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International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame

The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth's surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a realization of that standard. The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement.

ITRF reference stations

An International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a realization of the ITRS. Its origin is at the center of mass of the whole earth including the oceans and atmosphere. New ITRF solutions are produced every few years, using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to realize the ITRS as precisely as possible. Due to experimental error, any given ITRF will differ very slightly from any other realization of the ITRF. The difference between the latest as of 2006 WGS 84 (frame realisation G1150) and the latest ITRF2000 is only a few centimeters and RMS difference of one centimeter per component.[1]

The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). Practical navigation systems are in general referenced to a specific ITRF solution, or to their own coordinate systems which are then referenced to an ITRF solution. For example, the Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF) is used for the Galileo navigation system; currently defined as ITRF2005 by the European Space Agency.[2]

Versions

The ITRF realizations developed from the ITRS since 1991 include the following versions:[3]

Name Ref.

epoch

EPSG
code
Notes
ITRF91 1988.0 4913

7903 8991

ITRF92 1988.0 4914

7904 8992

First realization of the ITRS
ITRF93 1988.0 4915

7905 8993

ITRF94 1993.0 4916

7906 8994

ITRF96 1997.0 4917

7907 8995

ITRF97 1997.0 4918

7908 8996

ITRF2000 1997.0 4919

7909 8997

First solution that combines unconstrained space geodesy solutions free from any tectonic plate motion model.[4]

From this version onwards, the motion of the tectonic plate is represented in the solution for each station as a velocity vector. Previous ITRFs only continued the initial positions, using a motion model to fill in the velocity.

ITRF2005 2000.0 4896

7910 8998

Constructed with input data under the form of time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters.[5]

This version introduces extra parameters to describe the year-periodic motion of the stations: A (amplitude) and φ (phase) per-axis. This sort of seasonal variation has an amplitude of around 1 cm and is attributed to non-tidal loading effects (e.g. the shifting weight of water).

ITRF2008 2005.0 5332

7911

8999

Includes tropospheric modeling and improved solution methods.[6]
ITRF2014 2010.0 7789

7912 9000

Generated with an enhanced modeling of nonlinear station motions.[7] Specifically:
  • a semiannual component is added to the traditional annual periodic model;
  • smooth parametric fits are to model post-seismic deformation as opposed to the traditional approach using piecewise linear functions.
ITRF2020 2015.0 9988

9989 9990

[8]

Users

GNSS systems:[2]

  • Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF), ITRF2005; own implementation using IGS sites.
  • GPS WGS 84 of 2013, ITRF2008; International GNSS Service (IGS) implementation.
  • BeiDou Coordinate System, China Terrestrial Reference Frame (CTRF) 2000 = ITRF97 at epoch 2000.0; own implementation.
  • GLONASS PZ-90.11 is nominally its own system, but is quite close to ITRF and uses many of the same techniques.[2]

National systems:

  • United States: WGS 84 (see above); domestic use is mainly based on NAD 83 instead.
  • China: CTRF 2000 per above.

The GPS reference epoch was moved from 2000.0 to 2001.0 in G1150 due to an Alaskan earthquake in November 2002. Still in 2022 ITRF2020 was released, yet GPS is only using G2139 in its antennas, which was aligned to ITRF2014 (IGb14) (though at epoch 2016.0, not reference epoch 2010.0).[9] On 27 November 2022 move to IGS20 is planned, so WGS 84 will be aligned with ITRF2020, including PSD (post-seismic deformation), soon to be G2238.

On the other hand GLONASS is using PZ-90.11, which is close to ITRF2008 at epoch 2011.0 and is using 2010.0 epoch (that means when you use reference transformation to PZ-90.11 you will get January 2010 date).

See also

References

  1. ^ Clynch, James R. (February 2006). "Earth coordinates" (PDF). GPS Geodesy and Geophysics. James R. Clynch. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Reference Frames in GNSS". Navipedia. European Space Agency.
  3. ^ "International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014)". Quality Positioning Services B.V. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  4. ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Sillard, Patrick; Boucher, Claude (2002). "ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 107 (B10): ETG 2-1–ETG 2-19. Bibcode:2002JGRB..107.2214A. doi:10.1029/2001JB000561.
  5. ^ Altamimi, Z.; Collilieux, X.; Legrand, J.; Garayt, B.; Boucher, C. (2007). "ITRF2005: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09401. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9401A. doi:10.1029/2007JB004949. hdl:10338.dmlcz/141752.
  6. ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Collilieux, Xavier; Métivier, Laurent (3 February 2011). "ITRF2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame". Journal of Geodesy. 85 (8): 457–473. Bibcode:2011JGeod..85..457A. doi:10.1007/s00190-011-0444-4.
  7. ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Rebischung, Paul; Métivier, Laurent; Collilieux, Xavier (2016). "ITRF2014: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (8): 6109–6131. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.6109A. doi:10.1002/2016JB013098.
  8. ^ "ITRF | Itrf2020". itrf.ign.fr. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  9. ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Transitioning from IGS14 to IGb14 - National Geodetic Survey". geodesy.noaa.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2022.

External links

  • Forward and backward transformations using 14 parameters Helmert
  • Convertor between ITRF realisations with changing the epoch and tectonics, tectonics for it
  • What is ITRF?
  • Terrestrial reference systems and frames (PDF; chapter 4 of IERS Conventions 2010)

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The International Terrestrial Reference System ITRS describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth s surface This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a realization of that standard The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement ITRF reference stations An International Terrestrial Reference Frame ITRF is a realization of the ITRS Its origin is at the center of mass of the whole earth including the oceans and atmosphere New ITRF solutions are produced every few years using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to realize the ITRS as precisely as possible Due to experimental error any given ITRF will differ very slightly from any other realization of the ITRF The difference between the latest as of 2006 WGS 84 frame realisation G1150 and the latest ITRF2000 is only a few centimeters and RMS difference of one centimeter per component 1 The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service IERS Practical navigation systems are in general referenced to a specific ITRF solution or to their own coordinate systems which are then referenced to an ITRF solution For example the Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame GTRF is used for the Galileo navigation system currently defined as ITRF2005 by the European Space Agency 2 Contents 1 Versions 2 Users 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksVersions EditThe ITRF realizations developed from the ITRS since 1991 include the following versions 3 Name Ref epoch EPSGcode NotesITRF91 1988 0 4913 7903 8991ITRF92 1988 0 4914 7904 8992 First realization of the ITRSITRF93 1988 0 4915 7905 8993ITRF94 1993 0 4916 7906 8994ITRF96 1997 0 4917 7907 8995ITRF97 1997 0 4918 7908 8996ITRF2000 1997 0 4919 7909 8997 First solution that combines unconstrained space geodesy solutions free from any tectonic plate motion model 4 From this version onwards the motion of the tectonic plate is represented in the solution for each station as a velocity vector Previous ITRFs only continued the initial positions using a motion model to fill in the velocity ITRF2005 2000 0 4896 7910 8998 Constructed with input data under the form of time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters 5 This version introduces extra parameters to describe the year periodic motion of the stations A amplitude and f phase per axis This sort of seasonal variation has an amplitude of around 1 cm and is attributed to non tidal loading effects e g the shifting weight of water ITRF2008 2005 0 5332 79118999 Includes tropospheric modeling and improved solution methods 6 ITRF2014 2010 0 7789 7912 9000 Generated with an enhanced modeling of nonlinear station motions 7 Specifically a semiannual component is added to the traditional annual periodic model smooth parametric fits are to model post seismic deformation as opposed to the traditional approach using piecewise linear functions ITRF2020 2015 0 9988 9989 9990 8 Users EditGNSS systems 2 Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame GTRF ITRF2005 own implementation using IGS sites GPS WGS 84 of 2013 ITRF2008 International GNSS Service IGS implementation BeiDou Coordinate System China Terrestrial Reference Frame CTRF 2000 ITRF97 at epoch 2000 0 own implementation GLONASS PZ 90 11 is nominally its own system but is quite close to ITRF and uses many of the same techniques 2 National systems United States WGS 84 see above domestic use is mainly based on NAD 83 instead China CTRF 2000 per above The GPS reference epoch was moved from 2000 0 to 2001 0 in G1150 due to an Alaskan earthquake in November 2002 Still in 2022 ITRF2020 was released yet GPS is only using G2139 in its antennas which was aligned to ITRF2014 IGb14 though at epoch 2016 0 not reference epoch 2010 0 9 On 27 November 2022 move to IGS20 is planned so WGS 84 will be aligned with ITRF2020 including PSD post seismic deformation soon to be G2238 On the other hand GLONASS is using PZ 90 11 which is close to ITRF2008 at epoch 2011 0 and is using 2010 0 epoch that means when you use reference transformation to PZ 90 11 you will get January 2010 date See also EditEarth centered Earth fixed coordinate system Earth orientation parameters Geodetic datum International Celestial Reference System and its realizations Terrestrial reference frame World Geodetic SystemReferences Edit Clynch James R February 2006 Earth coordinates PDF GPS Geodesy and Geophysics James R Clynch Retrieved 24 March 2016 a b c Reference Frames in GNSS Navipedia European Space Agency International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 ITRF2014 Quality Positioning Services B V Retrieved 3 October 2019 Altamimi Zuheir Sillard Patrick Boucher Claude 2002 ITRF2000 A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 107 B10 ETG 2 1 ETG 2 19 Bibcode 2002JGRB 107 2214A doi 10 1029 2001JB000561 Altamimi Z Collilieux X Legrand J Garayt B Boucher C 2007 ITRF2005 A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 112 B9 B09401 Bibcode 2007JGRB 112 9401A doi 10 1029 2007JB004949 hdl 10338 dmlcz 141752 Altamimi Zuheir Collilieux Xavier Metivier Laurent 3 February 2011 ITRF2008 an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame Journal of Geodesy 85 8 457 473 Bibcode 2011JGeod 85 457A doi 10 1007 s00190 011 0444 4 Altamimi Zuheir Rebischung Paul Metivier Laurent Collilieux Xavier 2016 ITRF2014 A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 121 8 6109 6131 Bibcode 2016JGRB 121 6109A doi 10 1002 2016JB013098 ITRF Itrf2020 itrf ign fr Retrieved 2022 06 18 US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Transitioning from IGS14 to IGb14 National Geodetic Survey geodesy noaa gov Retrieved 28 June 2022 External links EditForward and backward transformations using 14 parameters Helmert Convertor between ITRF realisations with changing the epoch and tectonics tectonics for it What is ITRF Terrestrial reference systems and frames PDF chapter 4 of IERS Conventions 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame amp oldid 1133793685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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