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White-rumped vulture

December 20, 2023

The white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) is an Old World vulture native to South and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000, as the population severely declined. White-rumped vultures die of kidney failure caused by diclofenac poisoning.[1] In the 1980s, the global population was estimated at several million individuals, and it was thought to be "the most abundant large bird of prey in the world".[2] As of 2021, the global population was estimated at less than 6,000 mature individuals.[1]

White-rumped vulture
White-rumped vulture in Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Gyps
Species:
G. bengalensis
Binomial name
Gyps bengalensis
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Former distribution of the white-rumped vulture in red
Synonyms

Pseudogyps bengalensis

It is closely related to the European griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). At one time it was believed to be closer to the white-backed vulture of Africa and was known as the Oriental white-backed vulture.[3]

Taxonomy edit

The white-rumped vulture was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the vultures in the genus Vultur and coined the binomial name Vultur bengalensis.[4] Gmelin based his description on the "Bengal vulture" that had been described and illustrated in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had seen a live bird at the Tower of London and had been told by the keeper that it had come from Bengal.[5][6] The white-rumped vulture is now one of eight species placed in the genus Gyps that was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny.[7][8] The genus name is from Ancient Greek gups meaning "vultur".[9] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[8]

Description edit

 
White-rumped vulture in Desert National Park
 
Underwing pattern of an adult

The white-rumped vulture is a typical, medium-sized vulture, with an unfeathered head and neck, very broad wings, and short tail feathers. It is much smaller than the Eurasian Griffon. It has a white neck ruff. The adult's whitish back, rump, and underwing coverts contrast with the otherwise dark plumage. The body is black and the secondaries are silvery grey. The head is tinged in pink and bill is silvery with dark ceres. The nostril openings are slit-like. Juveniles are largely dark and take about four or five years to acquire the adult plumage. In flight, the adults show a dark leading edge of the wing and has a white wing-lining on the underside. The undertail coverts are black.[10]

It is the smallest of the Gyps vultures, but is still a very large bird. It weighs 3.5–7.5 kg (7.7–16.5 lb), measures 75–93 cm (30–37 in) in length,[10] and has a wingspan of 1.92–2.6 m (6.3–8.5 ft).[11][12]

This vulture builds its nest on tall trees often near human habitations in northern and central India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and southeast Asia, laying one egg. Birds form roost colonies. The population is mostly resident.

Like other vultures it is a scavenger, feeding mostly on carcasses, which it finds by soaring high in thermals and spotting other scavengers. A 19th century experimenter who hid a carcass of dog in a sack in a tree considered it capable of finding carrion by smell.[13] It often flies and sits in flocks. At one time, it was the most numerous vulture in India.[10]

Within the well-supported clade of the genus Gyps which includes Asian, African, and European populations, it has been determined that this species is basal with the other species being more recent in their species divergence.[14][15]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
A pair of white-rumped vultures in Mangaon
 
White-rumped vultures in Keoladeo National Park
 
Flock of white-rumped vultures near carcass in Mangaon

White-rumped vultures usually become active when the morning sun is warming up the air so that thermals are sufficient to support their soaring. They were once visible above Calcutta in large numbers.[16]

When they find a carcass, they quickly descend and feed voraciously. They perch on trees nearby and are known to sometimes descend also after dark to feed. At kill sites, they are dominated by red-headed vultures Sarcogyps calvus.[17] In forests, their soaring often indicated a tiger kill.[18] They swallow pieces of old, dry bones such as ribs and of skull pieces from small mammals.[19] Where water is available they bathe regularly and also drink water. A pack of vultures was observed to have cleaned up a whole bullock in about 20 minutes. Trees on which they regularly roost are often white from their excreta, and this acidity often kills the trees. This made them less welcome in orchards and plantations.[20]

They sometimes feed on dead vultures.[21][22] One white-rumped vulture was observed when getting caught in the mouth of a dying calf.[23]Jungle crows have been sighted to steal food brought by adults and regurgitated to young.[24]

Allan Octavian Hume observed "hundreds of nests" and noted that white-rumped vultures used to nest on large trees near habitations even when there were convenient cliffs in the vicinity. The preferred nesting trees were Banyan, Peepul, Arjun, and Neem. The main nesting period was November to March with eggs being laid mainly in January. Several pairs nest in the vicinity of each other and isolated nests tend to be those of younger birds. Nests are lined with green leaves.[11] In Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, white-rumped vultures used foremost Terminalia arjuna and Spondias mangifera trees for nesting at a mean height of 26.73 m (87.7 ft). Their nests were 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long, 40 cm (16 in) wide and 15 cm (5.9 in) deep. Hatchlings were seen from the first to the second week of January.[25]

Solitary nests are not used regularly and are sometimes taken over by the red-headed vulture and large owls such as Bubo coromandus. The male initially brings twigs and arranges them to form the nest. During courtship the male bills the female's head, back and neck. The female invites copulation, and the male mounts and hold the head of the female in his bill.[26] Usually, the female lays a single egg, which is white with a tinge of bluish-green. Female birds destroy the nest on loss of an egg. They are usually silent but make hissing and roaring sounds at the nest or when jostling for food.[11] The eggs hatch after about 30 to 35 days of incubation. The young chick is covered with grey down. The parents feed them with bits of meat from a carcass. The young birds remain for about three months in the nest.[26]

Mycoplasmas have been isolated from tissues of a white-rumped vulture.[27] Mallophagan parasites such as Falcolipeurus and Colpocephalum turbinatumhave been collected from the species.[28][29] Ticks, Argas (Persicargas) abdussalami, have been collected in numbers from the roost trees of these vultures in Pakistan.[30]

A captive individual lived for at least 12 years.[31]

Status and decline edit

In the Indian subcontinent edit

See also: Indian vulture crisis

The white-rumped vulture was originally very common especially in the Gangetic plains of India, and often seen nesting on the avenue trees within large cities in the region. Hugh Whistler noted for instance in his guide to the birds of India that it “is the commonest of all the vultures of India, and must be familiar to those who have visited the Towers of Silence in Bombay.”[32] T. C. Jerdon noted that “[T]his is the most common vulture of India, and is found in immense numbers all over the country, ... At Calcutta one may frequently be seen seated on the bloated corpse of some Hindoo floating up or down with the tide, its wing spread, to assist in steadying it...”[33]

Before the 1990s they were even seen as a nuisance, particularly to aircraft as they were often involved in bird strikes.[34][35] In 1941 Charles McCann wrote about the death of Borassus palms due to the effect of excreta from vultures roosting on them.[36] In 1990, the species had already become rare in Andhra Pradesh in the districts of Guntur and Prakasham. The hunting of the birds for meat by the Bandola (Banda) people there was attributed as a reason. A cyclone in the region during 1990 resulted in numerous livestock deaths and no vultures were found at the carcasses.[37]

This species, as well as the Indian vulture and slender-billed vulture has suffered a 99% population decrease in India[38] and nearby countries[39] since the early 1990s. The decline has been widely attributed to poisoning by diclofenac, which is used as veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), leaving traces in cattle carcasses which when fed on leads to kidney failure in birds.[40] Diclofenac was also found to be lethal at low dosages to other species in the genus Gyps.[41][42] Other NSAIDs were also found to be toxic, to Gyps as well as other birds such as storks.[43] It was shown between 2000-2007 annual decline rates in India averaged 43.9% and ranged from 11-61% in Punjab. Organochlorine pesticide residues were found from egg and tissue samples from around India varying in concentrations from 0.002 μg/g of DDE in muscles of vulture from Mudumalai to 7.30 μg/g in liver samples from vultures of Delhi. Dieldrin varied from 0.003 and 0.015 μg/g. Higher concentrations were found in Lucknow.[44] These pesticide levels have not however been implicated in the decline.[45]

An alternate hypothesis is an epidemic of avian malaria, as implicated in the extinctions of birds in the Hawaiian islands. Evidence for the idea is drawn from an apparent recovery of a vulture following chloroquine treatment.[46] Yet another suggestion has been that the population changes may be linked with long term climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[47]

Affected vultures were initially reported to adopt a drooped neck posture and this was considered a symptom of pesticide poisoning,[3] but subsequent studies suggested that this may be a thermoregulatory response as the posture was seen mainly during hot weather.[48]

It has been suggested that rabies cases have increased in India due to the decline.[49]

In Southeast Asia edit

In Southeast Asia, the near-total disappearance of white-rumped vultures predated the present diclofenac crisis, and probably resulted from the collapse of large wild ungulate populations and improved management of dead livestock, resulting in a lack of available carcasses for vultures.[50]

Conservation edit

Currently, only the Cambodia and Burma populations are thought to be viable though those populations are still very small (low hundreds).[50] It has been suggested that the use of meloxicam (another NSAID) as a veterinary substitute that is safer for vultures would help in the recovery.[51] Campaigns to ban the use of diclofenac in veterinary practice have been underway in several South Asian countries.[52]

Conservation measures have included reintroduction, captive-breeding programs and artificial feeding or "vulture restaurants".[53] Two chicks, which were apparently the first captive-bred white-rumped vultures ever, hatched in January 2007, at a facility at Pinjore. However, they died after a few weeks, apparently because their parents were an inexperienced couple breeding for the first time in their lives – a fairly common occurrence in birds of prey.[54]

References edit

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  29. ^ Price, R. D.; Emerson, K.C. (1966). "New synonymies within the bird lice (Mallophaga)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 39 (3): 430–433. JSTOR 25083538.
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  39. ^ Baral, N.; Gautam, R.; Tamang, B. (2005). (PDF). Forktail. 21: 87–91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  40. ^ Green, Rhys E.; Newton, IAN; Shultz, Susanne; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Gilbert, Martin; Pain, Deborah J.; Prakash, Vibhu (2004). "Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent". Journal of Applied Ecology. 41 (5): 793–800. Bibcode:2004JApEc..41..793G. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00954.x.
  41. ^ Swan, G. E; Cuthbert, R.; Quevedo, M.; Green, R. E; Pain, D. J; Bartels, P.; Cunningham, A. A; Duncan, N.; et al. (2006). "Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures". Biology Letters. 2 (2): 279–282. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0425. PMC 1618889. PMID 17148382.
  42. ^ Meteyer, Carol Uphoff; Rideout, Bruce A.; Gilbert, Martin; Shivaprasad, H. L.; Oaks, J. Lindsay (2005). "Pathology and proposed pathophysiology of diclofenac poisoning in free-living and experimentally exposed oriental white-backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis)". J. Wildl. Dis. 41 (4): 707–716. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-41.4.707. PMID 16456159.
  43. ^ Cuthbert, R.; Parry-Jones, J.; Green, R. E; Pain, D. J (2007). "NSAIDs and scavenging birds: potential impacts beyond Asia's critically endangered vultures". Biology Letters. 3 (1): 91–94. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0554. PMC 2373805. PMID 17443974.
  44. ^ Kaphalia, B. S.; M. M. Husain; T. D. Seth; A. Kumar; C. R. K. Murti (1981). "Organochlorine pesticide residues in some Indian wild birds". Pesticides Monitoring Journal. 15 (1): 9–13. PMID 7279596.
  45. ^ Muralidharan, S.; Dhananjayan, V.; Risebrough, Robert; Prakash, V.; Jayakumar, R.; Bloom, Peter H. (2008). "Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Tissues and Eggs of White-Backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis from Different Locations in India". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 81 (6): 561–565. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9529-z. PMID 18806909. S2CID 22985718.
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Other sources edit

  • Ahmad, S. 2004. Time activity budget of Oriental White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in Punjab, Pakistan. M. Phil. thesis, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
  • Grubh, R. B. 1974. The ecology and behaviour of vultures in Gir Forest. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay, India.
  • Grubh, R. B. 1988. A comparative study of the ecology and distribution of the Indian White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and the Long-billed Vulture (G. indicus) in the Indian region. Pages 2763–2767 in Acta 19 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Volume 2. Ottawa, Canada 22–29 June 1986 (H. Ouellet, Ed.). University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Eck, S. 1981. [Thanatose beim Bengalgeier (Gyps bengalensis)]. Ornithologische Jahresberichte des Museums Heineanum 5-6:71-73.
  • Naidoo, Vinasan 2008. Diclofenac in Gyps vultures : a molecular mechanism of toxicity. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria. Fulltext (Includes old photos showing their numbers)

External links edit

  • Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: Asian white-backed vulture
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet
  • Indian white-backed vulture media on the Internet Bird Collection

December 20, 2023
white, rumped, vulture, white, rumped, vulture, gyps, bengalensis, world, vulture, native, south, southeast, asia, been, listed, critically, endangered, iucn, list, since, 2000, population, severely, declined, kidney, failure, caused, diclofenac, poisoning, 19. The white rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis is an Old World vulture native to South and Southeast Asia It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000 as the population severely declined White rumped vultures die of kidney failure caused by diclofenac poisoning 1 In the 1980s the global population was estimated at several million individuals and it was thought to be the most abundant large bird of prey in the world 2 As of 2021 the global population was estimated at less than 6 000 mature individuals 1 White rumped vultureWhite rumped vulture in Mangaon Raigad MaharashtraConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder AccipitriformesFamily AccipitridaeGenus GypsSpecies G bengalensisBinomial nameGyps bengalensis Gmelin JF 1788 Former distribution of the white rumped vulture in redSynonymsPseudogyps bengalensisIt is closely related to the European griffon vulture Gyps fulvus At one time it was believed to be closer to the white backed vulture of Africa and was known as the Oriental white backed vulture 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Behaviour and ecology 4 Status and decline 4 1 In the Indian subcontinent 4 2 In Southeast Asia 5 Conservation 6 References 7 Other sources 8 External linksTaxonomy editThe white rumped vulture was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus s Systema Naturae He placed it with the vultures in the genus Vultur and coined the binomial name Vultur bengalensis 4 Gmelin based his description on the Bengal vulture that had been described and illustrated in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi volume A General Synopsis of Birds Latham had seen a live bird at the Tower of London and had been told by the keeper that it had come from Bengal 5 6 The white rumped vulture is now one of eight species placed in the genus Gyps that was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Marie Jules Cesar Savigny 7 8 The genus name is from Ancient Greek gups meaning vultur 9 The species is monotypic no subspecies are recognised 8 Description edit nbsp White rumped vulture in Desert National Park nbsp Underwing pattern of an adultThe white rumped vulture is a typical medium sized vulture with an unfeathered head and neck very broad wings and short tail feathers It is much smaller than the Eurasian Griffon It has a white neck ruff The adult s whitish back rump and underwing coverts contrast with the otherwise dark plumage The body is black and the secondaries are silvery grey The head is tinged in pink and bill is silvery with dark ceres The nostril openings are slit like Juveniles are largely dark and take about four or five years to acquire the adult plumage In flight the adults show a dark leading edge of the wing and has a white wing lining on the underside The undertail coverts are black 10 It is the smallest of the Gyps vultures but is still a very large bird It weighs 3 5 7 5 kg 7 7 16 5 lb measures 75 93 cm 30 37 in in length 10 and has a wingspan of 1 92 2 6 m 6 3 8 5 ft 11 12 This vulture builds its nest on tall trees often near human habitations in northern and central India Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh and southeast Asia laying one egg Birds form roost colonies The population is mostly resident Like other vultures it is a scavenger feeding mostly on carcasses which it finds by soaring high in thermals and spotting other scavengers A 19th century experimenter who hid a carcass of dog in a sack in a tree considered it capable of finding carrion by smell 13 It often flies and sits in flocks At one time it was the most numerous vulture in India 10 Within the well supported clade of the genus Gyps which includes Asian African and European populations it has been determined that this species is basal with the other species being more recent in their species divergence 14 15 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp A pair of white rumped vultures in Mangaon nbsp White rumped vultures in Keoladeo National Park nbsp Flock of white rumped vultures near carcass in MangaonWhite rumped vultures usually become active when the morning sun is warming up the air so that thermals are sufficient to support their soaring They were once visible above Calcutta in large numbers 16 When they find a carcass they quickly descend and feed voraciously They perch on trees nearby and are known to sometimes descend also after dark to feed At kill sites they are dominated by red headed vultures Sarcogyps calvus 17 In forests their soaring often indicated a tiger kill 18 They swallow pieces of old dry bones such as ribs and of skull pieces from small mammals 19 Where water is available they bathe regularly and also drink water A pack of vultures was observed to have cleaned up a whole bullock in about 20 minutes Trees on which they regularly roost are often white from their excreta and this acidity often kills the trees This made them less welcome in orchards and plantations 20 They sometimes feed on dead vultures 21 22 One white rumped vulture was observed when getting caught in the mouth of a dying calf 23 Jungle crows have been sighted to steal food brought by adults and regurgitated to young 24 Allan Octavian Hume observed hundreds of nests and noted that white rumped vultures used to nest on large trees near habitations even when there were convenient cliffs in the vicinity The preferred nesting trees were Banyan Peepul Arjun and Neem The main nesting period was November to March with eggs being laid mainly in January Several pairs nest in the vicinity of each other and isolated nests tend to be those of younger birds Nests are lined with green leaves 11 In Mudumalai Tiger Reserve white rumped vultures used foremost Terminalia arjuna and Spondias mangifera trees for nesting at a mean height of 26 73 m 87 7 ft Their nests were 1 m 3 ft 3 in long 40 cm 16 in wide and 15 cm 5 9 in deep Hatchlings were seen from the first to the second week of January 25 Solitary nests are not used regularly and are sometimes taken over by the red headed vulture and large owls such as Bubo coromandus The male initially brings twigs and arranges them to form the nest During courtship the male bills the female s head back and neck The female invites copulation and the male mounts and hold the head of the female in his bill 26 Usually the female lays a single egg which is white with a tinge of bluish green Female birds destroy the nest on loss of an egg They are usually silent but make hissing and roaring sounds at the nest or when jostling for food 11 The eggs hatch after about 30 to 35 days of incubation The young chick is covered with grey down The parents feed them with bits of meat from a carcass The young birds remain for about three months in the nest 26 Mycoplasmas have been isolated from tissues of a white rumped vulture 27 Mallophagan parasites such as Falcolipeurus and Colpocephalum turbinatumhave been collected from the species 28 29 Ticks Argas Persicargas abdussalami have been collected in numbers from the roost trees of these vultures in Pakistan 30 A captive individual lived for at least 12 years 31 Status and decline editIn the Indian subcontinent edit See also Indian vulture crisis The white rumped vulture was originally very common especially in the Gangetic plains of India and often seen nesting on the avenue trees within large cities in the region Hugh Whistler noted for instance in his guide to the birds of India that it is the commonest of all the vultures of India and must be familiar to those who have visited the Towers of Silence in Bombay 32 T C Jerdon noted that T his is the most common vulture of India and is found in immense numbers all over the country At Calcutta one may frequently be seen seated on the bloated corpse of some Hindoo floating up or down with the tide its wing spread to assist in steadying it 33 Before the 1990s they were even seen as a nuisance particularly to aircraft as they were often involved in bird strikes 34 35 In 1941 Charles McCann wrote about the death of Borassus palms due to the effect of excreta from vultures roosting on them 36 In 1990 the species had already become rare in Andhra Pradesh in the districts of Guntur and Prakasham The hunting of the birds for meat by the Bandola Banda people there was attributed as a reason A cyclone in the region during 1990 resulted in numerous livestock deaths and no vultures were found at the carcasses 37 This species as well as the Indian vulture and slender billed vulture has suffered a 99 population decrease in India 38 and nearby countries 39 since the early 1990s The decline has been widely attributed to poisoning by diclofenac which is used as veterinary non steroidal anti inflammatory drug NSAID leaving traces in cattle carcasses which when fed on leads to kidney failure in birds 40 Diclofenac was also found to be lethal at low dosages to other species in the genus Gyps 41 42 Other NSAIDs were also found to be toxic to Gyps as well as other birds such as storks 43 It was shown between 2000 2007 annual decline rates in India averaged 43 9 and ranged from 11 61 in Punjab Organochlorine pesticide residues were found from egg and tissue samples from around India varying in concentrations from 0 002 mg g of DDE in muscles of vulture from Mudumalai to 7 30 mg g in liver samples from vultures of Delhi Dieldrin varied from 0 003 and 0 015 mg g Higher concentrations were found in Lucknow 44 These pesticide levels have not however been implicated in the decline 45 An alternate hypothesis is an epidemic of avian malaria as implicated in the extinctions of birds in the Hawaiian islands Evidence for the idea is drawn from an apparent recovery of a vulture following chloroquine treatment 46 Yet another suggestion has been that the population changes may be linked with long term climatic cycles such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation 47 Affected vultures were initially reported to adopt a drooped neck posture and this was considered a symptom of pesticide poisoning 3 but subsequent studies suggested that this may be a thermoregulatory response as the posture was seen mainly during hot weather 48 It has been suggested that rabies cases have increased in India due to the decline 49 In Southeast Asia edit In Southeast Asia the near total disappearance of white rumped vultures predated the present diclofenac crisis and probably resulted from the collapse of large wild ungulate populations and improved management of dead livestock resulting in a lack of available carcasses for vultures 50 Conservation editCurrently only the Cambodia and Burma populations are thought to be viable though those populations are still very small low hundreds 50 It has been suggested that the use of meloxicam another NSAID as a veterinary substitute that is safer for vultures would help in the recovery 51 Campaigns to ban the use of diclofenac in veterinary practice have been underway in several South Asian countries 52 Conservation measures have included reintroduction captive breeding programs and artificial feeding or vulture restaurants 53 Two chicks which were apparently the first captive bred white rumped vultures ever hatched in January 2007 at a facility at Pinjore However they died after a few weeks apparently because their parents were an inexperienced couple breeding for the first time in their lives a fairly common occurrence in birds of prey 54 References edit a b c BirdLife International 2021 Gyps bengalensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T22695194A204618615 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Houston D C 1985 Indian White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis In Newton I Chancellor R D eds Conservation studies of raptors Cambridge U K International Council for Bird Preservation pp 456 466 a b Prakash V Pain D J Cunningham A A Donald P F Prakash N Verma A Gargi R Sivakumar S Rahmani A R 2003 Catastrophic collapse of Indian white backed Gyps bengalensis and long billed Gyps indicus vulture populations Biological Conservation 109 3 381 390 doi 10 1016 S0006 3207 02 00164 7 Gmelin Johann Friedrich 1788 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 13th ed Lipsiae Leipzig Georg Emanuel Beer p 245 Latham John 1781 A General Synopsis of Birds Vol 1 Part 1 London Printed for Leigh and Sotheby p 19 No 16 Plate 1 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 305 Savigny Marie Jules Cesar 1809 Description de l Egypte Histoire naturelle in French Vol 1 Paris Imprimerie imperiale pp 68 71 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds August 2022 Hoatzin New World vultures Secretarybird raptors IOC World Bird List Version 12 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 2 December 2022 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 183 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 a b c Rasmussen P C Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Volume 2 Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions pp 89 90 a b c Hume A O 1896 Gyps Bengalensis My scrap book or rough notes on Indian ornithology Calcutta Baptist Mission Press pp 26 31 Ferguson Lees J and Christie D A 2001 Raptors of the world Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 0 618 12762 3 Hutton T 1837 Nest of the Bengal Vulture Vultur Bengalensis with observations on the power of scent ascribed to the vulture tribe Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6 112 118 Seibold I amp Helbig A J 1995 Evolutionary History of New and Old World Vultures Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 350 1332 163 178 Bibcode 1995RSPTB 350 163S doi 10 1098 rstb 1995 0150 PMID 8577858 Johnson J A Lerner H R L Rasmussen P C amp Mindell D P 2006 Systematics within Gyps vultures a clade at risk BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 65 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 6 65 PMC 1569873 Cunningham D D 1903 Vultures eagles Some Indian friends and acquaintances a study of the ways of birds and other animals frequenting Indian streets and gardens London John Murray pp 237 251 Morris R C 1935 Death of an Elephant Elephas maximus Linn while calving Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 37 3 722 Gough W 1936 Vultures feeding at night Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 38 3 624 Grubh R B 1973 Calcium intake in vultures of the genus Gyps Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 70 1 199 200 Ali Salim Ripley S D 1978 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Volume 1 2nd ed Oxford University Press pp 307 310 ISBN 978 0 19 562063 4 Prakash V 1988 Indian Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus ginginianus feeding on a dead White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 85 3 614 615 Rana G Prakash V 2003 Cannibalism in Indian White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur Rajasthan Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100 1 116 117 Greenwood J A C 1938 Strange accident to a Vulture Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 40 2 330 McCann Charles 1937 Curious behaviour of the Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchus and the White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 39 4 864 Samson A amp Ramakrishnan B 2020 The Critically Endangered White rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Sigur Plateau Western Ghats India Population breeding ecology and threats Journal of Threatened Taxa 12 13 16752 16763 doi 10 11609 jott 3034 12 13 16752 16763 a b Sharma I K 1970 Breeding of the Indian white backed vulture at Jodhpur Ostrich 41 2 205 207 Bibcode 1970Ostri 41 205S doi 10 1080 00306525 1970 9634367 Oaks J L Donahoe S L Rurangirwa F R Rideout B A Gilbert M Virani M Z 2004 Identification of a Novel Mycoplasma Species from an Oriental White Backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42 12 5909 5912 doi 10 1128 JCM 42 12 5909 5912 2004 PMC 535302 PMID 15583338 Tandan B K 2009 Mallophaga from birds of the Indian subregion Part VI Falcolipeurus Bedford Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B 33 11 12 173 180 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3113 1964 tb01599 x Price R D Emerson K C 1966 New synonymies within the bird lice Mallophaga Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39 3 430 433 JSTOR 25083538 Hoogstraal H McCarthy V C 1965 The subgenus Persicargas Ixodoidea Argasidae Argas 2 A P abdussalami new species associated with wild birds on trees and buildings near Lahore Pakistan Annals of the Entomological Society of America 58 5 756 762 doi 10 1093 aesa 58 5 756 PMID 5834930 Stott Ken Jr 1948 Notes on the longevity of captive birds PDF Auk 65 3 402 405 doi 10 2307 4080488 JSTOR 4080488 Whistler Hugh 1949 Popular Handbook of Indian Birds London Gurney amp Jackson pp 354 356 Jerdon T C 1862 Gyps Bengalensis The Birds of India Vol 1 Military Orphan Press pp 10 12 Satheesan S M 1994 The more serious vulture hits to military aircraft in India between 1980 and 1994 PDF Bird Strikes Committee Europe Conference proceedings Vienna BSCE Singh R B 1999 Ecological strategy to prevent vulture menace to aircraft in India Defence Science Journal 49 2 117 121 doi 10 14429 dsj 49 3796 McCann C 1941 Vultures and palms Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42 2 439 440 Satheesan S M amp M Satheesan 2000 Serious vulture hits to aircraft over the world PDF International Bird Strike Committee IBSC25 WP SA3 Amsterdam IBSC Prakash V et al 2007 Recent changes in populations of resident Gyps vultures in India PDF J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 104 2 129 135 Baral N Gautam R Tamang B 2005 Population status and breeding ecology of White rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Rampur Valley Nepal PDF Forktail 21 87 91 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 07 04 Retrieved 2009 05 11 Green Rhys E Newton IAN Shultz Susanne Cunningham Andrew A Gilbert Martin Pain Deborah J Prakash Vibhu 2004 Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent Journal of Applied Ecology 41 5 793 800 Bibcode 2004JApEc 41 793G doi 10 1111 j 0021 8901 2004 00954 x Swan G E Cuthbert R Quevedo M Green R E Pain D J Bartels P Cunningham A A Duncan N et al 2006 Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures Biology Letters 2 2 279 282 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2005 0425 PMC 1618889 PMID 17148382 Meteyer Carol Uphoff Rideout Bruce A Gilbert Martin Shivaprasad H L Oaks J Lindsay 2005 Pathology and proposed pathophysiology of diclofenac poisoning in free living and experimentally exposed oriental white backed vultures Gyps bengalensis J Wildl Dis 41 4 707 716 doi 10 7589 0090 3558 41 4 707 PMID 16456159 Cuthbert R Parry Jones J Green R E Pain D J 2007 NSAIDs and scavenging birds potential impacts beyond Asia s critically endangered vultures Biology Letters 3 1 91 94 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2006 0554 PMC 2373805 PMID 17443974 Kaphalia B S M M Husain T D Seth A Kumar C R K Murti 1981 Organochlorine pesticide residues in some Indian wild birds Pesticides Monitoring Journal 15 1 9 13 PMID 7279596 Muralidharan S Dhananjayan V Risebrough Robert Prakash V Jayakumar R Bloom Peter H 2008 Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Tissues and Eggs of White Backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis from Different Locations in India Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81 6 561 565 doi 10 1007 s00128 008 9529 z PMID 18806909 S2CID 22985718 Poharkar A Reddy P A Gadge V A Kolte S Kurkure N amp Shivaji S P 2009 Is malaria the cause for decline in the wild population of the Indian White backed vulture Gyps bengalensis PDF Current Science 96 4 553 Hall JC Chhangani A K Waite T A Hamilton I M 2012 The impacts of La Nina induced drought on Indian Vulture Gyps indicus populations in Western Rajasthan Bird Conservation International 22 3 247 259 doi 10 1017 S0959270911000232 Gilbert Martin Watson Richard T Virani Munir Z Oaks J Lindsay Ahmed Shakeel Chaudhry Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Arshad Muhammad Mahmood S Ali A Khan A A 2007 Neck drooping Posture in Oriental White Backed Vultures Gyps bengalensis An Unsuccessful Predictor of Mortality and Its Probable Role in Thermoregulation Journal of Raptor Research 41 35 40 doi 10 3356 0892 1016 2007 41 35 NPIOWV 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0892 1016 S2CID 85581650 Markandya A Taylor T Longo A Murty M N Murty S Dhavala K 2008 Counting the cost of vulture decline An appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India PDF Ecological Economics 67 2 194 204 doi 10 1016 j ecolecon 2008 04 020 hdl 10036 4350 a b White rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis BirdLife species factsheet BirdLife org BirdLife International Retrieved 2011 06 01 Swan G Naidoo V Cuthbert R Green Rhys E Pain D J Swarup D Prakash V Taggart M et al 2006 Removing the Threat of Diclofenac to Critically Endangered Asian Vultures PLOS Biology 4 3 e66 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0040066 PMC 1351921 PMID 16435886 Hem Sagar Baral BCN Chris Bowden RSPB Richard Cuthbert RSPB Dev Ghimire BCN 2008 11 01 Local increase in vultures thanks to diclofenac campaign in Nepal BirdLife International Retrieved 2011 06 01 Gilbert M Watson R T Ahmed S Asim M Johnson J A 2007 Vulture restaurants and their role in reducing diclofenac exposure in Asian vultures Bird Conservation International 17 63 77 doi 10 1017 S0959270906000621 First Captive Bred Asian Vulture Chicks Die planetark com Reuters 2007 Retrieved 2011 06 01 Other sources editAhmad S 2004 Time activity budget of Oriental White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Punjab Pakistan M Phil thesis Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Grubh R B 1974 The ecology and behaviour of vultures in Gir Forest Ph D dissertation University of Bombay Bombay India Grubh R B 1988 A comparative study of the ecology and distribution of the Indian White backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis and the Long billed Vulture G indicus in the Indian region Pages 2763 2767 in Acta 19 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici Volume 2 Ottawa Canada 22 29 June 1986 H Ouellet Ed University of Ottawa Press Ottawa Ontario Eck S 1981 Thanatose beim Bengalgeier Gyps bengalensis Ornithologische Jahresberichte des Museums Heineanum 5 6 71 73 Naidoo Vinasan 2008 Diclofenac in Gyps vultures a molecular mechanism of toxicity Ph D Thesis University of Pretoria Fulltext Includes old photos showing their numbers External links editVulture Territory Facts and Characteristics Asian white backed vulture BirdLife Species Factsheet media on Arkive Indian white backed vulture media on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title White rumped vulture amp oldid 1187090362, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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