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Goliad massacre

Coordinates: 28°38′51″N 97°22′59″W / 28.6476°N 97.3830°W / 28.6476; -97.3830

The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425–445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas. The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. Despite appeals for clemency by General José de Urrea, the massacre was carried out by Lt. Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.

Goliad massacre
Part of the Texas Revolution
Goliad Executions by Norman Mills Price
Goliad massacre (Texas)
LocationGoliad, Mexican Texas
Coordinates28°38′51″N 97°22′59″W / 28.6476°N 97.3830°W / 28.6476; -97.3830
DateMarch 27, 1836
Attack type
Fusillading, assault and stabbing
Deaths425–445 Texian Army prisoners
PerpetratorsMexican Army

The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre; William Lockhart Hunter survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. Also spared were the 75 soldiers of the Miller and Nashville Battalion, who were given white arm bands. Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle).

Background

 
Presidio La Bahía National Historic Site where soldiers of the defeated Texian Army were executed en masse by forces of the Centralist Republic of Mexico

After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them.[1] Urrea arrived in Matamoros and worked to secure cooperation from the local inhabitants on January 31, 1836.[1] Meanwhile, General Sam Houston had persuaded all but 70 to 100 men and their leaders, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant, to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas, principally Goliad.[2] On February 12, Fannin took most of the men to defend Presidio La Bahía at Goliad, which he renamed "Fort Defiance".[3]

On February 16, Urrea crossed the Rio Grande with 188 cavalry and 205 infantry.[4] He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area, including some previously sympathetic to the Texians, to join him.[4] At 3:00 a.m. on February 27, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Johnson and about 45 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio. Urrea's force killed 16 men and took 24 prisoners.[5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape.[5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released.[5] Johnson's news persuaded Fannin to abandon any further attempt to send relief to the Alamo or to try to secure badly needed supplies waiting at Matagorda; he prepared the Presidio La Bahía at Goliad for defense against the advancing Mexican Army.[6]

On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command.[7][8] On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison.[9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. King evacuate colonists at Refugio, were surrounded by Urrea's force. Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm, the Mexicans overtook part of Ward's force, killing 18 and capturing 31.[10] King and a group were executed on March 16 at Refugio. After capturing one of Fannin's messengers, who was carrying dispatches that told of the commander's plan to wait at Goliad and retreat after King and Ward returned, Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners who he decided were mercenaries. He freed more than 20 others who he determined to be Mexicans or colonists, so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin's force.[11]

On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). The two-day Battle of Coleto ensued, with the Texians holding their own on the first day. The Mexicans received overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20.[12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison.[13] Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, most were chased off and escaped, but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad.[14] The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad on March 25.[15][16]

Massacre

 
Fannin Memorial Monument marks the location where the Texians from the Goliad Massacre were finally buried.

The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). The Texians thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla in command. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians.[17] Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30, 1835, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "...wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." Santa Anna responded to this entreaty by repeatedly ordering Urrea to comply with the law and execute the prisoners.[17] He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply, despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day.[13][18]

The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point blank. Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death.[13][19] Forty Texians were unable to walk. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, Jack Shackelford. Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men killed. He was taken by Mexican soldiers to the courtyard in front of the chapel, blindfolded, and seated in a chair. He made three requests: that his personal possessions be sent to his family, to be shot in the heart and not the face, and to be given a Christian burial.[20] The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day.[20][21]

The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre;[22] William Lockhart Hunter, also of the New Orleans Greys, who survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket;[23] and four members of Shackelford's Red Rovers: Dillard Cooper,[24] Zachariah S. Brooks, Wilson Simpson, and Isaac D. Hamilton,[25] who escaped after days on the run. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men, including Shackelford,[20] were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers.[26] Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion. They were later marched to Matamoros.[27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself.[citation needed]

Aftermath

 
Historical Marker at Fannin Memorial Monument – La Bahia, Texas

The Goliad massacre contributed to the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape.[citation needed] After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned.[28] Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes.[28] Nearly one month later, word reached La Bahia (Goliad) that Santa Anna had been defeated and had surrendered while trying to flee at the Battle of San Jacinto.[29] General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. This has since been preserved and designated as the Fannin Memorial Monument. The location of the gravesite was forgotten until years later, when human bone fragments were discovered by a group of boys.[30] The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass.[31] In 1939, the Fannin Memorial Monument by Raoul Josset was erected at the gravesite. It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Roell, Craig H. (2013), Matamoros and the Texas Revolution, Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association, p. 70, ISBN 978-0-87611-260-1.
  2. ^ Roell (2013), p. 64.
  3. ^ Roell (2013), pp. 4, 76, 82.
  4. ^ a b Roell (2013), p. 71.
  5. ^ a b c Long (1990), p. 201.
  6. ^ Nofi (1994), p. 95.
  7. ^ Nofi, Albert A. (21 May 1992), The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History, New York: Da Capo Press (published 1994), p. 94, ISBN 978-0-938289-10-4
  8. ^ O'Connor (1966), pp. 147–148 gives the number of men killed with Grant as 11.
  9. ^ Nofi (1994), pp. 107–123.
  10. ^ Long (1990), pp. 273–274.
  11. ^ Long (1990), p. 274.
  12. ^ Long (1990), p. 278.
  13. ^ a b c Hardin (1994), pg. 173
  14. ^ Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62), accessed June 09, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  15. ^ Castaneda (1970), p. 19.
  16. ^ Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force.
  17. ^ a b Long (1990), p. 280.
  18. ^ Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed February 02, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  19. ^ Long (1990), p. 284.
  20. ^ a b c Long (1990), p. 285.
  21. ^ Hardin (1994), pg. 174
  22. ^ Long, 1990, pp. 284, 287–l290, 401.
  23. ^ ROELL, CRAIG H. (15 June 2010). "HUNTER, WILLIAM LOCKHART". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  24. ^ "COOPER, DILLARD". tshaonline.org. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  25. ^ HAMILTON, LESTER (15 June 2010). "HAMILTON, ISAAC D." tshaonline.org. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  26. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 237.
  27. ^ Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30), accessed April 03, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  28. ^ a b Long (1990), p. 286.
  29. ^ Long, (1990), pp. 309–318.
  30. ^ "Massacre at Goliad". www.tamu.edu. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  31. ^ Whitman, Walt (1860). Leaves of Grass. Boston: Thayer & Eldridge.
  32. ^ "Goliad State Park & Historic Site Goliad Area Historic Sites — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department". tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved March 7, 2018.

References

  • Castaneda, H.W. (1970). The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution. Texas: Graphic Ideas. ASIN B003M0PG1S.
  • Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad – A Military History of the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73086-1. OCLC 29704011.
  • Long, Jeff (1990). Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-688-07252-0.
  • Nofi, Albert A. (21 May 1992). The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. New York: Da Capo Press (published 1994). ISBN 978-0-938289-10-4.
  • Roell, Craig H. (2013). Matamoros and the Texas Revolution. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-260-1.
  • Davenport, Harbert; Roell, Craig H. "GOLIAD MASSACRE". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved November 27, 2010.

goliad, massacre, coordinates, 6476, 3830, 6476, 3830, event, texas, revolution, that, occurred, march, 1836, following, battle, refugio, battle, coleto, prisoners, from, texian, army, republic, texas, were, executed, mexican, army, town, goliad, texas, surren. Coordinates 28 38 51 N 97 22 59 W 28 6476 N 97 3830 W 28 6476 97 3830 The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27 1836 following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto 425 445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad Texas The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks however this was not to be Despite appeals for clemency by General Jose de Urrea the massacre was carried out by Lt Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Goliad massacrePart of the Texas RevolutionGoliad Executions by Norman Mills PriceGoliad massacre Texas LocationGoliad Mexican TexasCoordinates28 38 51 N 97 22 59 W 28 6476 N 97 3830 W 28 6476 97 3830DateMarch 27 1836Attack typeFusillading assault and stabbingDeaths425 445 Texian Army prisonersPerpetratorsMexican Army The entire Texian force was killed except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped Among these was Herman Ehrenberg who later wrote an account of the massacre William Lockhart Hunter survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez known as the Angel of Goliad 20 more men were spared to act as doctors interpreters or workers Also spared were the 75 soldiers of the Miller and Nashville Battalion who were given white arm bands Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin of the Coleto battle and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward of the Refugio battle Contents 1 Background 2 Massacre 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesBackground Edit Presidio La Bahia National Historic Site where soldiers of the defeated Texian Army were executed en masse by forces of the Centralist Republic of Mexico After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them 1 Urrea arrived in Matamoros and worked to secure cooperation from the local inhabitants on January 31 1836 1 Meanwhile General Sam Houston had persuaded all but 70 to 100 men and their leaders Frank W Johnson and James Grant to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas principally Goliad 2 On February 12 Fannin took most of the men to defend Presidio La Bahia at Goliad which he renamed Fort Defiance 3 On February 16 Urrea crossed the Rio Grande with 188 cavalry and 205 infantry 4 He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area including some previously sympathetic to the Texians to join him 4 At 3 00 a m on February 27 Urrea s advance patrol surprised Johnson and about 45 men initiating the Battle of San Patricio Urrea s force killed 16 men and took 24 prisoners 5 Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin s command at Goliad where they said that all the prisoners had been executed They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape 5 Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros where they were sentenced to death but later released 5 Johnson s news persuaded Fannin to abandon any further attempt to send relief to the Alamo or to try to secure badly needed supplies waiting at Matagorda he prepared the Presidio La Bahia at Goliad for defense against the advancing Mexican Army 6 On March 2 at the Battle of Agua Dulce Grant was killed as were about 20 other men under his command 7 8 On March 6 the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison 9 On March 14 Colonel William Ward and 200 men who had been sent to help Captain Amon B King evacuate colonists at Refugio were surrounded by Urrea s force Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm the Mexicans overtook part of Ward s force killing 18 and capturing 31 10 King and a group were executed on March 16 at Refugio After capturing one of Fannin s messengers who was carrying dispatches that told of the commander s plan to wait at Goliad and retreat after King and Ward returned Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners who he decided were mercenaries He freed more than 20 others who he determined to be Mexicans or colonists so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin s force 11 On March 19 Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie near La Bahia Goliad The two day Battle of Coleto ensued with the Texians holding their own on the first day The Mexicans received overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery In this critical predicament Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20 12 Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States they were returned to the fort at Goliad now their prison 13 Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin s company Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force most were chased off and escaped but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad 14 The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23 On March 22 William Ward and the Georgia Battalion 80 men plus Ward surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad on March 25 15 16 Massacre Edit Fannin Memorial Monument marks the location where the Texians from the Goliad Massacre were finally buried The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance Presidio La Bahia The Texians thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks Urrea departed Goliad leaving Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla in command Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians 17 Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30 1835 armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed Urrea wrote in his diary that he wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility Santa Anna responded to this entreaty by repeatedly ordering Urrea to comply with the law and execute the prisoners 17 He also had a similar order sent directly to the Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad This order was received by Portilla on March 26 who decided it was his duty to comply despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day 13 18 The next day Palm Sunday March 27 1836 Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road San Patricio Road and the Victoria Road between two rows of Mexican soldiers they were shot point blank Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death 13 19 Forty Texians were unable to walk Thirty nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion with Colonel Garay saving one Jack Shackelford Fannin was the last to be executed after seeing his men killed He was taken by Mexican soldiers to the courtyard in front of the chapel blindfolded and seated in a chair He made three requests that his personal possessions be sent to his family to be shot in the heart and not the face and to be given a Christian burial 20 The soldiers took his belongings shot him in the face and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day 20 21 The entire Texian force was killed except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped Among these was Herman Ehrenberg who later wrote an account of the massacre 22 William Lockhart Hunter also of the New Orleans Greys who survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket 23 and four members of Shackelford s Red Rovers Dillard Cooper 24 Zachariah S Brooks Wilson Simpson and Isaac D Hamilton 25 who escaped after days on the run Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez known as the Angel of Goliad 20 more men including Shackelford 20 were spared to act as doctors interpreters or workers 26 Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion They were later marched to Matamoros 27 Spared men were given white arm bands and while wearing them could walk about freely They were advised not to take off the arm band since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto Victoria and the massacre itself citation needed Aftermath Edit Historical Marker at Fannin Memorial Monument La Bahia Texas The Goliad massacre contributed to the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape citation needed After the executions the Texians bodies were piled and burned 28 Their charred remains were left in the open unburied and exposed to vultures and coyotes 28 Nearly one month later word reached La Bahia Goliad that Santa Anna had been defeated and had surrendered while trying to flee at the Battle of San Jacinto 29 General Thomas J Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia This has since been preserved and designated as the Fannin Memorial Monument The location of the gravesite was forgotten until years later when human bone fragments were discovered by a group of boys 30 The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman s poem Song of Myself section 34 This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass 31 In 1939 the Fannin Memorial Monument by Raoul Josset was erected at the gravesite It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed 32 See also EditList of events named massacres List of massacres in the United States War crimeNotes Edit a b Roell Craig H 2013 Matamoros and the Texas Revolution Denton TX Texas State Historical Association p 70 ISBN 978 0 87611 260 1 Roell 2013 p 64 Roell 2013 pp 4 76 82 a b Roell 2013 p 71 a b c Long 1990 p 201 Nofi 1994 p 95 Nofi Albert A 21 May 1992 The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence September 30 1835 to April 21 1836 Heroes Myths and History New York Da Capo Press published 1994 p 94 ISBN 978 0 938289 10 4 O Connor 1966 pp 147 148 gives the number of men killed with Grant as 11 Nofi 1994 pp 107 123 Long 1990 pp 273 274 Long 1990 p 274 Long 1990 p 278 a b c Hardin 1994 pg 173 Matthew Ellenberger HORTON ALBERT CLINTON Handbook of Texas Online http www tshaonline org handbook online articles fho62 accessed June 09 2011 Published by the Texas State Historical Association Castaneda 1970 p 19 Long 1990 p 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea s force a b Long 1990 p 280 Harbert Davenport and Craig H Roell GOLIAD MASSACRE Handbook of Texas Online http www tshaonline org handbook online articles qeg02 accessed February 02 2012 Published by the Texas State Historical Association Long 1990 p 284 a b c Long 1990 p 285 Hardin 1994 pg 174 Long 1990 pp 284 287 l290 401 ROELL CRAIG H 15 June 2010 HUNTER WILLIAM LOCKHART tshaonline org Retrieved 11 March 2019 COOPER DILLARD tshaonline org 12 June 2010 Retrieved 11 March 2019 HAMILTON LESTER 15 June 2010 HAMILTON ISAAC D tshaonline org Retrieved 11 March 2019 Hardin 1994 p 237 Craig H Roell MILLER WILLIAM PARSONS Handbook of Texas Online http www tshaonline org handbook online articles fmi30 accessed April 03 2011 Published by the Texas State Historical Association a b Long 1990 p 286 Long 1990 pp 309 318 Massacre at Goliad www tamu edu Retrieved March 29 2016 Whitman Walt 1860 Leaves of Grass Boston Thayer amp Eldridge Goliad State Park amp Historic Site Goliad Area Historic Sites Texas Parks amp Wildlife Department tpwd texas gov Retrieved March 7 2018 References EditCastaneda H W 1970 The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution Texas Graphic Ideas ASIN B003M0PG1S Hardin Stephen L 1994 Texian Iliad A Military History of the Texas Revolution Austin TX University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 73086 1 OCLC 29704011 Long Jeff 1990 Duel of Eagles The Mexican and U S Fight for the Alamo New York William Morrow and Company Inc ISBN 978 0 688 07252 0 Nofi Albert A 21 May 1992 The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence September 30 1835 to April 21 1836 Heroes Myths and History New York Da Capo Press published 1994 ISBN 978 0 938289 10 4 Roell Craig H 2013 Matamoros and the Texas Revolution Denton TX Texas State Historical Association ISBN 978 0 87611 260 1 Davenport Harbert Roell Craig H GOLIAD MASSACRE Handbook of Texas Online Retrieved November 27 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Goliad massacre amp oldid 1146808704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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