, pinyin, jìn, cháo, empire, sometimes, distinguished, sima, 司馬晉, jins, 兩晉, imperial, dynasty, china, that, existed, from, founded, sima, emperor, eldest, sima, zhao, previously, been, declared, king, dynasty, pre. For other uses see Jin The Jin dynasty tɕi n Chinese 晉朝 pinyin Jin Chao or the Jin Empire sometimes distinguished as the Sima Jin 司馬晉 or the Two Jins 兩晉 was an imperial dynasty of China that existed from 266 to 420 It was founded by Sima Yan Emperor Wu eldest son of Sima Zhao who had previously been declared the King of Jin The Jin dynasty was preceded by the Three Kingdoms period and was succeeded by the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China and the Liu Song dynasty in southern China Jin晉8 February 266 10 July 420The Jin dynasty yellow at its greatest extent c 280 during the Western Jin dynastyCapitalLuoyang 266 311 Chang an 312 316 Jiankang 317 420 Common languagesMiddle ChineseReligionBuddhism Daoism Chinese folk religionGovernmentMonarchyEmperor 266 290 first of Western Jin Emperor Wu of Jin 318 323 first of Eastern Jin Emperor Yuan of Jin 419 420 last Emperor Gong of JinChancellor History Establishment8 February 266 Reunification of China proper under Jin rule1 May 280 Jin evacuates to region south of the Huai River Eastern Jin begins317 Abdication to Liu Song10 July 420Area280 Western Jin peak 1 3 100 000 km2 1 200 000 sq mi 347 Eastern Jin peak 1 2 800 000 km2 1 100 000 sq mi CurrencyChinese coin CashPreceded by Succeeded byCao WeiEastern Wu Sixteen KingdomsLiu SongToday part ofChinaMongoliaNorth KoreaVietnamThere are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty The Western Jin 266 316 was established as the successor to Cao Wei after Sima Yan usurped the throne from Cao Huan The capital of the Western Jin was initially in Luoyang though it later moved to Chang an modern Xi an Shaanxi province In 280 after conquering Eastern Wu the Western Jin reunited China proper for the first time since the end of the Han dynasty ending the Three Kingdoms era However 11 years later a series of civil wars known as the War of the Eight Princes erupted in the dynasty which weakened it considerably Subsequently in 304 the dynasty experienced a wave of rebellions and invasions by non Han ethnicities termed the Five Barbarians who went on to establish several short lived dynastic states in northern China This inaugurated the chaotic and bloody Sixteen Kingdoms era of Chinese history in which states in the north rose and fell in rapid succession constantly fighting both one another and the Jin Han Zhao one of the northern states established during the disorder sacked Luoyang in 311 captured Chang an in 316 and executed Emperor Min of Jin in 318 ending the Western Jin era Sima Rui who succeeded Emperor Min then reestablished the Jin dynasty with its capital in Jiankang modern Nanjing inaugurating the Eastern Jin 317 420 The Eastern Jin dynasty remained in near constant conflict with the northern states for most of its existence and it launched several invasions of the north with the aim of recovering its lost territories Notably in 383 the Eastern Jin inflicted a devastating defeat on the Former Qin a Di ruled state that had briefly unified northern China In the aftermath of that battle the Former Qin state splintered and Jin armies recaptured the lands south of the Yellow River The Eastern Jin was eventually usurped by General Liu Yu in 420 and replaced with the Liu Song dynasty The Eastern Jin dynasty is considered the second of the Six Dynasties Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 2 Western Jin 266 316 1 2 1 Founding 1 2 2 Decline 1 2 3 Material culture 1 3 Eastern Jin 317 420 1 3 1 Establishment 1 3 2 Wars with the north 1 3 3 Mass migration to the south 1 4 Demise 2 Government and demography 2 1 Qiaoren and Baiji 2 2 Lodged administrative divisions 2 3 Tu Duan policy 3 Society and culture 3 1 Religion 4 List of emperors and eras 5 Major events 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksHistory EditMain article History of the Jin dynasty 266 420 See also Timeline of the Jin dynasty 266 420 and the Sixteen Kingdoms 304 439 and Military history of the Jin dynasty 266 420 and the Sixteen Kingdoms 304 439 Background Edit See also Three Kingdoms Incident at Gaoping Tombs and Conquest of Shu Han by Cao Wei During the Three Kingdoms period the Sima clan with its most accomplished individual being Sima Yi rose to prominence within the kingdom of Cao Wei which dominated northern China and was ruled by the Cao clan Sima Yi was the regent of Cao Wei and after he instigated a 249 coup d etat known as the Incident at Gaoping Tombs the Sima clan began to surpass the Cao clan s power in the kingdom After Sima Yi s death in 251 Sima Yi s eldest son Sima Shi succeeded his father as regent of Cao Wei maintaining the Sima clan s tight grip on the Cao Wei political scene After Sima Shi s death in 255 Sima Yi s younger brother Sima Zhao became the regent of Cao Wei Sima Zhao further assisted his clans interests by suppressing rebellions and dissent In 263 he directed Cao Wei forces in conquering Shu Han and capturing Liu Shan the son of Liu Bei marking the first demise of one of the Three Kingdoms Sima Zhao s actions awarded him the title of King of Jin the last achievable rank beneath that of emperor He was granted the title because his ancestral home was located in Wen County on the territory of the Zhou era marchland and duchy named Jin which was centered on Shaanxi s Jin River Sima Zhao s ambitions for the throne were visible proverbial in Chinese but he died in 265 before any usurpation attempt could be made passing the opportunity to his ambitious son Sima Yan Western Jin 266 316 Edit Founding Edit See also Conquest of Eastern Wu by Jin Western Jin porcelain female figurine The Jin dynasty was founded by Sima Yan who was known posthumously as Emperor Wu the Martial Emperor of Jin After succeeding his father as the King of Jin and regent of Cao Wei in 265 Sima Yan declared himself emperor of the Jin dynasty in 266 and forced Cao Huan the last ruler of Cao Wei to abdicate Emperor Wu Sima Yan permitted Cao Huan to live with honor as the Prince of Chenliu and buried him with imperial ceremony Under Emperor Wu the Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280 and united China proper thus ending the Three Kingdoms period The period of unity was relatively short lived as the Jin state was soon weakened by corruption political turmoil and internal conflicts Emperor Wu s son Zhong posthumously known as Emperor Hui the Benevolent Emperor of Jin was developmentally disabled Decline Edit Main articles War of the Eight Princes Uprising of the Five Barbarians and Disaster of Yongjia Emperor Wu died in 290 and in 291 conflict over his succession caused the devastating War of the Eight Princes The dynasty was greatly weakened by this civil conflict and it soon faced more upheaval when the Uprising of the Five Barbarians began in 304 During this unrest the Jin capital Luoyang was sacked by Han Zhao ruler Liu Cong in 311 and Jin emperor Sima Chi posthumously known as Emperor Huai the Missing Emperor of Jin was captured and later executed Emperor Huai s successor Sima Ye posthumously known as Emperor Min the Suffering Emperor of Jin was then also captured and executed by Han Zhao forces when they seized Chang an present day Xi an in 316 This event marked the end of the Western Jin 2 The surviving members of the Jin imperial family as well as large numbers of Han Chinese from the North China Plain subsequently fled to southern China These refugees had a large impact on the lands they moved to for example they gave Quanzhou s Jin River its name when they settled in its valley in Fujian Material culture Edit The Jin dynasty is well known for the quality of its greenish celadon porcelain wares which immediately followed the development of proto celadon Jar designs often incorporated animal as well as Buddhist figures 3 Examples of Yue ware are also known from the Jin dynasty 4 Yue ware with motif 3rd century CE Western Jin Zhejiang Pottery tower Western Jin 265 317 CE Celadon lion shaped bixie Western Jin 265 317 CE Celadon lian bowl with Buddhist figures Western Jin 265 317 CE Hunping jar of the Western Jin with Buddhist figures Eastern Jin 317 420 Edit Lacquer screen from the tomb of Sima Jinlong 484 CE Untypical of Northern Wei styles it was probably brought from the court of the Jin dynasty by Sima Jinlong s father 5 Alternatively it could be a Northern Wei work strongly influenced by Jin artistic styles such as the work of Gu Kaizhi 6 Establishment Edit See also Sixteen Kingdoms After the fall of Chang an and the execution of Emperor Min of Jin Sima Rui posthumously known as Emperor Yuan was enthroned as Jin emperor in 318 He reestablished the Jin government at Jiankang present day Nanjing which became the dynasty s new capital This marked the start of the Eastern Jin period 2 One of Sima Rui s titles was the prince of Langya so the recently established northern states who denied the legitimacy of his succession occasionally referred to his empire as Langya The Eastern Jin period witnessed the pinnacle of menfa 門閥 gentry clans politics The authority of the emperors was limited while national affairs were controlled by powerful immigrant elite clans like the Wang 王 clans of Langya and Taiyuan the Xie 謝 clan of Chenliu the Huan 桓 clan of Qiao Commandery and the Yu 庾 clan of Yingchuan Among the people a common remark was that Wang Dao and Sima Rui they dominate the nation together 王與馬 共天下 7 It was said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court he even invited Wang Dao to sit by his side so they could jointly accept congratulations from ministers but Wang Dao declined the offer 8 Wars with the north Edit See also Battle of Fei River Liu Yu s Northern Expeditions and Huan Wen s Northern Expeditions In order to recover the lands lost during the fall of the Western Jin the Eastern Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the northern states such as the expeditions led by Huan Wen from 354 369 Most notably in 383 a heavily outnumbered Eastern Jin force inflicted a devastating defeat on the state of Former Qin at the Battle of Fei River After this battle the Former Qin which had recently unified northern China began to collapse and the Jin dynasty recovered the lands south of the Yellow River Some of these lands were later lost but the Jin regained them once more when Liu Yu defeated the northern states in his northern expeditions of 409 416 Despite successes against the northern states like the Battle of Fei River paranoia in the royal family and a constant disruptions to the throne often caused loss of support for northern campaigns For example lack of support by the Jin court was a major cause of Huan Wen s failure to recover the north in his expeditions Additionally internal military crises including the rebellions of generals Wang Dun and Su Jun but also lesser fangzhen 方鎮 military command revolts plagued the Eastern Jin throughout its 104 year existence Mass migration to the south Edit The local aristocrat clans of the south were often at odds with the immigrants from the north As such tensions increased and rivalry between the immigrants and southern locals loomed large in the domestic politics of the Jin Two of the most prominent local clans the Zhou 周 clan of Yixing and the Shen 沈 clan of Wuxing were dealt a bitter blow from which they never quite recovered There was also conflict between the various northern immigrant clans This led to a virtual balance of power which somewhat benefited the emperor s rule Special commanderies of immigrants and white registers were created for the massive amounts of northern Han Chinese who moved south during the Eastern Jin 9 The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants 10 Particularly in the Jiangnan region Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Jin dynasty 11 Southern China overtook the north in population due to depopulation of the north and the migration of northern Chinese to southern China 12 13 Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times resulted in distinct groups of aristocratic lineages 14 Celadon jar Eastern Jin 317 420 CE Demise Edit In 403 Huan Xuan the son of esteemed general Huan Wen usurped the Jin throne and declared the dynasty of Huan Chu Huan Xuan was soon toppled by Liu Yu who reinstated Jin rule by installing Sima Dezong on the throne posthumously known as Emperor An the Peaceful Emperor of Jin Meanwhile the civilian administration suffered as there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun and Western Shu became an independent kingdom under Qiao Zong In 419 Liu Yu had Sima Dezong strangled and replaced by his brother Sima Dewen posthumously known as Emperor Gong the Respectful Emperor of Jin Finally in 420 Sima Dewen abdicated in favor of Liu Yu who declared himself the ruler of the new Song dynasty which is referred to as the Liu Song dynasty by historians in order to prevent confusion with the Song dynasty established in 960 Sima Dewen was then asphyxiated with a blanket in the following year In the north Northern Liang the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was conquered by the Northern Wei in 439 ushering in the Northern dynasties period The Xianbei Northern Wei accepted the Jin refugees Sima Fei 司馬朏 and Sima Chuzhi 司馬楚之 They both married Xianbei princesses Sima Fei s wife was named Huayang 華陽公主 who was a daughter of Emperor Xiaowen Sima Chuzhi s son was Sima Jinlong 司馬金龍 who married a Northern Liang princess who was a daughter of Xiongnu King Juqu Mujian 15 More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei 16 Much later Sima Guang 1019 1086 who served as prime minister to the Song claimed descent from the Jin dynasty specifically Sima Fu brother of Sima Yi Government and demography Edit Menfa Politics Administrative divisions of Eastern Jin dynasty as of 382 AD Qiaoren and Baiji Edit The uprising of the five barbarians led to one in eight northerners migrating to the south These immigrants were called qiaoren 僑人 literally the lodged people accounting for one sixth of the then people living in the south Considering most property of these refugees had been lost or exhausted as they arrived they were privileged to be free from diao 調 a special poll tax that was paid via the silk or cotton cloth in ancient China and other services Their registers which were bound in white papers were called baiji 白籍 The ordinary ones which were bound in yellow papers were called huangji 黃籍 in comparison When the situation settled down the preferential treatment not only was a heavy burden for the nation but also aroused dissatisfaction from the natives Hence tu duan was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin Lodged administrative divisions Edit The Eastern Jin court established the lodged administrative divisions which served as strongholds of the qiaoren More effective administration for them was a realistic starting point for that Consisting of three levels qiaozhou 僑州 the lodged province qiaojun 僑郡 the lodged commandery and qiaoxian 僑縣 the lodged county these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain or rather they were local government in exile what could scarcely be denied was their significance in Jin s legitimacy for the northern territory as somewhat an announcement Furthermore it was also an action done to appease the refugees homesickness which was evoking their desire to resume what had been lost Ornamental plaque Eastern Jin dynasty Metropolitan Museum of Art During the rule of Emperor Yuan Emperor Ming and Emperor Cheng the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang but when it began is not exactly known Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang around 320 According to the Book of Song 晉永嘉大亂 幽 冀 青 並 兗州及徐州之淮北流民 相率過淮 亦有過江在晉陵郡界者 又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣 其徙過江南及留在江北者 並立僑郡縣以司牧之 徐 兗二州或治江北 江北又僑立幽 冀 青 並四州 After Disaster of Yongjia the refugees from You Ji Qing Bing Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River where the lodged You Ji Qing Bing provinces were established 17 The lodged Pei Qinghe Xiapi Dongguang Pingchang Jiyin Puyang Guangping Taishan Jiyang and Lu commanderies were established when Emperor Ming ruled The rebellions and invasions occurring in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switching to settle in the south of the Yangtze River where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards However carrying these out was more complex than the policy was formulated Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays For instance Dangtu County was originally located in the area of Bengbu however the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now and the latter replaced the former inheriting its place name Tu Duan policy EditThe tu duan 土斷 is the abbreviation for yi tu duan 以土斷 means classifying people according to their present habitation to register It was a policy to ensure the ancient hukou system working since the Western Jin These terms were first recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the Book of Jin 今九域同規 大化方始 臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法 一擬古制 以土斷 定自公卿以下 皆以所居為正 無復懸客遠屬異土者 18 然承魏氏凋弊之跡 人物播越 仕無常朝 人無定處 郎吏蓄於軍府 豪右聚於都邑 事體駁錯 與古不同 謂九品既除 宜先開移徙 聽相並就 且明貢舉之法 不濫於境外 則冠帶之倫將不分而自均 即土斷之實行矣 19 Hence it was perhaps initially proposed by these two people but was only seriously implemented during the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties Society and culture EditReligion Edit Scene of the Admonitions Scroll traditionally considered as a Jin court painting by Gu Kaizhi ca 345 406 Taoism was polarized in the Jin dynasty The Jin emperors repressed Taoists harshly but also tried to exploit it given the way it had been used near the end of the Han era in the poor peasants revolts Amidst the political turmoil of the era many successful merchants small landowners and other moderately comfortable people found great solace in Taoist teachings and a number of major clans and military officers also took up the faith Ge Hong emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue he even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals 20 which made Taoism more palatable to the imperial hierarchy As a result popular Taoist religions were considered heterodoxy while the official schools of the court were supported but the popular schools like Tianshi Taoism were still secretly held dear and promulgated amongst ordinary people Disunity disintegration and chaos also made Buddhism more popular in part due to the focus on addressing suffering The Jin dynasty marked a critical era for Mahayana in China Dharmarakṣa s 286 translation of the Lotus Sutra was the most important one before Kumarajiva s 5th century translation It was said that there were 1 768 Buddhist temples in the Eastern Jin 21 Furthermore Taoism advanced chemistry and medicine in China whereas the contribution of Mahayana was concentrated in philosophy and literature The British Museum copy of The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies attributed to Gu Kaizhi c 344 406 but likely Tang dynasty copyList of emperors and eras EditSee also Emperor s family tree and Family tree of Sima Yi Posthumous names Family name and given names Durations of reigns Era names and their according range of years TerritoriesWestern Jin dynasty 266 316Wu Sima Yan 266 290 Taishi 266 274 Xianning 275 280 Taikang 280 289 Taixi January 28 290 May 17 290 Western Jin The Jin Empire yellow c 280 Western Jin Traditional Chinese西晉Simplified Chinese西晋TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXijinWade GilesHsi ChinYue CantoneseYale RomanizationSai1 Jeun3IPA sɐ i tsɵ n Hui Sima Zhong 290 307 Yongxi May 17 290 February 15 291 Yongping February 16 April 23 291 Yuankang April 24 291 February 6 300 Yongkang February 7 300 February 3 301 Yongning June 1 301 January 4 303 Taian January 5 303 February 21 304 Yongan February 22 August 15 304 December 25 304 February 3 305 Jianwu August 16 December 24 304 Yongxing February 4 305 July 12 306 Guangxi July 13 306 February 19 307none Sima Lun 301 Jianshi February 3 June 1 301Huai Sima Chi 307 311 Yongjia 307 313Min Sima Ye 313 316 Jianxing 313 316Eastern Jin dynasty 317 420Yuan Sima Rui 317 323 Jianwu 317 318 Taixing 318 322 Yongchang 322 323 Eastern Jin The Jin Empire yellow c 400 Eastern Jin Traditional Chinese東晉Simplified Chinese东晋TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDōngjinWade GilesTung ChinYue CantoneseYale RomanizationDung1 Jeun3IPA to ŋ tsɵ n Ming Sima Shao 323 325 Taining 323 326Cheng Sima Yan 325 342 Xianhe 326 335 Xiankang 335 342Kang Sima Yue 342 344 Jianyuan 343 344Mu Sima Dan 344 361 Yonghe 345 357 Shengping 357 361Ai Sima Pi 361 365 Longhe 362 363 Xingning 363 365none Sima Yi 365 372 Taihe 365 372Jianwen Sima Yu 372 Xianan 372 373Xiaowu Sima Yao 372 396 Ningkang 373 375 Taiyuan 太元 376 396An Sima Dezong 396 419 Longan 397 402 Yuanxing 402 405 Yixi 405 419Gong Sima Dewen 419 420 Yuanxi 419 420Major events EditJin dynastyTraditional Chinese晉朝Simplified Chinese晋朝TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJin ChaoGwoyeu RomatzyhJinn ChaurWade GilesChin4 Ch ao2IPA tɕi n ʈʂʰa ʊ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationJeun3 Chiu4JyutpingZeon3 Ciu4IPA tsɵ n tsʰi ːu Southern MinTai loTsin TiauMiddle ChineseMiddle ChineseTsin DjewSima JinTraditional Chinese司馬晉Simplified Chinese司马晋TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSimǎ JinWade GilesSsu ma ChinYue CantoneseYale RomanizationSi1ma5 Jeun3IPA si ː ma ː tsɵ n Liang JinTraditional Chinese兩晉Simplified Chinese两晋Literal meaningTwo JinsTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLiǎng JinWade GilesLiang ChinYue CantoneseYale RomanizationLeung2 Jeun3IPA lœ ːŋ tsɵ n Battle of Fei River Butterfly Lovers War of the Eight Princes Wu Hu peopleSee also Edit China portal History portalChinese sovereign Ge Hong List of tributaries of Imperial China Liu Song dynasty Northern dynasties Northern Wei dynasty Romance of the Three Kingdoms Six Dynasties Sixteen Kingdoms Southern dynastiesReferences EditCitations Edit a b Taagepera Rein 1979 Size and Duration of Empires Growth Decline Curves 600 B C to 600 A D Social Science History 3 3 4 128 doi 10 2307 1170959 JSTOR 1170959 a b Grousset Rene 1970 The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press pp 56 57 ISBN 978 0 8135 1304 1 Shanghai Museum permanent exhibit Guimet Museum permanent exhibit Dien Albert E 1 January 2007 Six Dynasties Civilization Yale University Press pp 295 296 ISBN 978 0 300 07404 8 Watt James C Y 2004 China Dawn of a Golden Age 200 750 AD Metropolitan Museum of Art p 159 ISBN 978 1 58839 126 1 Book of Jin 帝初鎮江東 威名未著 敦與從弟導等同心翼戴 以隆中興 時人為之語曰 王與馬 共天下 司马睿 Gernet 1996 p 182 Nicolas Olivier Tackett The Transformation Of Medieval Chinese Elites 850 1000 C E Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine p 81 John Lagerwey Pengzhi Lu 30 October 2009 Early Chinese Religion The Period of Division 220 589 Ad BRILL pp 831 ISBN 978 90 04 17585 3 Historical Atlas of the Classical World 500 BC AD 600 Barnes amp Noble Books 2000 p 2 25 ISBN 978 0 7607 1973 2 Haywood John Jotischky Andrew McGlynn Sean 1998 Historical Atlas of the Medieval World AD 600 1492 Barnes amp Noble p 3 21 ISBN 978 0 7607 1976 3 Hugh R Clark 2007 Portrait of a Community Society Culture and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley Fujian from the Late Tang Through the Song Chinese University Press pp 37 38 ISBN 978 962 996 227 2 China Dawn of a Golden Age 200 750 AD Metropolitan Museum of Art 2004 pp 18 ff ISBN 978 1 58839 126 1 Tang Qiaomei May 2016 Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China First through Sixth Century PDF A dissertation presented by Qiaomei Tang to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University pp 151 152 153 Book of Song Vol 35 Book of Jin Vol 36 Book of Jin Vol 46 Baopuzi Vol 3 欲求仙者 要當以忠孝和順仁信為本 若德行不修 而但務方術 皆不得長生也 東晉偏安一百四載 立寺乃一千七百六十有八 可謂侈盛 Liu Shiheng 劉世珩 1874 1926 南朝寺考 quoted from 釋迦氏譜 Sources Edit Gernet Jacques 1996 A History of Chinese Civilization Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 49781 7 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jin Dynasty 266 420 Chinese History the Jin Dynasty 晉 Largest Jin Dynasty Tomb Discovered in NW China de Crespigny Rafe The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin A History of China in the Third Century AD PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 August 2012 Retrieved 11 July 2016 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Preceded byThree Kingdoms Jin dynasty266 420 Succeeded byLiu Song Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jin dynasty 266 420 amp oldid 1135351970, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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