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Gulliver's Travels

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Gulliver's Travels (disambiguation).

Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships is a 1726 prose satire[1][2] by the Anglo-Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, satirising both human nature and the "travellers' tales" literary subgenre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature. Swift claimed that he wrote Gulliver's Travels "to vex the world rather than divert it".

Gulliver's Travels
First edition of Gulliver's Travels
AuthorJonathan Swift
Original titleTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships
CountryEngland
LanguageEnglish
GenreSatire, fantasy
PublisherBenjamin Motte
Publication date
28 October 1726 (296 years ago) (1726-10-28)
Media typePrint
823.5
TextGulliver's Travels at Wikisource

The book was an immediate success. The English dramatist John Gay remarked: "It is universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery."[3] In 2015, Robert McCrum released his selection list of 100 best novels of all time, where he called Gulliver's Travels "a satirical masterpiece".[4]

Plot

 
Locations visited by Gulliver, according to Arthur Ellicott Case. Case contends that the maps in the published text were drawn by someone who did not follow Swift's geographical descriptions; to correct this, he makes changes such as placing Lilliput to the east of Australia instead of the west. [5]

Part I: A Voyage to Lilliput

 
Mural depicting Gulliver surrounded by citizens of Lilliput.

The travel begins with a short preamble in which Lemuel Gulliver gives a brief outline of his life and history before his voyages.

4 May 1699 – 13 April 1702

During his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and finds himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people, less than 6 inches (15 cm) tall, who are inhabitants of the island country of Lilliput. After giving assurances of his good behaviour, he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the Lilliput Royal Court. He is also given permission by the King of Lilliput to go around the city on condition that he must not hurt their subjects.

At first, the Lilliputians are hospitable to Gulliver, but they are also wary of the threat that his size poses to them. The Lilliputians reveal themselves to be a people who put great emphasis on trivial matters. For example, which end of an egg a person cracks becomes the basis of a deep political rift within that nation. They are a people who revel in displays of authority and performances of power. Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbours the Blefuscudians by stealing their fleet. However, he refuses to reduce the island nation of Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput, displeasing the King and the royal court.

Gulliver is charged with treason for, among other crimes, urinating in the capital though he was putting out a fire. He is convicted and sentenced to be blinded. With the assistance of a kind friend, "a considerable person at court", he escapes to Blefuscu. Here, he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship, which safely takes him back home with some Lilliputian animals he carries with him.

Part II: A Voyage to Brobdingnag

 
Gulliver exhibited to the Brobdingnag Farmer (painting by Richard Redgrave)
20 June 1702 – 3 June 1706

Gulliver soon sets out again. When the sailing ship Adventure is blown off course by storms and forced to sail for land in search of fresh water, Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and left on a peninsula on the western coast of the North American continent.

The grass of Brobdingnag is as tall as a tree. He is then found by a farmer who is about 72 ft (22 m) tall, judging from Gulliver estimating the man's step being 10 yards (9 m). The giant farmer brings Gulliver home, and his daughter Glumdalclitch cares for Gulliver. The farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money. After a while the constant display makes Gulliver sick, and the farmer sells him to the queen of the realm. Glumdalclitch (who accompanied her father while exhibiting Gulliver) is taken into the queen's service to take care of the tiny man. Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs, beds, knives and forks, the queen commissions a small house to be built for him so that he can be carried around in it; this is referred to as his "travelling box".

Between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey, he discusses the state of Europe with the King of Brobdingnag. The king is not happy with Gulliver's accounts of Europe, especially upon learning of the use of guns and cannon. On a trip to the seaside, his traveling box is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box into the sea where he is picked up by sailors who return him to England.

Part III: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan

 
Gulliver discovers Laputa, the floating/flying island (illustration by J. J. Grandville)
See also: Floating cities and islands in fiction
5 August 1706 – 16 April 1710

Setting out again, Gulliver's ship is attacked by pirates, and he is marooned close to a desolate rocky island near India. He is rescued by the flying island of Laputa, a kingdom devoted to the arts of music, mathematics, and astronomy but unable to use them for practical ends. Rather than using armies, Laputa has a custom of throwing rocks down at rebellious cities on the ground.

Gulliver tours Balnibarbi, the kingdom ruled from Laputa, as the guest of a low-ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by the blind pursuit of science without practical results, in a satire on bureaucracy and on the Royal Society and its experiments. At the Grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi, great resources and manpower are employed on researching preposterous schemes such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers, softening marble for use in pillows, learning how to mix paint by smell, and uncovering political conspiracies by examining the excrement of suspicious persons (see muckraking). Gulliver is then taken to Maldonada, the main port of Balnibarbi, to await a trader who can take him on to Japan.

While waiting for a passage, Gulliver takes a short side-trip to the island of Glubbdubdrib which is southwest of Balnibarbi. On Glubbdubdrib, he visits a magician's dwelling and discusses history with the ghosts of historical figures, the most obvious restatement of the "ancients versus moderns" theme in the book. The ghosts include Julius Caesar, Brutus, Homer, Aristotle, René Descartes, and Pierre Gassendi.

On the island of Luggnagg, he encounters the struldbrugs, people who are immortal. They do not have the gift of eternal youth, but suffer the infirmities of old age and are considered legally dead at the age of eighty.

After reaching Japan, Gulliver asks the Emperor "to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed upon my countrymen of trampling upon the crucifix", which the Emperor does. Gulliver returns home, determined to stay there for the rest of his days.

Part IV: A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms

 
Gulliver in discussion with Houyhnhnms (1856 illustration by J.J. Grandville).
7 September 1710 – 5 December 1715

Despite his earlier intention of remaining at home, Gulliver returns to sea as the captain of a merchantman, as he is bored with his employment as a surgeon. On this voyage, he is forced to find new additions to his crew who, he believes, have turned against him. His crew then commits mutiny. After keeping him contained for some time, they resolve to leave him on the first piece of land they come across, and continue as pirates. He is abandoned in a landing boat and comes upon a race of deformed savage humanoid creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy. Shortly afterwards, he meets the Houyhnhnms, a race of talking horses. They are the rulers while the deformed creatures that resemble human beings are called Yahoos.

Some scholars have identified the relationship between the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos as a master/ slave dynamic.[6]

Gulliver becomes a member of a horse's household and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their way of life, rejecting his fellow humans as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them. However, an Assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver, a Yahoo with some semblance of reason, is a danger to their civilization and commands him to swim back to the land that he came from. Gulliver's "Master," the Houyhnhnm who took him into his household, buys him time to create a canoe to make his departure easier. After another disastrous voyage, he is rescued against his will by a Portuguese ship. He is disgusted to see that Captain Pedro de Mendez, whom he considers a Yahoo, is a wise, courteous, and generous person.

He returns to his home in England, but is unable to reconcile himself to living among "Yahoos" and becomes a recluse, remaining in his house, avoiding his family and his wife, and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables.

Composition and history

It is uncertain exactly when Swift started writing Gulliver's Travels. (Much of the writing was done at Loughry Manor in Cookstown, County Tyrone, whilst Swift stayed there.) Some sources[which?] suggest as early as 1713 when Swift, Gay, Pope, Arbuthnot and others formed the Scriblerus Club with the aim of satirising popular literary genres.[7] According to these accounts, Swift was charged with writing the memoirs of the club's imaginary author, Martinus Scriblerus, and also with satirising the "travellers' tales" literary subgenre. It is known from Swift's correspondence that the composition proper began in 1720 with the mirror-themed Parts I and II written first, Part IV next in 1723 and Part III written in 1724; but amendments were made even while Swift was writing Drapier's Letters. By August 1725 the book was complete; and as Gulliver's Travels was a transparently anti-Whig satire, it is likely that Swift had the manuscript copied so that his handwriting could not be used as evidence if a prosecution should arise, as had happened in the case of some of his Irish pamphlets (the Drapier's Letters). In March 1726 Swift travelled to London to have his work published; the manuscript was secretly delivered to the publisher Benjamin Motte, who used five printing houses to speed production and avoid piracy.[8] Motte, recognising a best-seller but fearing prosecution, cut or altered the worst offending passages (such as the descriptions of the court contests in Lilliput and the rebellion of Lindalino), added some material in defence of Queen Anne to Part II, and published it. The first edition was released in two volumes on 28 October 1726, priced at 8s. 6d.[9]

Motte published Gulliver's Travels anonymously, and as was often the way with fashionable works, several follow-ups (Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput), parodies (Two Lilliputian Odes, The first on the Famous Engine With Which Captain Gulliver extinguish'd the Palace Fire...) and "keys" (Gulliver Decipher'd and Lemuel Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World Compendiously Methodiz'd, the second by Edmund Curll who had similarly written a "key" to Swift's Tale of a Tub in 1705) were swiftly produced. These were mostly printed anonymously (or occasionally pseudonymously) and were quickly forgotten. Swift had nothing to do with them and disavowed them in Faulkner's edition of 1735. Swift's friend Alexander Pope wrote a set of five Verses on Gulliver's Travels, which Swift liked so much that he added them to the second edition of the book, though they are rarely included.

Faulkner's 1735 edition

In 1735 an Irish publisher, George Faulkner, printed a set of Swift's works, Volume III of which was Gulliver's Travels. As revealed in Faulkner's "Advertisement to the Reader", Faulkner had access to an annotated copy of Motte's work by "a friend of the author" (generally believed to be Swift's friend Charles Ford) which reproduced most of the manuscript without Motte's amendments, the original manuscript having been destroyed. It is also believed that Swift at least reviewed proofs of Faulkner's edition before printing, but this cannot be proved. Generally, this is regarded as the Editio Princeps of Gulliver's Travels with one small exception. This edition had an added piece by Swift, A letter from Capt. Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson, which complained of Motte's alterations to the original text, saying he had so much altered it that "I do hardly know mine own work" and repudiating all of Motte's changes as well as all the keys, libels, parodies, second parts and continuations that had appeared in the intervening years. This letter now forms part of many standard texts.

Lindalino

The five-paragraph episode in Part III, telling of the rebellion of the surface city of Lindalino against the flying island of Laputa, was an allegory of the affair of Drapier's Letters of which Swift was proud. Lindalino represented Dublin and the impositions of Laputa represented the British imposition of William Wood's poor-quality copper currency. Faulkner had omitted this passage, either because of political sensitivities raised by an Irish publisher printing an anti-British satire, or possibly because the text he worked from did not include the passage. In 1899 the passage was included in a new edition of the Collected Works. Modern editions derive from the Faulkner edition with the inclusion of this 1899 addendum.

Isaac Asimov notes in The Annotated Gulliver that Lindalino is generally taken to be Dublin, being composed of double lins; hence, Dublin.[10]

Major themes

 
The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver by James Gillray (1803), (satirising Napoleon Bonaparte and George III). Metropolitan Museum of Art

Gulliver's Travels has been described as a Menippean satire, a children's story, proto-science fiction and a forerunner of the modern novel.

Published seven years after Daniel Defoe's successful Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man, Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's work seems to suggest. Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes' radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands. The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous third voyage is named Robinson.

Allan Bloom asserts that Swift's lampooning of the experiments of Laputa is the first questioning by a modern liberal democrat of the effects and cost on a society which embraces and celebrates policies pursuing scientific progress.[11] Swift wrote:

The first man I saw was of a meagre aspect, with sooty hands and face, his hair and beard long, ragged, and singed in several places. His clothes, shirt, and skin, were all of the same colour. He has been eight years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which were to be put in phials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw inclement summers. He told me, he did not doubt, that, in eight years more, he should be able to supply the governor’s gardens with sunshine, at a reasonable rate: but he complained that his stock was low, and entreated me "to give him something as an encouragement to ingenuity, especially since this had been a very dear season for cucumbers". I made him a small present, for my lord had furnished me with money on purpose, because he knew their practice of begging from all who go to see them.

A possible reason for the book's classic status is that it can be seen as many things to many people. Broadly, the book has three themes:

  • A satirical view of the state of European government, and of petty differences between religions
  • An inquiry into whether people are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted
  • A restatement of the older "ancients versus moderns" controversy previously addressed by Swift in The Battle of the Books

In storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern:

  • The causes of Gulliver's misadventures become more malignant as time goes on—he is first shipwrecked, then abandoned, then attacked by strangers, then attacked by his own crew.
  • Gulliver's attitude hardens as the book progresses—he is genuinely surprised by the viciousness and politicking of the Lilliputians but finds the behaviour of the Yahoos in the fourth part reflective of the behaviour of people.
  • Each part is the reverse of the preceding part—Gulliver is big/small/wise/ignorant, the countries are complex/simple/scientific/natural, and Gulliver perceives the forms of government as worse/better/worse/better than Britain's (although Swift's opinions on this matter are unclear).
  • Gulliver's viewpoint between parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part—Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous, and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the same light; Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable, and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so.
  • No form of government is ideal—the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets infested with beggars, the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled.
  • Specific individuals may be good even where the race is bad—Gulliver finds a friend in each of his travels and, despite Gulliver's rejection and horror toward all Yahoos, is treated very well by the Portuguese captain, Don Pedro, who returns him to England at the book's end.

Of equal interest is the character of Gulliver himself—he progresses from a cheery optimist at the start of the first part to the pompous misanthrope of the book's conclusion and we may well have to filter our understanding of the work if we are to believe the final misanthrope wrote the whole work. In this sense, Gulliver's Travels is a very modern and complex work. There are subtle shifts throughout the book, such as when Gulliver begins to see all humans, not just those in Houyhnhnm-land, as Yahoos.[12]

Throughout, Gulliver is presented as being gullible. He generally accepts what he is told at face value; he rarely perceives deeper meanings; and he is an honest man who expects others to be honest. This makes for fun and irony: what Gulliver says can be trusted to be accurate, and he does not always understand the meaning of what he perceives.

Also, although Gulliver is presented as a commonplace "everyman" with only a basic education, he possesses a remarkable natural gift for language. He quickly becomes fluent in the native tongues of the strange lands in which he finds himself, a literary device that adds verisimilitude and humour to Swift's work.

Despite the depth and subtlety of the book, as well as frequent off-colour and black humour, it is often classified as a children's story because of the popularity of the Lilliput section (frequently bowdlerised) as a book for children. Indeed, many adaptations of the story are squarely aimed at a young audience, and one can still buy books entitled Gulliver's Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage, and occasionally the Brobdingnag section.

Misogyny

Although Swift is often accused of misogyny in this work, many scholars believe Gulliver's blatant misogyny to be intentional, and that Swift uses satire to openly mock misogyny throughout the book. One of the most cited examples of this comes from Gulliver's description of a Brobdingnagian woman:

I must confess no Object ever disgusted me so much as the Sight of her monstrous Breast, which I cannot tell what to compare with, so as to give the curious Reader an Idea of its Bulk, Shape, and Colour.... This made me reflect upon the fair Skins of our English Ladies, who appear so beautiful to us, only because they are of our own Size, and their Defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass....

This open critique towards aspects of the female body is something that Swift often brings up in other works of his, particularly in poems such as The Lady's Dressing Room and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going To Bed.[13]

A criticism of Swift's use of misogyny by Felicity A. Nussbaum proposes the idea that "Gulliver himself is a gendered object of satire, and his antifeminist sentiments may be among those mocked". Gulliver’s own masculinity is often mocked, seen in how he is made to be a coward among the Brobdingnag people, repressed by the people of Lilliput, and viewed as an inferior Yahoo among the Houyhnhnms.[12]

Nussbaum goes on to say in her analysis of the misogyny of the stories that in the adventures, particularly in the first story, the satire isn't singularly focused on satirizing women, but to satirize Gulliver himself as a politically naive and inept giant whose masculine authority comically seems to be in jeopardy.[14]

Another criticism of Swift's use of misogyny delves into Gulliver's repeated use of the word 'nauseous', and the way that Gulliver is fighting his emasculation by commenting on how he thinks the women of Brobdingnag are disgusting.

Swift has Gulliver frequently invoke the sensory (as opposed to reflective) word "nauseous" to describe this and other magnified images in Brobdingnag not only to reveal the neurotic depths of Gulliver's misogyny, but also to show how male nausea can be used as a pathetic countermeasure against the perceived threat of female consumption. Swift has Gulliver associate these magnified acts of female consumption with the act of "throwing-up"—the opposite of and antidote to the act of gastronomic consumption.[15]

This commentary of Deborah Needleman Armintor relies upon the way that the giant women do with Gulliver as they please, in much the same way as one might play with a toy, and get it to do everything one can think of. Armintor's comparison focuses on the pocket microscopes that were popular in Swift's time. She talks about how this instrument of science was transitioned to something toy-like and accessible, so it shifted into something that women favored, and thus men lost interest. This is similar to the progression of Gulliver's time in Brobdingnag, from man of science to women's plaything.

Comic misanthropy

Misanthropy is a theme that scholars have identified in Gulliver's Travels. Arthur Case, R.S. Crane, and Edward Stone discuss Gulliver's development of misanthropy and come to the consensus that this theme ought to be viewed as comical rather than cynical.[16][17][18]

In terms of Gulliver's development of misanthropy, these three scholars point to the fourth voyage. According to Case, Gulliver is at first averse to identifying with the Yahoos, but, after he deems the Houyhnhnms superior, he comes to believe that humans (including his fellow Europeans) are Yahoos due to their shortcomings. Perceiving the Houyhnhnms as perfect, Gulliver thus begins to perceive himself and the rest of humanity as imperfect.[16] According to Crane, when Gulliver develops his misanthropic mindset, he becomes ashamed of humans and views them more in line with animals.[17] This new perception of Gulliver's, Stone claims, comes about because the Houyhnhnms' judgement pushes Gulliver to identify with the Yahoos.[18] Along similar lines, Crane holds that Gulliver's misanthropy is developed in part when he talks to the Houyhnhnms about mankind because the discussions lead him to reflect on his previously held notion of humanity. Specifically, Gulliver’s master, who is a Houyhnhnm, provides questions and commentary that contribute to Gulliver’s reflectiveness and subsequent development of misanthropy.[17] However, Case points out that Gulliver's dwindling opinion of humans may be blown out of proportion due to the fact that he is no longer able to see the good qualities that humans are capable of possessing. Gulliver’s new view of humanity, then, creates his repulsive attitude towards his fellow humans after leaving Houyhnhnmland.[16] But in Stone's view, Gulliver’s actions and attitude upon his return can be interpreted as misanthropy that is exaggerated for comic effect rather than for a cynical effect. Stone further suggests that Gulliver goes mentally mad and believes that this is what leads Gulliver to exaggerate the shortcomings of humankind.[18]

Another aspect that Crane attributes to Gulliver’s development of misanthropy is that when in Houyhnhnmland, it is the animal-like beings (the Houyhnhnms) who exhibit reason and the human-like beings (the Yahoos) who seem devoid of reason; Crane argues that it is this switch from Gulliver’s perceived norm that leads the way for him to question his view of humanity. As a result, Gulliver begins to identify humans as a type of Yahoo. To this point, Crane brings up the fact that a traditional definition of man—Homo est animal rationale (Humans are rational animals)—was prominent in academia around Swift's time. Furthermore, Crane argues that Swift had to study this type of logic (see Porphyrian Tree) in college, so it is highly likely that he intentionally inverted this logic by placing the typically given example of irrational beings—horses—in the place of humans and vice versa.[17]

Stone points out that Gulliver's Travels takes a cue from the genre of the travel book, which was popular during Swift's time period. From reading travel books, Swift’s contemporaries were accustomed to beast-like figures of foreign places; thus, Stone holds that the creation of the Yahoos was not out of the ordinary for the time period. From this playing off of familiar genre expectations, Stone deduces that the parallels that Swift draws between the Yahoos and humans is meant to be humorous rather than cynical. Even though Gulliver sees Yahoos and humans as if they are one and the same, Stone argues that Swift did not intend for readers to take on Gulliver’s view; Stone states that the Yahoos' behaviors and characteristics that set them apart from humans further supports the notion that Gulliver's identification with Yahoos is not meant to be taken to heart. Thus, Stone sees Gulliver’s perceived superiority of the Houyhnhnms and subsequent misanthropy as features that Swift used to employ the satirical and humorous elements characteristic of the Beast Fables of travel books that were popular with his contemporaries; as Swift did, these Beast Fables placed animals above humans in terms of morals and reason, but they were not meant to be taken literally.[18]

Character analysis

Pedro de Mendez is the name of the Portuguese captain who rescues Gulliver in Book IV. When Gulliver is forced to leave the Island of the Houyhnhnms, his plan is "to discover some small Island uninhabited" where he can live in solitude. Instead, he is picked up by Don Pedro's crew. Despite Gulliver's appearance—he is dressed in skins and speaks like a horse—Don Pedro treats him compassionately and returns him to Lisbon.

Though Don Pedro appears only briefly, he has become an important figure in the debate between so-called soft school and hard school readers of Gulliver's Travels. Some critics contend that Gulliver is a target of Swift's satire and that Don Pedro represents an ideal of human kindness and generosity. Gulliver believes humans are similar to Yahoos in the sense that they make "no other use of reason, than to improve and multiply ... vices".[19]Swift, Jonathan (2009). Rawson, Claude (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. W. W. Norton. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-393-93065-8.</ref> Captain Pedro provides a contrast to Gulliver's reasoning, proving humans are able to reason, be kind, and most of all: civilized. Gulliver sees the bleak fallenness at the center of human nature, and Don Pedro is merely a minor character who, in Gulliver's words, is "an Animal which had some little Portion of Reason".[20]

Political allusions

While we cannot make assumptions about Swift’s intentions, part of what makes his writing so engaging throughout time is speculating the various political allusions within it. These allusions tend to go in and out of style, but here are some of the common (or merely interesting) allusions asserted by Swiftian scholars. Part I is probably responsible for the greatest number of political allusions, ranging from consistent allegory to minute comparisons. One of the most commonly noted parallels is that the wars between Lilliput and Blefuscu resemble those between England and France.[21] The enmity between the low heels and the high heels is often interpreted as a parody of the Whigs and Tories, and the character referred to as Flimnap is often interpreted as an allusion to Sir Robert Walpole, a British statesman and Whig politician who Swift had a personally turbulent relationship with.

In Part III, the grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi resembles and satirizes the Royal Society, which Swift was openly critical of. Furthermore, "A. E. Case, acting on a tipoff offered by the word 'projectors,' found [the Academy] to be the hiding place of many of those speculators implicated in the South Sea Bubble."[22] According to Treadwell, however, these implications extend beyond the speculators of the South Sea Bubble to include the many projectors of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century England, including Swift himself. Not only is Swift satirizing the role of the projector in contemporary English politics, which he dabbled in during his younger years, but the role of the satirist, whose goals align with that of a projector: "The less obvious corollary of that word [projector] is that it must include the poor deluded satirist himself, since satire is, in its very essence, the wildest of all projects - a scheme to reform the world."[22]

Ann Kelly describes Part IV of The Travels and the Yahoo-Houyhnhnm relationship as an allusion to that of the Irish and the British: "The term that Swift uses to describe the oppression in both Ireland and Houyhnhnmland is 'slavery'; this is not an accidental word choice, for Swift was well aware of the complicated moral and philosophical questions raised by the emotional designation 'slavery.' The misery of the Irish in the early eighteenth century shocked Swift and all others who witnessed it; the hopeless passivity of the people in this desolate land made it seem as if both the minds and bodies of the Irish were enslaved."[23] Kelly goes on to write: "Throughout the Irish tracts and poems, Swift continually vacillates as to whether the Irish are servile because of some defect within their character or whether their sordid condition is the result of a calculated policy from without to reduce them to brutishness. Although no one has done so, similar questions could be asked about the Yahoos, who are slaves to the Houyhnhnms." However, Kelly does not suggest a wholesale equivalence between Irish and Yahoos, which would be reductive and omit the various other layers of satire at work in this section.

Language

In his annotated edition of the book published in 1980, Isaac Asimov claims that "making sense out of the words and phrases introduced by Swift...is a waste of time," and these words were invented nonsense. However, Irving Rothman, a professor at University of Houston, points out that the language may have been derived from Hebrew, which Swift had studied at Trinity College Dublin.[24]

Reception

The book was very popular upon release and was commonly discussed within social circles.[25] Public reception widely varied, with the book receiving an initially enthusiastic reaction with readers praising its satire, and some reporting that the satire's cleverness sounded like a realistic account of a man's travels.[26] James Beattie commended Swift’s work for its "truth" regarding the narration and claims that "the statesman, the philosopher, and the critick, will admire his keenness of satire, energy of description, and vivacity of language", noting that even children can enjoy the novel.[27] As popularity increased, critics came to appreciate the deeper aspects of Gulliver’s Travels. It became known for its insightful take on morality, expanding its reputation beyond just humorous satire.[26]

Despite its initial positive reception, the book faced backlash. Viscount Bolingbroke, a friend of Swift and one of the first critics of the book, criticised the author for his overt use of misanthropy.[26] Other negative responses to the book also looked towards its portrayal of humanity, which was considered inaccurate. Swifts’s peers rejected the book on claims that its themes of misanthropy were harmful and offensive. They criticized its satire for exceeding what was deemed acceptable and appropriate, including the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos’s similarities to humans.[27] There was also controversy surrounding the political allegories. Readers enjoyed the political references, finding them humorous. However, members of the Whig party were offended, believing that Swift mocked their politics.[26]

British novelist and journalist William Makepeace Thackeray described Swift's work as "blasphemous", saying its critical view of mankind was ludicrous and overly harsh. He concluded that he could not understand the origins of Swift’s critiques on humanity.[27]

Cultural influences

Main article: Cultural influence of Gulliver's Travels
 
Gulliver and a giant, a painting by Tadeusz Pruszkowski (National Museum in Warsaw).

The term Lilliputian has entered many languages as an adjective meaning "small and delicate". There is a brand of small cigar called Lilliput, and a series of collectable model houses known as "Lilliput Lane". The smallest light bulb fitting (5 mm diameter) in the Edison screw series is called the "Lilliput Edison screw". In Dutch and Czech, the words Lilliputter and lilipután, respectively, are used for adults shorter than 1.30 meters. Conversely, Brobdingnagian appears in the Oxford English Dictionary as a synonym for very large or gigantic.

In like vein, the term yahoo is often encountered as a synonym for ruffian or thug. In the Oxford English Dictionary it is defined as "a rude, noisy, or violent person" and its origins attributed to Swift's Gulliver's Travels.[28]

In the discipline of computer architecture, the terms big-endian and little-endian are used to describe two possible ways of laying out bytes of data in computer memory. The terms derive from one of the satirical conflicts in the book, in which two religious sects of Lilliputians are divided between those who crack open their soft-boiled eggs from the little end, the "Little-endians", and those who use the big end, the "Big-endians". The nomenclature was chosen as an irony, since the choice of which byte-order method to use is technically trivial (both are equally good), but actually still important: systems which do it one way are thus incompatible with those that do it the other way, and so it shouldn't be left to each individual designer's choice, resulting in a "holy war" over a triviality.[29]

It has been pointed out that the long and vicious war which started after a disagreement about which was the best end to break an egg is an example of the narcissism of small differences, a term Sigmund Freud coined in the early 1900s.[30]

In other works

Many sequels followed the initial publishing of the Travels. The earliest of these was the anonymously authored Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput,[31] published 1727, which expands the account of Gulliver's stays in Lilliput and Blefuscu by adding several gossipy anecdotes about scandalous episodes at the Lilliputian court. Abbé Pierre Desfontaines, the first French translator of Swift's story, wrote a sequel, Le Nouveau Gulliver ou Voyages de Jean Gulliver, fils du capitaine Lemuel Gulliver (The New Gulliver, or the travels of John Gulliver, son of Captain Lemuel Gulliver), published in 1730.[32] Gulliver's son has various fantastic, satirical adventures.

Adaptations

 
Comic book cover by Lilian Chesney

Film

Television

Radio

Bibliography

Editions

The standard edition of Jonathan Swift's prose works as of 2005 is the Prose Writings in 16 volumes, edited by Herbert Davis et al.[34]

  • Swift, Jonathan Gulliver's Travels (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2008) ISBN 978-0141439495. Edited with an introduction and notes by Robert DeMaria Jr. The copytext is based on the 1726 edition with emendations and additions from later texts and manuscripts.
  • Swift, Jonathan Gulliver's Travels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) ISBN 978-0192805348. Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins. Essentially based on the same text as the Essential Writings listed below with expanded notes and an introduction, although it lacks the selection of criticism.
  • Swift, Jonathan The Essential Writings of Jonathan Swift (New York: W.W. Norton, 2009) ISBN 978-0393930658. Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins. This title contains the major works of Swift in full, including Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Tale of a Tub, Directions to Servants and many other poetic and prose works. Also included is a selection of contextual material, and criticism from Orwell to Rawson. The text of GT is taken from Faulkner's 1735 edition.
  • Swift, Jonathan Gulliver's Travels (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001) ISBN 0393957241. Edited by Albert J. Rivero. Based on the 1726 text, with some adopted emendations from later corrections and editions. Also includes a selection of contextual material, letters, and criticism.

See also

References

  1. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2003). DeMaria, Robert J (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. Penguin. p. xi. ISBN 9780141439495.
  2. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2009). Rawson, Claude (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. W. W. Norton. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-393-93065-8.
  3. ^ Gay, John (17 November 1726). "Letter to Jonathan Swift". Communion Arts Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  4. ^ "The 100 best novels written in English: the full list". The Guardian. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  5. ^ Case, Arthur E. (1945). "The Geography and Chronology of Gulliver's Travels". Four Essays on Gulliver's Travels. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  6. ^ Kelly, Ann Cline (1976). "Swift's Explorations of Slavery in Houyhnhnmland and Ireland". PMLA. 91 (5): 846–855. doi:10.2307/461560. JSTOR 461560. S2CID 163799730.
  7. ^ Ehrenpreis, Irvin (December 1957). "The Origins of Gulliver's Travels". PMLA. 72 (5): 880–899. doi:10.2307/460368. JSTOR 460368. S2CID 164044839.
  8. ^ Probyn, Clive (2004) "Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press: Oxford. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26833
  9. ^ Daily Journal 28 Oct 1726, "This day is published".
  10. ^ Swift, Jonathan (1980). Isaac Asimov (ed.). The Annotated Gulliver's Travels. New York: Clarkson N Potter Inc. p. 160. ISBN 0-517-539497.
  11. ^ Bloom, Allan (1990). Giants and Dwarfs: An Outline of Gulliver's Travels. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 47–51. ISBN 9780671707774.
  12. ^ a b Swift, Jonathan (1994). Gulliver's travels : complete, authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts, critical history, and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives. Fox, Christopher. Boston. ISBN 978-0312066659. OCLC 31794911.
  13. ^ Rogers, Katharine M. (1959). "'My Female Friends': The Misogyny of Jonathan Swift". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 1 (3): 366–79. JSTOR 40753638.
  14. ^ Swift, Jonathan (1995). Gulliver's travels : complete, authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts, critical history, and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives. Fox, Christopher. Boston. ISBN 0-312-10284-4. OCLC 31794911.
  15. ^ Armintor, Deborah Needleman (2007). "The Sexual Politics of Microscopy in Brobdingnag". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 47 (3): 619–40. doi:10.1353/sel.2007.0022. JSTOR 4625129. S2CID 154298114.
  16. ^ a b c Case, Arthur E. (1961). "From 'The Significance of Gulliver's Travels.'". In Milton P. Foster (ed.). A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. 139–47.
  17. ^ a b c d Crane, R.S. (1968). "The Houyhnhnms, the Yahoos, and the History of Ideas". In Frank Brady (ed.). Twentieth Century Interpretations of Gulliver's Travels: A Collection of Critical Essays. T Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall. pp. 80–88. ISBN 9780133715675.
  18. ^ a b c d Stone, Edward (1961). "Swift and the Horses: Misanthropy or Comedy?". In Milton P. Foster (ed.). A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms. T Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. 180–92.
  19. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2003). DeMaria, Robert J (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. Penguin. p. xi. ISBN 9780141439495.
  20. ^ Clifford, James (1974) "Gulliver's Fourth Voyage: 'hard' and 'soft' Schools of Interpretation". Quick Springs of Sense: Studies in the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Larry Champion. Athens: U of Georgia Press. pp. 33–49. ISBN 9780820303130
  21. ^ Harth, Phillip (May 1976). "The Problem of Political Allegory in "Gulliver's Travels"". Modern Philology. 73 (4, Part 2): S40–S47. doi:10.1086/390691. S2CID 154047160.
  22. ^ a b Treadwell, J. M. (1975). "Jonathan Swift: The Satirist as Projector". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 17 (2): 439–460. JSTOR 40754389.
  23. ^ Kelly, Ann Cline (October 1976). "Swift's Explorations of Slavery in Houyhnhnmland and Ireland". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 91 (5): 846–855. doi:10.2307/461560. JSTOR 461560. S2CID 163799730.
  24. ^ The Lilliputians in Swift's Gulliver's Travels may have been speaking Hebrew, Jerusalem Post
  25. ^ Wiener, Gary, ed. (2000). "The Enthusiastic Reception of Gulliver's Travels". Readings on Gulliver's Travels. Greenhaven Press. pp. 57–65. ISBN 978-0737703429.
  26. ^ a b c d Gerace, Mary. (1967) "The Reputation of 'Gulliver’s Travels' in the Eighteenth Century". University of Windsor.
  27. ^ a b c Lund, Roger D. (2006) Johnathan Swift’s Gulliver's Travels: A Routledge Study Guide. Routledge.
  28. ^ . Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013.
  29. ^ Cohen, Danny. "On Holy Wars And A Plea For Peace". RFC Editor. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  30. ^ O’Toole, Fintan (16 March 2016) Pathological narcissism stymies Fianna Fáil support for Fine Gael, The Irish Times,
  31. ^ "Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput". J. Roberts. 1727.
  32. ^ l'abbé), Desfontaines (Pierre-François Guyot, M.; Swift, Jonathan (1730). "Le nouveau Gulliver: ou, Voyage de Jean Gulliver, fils du capitaine Gulliver". La veuve Clouzier.
  33. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Jonathan Swift - Gulliver's Travels, 3 The Voyage to Laputa". BBC. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  34. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2005). Rawson, Claude; Higgins, Ian (eds.). Gulliver's Travels (New ed.). Oxford. p. xlviii. ISBN 0192805347.

External links

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Gulliver's Travels
 
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Digital editions
  • Gulliver's Travels at Standard Ebooks
  • Gulliver's Travels at Project Gutenberg (1727 ed.)
  • Gulliver's Travels at Project Gutenberg (1900 ed.; with illustrations)
  •   Gulliver's Travels public domain audiobook at LibriVox
  • Gulliver's Travels at the Internet Archive

January 20, 2023
gulliver, travels, other, uses, disambiguation, travels, into, several, remote, nations, world, four, parts, lemuel, gulliver, first, surgeon, then, captain, several, ships, 1726, prose, satire, anglo, irish, writer, clergyman, jonathan, swift, satirising, bot. For other uses see Gulliver s Travels disambiguation Gulliver s Travels or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts By Lemuel Gulliver First a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several Ships is a 1726 prose satire 1 2 by the Anglo Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift satirising both human nature and the travellers tales literary subgenre It is Swift s best known full length work and a classic of English literature Swift claimed that he wrote Gulliver s Travels to vex the world rather than divert it Gulliver s TravelsFirst edition of Gulliver s TravelsAuthorJonathan SwiftOriginal titleTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts By Lemuel Gulliver First a Surgeon and then a Captain of Several ShipsCountryEnglandLanguageEnglishGenreSatire fantasyPublisherBenjamin MottePublication date28 October 1726 296 years ago 1726 10 28 Media typePrintDewey Decimal823 5TextGulliver s Travels at WikisourceThe book was an immediate success The English dramatist John Gay remarked It is universally read from the cabinet council to the nursery 3 In 2015 Robert McCrum released his selection list of 100 best novels of all time where he called Gulliver s Travels a satirical masterpiece 4 Contents 1 Plot 1 1 Part I A Voyage to Lilliput 1 2 Part II A Voyage to Brobdingnag 1 3 Part III A Voyage to Laputa Balnibarbi Luggnagg Glubbdubdrib and Japan 1 4 Part IV A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms 2 Composition and history 2 1 Faulkner s 1735 edition 2 2 Lindalino 3 Major themes 3 1 Misogyny 3 2 Comic misanthropy 3 3 Character analysis 3 4 Political allusions 4 Language 5 Reception 6 Cultural influences 6 1 In other works 7 Adaptations 7 1 Film 7 2 Television 7 3 Radio 8 Bibliography 8 1 Editions 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksPlot Edit Locations visited by Gulliver according to Arthur Ellicott Case Case contends that the maps in the published text were drawn by someone who did not follow Swift s geographical descriptions to correct this he makes changes such as placing Lilliput to the east of Australia instead of the west 5 Part I A Voyage to Lilliput Edit Mural depicting Gulliver surrounded by citizens of Lilliput The travel begins with a short preamble in which Lemuel Gulliver gives a brief outline of his life and history before his voyages 4 May 1699 13 April 1702During his first voyage Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and finds himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people less than 6 inches 15 cm tall who are inhabitants of the island country of Lilliput After giving assurances of his good behaviour he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the Lilliput Royal Court He is also given permission by the King of Lilliput to go around the city on condition that he must not hurt their subjects At first the Lilliputians are hospitable to Gulliver but they are also wary of the threat that his size poses to them The Lilliputians reveal themselves to be a people who put great emphasis on trivial matters For example which end of an egg a person cracks becomes the basis of a deep political rift within that nation They are a people who revel in displays of authority and performances of power Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbours the Blefuscudians by stealing their fleet However he refuses to reduce the island nation of Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput displeasing the King and the royal court Gulliver is charged with treason for among other crimes urinating in the capital though he was putting out a fire He is convicted and sentenced to be blinded With the assistance of a kind friend a considerable person at court he escapes to Blefuscu Here he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship which safely takes him back home with some Lilliputian animals he carries with him Part II A Voyage to Brobdingnag Edit Gulliver exhibited to the Brobdingnag Farmer painting by Richard Redgrave 20 June 1702 3 June 1706Gulliver soon sets out again When the sailing ship Adventure is blown off course by storms and forced to sail for land in search of fresh water Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and left on a peninsula on the western coast of the North American continent The grass of Brobdingnag is as tall as a tree He is then found by a farmer who is about 72 ft 22 m tall judging from Gulliver estimating the man s step being 10 yards 9 m The giant farmer brings Gulliver home and his daughter Glumdalclitch cares for Gulliver The farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money After a while the constant display makes Gulliver sick and the farmer sells him to the queen of the realm Glumdalclitch who accompanied her father while exhibiting Gulliver is taken into the queen s service to take care of the tiny man Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs beds knives and forks the queen commissions a small house to be built for him so that he can be carried around in it this is referred to as his travelling box Between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey he discusses the state of Europe with the King of Brobdingnag The king is not happy with Gulliver s accounts of Europe especially upon learning of the use of guns and cannon On a trip to the seaside his traveling box is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box into the sea where he is picked up by sailors who return him to England Part III A Voyage to Laputa Balnibarbi Luggnagg Glubbdubdrib and Japan Edit Gulliver discovers Laputa the floating flying island illustration by J J Grandville See also Floating cities and islands in fiction 5 August 1706 16 April 1710Setting out again Gulliver s ship is attacked by pirates and he is marooned close to a desolate rocky island near India He is rescued by the flying island of Laputa a kingdom devoted to the arts of music mathematics and astronomy but unable to use them for practical ends Rather than using armies Laputa has a custom of throwing rocks down at rebellious cities on the ground Gulliver tours Balnibarbi the kingdom ruled from Laputa as the guest of a low ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by the blind pursuit of science without practical results in a satire on bureaucracy and on the Royal Society and its experiments At the Grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi great resources and manpower are employed on researching preposterous schemes such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers softening marble for use in pillows learning how to mix paint by smell and uncovering political conspiracies by examining the excrement of suspicious persons see muckraking Gulliver is then taken to Maldonada the main port of Balnibarbi to await a trader who can take him on to Japan While waiting for a passage Gulliver takes a short side trip to the island of Glubbdubdrib which is southwest of Balnibarbi On Glubbdubdrib he visits a magician s dwelling and discusses history with the ghosts of historical figures the most obvious restatement of the ancients versus moderns theme in the book The ghosts include Julius Caesar Brutus Homer Aristotle Rene Descartes and Pierre Gassendi On the island of Luggnagg he encounters the struldbrugs people who are immortal They do not have the gift of eternal youth but suffer the infirmities of old age and are considered legally dead at the age of eighty After reaching Japan Gulliver asks the Emperor to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed upon my countrymen of trampling upon the crucifix which the Emperor does Gulliver returns home determined to stay there for the rest of his days Part IV A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms Edit Gulliver in discussion with Houyhnhnms 1856 illustration by J J Grandville 7 September 1710 5 December 1715Despite his earlier intention of remaining at home Gulliver returns to sea as the captain of a merchantman as he is bored with his employment as a surgeon On this voyage he is forced to find new additions to his crew who he believes have turned against him His crew then commits mutiny After keeping him contained for some time they resolve to leave him on the first piece of land they come across and continue as pirates He is abandoned in a landing boat and comes upon a race of deformed savage humanoid creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy Shortly afterwards he meets the Houyhnhnms a race of talking horses They are the rulers while the deformed creatures that resemble human beings are called Yahoos Some scholars have identified the relationship between the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos as a master slave dynamic 6 Gulliver becomes a member of a horse s household and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their way of life rejecting his fellow humans as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them However an Assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver a Yahoo with some semblance of reason is a danger to their civilization and commands him to swim back to the land that he came from Gulliver s Master the Houyhnhnm who took him into his household buys him time to create a canoe to make his departure easier After another disastrous voyage he is rescued against his will by a Portuguese ship He is disgusted to see that Captain Pedro de Mendez whom he considers a Yahoo is a wise courteous and generous person He returns to his home in England but is unable to reconcile himself to living among Yahoos and becomes a recluse remaining in his house avoiding his family and his wife and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables Composition and history EditIt is uncertain exactly when Swift started writing Gulliver s Travels Much of the writing was done at Loughry Manor in Cookstown County Tyrone whilst Swift stayed there Some sources which suggest as early as 1713 when Swift Gay Pope Arbuthnot and others formed the Scriblerus Club with the aim of satirising popular literary genres 7 According to these accounts Swift was charged with writing the memoirs of the club s imaginary author Martinus Scriblerus and also with satirising the travellers tales literary subgenre It is known from Swift s correspondence that the composition proper began in 1720 with the mirror themed Parts I and II written first Part IV next in 1723 and Part III written in 1724 but amendments were made even while Swift was writing Drapier s Letters By August 1725 the book was complete and as Gulliver s Travels was a transparently anti Whig satire it is likely that Swift had the manuscript copied so that his handwriting could not be used as evidence if a prosecution should arise as had happened in the case of some of his Irish pamphlets the Drapier s Letters In March 1726 Swift travelled to London to have his work published the manuscript was secretly delivered to the publisher Benjamin Motte who used five printing houses to speed production and avoid piracy 8 Motte recognising a best seller but fearing prosecution cut or altered the worst offending passages such as the descriptions of the court contests in Lilliput and the rebellion of Lindalino added some material in defence of Queen Anne to Part II and published it The first edition was released in two volumes on 28 October 1726 priced at 8s 6d 9 Motte published Gulliver s Travels anonymously and as was often the way with fashionable works several follow ups Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput parodies Two Lilliputian Odes The first on the Famous Engine With Which Captain Gulliver extinguish d the Palace Fire and keys Gulliver Decipher d and Lemuel Gulliver s Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World Compendiously Methodiz d the second by Edmund Curll who had similarly written a key to Swift s Tale of a Tub in 1705 were swiftly produced These were mostly printed anonymously or occasionally pseudonymously and were quickly forgotten Swift had nothing to do with them and disavowed them in Faulkner s edition of 1735 Swift s friend Alexander Pope wrote a set of five Verses on Gulliver s Travels which Swift liked so much that he added them to the second edition of the book though they are rarely included Faulkner s 1735 edition Edit In 1735 an Irish publisher George Faulkner printed a set of Swift s works Volume III of which was Gulliver s Travels As revealed in Faulkner s Advertisement to the Reader Faulkner had access to an annotated copy of Motte s work by a friend of the author generally believed to be Swift s friend Charles Ford which reproduced most of the manuscript without Motte s amendments the original manuscript having been destroyed It is also believed that Swift at least reviewed proofs of Faulkner s edition before printing but this cannot be proved Generally this is regarded as the Editio Princeps of Gulliver s Travels with one small exception This edition had an added piece by Swift A letter from Capt Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson which complained of Motte s alterations to the original text saying he had so much altered it that I do hardly know mine own work and repudiating all of Motte s changes as well as all the keys libels parodies second parts and continuations that had appeared in the intervening years This letter now forms part of many standard texts Lindalino Edit The five paragraph episode in Part III telling of the rebellion of the surface city of Lindalino against the flying island of Laputa was an allegory of the affair of Drapier s Letters of which Swift was proud Lindalino represented Dublin and the impositions of Laputa represented the British imposition of William Wood s poor quality copper currency Faulkner had omitted this passage either because of political sensitivities raised by an Irish publisher printing an anti British satire or possibly because the text he worked from did not include the passage In 1899 the passage was included in a new edition of the Collected Works Modern editions derive from the Faulkner edition with the inclusion of this 1899 addendum Isaac Asimov notes in The Annotated Gulliver that Lindalino is generally taken to be Dublin being composed of double lins hence Dublin 10 Major themes EditThis section is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver by James Gillray 1803 satirising Napoleon Bonaparte and George III Metropolitan Museum of Art Gulliver s Travels has been described as a Menippean satire a children s story proto science fiction and a forerunner of the modern novel Published seven years after Daniel Defoe s successful Robinson Crusoe Gulliver s Travels may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe s optimistic account of human capability In The Unthinkable Swift The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society as Defoe s work seems to suggest Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous third voyage is named Robinson Allan Bloom asserts that Swift s lampooning of the experiments of Laputa is the first questioning by a modern liberal democrat of the effects and cost on a society which embraces and celebrates policies pursuing scientific progress 11 Swift wrote The first man I saw was of a meagre aspect with sooty hands and face his hair and beard long ragged and singed in several places His clothes shirt and skin were all of the same colour He has been eight years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers which were to be put in phials hermetically sealed and let out to warm the air in raw inclement summers He told me he did not doubt that in eight years more he should be able to supply the governor s gardens with sunshine at a reasonable rate but he complained that his stock was low and entreated me to give him something as an encouragement to ingenuity especially since this had been a very dear season for cucumbers I made him a small present for my lord had furnished me with money on purpose because he knew their practice of begging from all who go to see them A possible reason for the book s classic status is that it can be seen as many things to many people Broadly the book has three themes A satirical view of the state of European government and of petty differences between religions An inquiry into whether people are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted A restatement of the older ancients versus moderns controversy previously addressed by Swift in The Battle of the BooksIn storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern The causes of Gulliver s misadventures become more malignant as time goes on he is first shipwrecked then abandoned then attacked by strangers then attacked by his own crew Gulliver s attitude hardens as the book progresses he is genuinely surprised by the viciousness and politicking of the Lilliputians but finds the behaviour of the Yahoos in the fourth part reflective of the behaviour of people Each part is the reverse of the preceding part Gulliver is big small wise ignorant the countries are complex simple scientific natural and Gulliver perceives the forms of government as worse better worse better than Britain s although Swift s opinions on this matter are unclear Gulliver s viewpoint between parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the same light Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so No form of government is ideal the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets infested with beggars the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled Specific individuals may be good even where the race is bad Gulliver finds a friend in each of his travels and despite Gulliver s rejection and horror toward all Yahoos is treated very well by the Portuguese captain Don Pedro who returns him to England at the book s end Of equal interest is the character of Gulliver himself he progresses from a cheery optimist at the start of the first part to the pompous misanthrope of the book s conclusion and we may well have to filter our understanding of the work if we are to believe the final misanthrope wrote the whole work In this sense Gulliver s Travels is a very modern and complex work There are subtle shifts throughout the book such as when Gulliver begins to see all humans not just those in Houyhnhnm land as Yahoos 12 Throughout Gulliver is presented as being gullible He generally accepts what he is told at face value he rarely perceives deeper meanings and he is an honest man who expects others to be honest This makes for fun and irony what Gulliver says can be trusted to be accurate and he does not always understand the meaning of what he perceives Also although Gulliver is presented as a commonplace everyman with only a basic education he possesses a remarkable natural gift for language He quickly becomes fluent in the native tongues of the strange lands in which he finds himself a literary device that adds verisimilitude and humour to Swift s work Despite the depth and subtlety of the book as well as frequent off colour and black humour it is often classified as a children s story because of the popularity of the Lilliput section frequently bowdlerised as a book for children Indeed many adaptations of the story are squarely aimed at a young audience and one can still buy books entitled Gulliver s Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage and occasionally the Brobdingnag section Misogyny Edit Although Swift is often accused of misogyny in this work many scholars believe Gulliver s blatant misogyny to be intentional and that Swift uses satire to openly mock misogyny throughout the book One of the most cited examples of this comes from Gulliver s description of a Brobdingnagian woman I must confess no Object ever disgusted me so much as the Sight of her monstrous Breast which I cannot tell what to compare with so as to give the curious Reader an Idea of its Bulk Shape and Colour This made me reflect upon the fair Skins of our English Ladies who appear so beautiful to us only because they are of our own Size and their Defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass This open critique towards aspects of the female body is something that Swift often brings up in other works of his particularly in poems such as The Lady s Dressing Room and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going To Bed 13 A criticism of Swift s use of misogyny by Felicity A Nussbaum proposes the idea that Gulliver himself is a gendered object of satire and his antifeminist sentiments may be among those mocked Gulliver s own masculinity is often mocked seen in how he is made to be a coward among the Brobdingnag people repressed by the people of Lilliput and viewed as an inferior Yahoo among the Houyhnhnms 12 Nussbaum goes on to say in her analysis of the misogyny of the stories that in the adventures particularly in the first story the satire isn t singularly focused on satirizing women but to satirize Gulliver himself as a politically naive and inept giant whose masculine authority comically seems to be in jeopardy 14 Another criticism of Swift s use of misogyny delves into Gulliver s repeated use of the word nauseous and the way that Gulliver is fighting his emasculation by commenting on how he thinks the women of Brobdingnag are disgusting Swift has Gulliver frequently invoke the sensory as opposed to reflective word nauseous to describe this and other magnified images in Brobdingnag not only to reveal the neurotic depths of Gulliver s misogyny but also to show how male nausea can be used as a pathetic countermeasure against the perceived threat of female consumption Swift has Gulliver associate these magnified acts of female consumption with the act of throwing up the opposite of and antidote to the act of gastronomic consumption 15 This commentary of Deborah Needleman Armintor relies upon the way that the giant women do with Gulliver as they please in much the same way as one might play with a toy and get it to do everything one can think of Armintor s comparison focuses on the pocket microscopes that were popular in Swift s time She talks about how this instrument of science was transitioned to something toy like and accessible so it shifted into something that women favored and thus men lost interest This is similar to the progression of Gulliver s time in Brobdingnag from man of science to women s plaything Comic misanthropy Edit Misanthropy is a theme that scholars have identified in Gulliver s Travels Arthur Case R S Crane and Edward Stone discuss Gulliver s development of misanthropy and come to the consensus that this theme ought to be viewed as comical rather than cynical 16 17 18 In terms of Gulliver s development of misanthropy these three scholars point to the fourth voyage According to Case Gulliver is at first averse to identifying with the Yahoos but after he deems the Houyhnhnms superior he comes to believe that humans including his fellow Europeans are Yahoos due to their shortcomings Perceiving the Houyhnhnms as perfect Gulliver thus begins to perceive himself and the rest of humanity as imperfect 16 According to Crane when Gulliver develops his misanthropic mindset he becomes ashamed of humans and views them more in line with animals 17 This new perception of Gulliver s Stone claims comes about because the Houyhnhnms judgement pushes Gulliver to identify with the Yahoos 18 Along similar lines Crane holds that Gulliver s misanthropy is developed in part when he talks to the Houyhnhnms about mankind because the discussions lead him to reflect on his previously held notion of humanity Specifically Gulliver s master who is a Houyhnhnm provides questions and commentary that contribute to Gulliver s reflectiveness and subsequent development of misanthropy 17 However Case points out that Gulliver s dwindling opinion of humans may be blown out of proportion due to the fact that he is no longer able to see the good qualities that humans are capable of possessing Gulliver s new view of humanity then creates his repulsive attitude towards his fellow humans after leaving Houyhnhnmland 16 But in Stone s view Gulliver s actions and attitude upon his return can be interpreted as misanthropy that is exaggerated for comic effect rather than for a cynical effect Stone further suggests that Gulliver goes mentally mad and believes that this is what leads Gulliver to exaggerate the shortcomings of humankind 18 Another aspect that Crane attributes to Gulliver s development of misanthropy is that when in Houyhnhnmland it is the animal like beings the Houyhnhnms who exhibit reason and the human like beings the Yahoos who seem devoid of reason Crane argues that it is this switch from Gulliver s perceived norm that leads the way for him to question his view of humanity As a result Gulliver begins to identify humans as a type of Yahoo To this point Crane brings up the fact that a traditional definition of man Homo est animal rationale Humans are rational animals was prominent in academia around Swift s time Furthermore Crane argues that Swift had to study this type of logic see Porphyrian Tree in college so it is highly likely that he intentionally inverted this logic by placing the typically given example of irrational beings horses in the place of humans and vice versa 17 Stone points out that Gulliver s Travels takes a cue from the genre of the travel book which was popular during Swift s time period From reading travel books Swift s contemporaries were accustomed to beast like figures of foreign places thus Stone holds that the creation of the Yahoos was not out of the ordinary for the time period From this playing off of familiar genre expectations Stone deduces that the parallels that Swift draws between the Yahoos and humans is meant to be humorous rather than cynical Even though Gulliver sees Yahoos and humans as if they are one and the same Stone argues that Swift did not intend for readers to take on Gulliver s view Stone states that the Yahoos behaviors and characteristics that set them apart from humans further supports the notion that Gulliver s identification with Yahoos is not meant to be taken to heart Thus Stone sees Gulliver s perceived superiority of the Houyhnhnms and subsequent misanthropy as features that Swift used to employ the satirical and humorous elements characteristic of the Beast Fables of travel books that were popular with his contemporaries as Swift did these Beast Fables placed animals above humans in terms of morals and reason but they were not meant to be taken literally 18 Character analysis Edit Pedro de Mendez is the name of the Portuguese captain who rescues Gulliver in Book IV When Gulliver is forced to leave the Island of the Houyhnhnms his plan is to discover some small Island uninhabited where he can live in solitude Instead he is picked up by Don Pedro s crew Despite Gulliver s appearance he is dressed in skins and speaks like a horse Don Pedro treats him compassionately and returns him to Lisbon Though Don Pedro appears only briefly he has become an important figure in the debate between so called soft school and hard school readers of Gulliver s Travels Some critics contend that Gulliver is a target of Swift s satire and that Don Pedro represents an ideal of human kindness and generosity Gulliver believes humans are similar to Yahoos in the sense that they make no other use of reason than to improve and multiply vices 19 Swift Jonathan 2009 Rawson Claude ed Gulliver s Travels W W Norton p 490 ISBN 978 0 393 93065 8 lt ref gt Captain Pedro provides a contrast to Gulliver s reasoning proving humans are able to reason be kind and most of all civilized Gulliver sees the bleak fallenness at the center of human nature and Don Pedro is merely a minor character who in Gulliver s words is an Animal which had some little Portion of Reason 20 Political allusions Edit While we cannot make assumptions about Swift s intentions part of what makes his writing so engaging throughout time is speculating the various political allusions within it These allusions tend to go in and out of style but here are some of the common or merely interesting allusions asserted by Swiftian scholars Part I is probably responsible for the greatest number of political allusions ranging from consistent allegory to minute comparisons One of the most commonly noted parallels is that the wars between Lilliput and Blefuscu resemble those between England and France 21 The enmity between the low heels and the high heels is often interpreted as a parody of the Whigs and Tories and the character referred to as Flimnap is often interpreted as an allusion to Sir Robert Walpole a British statesman and Whig politician who Swift had a personally turbulent relationship with In Part III the grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi resembles and satirizes the Royal Society which Swift was openly critical of Furthermore A E Case acting on a tipoff offered by the word projectors found the Academy to be the hiding place of many of those speculators implicated in the South Sea Bubble 22 According to Treadwell however these implications extend beyond the speculators of the South Sea Bubble to include the many projectors of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century England including Swift himself Not only is Swift satirizing the role of the projector in contemporary English politics which he dabbled in during his younger years but the role of the satirist whose goals align with that of a projector The less obvious corollary of that word projector is that it must include the poor deluded satirist himself since satire is in its very essence the wildest of all projects a scheme to reform the world 22 Ann Kelly describes Part IV of The Travels and the Yahoo Houyhnhnm relationship as an allusion to that of the Irish and the British The term that Swift uses to describe the oppression in both Ireland and Houyhnhnmland is slavery this is not an accidental word choice for Swift was well aware of the complicated moral and philosophical questions raised by the emotional designation slavery The misery of the Irish in the early eighteenth century shocked Swift and all others who witnessed it the hopeless passivity of the people in this desolate land made it seem as if both the minds and bodies of the Irish were enslaved 23 Kelly goes on to write Throughout the Irish tracts and poems Swift continually vacillates as to whether the Irish are servile because of some defect within their character or whether their sordid condition is the result of a calculated policy from without to reduce them to brutishness Although no one has done so similar questions could be asked about the Yahoos who are slaves to the Houyhnhnms However Kelly does not suggest a wholesale equivalence between Irish and Yahoos which would be reductive and omit the various other layers of satire at work in this section Language EditIn his annotated edition of the book published in 1980 Isaac Asimov claims that making sense out of the words and phrases introduced by Swift is a waste of time and these words were invented nonsense However Irving Rothman a professor at University of Houston points out that the language may have been derived from Hebrew which Swift had studied at Trinity College Dublin 24 Reception EditThe book was very popular upon release and was commonly discussed within social circles 25 Public reception widely varied with the book receiving an initially enthusiastic reaction with readers praising its satire and some reporting that the satire s cleverness sounded like a realistic account of a man s travels 26 James Beattie commended Swift s work for its truth regarding the narration and claims that the statesman the philosopher and the critick will admire his keenness of satire energy of description and vivacity of language noting that even children can enjoy the novel 27 As popularity increased critics came to appreciate the deeper aspects of Gulliver s Travels It became known for its insightful take on morality expanding its reputation beyond just humorous satire 26 Despite its initial positive reception the book faced backlash Viscount Bolingbroke a friend of Swift and one of the first critics of the book criticised the author for his overt use of misanthropy 26 Other negative responses to the book also looked towards its portrayal of humanity which was considered inaccurate Swifts s peers rejected the book on claims that its themes of misanthropy were harmful and offensive They criticized its satire for exceeding what was deemed acceptable and appropriate including the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos s similarities to humans 27 There was also controversy surrounding the political allegories Readers enjoyed the political references finding them humorous However members of the Whig party were offended believing that Swift mocked their politics 26 British novelist and journalist William Makepeace Thackeray described Swift s work as blasphemous saying its critical view of mankind was ludicrous and overly harsh He concluded that he could not understand the origins of Swift s critiques on humanity 27 Cultural influences EditMain article Cultural influence of Gulliver s Travels Gulliver and a giant a painting by Tadeusz Pruszkowski National Museum in Warsaw The term Lilliputian has entered many languages as an adjective meaning small and delicate There is a brand of small cigar called Lilliput and a series of collectable model houses known as Lilliput Lane The smallest light bulb fitting 5 mm diameter in the Edison screw series is called the Lilliput Edison screw In Dutch and Czech the words Lilliputter and liliputan respectively are used for adults shorter than 1 30 meters Conversely Brobdingnagian appears in the Oxford English Dictionary as a synonym for very large or gigantic In like vein the term yahoo is often encountered as a synonym for ruffian or thug In the Oxford English Dictionary it is defined as a rude noisy or violent person and its origins attributed to Swift s Gulliver s Travels 28 In the discipline of computer architecture the terms big endian and little endian are used to describe two possible ways of laying out bytes of data in computer memory The terms derive from one of the satirical conflicts in the book in which two religious sects of Lilliputians are divided between those who crack open their soft boiled eggs from the little end the Little endians and those who use the big end the Big endians The nomenclature was chosen as an irony since the choice of which byte order method to use is technically trivial both are equally good but actually still important systems which do it one way are thus incompatible with those that do it the other way and so it shouldn t be left to each individual designer s choice resulting in a holy war over a triviality 29 It has been pointed out that the long and vicious war which started after a disagreement about which was the best end to break an egg is an example of the narcissism of small differences a term Sigmund Freud coined in the early 1900s 30 In other works Edit Many sequels followed the initial publishing of the Travels The earliest of these was the anonymously authored Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput 31 published 1727 which expands the account of Gulliver s stays in Lilliput and Blefuscu by adding several gossipy anecdotes about scandalous episodes at the Lilliputian court Abbe Pierre Desfontaines the first French translator of Swift s story wrote a sequel Le Nouveau Gulliver ou Voyages de Jean Gulliver fils du capitaine Lemuel Gulliver The New Gulliver or the travels of John Gulliver son of Captain Lemuel Gulliver published in 1730 32 Gulliver s son has various fantastic satirical adventures Adaptations Edit Comic book cover by Lilian Chesney Film Edit Gulliver s Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants a 1902 French silent film directed by Georges Melies Gulliver s Travels a 1924 Austrian silent adventure film The New Gulliver a 1935 Soviet film Gulliver s Travels a 1939 American animated film The 3 Worlds of Gulliver a 1960 American film loosely based on the novel also known as Gulliver s Travels Gulliver s Travels Beyond the Moon a 1965 Japanese animated film featuring Gulliver as a character Gulliver s Travels a 1977 British Belgian film starring Richard Harris Gulliver s Travels a 1996 animated film by Golden Films Jajantaram Mamantaram a 2003 Indian film starring Jaaved Jaaferi Gulliver s Travels a 2010 American film starring Jack BlackTelevision Edit Gulliver s Travels a 1979 TV special produced by Hanna Barbera Saban s Gulliver s Travels a 1992 French animated TV series Gulliver s Travels a 1996 American TV miniseries starring Ted DansonRadio Edit Gulliver s Travels a 1999 radio adaptation in the Radio Tales series Brian Gulliver s Travels a satirical radio series starring Neil Pearson Gulliver s Travels a 2012 BBC Radio 4 production starring Arthur Darvill adapted in three parts by Matthew Broughton 33 Bibliography EditEditions Edit The standard edition of Jonathan Swift s prose works as of 2005 update is the Prose Writings in 16 volumes edited by Herbert Davis et al 34 Swift Jonathan Gulliver s Travels Harmondsworth Penguin 2008 ISBN 978 0141439495 Edited with an introduction and notes by Robert DeMaria Jr The copytext is based on the 1726 edition with emendations and additions from later texts and manuscripts Swift Jonathan Gulliver s Travels Oxford Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0192805348 Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins Essentially based on the same text as the Essential Writings listed below with expanded notes and an introduction although it lacks the selection of criticism Swift Jonathan The Essential Writings of Jonathan Swift New York W W Norton 2009 ISBN 978 0393930658 Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins This title contains the major works of Swift in full including Gulliver s Travels A Modest Proposal A Tale of a Tub Directions to Servants and many other poetic and prose works Also included is a selection of contextual material and criticism from Orwell to Rawson The text of GT is taken from Faulkner s 1735 edition Swift Jonathan Gulliver s Travels New York W W Norton 2001 ISBN 0393957241 Edited by Albert J Rivero Based on the 1726 text with some adopted emendations from later corrections and editions Also includes a selection of contextual material letters and criticism See also EditAeneid List of literary cycles Odyssey Sinbad the Sailor Sunpadh The Voyage of Bran Castle In The SkyReferences Edit Swift Jonathan 2003 DeMaria Robert J ed Gulliver s Travels Penguin p xi ISBN 9780141439495 Swift Jonathan 2009 Rawson Claude ed Gulliver s Travels W W Norton p 875 ISBN 978 0 393 93065 8 Gay John 17 November 1726 Letter to Jonathan Swift Communion Arts Journal Retrieved 9 January 2019 The 100 best novels written in English the full list The Guardian 17 August 2015 Retrieved 17 August 2015 Case Arthur E 1945 The Geography and Chronology of Gulliver s Travels Four Essays on Gulliver s Travels Princeton Princeton University Press Kelly Ann Cline 1976 Swift s Explorations of Slavery in Houyhnhnmland and Ireland PMLA 91 5 846 855 doi 10 2307 461560 JSTOR 461560 S2CID 163799730 Ehrenpreis Irvin December 1957 The Origins of Gulliver s Travels PMLA 72 5 880 899 doi 10 2307 460368 JSTOR 460368 S2CID 164044839 Probyn Clive 2004 Swift Jonathan 1667 1745 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press Oxford doi 10 1093 ref odnb 26833 Daily Journal 28 Oct 1726 This day is published Swift Jonathan 1980 Isaac Asimov ed The Annotated Gulliver s Travels New York Clarkson N Potter Inc p 160 ISBN 0 517 539497 Bloom Allan 1990 Giants and Dwarfs An Outline of Gulliver s Travels New York Simon and Schuster pp 47 51 ISBN 9780671707774 a b Swift Jonathan 1994 Gulliver s travels complete authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts critical history and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives Fox Christopher Boston ISBN 978 0312066659 OCLC 31794911 Rogers Katharine M 1959 My Female Friends The Misogyny of Jonathan Swift Texas Studies in Literature and Language 1 3 366 79 JSTOR 40753638 Swift Jonathan 1995 Gulliver s travels complete authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts critical history and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives Fox Christopher Boston ISBN 0 312 10284 4 OCLC 31794911 Armintor Deborah Needleman 2007 The Sexual Politics of Microscopy in Brobdingnag SEL Studies in English Literature 1500 1900 47 3 619 40 doi 10 1353 sel 2007 0022 JSTOR 4625129 S2CID 154298114 a b c Case Arthur E 1961 From The Significance of Gulliver s Travels In Milton P Foster ed A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms Thomas Y Crowell Company pp 139 47 a b c d Crane R S 1968 The Houyhnhnms the Yahoos and the History of Ideas In Frank Brady ed Twentieth Century Interpretations of Gulliver s Travels A Collection of Critical Essays T Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall pp 80 88 ISBN 9780133715675 a b c d Stone Edward 1961 Swift and the Horses Misanthropy or Comedy In Milton P Foster ed A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms T Thomas Y Crowell Company pp 180 92 Swift Jonathan 2003 DeMaria Robert J ed Gulliver s Travels Penguin p xi ISBN 9780141439495 Clifford James 1974 Gulliver s Fourth Voyage hard and soft Schools of Interpretation Quick Springs of Sense Studies in the Eighteenth Century Ed Larry Champion Athens U of Georgia Press pp 33 49 ISBN 9780820303130 Harth Phillip May 1976 The Problem of Political Allegory in Gulliver s Travels Modern Philology 73 4 Part 2 S40 S47 doi 10 1086 390691 S2CID 154047160 a b Treadwell J M 1975 Jonathan Swift The Satirist as Projector Texas Studies in Literature and Language 17 2 439 460 JSTOR 40754389 Kelly Ann Cline October 1976 Swift s Explorations of Slavery in Houyhnhnmland and Ireland PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 91 5 846 855 doi 10 2307 461560 JSTOR 461560 S2CID 163799730 The Lilliputians in Swift s Gulliver s Travels may have been speaking Hebrew Jerusalem Post Wiener Gary ed 2000 The Enthusiastic Reception of Gulliver s Travels Readings on Gulliver s Travels Greenhaven Press pp 57 65 ISBN 978 0737703429 a b c d Gerace Mary 1967 The Reputation of Gulliver s Travels in the Eighteenth Century University of Windsor a b c Lund Roger D 2006 Johnathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels A Routledge Study Guide Routledge yahoo definition of yahoo in English Oxford Dictionaries Archived from the original on 14 June 2013 Cohen Danny On Holy Wars And A Plea For Peace RFC Editor Retrieved 29 July 2022 O Toole Fintan 16 March 2016 Pathological narcissism stymies Fianna Fail support for Fine Gael The Irish Times Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput J Roberts 1727 l abbe Desfontaines Pierre Francois Guyot M Swift Jonathan 1730 Le nouveau Gulliver ou Voyage de Jean Gulliver fils du capitaine Gulliver La veuve Clouzier BBC Radio 4 Jonathan Swift Gulliver s Travels 3 The Voyage to Laputa BBC Retrieved 2 October 2022 Swift Jonathan 2005 Rawson Claude Higgins Ian eds Gulliver s Travels New ed Oxford p xlviii ISBN 0192805347 External links Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article Gulliver s Travels Wikiquote has quotations related to Gulliver s Travels Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulliver s Travels Digital editionsGulliver s Travels at Standard Ebooks Gulliver s Travels at Project Gutenberg 1727 ed Gulliver s Travels at Project Gutenberg 1900 ed with illustrations Gulliver s Travels public domain audiobook at LibriVox Gulliver s Travels at the Internet Archive The template below Computable knowledge is being considered for deletion See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gulliver 27s Travels amp oldid 1134583651, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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