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Hindush

Hindush (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁, Hidūš, transcribed as Hiⁿdūš since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Hindūš) was a province of the Achaemenid Empire in lower Indus Valley established after the Achaemenid conquest circa 500 BC. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, it was the "easternmost province" of the empire. It is believed to have continued as a province until the invasion of the empire by Alexander the Great circa 326 BC.

Achaemenid Hindush
𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
Hiⁿdūš (Old Persian)
Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire
513 BCE–c. 4th century BCE

Hiⁿdūš was part of the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid Empire
Government
 • TypeMonarchy
King or
King of Kings
 
• 513–499 BCE
Darius I (first)
• 358–338 BC
Artaxerxes III
Historical eraAchaemenid era
513 BCE
• Disestablished
c. 4th century BCE
Preceded by
Succeeded by

Name edit

 
𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌𓈉
h-n-d-wꜣ-y
Hiⁿdūš[1]

Hindush was written in Achaemenid inscriptions as Hidūsh (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁, H-i-du-u-š). It is also transliterated as Hiⁿdūš since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Hindush).[2][3]

It is widely accepted that the name Hindush derives from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the Indus river as well as the region at the lower Indus basin. The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.[4] The -sh suffix is common among the names of many Achaemenid provinces, such as Harauvatish (the land of Harauvati or Haraxvaiti, i.e., Arachosia) or Bakhtrish (Bactria). Accordingly, Hindush would mean the land of Sindhu.

The Greeks of Asia Minor, who were also part of the Achaemenid empire, called the province 'India'. More precisely, they called the people of the province as 'Indians' ('Ινδοι, Indoi[5]) The loss of the aspirate /h/ was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in Asia Minor.[6][7] Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of Hindush to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.[8]

Geography edit

The territory of Hindush may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab region of Pakistan).[9][10][11] Hindush bordered Gandāra (spelt as Gaⁿdāra by the Achaememids) to the north. These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[12] Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab region.[10][13]

Hindush in the Achaemenid army edit

Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army
 
Xerxes I tomb, Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.[14][15]
 
Xerxes I tomb, Hindush soldier circa 480 BCE (enhanced detail).
 
The name Hidūš (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 in Old Persian cuneiform) as an Achaemenid territory in the DNa inscription of Darius the Great (c. 490 BC).

According to Herodotus, the 'Indians' participated to the Second Persian invasion of Greece circa 480 BCE.[16] At the final Battle of Platea (479 BCE), they formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations").[17][18] Indians were still supplying troops and elephants for the Achaemenid army at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE).[19] They are also depicted on the Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rostam and Persepolis.

Representatives of Hindush are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases, and as throne/ dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis The representatives of Hindush (as well as Gandara and Thatagus) in each in- stance are characterized by their loincloths, sandals, and exposed upper body, which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as Bactria and Arachosia.[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Arachosia, Sattagydia, and India are represented and named among the subject nations sculptured on the base of the Egyptian statue of Darius I from Susa."Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 10. ISBN 9780933273955.
  2. ^ Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.Old Persian p.164Old Persian p.13. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p.17Old Persian p.25
  3. ^ DNa - Livius.
  4. ^ Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. Chapter 9.
  5. ^ 'Ινδοι, Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University
  6. ^ Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (Second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 27–28, ISBN 978-1-4443-1892-0: "Note finally that the letter H/η was originally used to mark word-initial aspiration... Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic-speaking area, the letter was recycled, being used first to denote the new, very open, long e-vowel [æ:] ... and then to represent the inherited long e-vowel [ε:] too, once these two sounds had merged. The use of H to represent open long e-vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic-speaking area and also to the Doric-speaking islands of the southern Aegean, where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e-vowels."
  7. ^ Panayotou, A. (2007), "Ionic and Attic", in A.-F. Christidis (ed.), A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, p. 410, ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3: "The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor (and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor)...In Attica, however (and in some cases in Euboea, its colonies, and in the Ionic-speaking islands of the Aegean), the aspiration survived until later... During the second half of the fifth century BC, however, orthographic variation perhaps indicates that 'a change in the phonetic quality of [h] was taking place' too."
  8. ^ Arora, Udai Prakash (2005), "Ideas of India in Ancient Greek Literature", in Irfan Habib (ed.), India — Studies in the History of an Idea, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 47, ISBN 978-81-215-1152-0: "The term 'Indians' was used by Herodotus as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia. This was also a significant development over Hekataios, who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only."
  9. ^ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1974). The Civilizations of Monsoon Asia. Angus and Robertson. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-207-12687-1. ... that he annexed parts of India as Hindush, the twentieth satrapy of his empire.
  10. ^ a b Sethna, Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy (2000). Problems of Ancient India. Aditya Prakashan. p. 127. ISBN 978-81-7742-026-5. Olmstead's Hindush is the Punjāb east of the Indus - as his first Map, "Satrapies of the Persian Empire ", makes perfectly clear.
  11. ^ M. A. Dandamaev. "A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire" p 147. BRILL, 1989 ISBN 978-9004091726
  12. ^ Rafi U. Samad, The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 33 ISBN 0875868592
  13. ^ "Hidus could be the areas of Sindh, or Taxila and West Punjab." in Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 204. ISBN 9780521228046.
  14. ^ Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  15. ^ Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings.
  16. ^ Herodotus VII 64-66
  17. ^ "A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2000). A military history of ancient India. Vision Books. p. 179. ISBN 9788170943754.
  18. ^ LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89. pp. IX-32.
  19. ^ Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 67 (1/4): 165. JSTOR 41693244.
  20. ^ Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Robert; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (October 2005). "The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Northwest Pakistan". American Journal of Archaeology. University of Chicago. 109 (4): 713. doi:10.3764/aja.109.4.711. JSTOR 40025695. S2CID 54089753.

hindush, persian, cuneiform, 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁, hidūš, transcribed, hiⁿdūš, since, nasal, before, consonants, omitted, persian, script, simplified, hindūš, province, achaemenid, empire, lower, indus, valley, established, after, achaemenid, conquest, circa, according, anci. Hindush Old Persian cuneiform 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 Hidus transcribed as Hiⁿdus since the nasal n before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script and simplified as Hindus was a province of the Achaemenid Empire in lower Indus Valley established after the Achaemenid conquest circa 500 BC According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus it was the easternmost province of the empire It is believed to have continued as a province until the invasion of the empire by Alexander the Great circa 326 BC Achaemenid Hindush𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 Hiⁿdus Old Persian Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire513 BCE c 4th century BCEStandard of Cyrus the GreatHiⁿdus was part of the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid EmpireGovernment TypeMonarchyKing orKing of Kings 513 499 BCEDarius I first 358 338 BCArtaxerxes IIIHistorical eraAchaemenid era Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley513 BCE Disestablishedc 4th century BCEPreceded by Succeeded bySindhu Sauvira Macedonian Empire Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Hindush in the Achaemenid army 4 See also 5 ReferencesName edit nbsp 𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌𓈉h n d wꜣ y Hiⁿdus 1 Hindush was written in Achaemenid inscriptions as Hidush Old Persian cuneiform 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 H i du u s It is also transliterated as Hiⁿdus since the nasal n before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script and simplified as Hindush 2 3 It is widely accepted that the name Hindush derives from Sindhu the Sanskrit name of the Indus river as well as the region at the lower Indus basin The Proto Iranian sound change s gt h occurred between 850 600 BCE according to Asko Parpola 4 The sh suffix is common among the names of many Achaemenid provinces such as Harauvatish the land of Harauvati or Haraxvaiti i e Arachosia or Bakhtrish Bactria Accordingly Hindush would mean the land of Sindhu The Greeks of Asia Minor who were also part of the Achaemenid empire called the province India More precisely they called the people of the province as Indians Indoi Indoi 5 The loss of the aspirate h was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in Asia Minor 6 7 Herodotus also generalised the term Indian from the people of Hindush to all the people living to the east of Persia even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land 8 Geography editThe territory of Hindush may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin present day Sindh and the southern Punjab region of Pakistan 9 10 11 Hindush bordered Gandara spelt as Gaⁿdara by the Achaememids to the north These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander 12 Alternatively some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab region 10 13 Hindush in the Achaemenid army editHindush soldier of the Achaemenid army nbsp Xerxes I tomb Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army circa 480 BCE 14 15 nbsp Xerxes I tomb Hindush soldier circa 480 BCE enhanced detail nbsp The name Hidus 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 in Old Persian cuneiform as an Achaemenid territory in the DNa inscription of Darius the Great c 490 BC According to Herodotus the Indians participated to the Second Persian invasion of Greece circa 480 BCE 16 At the final Battle of Platea 479 BCE they formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops one of the greatest of the nations 17 18 Indians were still supplying troops and elephants for the Achaemenid army at the Battle of Gaugamela 331 BCE 19 They are also depicted on the Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh e Rostam and Persepolis Representatives of Hindush are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases and as throne dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis The representatives of Hindush as well as Gandara and Thatagus in each in stance are characterized by their loincloths sandals and exposed upper body which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as Bactria and Arachosia 20 See also editAchaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley India Herodotus References edit Arachosia Sattagydia and India are represented and named among the subject nations sculptured on the base of the Egyptian statue of Darius I from Susa Yar Shater Ehsan 1982 Encyclopaedia Iranica Routledge amp Kegan Paul p 10 ISBN 9780933273955 Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian and are shown with a raised letter Old Persian p 164Old Persian p 13 In particular Old Persian nasals such as n were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p 17Old Persian p 25 DNa Livius Parpola Asko 2015 The Roots of Hinduism Oxford University Press Chapter 9 Indoi Greek Word Study Tool Tufts University Horrocks Geoffrey 2009 Greek A History of the Language and its Speakers Second ed John Wiley amp Sons pp 27 28 ISBN 978 1 4443 1892 0 Note finally that the letter H h was originally used to mark word initial aspiration Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic speaking area the letter was recycled being used first to denote the new very open long e vowel ae and then to represent the inherited long e vowel e too once these two sounds had merged The use of H to represent open long e vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic speaking area and also to the Doric speaking islands of the southern Aegean where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e vowels Panayotou A 2007 Ionic and Attic in A F Christidis ed A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity Cambridge University Press p 410 ISBN 978 0 521 83307 3 The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor In Attica however and in some cases in Euboea its colonies and in the Ionic speaking islands of the Aegean the aspiration survived until later During the second half of the fifth century BC however orthographic variation perhaps indicates that a change in the phonetic quality of h was taking place too Arora Udai Prakash 2005 Ideas of India in Ancient Greek Literature in Irfan Habib ed India Studies in the History of an Idea Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers p 47 ISBN 978 81 215 1152 0 The term Indians was used by Herodotus as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia This was also a significant development over Hekataios who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only Basham Arthur Llewellyn 1974 The Civilizations of Monsoon Asia Angus and Robertson p 24 ISBN 978 0 207 12687 1 that he annexed parts of India as Hindush the twentieth satrapy of his empire a b Sethna Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy 2000 Problems of Ancient India Aditya Prakashan p 127 ISBN 978 81 7742 026 5 Olmstead s Hindush is the Punjab east of the Indus as his first Map Satrapies of the Persian Empire makes perfectly clear M A Dandamaev A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire p 147 BRILL 1989 ISBN 978 9004091726 Rafi U Samad The Grandeur of Gandhara The Ancient Civilization of the Swat Peshawar Kabul and Indus Valleys Algora Publishing 2011 p 33 ISBN 0875868592 Hidus could be the areas of Sindh or Taxila and West Punjab in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge University Press 2002 p 204 ISBN 9780521228046 Naqs e Rostam Encyclopaedia Iranica Naqs e Rostam Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings Herodotus VII 64 66 A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe It apparently distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea Sandhu Gurcharn Singh 2000 A military history of ancient India Vision Books p 179 ISBN 9788170943754 LacusCurtius Herodotus Book IX Chapters 1 89 pp IX 32 Tola Fernando 1986 India and Greece before Alexander Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 67 1 4 165 JSTOR 41693244 Magee Peter Petrie Cameron Knox Robert Khan Farid Thomas Ken October 2005 The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Northwest Pakistan American Journal of Archaeology University of Chicago 109 4 713 doi 10 3764 aja 109 4 711 JSTOR 40025695 S2CID 54089753 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hindush amp oldid 1186132427, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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