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I Have a Dream

January 26, 2023

For other uses, see I Have a Dream (disambiguation) and I Had a Dream (disambiguation).

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister[2] Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement and among the most iconic speeches in American history.[3][4]

External audio
I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963, Educational Radio Network[1]

Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared millions of slaves free in 1863,[5] King said "one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free".[6] Toward the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme "I have a dream", prompted by Mahalia Jackson's cry: "Tell them about the dream, Martin!"[7] In this part of the speech, which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous, King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred.[8]

Jon Meacham writes that, "With a single phrase, King joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who've shaped modern America".[9] The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address.[10] The speech has also been described as having "a strong claim to be the greatest in the English language of all time".[11]

Background

 
View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28, 1963

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June. Martin Luther King and other leaders, therefore, agreed to keep their speeches calm, also, to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement. King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, timed to correspond with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation.[8]

Speech title and the writing process

King had been preaching about dreams since 1960, when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) called "The Negro and the American Dream". This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality, saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream, and that "our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy, its betrayal of the cause of justice". King suggests that "It may well be that the Negro is God's instrument to save the soul of America."[12][13] In 1961, he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists' "dream" of equality—"the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled"—in several national speeches and statements and took "the dream" as the centerpiece for these speeches.[14]

 
Leaders of the March on Washington photographed in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln on August 28, 1963: (sitting L-R) Whitney Young, Cleveland Robinson, A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King Jr., and Roy Wilkins; (standing L-R) Mathew Ahmann, Joachim Prinz, John Lewis, Eugene Carson Blake, Floyd McKissick, and Walter Reuther

On November 27, 1962, King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial. And while parts of the text had been moved around, large portions were identical, including the "I have a dream" refrain.[15][16] After being rediscovered in 2015,[17] the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University.[15]

King had also delivered a speech with the "I have a dream" refrain in Detroit, in June 1963, before 25,000 people in Detroit's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000-strong Great Walk to Freedom on June 23, 1963.[18][19][20] Reuther had given King an office at Solidarity House, the United Auto Workers headquarters in Detroit, where King worked on his "I Have a Dream" speech in anticipation of the March on Washington.[21] Mahalia Jackson, who sang "How I Got Over",[22] just before the speech in Washington, knew about King's Detroit speech.[23] After the Washington, D.C. March, a recording of King's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit's Gordy Records as an LP entitled The Great March To Freedom.[24]

The March on Washington Speech, known as "I Have a Dream Speech", has been shown to have had several versions, written at several different times.[25] It has no single version draft, but is an amalgamation of several drafts, and was originally called "Normalcy, Never Again". Little of this, and another "Normalcy Speech", ended up in the final draft. A draft of "Normalcy, Never Again" is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr. Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College.[26] The focus on "I have a dream" comes through the speech's delivery. Toward the end of its delivery, noted African-American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd, "Tell them about the dream, Martin."[27] King departed from his prepared remarks and started "preaching" improvisationally, punctuating his points with "I have a dream."

The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones[28] in Riverdale, New York City. Jones has said that "the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us" and that, "on the evening of Tuesday, Aug. 27, [12 hours before the march] Martin still didn't know what he was going to say".[29]

Speech

Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, King's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history, including the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution. Early in his speech, King alludes to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by saying "Five score years ago ..." In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation, King says: "It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity." Anaphora (i.e., the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences) is employed throughout the speech. Early in his speech, King urges his audience to seize the moment; "Now is the time" is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph. The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase "I have a dream", which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience. Other occasions include "One hundred years later", "We can never be satisfied", "With this faith", "Let freedom ring", and "free at last". King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day, according to the official program.[30]

I still have a dream, a dream deeply rooted in the American dream – one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed, "We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream ...

—Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)[31]

Among the most quoted lines of the speech are "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!"[32]

According to US Representative John Lewis, who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, "Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, he educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations."[33]

The ideas in the speech reflect King's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse, mistreatment, and exploitation of black people.[34] The speech draws upon appeals to America's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people, and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God's will. Thus, the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins.[35] King describes the promises made by America as a "promissory note" on which America has defaulted. He says that "America has given the Negro people a bad check", but that "we've come to cash this check" by marching in Washington, D.C.

Similarities and allusions

Further information: Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues

King's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts. For years, he had spoken about dreams, quoted from Samuel Francis Smith's popular patriotic hymn "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)", and referred extensively to the Bible. The idea of constitutional rights as an "unfulfilled promise" was suggested by Clarence Jones.[12]

The final passage from King's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr.'s address to the 1952 Republican National Convention: both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of "America", and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort "let freedom ring".[12][36]

King is said to have used portions of SNCC activist Prathia Hall's speech at the site of Mount Olive Baptist, a burned-down African-American church in Terrell County, Georgia, in September 1962, in which she used the repeated phrase "I have a dream".[37] The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings.[38]

The speech in the cadences of a sermon is infused with allusions to biblical verses, including Isaiah 40:4–5 ("I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ..."[39]) and Amos 5:24 ("But let justice roll down like water ..."[40]).[2] The end of the speech alludes to Galatians 3:28: "There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus".[41] He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare's Richard III ("Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ...") when he remarks that "this sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ..."[42]

Rhetoric

 
King at the Civil Rights March in Washington, D.C.

The "I Have a Dream" speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses: voice merging, prophetic voice, and dynamic spectacle.[43] Voice merging is the combining of one's own voice with religious predecessors. Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population. A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as "a weak hybrid form of drama, a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors (shock, sensation, and passionate release) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control."[44]

The rhetoric of King's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets. During his speech, King speaks with urgency and crisis, giving him a prophetic voice. The prophetic voice must "restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality."[45] An evident example is when King declares that "now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children."

Voice merging is a technique often used by African-American preachers. It combines the voices of previous preachers, excerpts from scriptures, and the speaker's own thoughts to create a unique voice. King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn "America".[citation needed]

A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used. King's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle, given "the context of drama and tension in which it was situated" (during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington).[46]

Why King's speech was powerful is debated. Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes, "The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time."[47]

Responses

You could feel "the passion of the people flowing up to him," James Baldwin a skeptic of that day’s March on Washington, later wrote, and in that moment, "it almost seemed that we stood on a height, and could see our inheritance; perhaps we could make the kingdom real."

M. Kakutani, The New York Times[2]

The speech was lauded in the days after the event and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers.[48] James Reston, writing for The New York Times, said that "Dr. King touched all the themes of the day, only better than anybody else. He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi, and the cadences of the Bible. He was both militant and sad, and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile."[12] Reston also noted that the event "was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy's inauguration", and opined that "it will be a long time before [Washington] forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude."[49]

An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King's speech "caught the mood" and "moved the crowd" of the day "as no other" speaker in the event.[50] Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King's speech "rose above mere oratory".[51] An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the "matchless eloquence" displayed by King—"a supreme orator" of "a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age"—put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the "conscience of America" with the justice of the civil-rights cause.[52]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive, also noticed the speech. This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States.[53] Two days after King delivered "I Have a Dream", Agent William C. Sullivan, the head of COINTELPRO, wrote a memo about King's growing influence:

Personally, I believe in the light of King's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes. We must mark him now, if we have not done so before, as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism, the Negro and national security.[54]

The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it. It was considered a "triumph of managed protest", and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Kennedy had watched King's speech on television and been very impressed. Afterward, March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy. Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.[55]

Some Black leaders later criticized the speech (along with the rest of the march) as too compromising. Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography: "Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools, with gospels and guitars and 'I have a dream' speeches?"[8]

Legacy

 
The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription

The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress.[56] The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., published posthumously in 2007, suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators, it might undermine his civil rights efforts.[citation needed]

In the wake of the speech and march, King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963, and in 1964 he was the youngest man ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[57] The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983, some 15 years after King's death, when a transcript was published in The Washington Post.[6]

In 1990, the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon. One song from Icon, "Shang-a-lang", sampled the end of the speech.[citation needed]

In 1992, the band Moodswings, incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in their song "Spiritual High, Part III" on the album Moodfood.[58][59]

In 2002, the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry.[60] In 2003, the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King's speech at the Lincoln Memorial.[61]

 
Then President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton walk past President Lincoln's statue to participate in the 2013 50th anniversary ceremony of the historic March on Washington and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech

Near the Potomac Basin in Washington, D.C., the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial was dedicated in 2011. The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King's "I Have A Dream" speech: "Out of a mountain of despair, a stone of hope."[62] A 30 feet (9.1 m)-high relief sculpture of King named the Stone of Hope stands past two other large pieces of granite that symbolize the "mountain of despair" split in half.[62]

On August 26, 2013, UK's BBC Radio 4 broadcast "God's Trombone", in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored "what made it both timely and timeless".[63]

On August 28, 2013, thousands gathered on the mall in Washington, D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion. In attendance were former US Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, and incumbent President Barack Obama, who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event. Many of King's family were in attendance.[64]

On October 11, 2015, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering the installation of a new "Freedom Bell" honoring King and citing the speech's reference to the mountain "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia."[65] Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined. The article mentioned the inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell-ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King's speech.[citation needed]

On April 20, 2016, Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the US $5 bill, which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back, would undergo a redesign prior to 2020. Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill, but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial, including an image from King's speech.[66]

Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film that debuted at the museum's opening on September 24, 2016. This film, August 28: A Day in the Life of a People (2016), tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, August 28. Events depicted include (among others) the speech.[67]

In October 2016, Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech.[68]

In 2017, the statue of Martin Luther King Jr. on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol was unveiled on the 54th anniversary of the speech.[69]

Time partnered with Epic Games to create an interactive exhibit dedicated to the speech within Epic's game Fortnite Creative on the 58th anniversary of the speech.[70]

Copyright dispute

Because King's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience, there was controversy about its copyright status. If the performance of the speech constituted "general publication", it would have entered the public domain due to King's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights. But if the performance constituted only "limited publication", King retained common law copyright. This led to a lawsuit, Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., which established that the King estate did hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue; the parties then settled. Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances, especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing. Under the applicable copyright laws, the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King's death, through 2038.[71][72][73][74]

Original copy of the speech

As King waved goodbye to the audience, George Raveling, volunteering as a security guard at the event, asked King if he could have the original typewritten manuscript of the speech.[75] Raveling, a star college basketball player for the Villanova Wildcats, was on the podium with King at that moment.[76] King gave it to him. Raveling kept custody of the original copy, for which he has been offered $3 million, but he has said he does not intend to sell it.[77][78] In 2021, he gave it to Villanova University. It is intended to be used in a "long-term 'on loan' arrangement."[79]

Chart performance

In the wake of King's death, the speech was issued as a single under Gordy Records and managed to crack onto the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 88.[80]

References

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  3. ^ Hansen, D, D. (2003). The Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 177. OCLC 473993560.
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  7. ^ See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–1963.
  8. ^ a b c X, Malcolm; Haley, Alex (1973). Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 281.
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  74. ^ Strauss, Valerie (January 15, 2017). "'I Have a Dream' speech owned by Martin Luther King's family". Toronto Star. from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  75. ^ Suarez, Xavier L. (October 27, 2011). Democracy in America: 2010. AuthorHouse. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-4567-6056-4. from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  76. ^ Karen Price Hossell (December 5, 2005). I Have a Dream. Heinemann-Raintree Library. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-4034-6811-6. from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  77. ^ Weir, Tom (February 27, 2009). "George Raveling owns MLK's 'I have a dream' speech". USA Today. from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  78. ^ Brinkley, Douglas (August 28, 2003). . Time. Archived from the original on August 29, 2003. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  79. ^ Donohue, Peter M. (August 27, 2021). "A Message from the President | Villanova University". Villanova University. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  80. ^ "Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr". Billboard. Retrieved March 24, 2022.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to I Have a Dream.
  • Full text at the BBC
  • Video of "I Have a Dream" speech, from LearnOutLoud.com
  • Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
  • "I Have A Dream" speech – Dr. Martin Luther King with music by Doug Katsaros on YouTube
  • Deposition concerning recording of the "I Have a Dream" speech
  • MLK: Before He Won the Nobel January 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – slideshow by Life magazine
  • Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech
  • I Have a Dream Summary (Class 12)
  • I Have A Dream February 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

Coordinates: 38°53′21.4″N 77°3′0.5″W / 38.889278°N 77.050139°W / 38.889278; -77.050139

January 26, 2023
have, dream, other, uses, disambiguation, dream, disambiguation, public, speech, that, delivered, american, civil, rights, activist, baptist, minister, martin, luther, king, during, march, washington, jobs, freedom, august, 1963, speech, king, called, civil, e. For other uses see I Have a Dream disambiguation and I Had a Dream disambiguation I Have a Dream is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister 2 Martin Luther King Jr during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 1963 In the speech King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States Delivered to over 250 000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D C the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement and among the most iconic speeches in American history 3 4 Martin Luther King Jr delivering the speech at the 1963 Washington D C Civil Rights March External audioI Have a Dream August 28 1963 Educational Radio Network 1 Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation which declared millions of slaves free in 1863 5 King said one hundred years later the Negro still is not free 6 Toward the end of the speech King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme I have a dream prompted by Mahalia Jackson s cry Tell them about the dream Martin 7 In this part of the speech which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred 8 Jon Meacham writes that With a single phrase King joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who ve shaped modern America 9 The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address 10 The speech has also been described as having a strong claim to be the greatest in the English language of all time 11 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2 1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 Chart performance 9 References 10 External linksBackground View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President John F Kennedy in June Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm also to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address timed to correspond with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation 8 Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP called The Negro and the American Dream This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream and that our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy its betrayal of the cause of justice King suggests that It may well be that the Negro is God s instrument to save the soul of America 12 13 In 1961 he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists dream of equality the American Dream a dream as yet unfulfilled in several national speeches and statements and took the dream as the centerpiece for these speeches 14 Leaders of the March on Washington photographed in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln on August 28 1963 sitting L R Whitney Young Cleveland Robinson A Philip Randolph Martin Luther King Jr and Roy Wilkins standing L R Mathew Ahmann Joachim Prinz John Lewis Eugene Carson Blake Floyd McKissick and Walter Reuther On November 27 1962 King gave a speech at Booker T Washington High School in Rocky Mount North Carolina That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial And while parts of the text had been moved around large portions were identical including the I have a dream refrain 15 16 After being rediscovered in 2015 17 the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University 15 King had also delivered a speech with the I have a dream refrain in Detroit in June 1963 before 25 000 people in Detroit s Cobo Hall immediately after the 125 000 strong Great Walk to Freedom on June 23 1963 18 19 20 Reuther had given King an office at Solidarity House the United Auto Workers headquarters in Detroit where King worked on his I Have a Dream speech in anticipation of the March on Washington 21 Mahalia Jackson who sang How I Got Over 22 just before the speech in Washington knew about King s Detroit speech 23 After the Washington D C March a recording of King s Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit s Gordy Records as an LP entitled The Great March To Freedom 24 The March on Washington Speech known as I Have a Dream Speech has been shown to have had several versions written at several different times 25 It has no single version draft but is an amalgamation of several drafts and was originally called Normalcy Never Again Little of this and another Normalcy Speech ended up in the final draft A draft of Normalcy Never Again is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr Collection of the Robert W Woodruff Library Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College 26 The focus on I have a dream comes through the speech s delivery Toward the end of its delivery noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd Tell them about the dream Martin 27 King departed from his prepared remarks and started preaching improvisationally punctuating his points with I have a dream The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones 28 in Riverdale New York City Jones has said that the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us and that on the evening of Tuesday Aug 27 12 hours before the march Martin still didn t know what he was going to say 29 SpeechWidely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric King s speech invokes pivotal documents in American history including the Declaration of Independence the Emancipation Proclamation and the United States Constitution Early in his speech King alludes to Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address by saying Five score years ago In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation King says It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity Anaphora i e the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences is employed throughout the speech Early in his speech King urges his audience to seize the moment Now is the time is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase I have a dream which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience Other occasions include One hundred years later We can never be satisfied With this faith Let freedom ring and free at last King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day according to the official program 30 I still have a dream a dream deeply rooted in the American dream one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal I have a dream Martin Luther King Jr 1963 31 Among the most quoted lines of the speech are I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character I have a dream today 32 According to US Representative John Lewis who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Dr King had the power the ability and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized By speaking the way he did he educated he inspired he informed not just the people there but people throughout America and unborn generations 33 The ideas in the speech reflect King s social experiences of ethnocentric abuse mistreatment and exploitation of black people 34 The speech draws upon appeals to America s myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God s will Thus the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins 35 King describes the promises made by America as a promissory note on which America has defaulted He says that America has given the Negro people a bad check but that we ve come to cash this check by marching in Washington D C Similarities and allusions Further information Martin Luther King Jr authorship issues King s speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts For years he had spoken about dreams quoted from Samuel Francis Smith s popular patriotic hymn America My Country Tis of Thee and referred extensively to the Bible The idea of constitutional rights as an unfulfilled promise was suggested by Clarence Jones 12 The final passage from King s speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr s address to the 1952 Republican National Convention both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of America and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort let freedom ring 12 36 King is said to have used portions of SNCC activist Prathia Hall s speech at the site of Mount Olive Baptist a burned down African American church in Terrell County Georgia in September 1962 in which she used the repeated phrase I have a dream 37 The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings 38 The speech in the cadences of a sermon is infused with allusions to biblical verses including Isaiah 40 4 5 I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted 39 and Amos 5 24 But let justice roll down like water 40 2 The end of the speech alludes to Galatians 3 28 There is no longer Jew or Greek there is no longer slave or free there is no longer male and female for all of you are one in Christ Jesus 41 He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare s Richard III Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer when he remarks that this sweltering summer of the Negro s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn 42 Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March in Washington D C The I Have a Dream speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses voice merging prophetic voice and dynamic spectacle 43 Voice merging is the combining of one s own voice with religious predecessors Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as a weak hybrid form of drama a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors shock sensation and passionate release such as televised rituals of conflict and social control 44 The rhetoric of King s speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets During his speech King speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice The prophetic voice must restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality 45 An evident example is when King declares that now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God s children Voice merging is a technique often used by African American preachers It combines the voices of previous preachers excerpts from scriptures and the speaker s own thoughts to create a unique voice King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn America citation needed A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used King s speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington 46 Why King s speech was powerful is debated Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time 47 ResponsesYou could feel the passion of the people flowing up to him James Baldwin a skeptic of that day s March on Washington later wrote and in that moment it almost seemed that we stood on a height and could see our inheritance perhaps we could make the kingdom real M Kakutani The New York Times 2 The speech was lauded in the days after the event and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers 48 James Reston writing for The New York Times said that Dr King touched all the themes of the day only better than anybody else He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi and the cadences of the Bible He was both militant and sad and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile 12 Reston also noted that the event was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy s inauguration and opined that it will be a long time before Washington forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr crying out his dreams to the multitude 49 An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King s speech caught the mood and moved the crowd of the day as no other speaker in the event 50 Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King s speech rose above mere oratory 51 An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the matchless eloquence displayed by King a supreme orator of a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the conscience of America with the justice of the civil rights cause 52 The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive also noticed the speech This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States 53 Two days after King delivered I Have a Dream Agent William C Sullivan the head of COINTELPRO wrote a memo about King s growing influence Personally I believe in the light of King s powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes We must mark him now if we have not done so before as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism the Negro and national security 54 The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it It was considered a triumph of managed protest and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred Kennedy had watched King s speech on television and been very impressed Afterward March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill 55 Some Black leaders later criticized the speech along with the rest of the march as too compromising Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools with gospels and guitars and I have a dream speeches 8 Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress 56 The diaries of Arthur M Schlesinger Jr published posthumously in 2007 suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators it might undermine his civil rights efforts citation needed In the wake of the speech and march King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 and in 1964 he was the youngest man ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 57 The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 some 15 years after King s death when a transcript was published in The Washington Post 6 In 1990 the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon One song from Icon Shang a lang sampled the end of the speech citation needed In 1992 the band Moodswings incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King Jr s I Have a Dream speech in their song Spiritual High Part III on the album Moodfood 58 59 In 2002 the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry 60 In 2003 the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King s speech at the Lincoln Memorial 61 Then President Barack Obama First Lady Michelle Obama and former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton walk past President Lincoln s statue to participate in the 2013 50th anniversary ceremony of the historic March on Washington and Dr Martin Luther King Jr s I Have a Dream speech Near the Potomac Basin in Washington D C the Martin Luther King Jr Memorial was dedicated in 2011 The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King s I Have A Dream speech Out of a mountain of despair a stone of hope 62 A 30 feet 9 1 m high relief sculpture of King named the Stone of Hope stands past two other large pieces of granite that symbolize the mountain of despair split in half 62 On August 26 2013 UK s BBC Radio 4 broadcast God s Trombone in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored what made it both timely and timeless 63 On August 28 2013 thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D C where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion In attendance were former US Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter and incumbent President Barack Obama who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event Many of King s family were in attendance 64 On October 11 2015 The Atlanta Journal Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering the installation of a new Freedom Bell honoring King and citing the speech s reference to the mountain Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia 65 Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined The article mentioned the inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King s speech citation needed On April 20 2016 Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the US 5 bill which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial including an image from King s speech 66 Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian s National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film that debuted at the museum s opening on September 24 2016 This film August 28 A Day in the Life of a People 2016 tells of six significant events in African American history that happened on the same date August 28 Events depicted include among others the speech 67 In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech 68 In 2017 the statue of Martin Luther King Jr on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol was unveiled on the 54th anniversary of the speech 69 Time partnered with Epic Games to create an interactive exhibit dedicated to the speech within Epic s game Fortnite Creative on the 58th anniversary of the speech 70 Copyright disputeBecause King s speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience there was controversy about its copyright status If the performance of the speech constituted general publication it would have entered the public domain due to King s failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights But if the performance constituted only limited publication King retained common law copyright This led to a lawsuit Estate of Martin Luther King Jr Inc v CBS Inc which established that the King estate did hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue the parties then settled Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing Under the applicable copyright laws the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King s death through 2038 71 72 73 74 Original copy of the speechAs King waved goodbye to the audience George Raveling volunteering as a security guard at the event asked King if he could have the original typewritten manuscript of the speech 75 Raveling a star college basketball player for the Villanova Wildcats was on the podium with King at that moment 76 King gave it to him Raveling kept custody of the original copy for which he has been offered 3 million but he has said he does not intend to sell it 77 78 In 2021 he gave it to Villanova University It is intended to be used in a long term on loan arrangement 79 Chart performanceIn the wake of King s death the speech was issued as a single under Gordy Records and managed to crack onto the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 88 80 References Special Collections March on Washington Part 17 Open Vault at WGBH August 28 1963 Archived from the original on December 26 2018 Retrieved September 15 2016 a b c Kakutani Michiko August 28 2013 The Lasting Power of Dr King s Dream Speech The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 28 2021 Hansen D D 2003 The Dream Martin Luther King Jr and the Speech that Inspired a Nation New York NY Harper Collins p 177 OCLC 473993560 Tikkanen Amy August 29 2017 I Have a Dream Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on October 20 2018 Retrieved May 7 2019 Echols James 2004 I Have a Dream Martin Luther King Jr and the Future of Multicultural America a b Alexandra Alvarez Martin Luther King s I Have a Dream The Speech Event as Metaphor Journal of Black Studies 18 3 doi 10 1177 002193478801800306 See Taylor Branch Parting the Waters America in the King Years 1954 1963 a b c X Malcolm Haley Alex 1973 Autobiography of Malcolm X New York Ballantine Books p 281 Meacham Jon August 26 2013 One Man Time p 26 Lucas Stephen Medhurst Martin December 15 1999 I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century University of Wisconsin Madison Retrieved July 18 2006 O Grady Sean April 3 2018 Martin Luther King s I Have a Dream speech is the greatest oration of all time The Independent Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved December 19 2020 a b c d I Have a Dream The Martin Luther King Jr Research and Education Institute May 8 2017 Archived from the original on December 4 2019 Retrieved December 4 2019 Martin Luther King Jr The Negro and the American Dream Archived December 18 2014 at the Stanford Web Archive speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte NC September 25 1960 Cullen Jim 2003 The American Dream A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation New York Oxford University Press p 126 ISBN 0195158210 a b Stringer Sam Brumfield Ben August 12 2015 New recording King s first I have a dream speech found at high school CNN Archived from the original on August 13 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 Crook Samantha Bryant Christian How Langston Hughes Led To A Dream MLK Discovery WKBW TV Archived from the original on July 23 2017 Retrieved August 13 2015 Waggoner Martha August 11 2015 Recording of MLK s 1st I Have a Dream speech found DetroitNews com Associated Press Archived from the original on September 12 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 Boyle Kevin May 1 2007 Detroit s Walk To Freedom Michigan History Magazine archived from the original on May 18 2012 retrieved February 15 2012 Garrett Bob Martin Luther King Jr and the Detroit Freedom Walk Michigan Department of Natural Resources Michigan Library and Historical Center Michigan Historical Center archived from the original on March 1 2014 retrieved February 15 2012 O Brien Soledad August 22 2003 Interview With Martin Luther King III CNN Archived from the original on June 3 2018 Retrieved January 15 2007 Kaufman Dan September 26 2019 On the Picket Lines of the General Motors Strike The New Yorker Archived from the original on June 3 2020 Retrieved May 12 2020 Kot Greg October 21 2014 How Mahalia Jackson defined the I Have a Dream speech BBC Archived from the original on August 30 2018 Retrieved August 28 2018 Norris Michele August 28 2013 For King s Adviser Fulfilling The Dream Cannot Wait NPR Archived from the original on August 30 2018 Retrieved August 29 2018 Ward Brian 1998 Recording the Dream vol 48 History Today archived from the original on February 15 2012 retrieved February 15 2012 Hansen 2003 p 70 The original name of the speech was Cashing a Cancelled Check but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher s anointing brought forth a new entitlement I Have A Dream Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr Collection 2009 Notable Items Archived December 15 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 4 2013 Hansen 2003 p 58 Jones Clarence Benjamin 1931 Martin Luther King Jr and the Global Freedom Struggle Stanford University Archived from the original on June 6 2008 Retrieved February 28 2011 Jones Clarence B January 16 2011 On Martin Luther King Day remembering the first draft of I Have a Dream The Washington Post Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved February 28 2011 Document for August 28th Official Program for the March on Washington Archives gov Archived from the original on July 21 2017 Retrieved August 31 2017 Edwards Willard August 29 1963 200 000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington Chicago Tribune p 5 Excel HSC Standard English p 108 Lloyd Cameron Barry Spurr 2009 A Dream Remembered NewsHour August 28 2003 Archived from the original on May 4 2006 Retrieved July 19 2006 Exploring Religion and Ethics Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students p 192 Trevor Jordan 2012 See David A Bobbitt The Rhetoric of Redemption Kenneth Burke s Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr s I Have a Dream Speech Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 2004 John Derek August 28 2013 Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King s dream WBEZ Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Retrieved August 28 2017 Holsaert Faith et al Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC University of Illinois Press 2010 p 180 Civil Rights Digital Library Archived February 26 2014 at the Wayback Machine Film 2 30 Isaiah 40 4 5 King James Version of the Bible Archived from the original on November 21 2011 Retrieved January 13 2010 Amos 5 24 King James Version of the Bible Archived from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved August 29 2013 Neutel Karin May 19 2020 Galatians 3 28 Neither Jew nor Greek Slave nor Free Male and Female Biblical Archaeology Society Archived from the original on August 5 2020 Retrieved August 22 2020 Alvarez Alexandra March 1988 Martin Luther King s I Have a Dream The Speech Event as Metaphor Journal of Black Studies Vol 18 No 3 pp 337 357 p 242 Vail Mark 2006 The Integrative Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr S I Have a Dream Speech Rhetoric and Public Affairs 9 1 52 doi 10 1353 rap 2006 0032 JSTOR 41940035 S2CID 143912415 Farrell Thomas B 1989 Media Rhetoric as Social Drama The Winter Olympics of 1984 Critical Studies in Mass Communication 6 2 159 160 doi 10 1080 15295038909366742 Darsey James 1997 The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America New York New York University Press pp 10 19 47 ISBN 9780814718766 Vail 2006 p 55 Trendl Anthony I Have a Dream Analysis Archived from the original on April 5 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 The News of the Week in Review March on Washington Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights The New York Times September 1 1963 The high point and climax of the day it was generally agreed was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr James Reston I Have a Dream Peroration by Dr King sums up a day the capital will remember The New York Times August 29 1963 Mary McGrory Polite Happy Helpful The Real Hero Was the Crowd Boston Globe August 29 1963 Marquis Childs Triumphal March Silences Scoffers The Washington Post August 30 1963 Max Freedman The Big March in Washington Described as Epic of Democracy Los Angeles Times September 9 1963 Tim Weiner Enemies A history of the FBI New York Random House 2012 p 235 Memo hosted by American Radio Works American Public Media The FBI s War on King Archived August 25 2012 at the Wayback Machine Reeves Richard President Kennedy Profile of Power 1993 pp 580 584 Clayborne Carson Archived January 2 2010 at the Wayback Machine King Obama and the Great American Dialogue American Heritage Spring 2009 Martin Luther King The Nobel Foundation 1964 Archived from the original on February 22 2011 Retrieved April 20 2007 Moodswings s Spiritual High Part III Discover the Sample Source WhoSampled Archived from the original on August 14 2021 Retrieved January 29 2021 Keller Douglas D January 20 1993 Varied Moodswings album provides musing to fuel any emotion The Tech 112 66 6 Archived from the original on February 3 2021 Retrieved January 29 2021 The National Recording Registry 2002 Library of Congress Archived from the original on March 15 2015 Retrieved December 29 2017 We Shall Overcome Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement Lincoln Memorial US National Park Service Archived from the original on January 5 2007 Retrieved January 15 2007 a b Tears Fall at the Martin Luther King Jr Memorial WUSA June 30 2011 Archived from the original on September 4 2011 Retrieved September 10 2011 God s Trombone Remembering King s Dream BBC August 26 2013 Archived from the original on August 26 2013 Retrieved August 26 2013 Miller Zeke J August 28 2013 In Commemorative MLK Speech President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream Time Archived from the original on September 1 2013 Retrieved September 1 2013 Galloway Jim October 12 2015 A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain The Atlanta Journal Constitution Archived from the original on September 28 2017 Retrieved April 23 2016 Korte Gregory April 21 2016 Anti slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on 20 bill USA Today Archived from the original on April 23 2016 Retrieved April 23 2016 Davis Rachaell September 22 2016 Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People Ava DuVernay Reveals All in New NMAAHC Film Essence Archived from the original on July 16 2018 Retrieved August 29 2018 Your Record Science Friday October 7 2016 Archived from the original on October 10 2016 Retrieved October 7 2016 Wells Myrydd August 28 2017 Georgia Capitol s Martin Luther King Jr statue unveiled on 54th anniversary of I Have a Dream Atlanta Archived from the original on July 9 2020 Retrieved July 8 2020 Francis Bryant August 26 2021 Epic and Time Magazine debut interactive MLK Jr exhibit in Fortnite Game Developer Archived from the original on August 27 2021 Retrieved August 26 2021 Strauss Valerie I Have a Dream speech still private property The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 28 2013 Retrieved August 28 2013 Williams Lauren August 23 2013 I Have a Copyright The Problem With MLK s Speech Mother Jones Archived from the original on December 11 2019 Retrieved January 21 2020 Volz Dustin August 20 2013 The Copyright Battle Behind I Have a Dream The Atlantic Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved January 21 2020 Strauss Valerie January 15 2017 I Have a Dream speech owned by Martin Luther King s family Toronto Star Archived from the original on August 28 2021 Retrieved January 21 2020 Suarez Xavier L October 27 2011 Democracy in America 2010 AuthorHouse pp 10 ISBN 978 1 4567 6056 4 Archived from the original on July 7 2014 Retrieved April 28 2013 Karen Price Hossell December 5 2005 I Have a Dream Heinemann Raintree Library pp 34 ISBN 978 1 4034 6811 6 Archived from the original on July 7 2014 Retrieved April 28 2013 Weir Tom February 27 2009 George Raveling owns MLK s I have a dream speech USA Today Archived from the original on July 2 2013 Retrieved April 29 2013 Brinkley Douglas August 28 2003 Guardian of The Dream Time Archived from the original on August 29 2003 Retrieved August 28 2013 Donohue Peter M August 27 2021 A Message from the President Villanova University Villanova University Retrieved January 17 2022 Rev Martin Luther King Jr Billboard Retrieved March 24 2022 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to I Have a Dream Full text at the BBC Video of I Have a Dream speech from LearnOutLoud com I Have a Dream Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric com I Have A Dream speech Dr Martin Luther King with music by Doug Katsaros on YouTube Deposition concerning recording of the I Have a Dream speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual Free At Last MLK Before He Won the Nobel Archived January 18 2010 at the Wayback Machine slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have a Dream speech I Have a Dream Summary Class 12 I Have A Dream Archived February 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine Portals United States 1960s Civil Rights Movement Coordinates 38 53 21 4 N 77 3 0 5 W 38 889278 N 77 050139 W 38 889278 77 050139 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title I Have a Dream amp oldid 1133930337, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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