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Gamilaraay

The Gamilaroi, also known as Gomeroi, Kamilaroi, Kamillaroi and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people whose lands extend from New South Wales to southern Queensland. They form one of the four largest Indigenous nations in Australia.

Gamilaroi people
Total population
approx. 13,000
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Gamilaroi language, English and Aboriginal English
Religion
Christianity, Traditional, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Indigenous Australians

Name Edit

The ethnonym Gamilaroi is formed from gamil, meaning "no", and the suffix -(b)araay, bearing the sense of "having". It is a common practice among Australian tribes to have themselves identified according to their respective words for "no".[1]

The Kamilaroi Highway, the Sydney Ferries Limited vehicular ferry "Kamilaroi" (1901–1933), the stage name of Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi and a cultivar of Durum wheat have all been named after the Kamilaroi people.[2]

Language Edit

Gamilaraay language is classified as one of the Pama–Nyungan languages. The language is no longer spoken, as the last fluent speakers died in the 1950s. However, some parts have been reconstructed by late field work, which includes substantial recordings of the related language, Yuwaalaraay, which continued to be spoken down to the 1980s. Analysing these materials has permitted a good deal of reconstructive work. Robert M. W. Dixon and his student Peter Austin recorded some around Moree, while Corinne Williams wrote a thesis on the Yuwaaliyaay dialect spoken at Walgett and Lightning Ridge.[3]

The Gamilaraay, like many other tribes, taught young men a secret language, called tyake, during their rites of initiation. In these systems, the normal profane terms used in everyday speech had to be substituted with the special mystical vocabulary.[4][5]

Country Edit

According to Norman Tindale's estimation, the Gamilaraay's tribal domains encompassed some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi),[6] from around Singleton in the Hunter Valley through to the Warrumbungle Mountains in the west and up through the present-day centres of Quirindi, Gunnedah, Tamworth, Narrabri, Wee Waa, Walgett, Moree, Collarenebri, Lightning Ridge and Mungindi in New South Wales, to Nindigully in south west Queensland.

History Edit

The Kamilaroi were hunters and agriculturalists[7] with a band-level social organisation. Important vegetable foods were yams and other roots, as well as a sterculia grain, which was made into a bread. Insect larvae, frogs, and eggs of several different animals were also gathered. Various birds, kangaroos, emus, possums, echidnas, and bandicoots were among the important animals hunted. Fish were also consumed, as were crayfish, mussels, and shrimp. Men typically hunted, cleaned, and prepared the game for cooking. Women did the actual cooking, in addition to fishing and farming. Individual Kamilaroi did not eat animals that were their totems.

The nation was made up of many smaller family groups who had their own parcels of land to sustain them. One of the great Kings of this tribe was "Red Chief", who is buried near Gunnedah. The Kamilaroi were regarded as fierce warriors and there is ample evidence of intertribal warfare. The Northern Gamilaroi people have a strong cultural connection with the Bigambul people, and the tribes met regularly for joint ceremonies at Boobera Lagoon near the present-day town of Goondiwindi.

Dreaming Edit

Kamilaroi tradition includes Baiame, the ancestor or patron god. The Baiame story tells how Baiame came down from the sky to the land, and created rivers, mountains, and forests. He then gave the people their laws of life, traditions, songs, and culture. He also created the first initiation site. This is known as a bora; a place where boys were initiated into manhood. When he had finished, he returned to the sky, and people called him the Sky Hero or All Father or Sky Father. He is said to be married to Birrahgnooloo (Birran-gnulu), who is often identified as an emu, and with whom he has a son Turramūlan.[8] In other stories Turramūlan is said to be brother to Baiame. It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly. Women were not allowed to see drawings of Baiame nor approach Baiame sites,[8] which are often male initiation sites (boras). Women were instead instructed by Turramūlan's sister, Muni Burribian. In rock paintings Baiame is often depicted as a human figure with a large head-dress or hairstyle, with lines of footsteps nearby. He is always painted in front view; Turramūlan is drawn in profile. Baiame is often shown with internal decorations such as waistbands, vertical lines running down the body, bands and dots.

In Kamilaroi star-lore myth it is recounted that Orion, known as Berriberri[a] set out in pursuit of the Pleiades (Miai-miai) and cornered them in a mother-tree where they were transformed into yellow and white cockatoos. His attempts to capture them were blocked by Turramūlan, a one-eyed, one-legged legendary figure associated with the Pole star.[9] They called Orion's Belt, ghūtūr,[8] a girdle that covered his invincible boomerang.(burran)[10][8] The seventh of Miai-miai, being less beautiful, was shy (gurri gurri )and afraid and she was thus transformed into the least visible of the 7 Pleiades.[8]

Rite of initiation Edit

The rite of passage whereby Gamilaraay youths are inducted by initiation into full membership of the tribe was conducted at a Bora ceremony on a bora site especially prepared for the occasion. Tribes ready to participate in such rituals are contacted, and the ceremonies lasted several days.

The major bora, called Baiame's ground, was cleared on loamy umah soil, roughly 23 metres (75 ft) in diameter, with the scraped earth used to create an embanked ring about 20–23 centimetres (8–9 in) high to fence off the sacred space,[11] apart from one opening which led into a thunburran or narrows pathway that ran some 250 metres (270 yd) off to a smaller circle, some 14 metres (47 ft) in diameter, called a goonaba, constructed in a similar fashion,[12] Inside this ring two stumps (warrengahlee) formed from uprooted trees, one a coolabah the other a belar, trimmed and turned upside down so that the roots, decorated with twists of bark, flared out.

The pathway leading novices from the larger to the smaller circle was adorned with yammunyamun, figures cut into the exposed sapwood of trees along the route, or drawn on the ground. On the occasion observed by Mathews, on the right hand side, 82 metres (90 yd) down the track, was a mocked up bowerbird's nest, and 2.7 metres (3 yd) further on a scarecrow figure with trousers and jacket stuffed with grass, representing a whiteman. As the youths passed along this track, the significance of the symbols and their relevance to tribal beliefs was explained.[13][14] Further down the path, a yammunyamun image of a bullock was formed from bark, dirt and the animal's skull. At 131 metres (143 yd), a 2.7-metre (9 ft) long representation of Baiame and his spouse Gooberangal lay, moulded from the earth, respectively on the right and left of the track.[15] Further on, still on the left, was a carved figure of the Emu,[b] apparently crouching, its head pointed towards the large bora. To its right, a further 2.7 metres (3 yd) on, was Goomee, Baiame's fire, a 30-centimetre (1 ft) high mound with a lit fire on top. A further 16 metres (18 yd) on, parallel to the track and on Goomee's side, a codfish was depicted, and after it the Currea, a serpentine creature, and, 14 metres (15 yd) on the other side of the path, two death adders, followed then by a turkey's nest, an earth-stuffed porcupine's skin, and a kangaroo rat's nest. At last, there was a carving of a full tribal man on one side of the track, and an aboriginal woman on the other.[16]

Sandstone Caves Edit

 
NPWS notice board with Gamilaraay/English texts

The Sandstone Caves (within the Pilliga Nature Reserve) are co-managed by the Gamilaraay people together with NPWS.[17] All interpretive signage is in the Gamilaraay language followed by English. A small example, created by the Coonabarabran Gamilaraay Language Circle (Suellen Tighe, Maureen Sutler, Sid Chatfield & Peter Thompson), is given below. (See adjoining image.)[18][better source needed]

 
Sandstone Caves, Gamilaraay country, Pilliga NR
Nhalay Yarrul

Burranbalngayaldanhi
nhalay yarrul ghalidu,
maayirru.
Yilambu yarrul biruubaraay
warramayaanhi.

Mulamula, nhalay yarrul!
Ngamila!

This rock

Water & wind have caused this rock
to change over a long time.
The caves were made long ago
The rock is soft.

Look out!
Don't touch!

Yilambu

Yilambu dhurray marandu
yarrul barraldanhi ganugu.
Mubirr yarrula garray.

Ngamila!
Garriya minyagaa ngiilay gaanga!

Long Ago

Our ancestors made stone tools.
They sharpened their axes.
They marked the rock.

Look out!
Don't collect anything!

Dhawun

Giirr dhulubaraay dhibaraay,
yuularaay dhawun nhalay.
Minya minyabul ngarriylanha ngiyani.

Giirr dhamali dhawundu nginunha!

The land

Around here there are plants,
animals and food.
We have everything we need.
We live with the land.

Let the land touch you!

Alternative spellings Edit

  • Cammealroy
  • Comleroy
  • Cumilri, Camelleri, Cummilroy, Comleroy, Cummeroy
  • Duhai
  • Gamilaroi, Gamilroi
  • Ghummilarai, Cammealroy, Kahmilari
  • Gomeroi[1]
  • Goomeroi, Gamilaraay, Gamillaraay
  • Gumilroi, Gummilroi, Gummilray, Ghummilarai
  • Gunnilaroi
  • Kahmilaharoy, Kamilary
  • Kamilarai, Kamilari, Kamilaroi, Kamilarai, Kamularoi, Kaamee'larrai, Kamileroi
  • Kimilari, Karmil, Kamil, Kahml
  • Komeroi[19]
  • Koomilroi, Komleroy
  • Tjake, Tyake
  • Yauan

Source: Tindale 1974, p. 194

Some words Edit

  • bundar. (kangaroo)
  • buruma. (dog)[c]

Notable Gamilaroi people Edit

Traditional leaders Edit

Modern Gamilaraay Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Greenway states that the term means "young men" (Greenway 1878, p. 243).
  2. ^ According to a recent study of Kamilaroi cosmological lore, for them "the appearance of the Emu began at the Coalsack under the star α Crucis, which formed the Emu's head, then β and α Centauri, which form the start of the neck, down the dust lanes of the Milky Way to η Lupus and γ2 Norma, at which point the dust lanes expand with the body of the Emu, reaching the maximum thickness with ε Scorpii and λ Scorpii, and tapering towards 36-Ophiuchi and 3-Sagittarii, eventually ending near μ Sagittarii." (Fuller et al. 2014, pp. 174–175)
  3. ^ In ritual speech these terms were substituted respectively with the corresponding sacred words, ungogirgal, and gungumoal, for example (Mathews 1902, p. 159).

Citations Edit

  1. ^ a b Smith 2018.
  2. ^ Bellata Gold.
  3. ^ Dixon 2011, p. 218.
  4. ^ Mathews 1902, p. 159.
  5. ^ Tindale 1974, p. 195.
  6. ^ Tindale 1974, p. 194.
  7. ^ Gammage 2011, pp. 281–304.
  8. ^ a b c d e Greenway 1878, p. 243.
  9. ^ Hewitt 1901, p. 90.
  10. ^ Greenway 1901b, p. 168.
  11. ^ Mathews 1897, p. 142.
  12. ^ Mathews 1897, p. 143.
  13. ^ Purcell 2011, p. 4.
  14. ^ Mathews 1897, p. 138.
  15. ^ Mathews 1897, p. 144.
  16. ^ Mathews 1897, pp. 145–146.
  17. ^ Office of Environment and Heritage.
  18. ^ Tighe, S., Sutler, M., Chatfield, S., Thompson, P. & National Parks & Wildlife Service. Notice Board at entrance to Sandstone Caves walk (observed 8 May 2018)
  19. ^ "Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior". Aboriginal Affairs. 17 July 2020. from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  20. ^ Chrysanthos 2019.
  21. ^ Fryer 2018.
  22. ^ SBS 2017.
  23. ^ Galvin 2014.
  24. ^ ABC 2010.
  25. ^ Plane's Indigenous identity By Marni Olsson-Young, Carlton Media on 17 December 2019
  26. ^ AFL PLayers Indigenous Map 2023
  27. ^ Lutton, Phil (10 July 2015). "Kurtley Beale, an Aboriginal Wallaby trying to fill in the blanks". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  28. ^ "Lost generation". www.rugbypass.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.

Sources Edit

Further reading Edit

  • "Kamilaroi & Euahlayi". Australian Indigenous Astronomy.

gamilaraay, gamilaroi, also, known, gomeroi, kamilaroi, kamillaroi, other, variations, aboriginal, australian, people, whose, lands, extend, from, south, wales, southern, queensland, they, form, four, largest, indigenous, nations, australia, gamilaroi, peoplea. The Gamilaroi also known as Gomeroi Kamilaroi Kamillaroi and other variations are an Aboriginal Australian people whose lands extend from New South Wales to southern Queensland They form one of the four largest Indigenous nations in Australia Gamilaroi peopleAustralian Aboriginal FlagGeorge RoseCameron HammondJonathan WrightJason GillespieRay MartinTotal populationapprox 13 000Regions with significant populationsLanguagesGamilaroi language English and Aboriginal EnglishReligionChristianity Traditional IslamRelated ethnic groupsIndigenous Australians Contents 1 Name 2 Language 3 Country 4 History 5 Dreaming 6 Rite of initiation 7 Sandstone Caves 8 Alternative spellings 9 Some words 10 Notable Gamilaroi people 10 1 Traditional leaders 10 2 Modern Gamilaraay 11 See also 12 Notes 12 1 Citations 13 Sources 14 Further readingName EditThe ethnonym Gamilaroi is formed from gamil meaning no and the suffix b araay bearing the sense of having It is a common practice among Australian tribes to have themselves identified according to their respective words for no 1 The Kamilaroi Highway the Sydney Ferries Limited vehicular ferry Kamilaroi 1901 1933 the stage name of Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi and a cultivar of Durum wheat have all been named after the Kamilaroi people 2 Language EditMain article Gamilaroi language Gamilaraay language is classified as one of the Pama Nyungan languages The language is no longer spoken as the last fluent speakers died in the 1950s However some parts have been reconstructed by late field work which includes substantial recordings of the related language Yuwaalaraay which continued to be spoken down to the 1980s Analysing these materials has permitted a good deal of reconstructive work Robert M W Dixon and his student Peter Austin recorded some around Moree while Corinne Williams wrote a thesis on the Yuwaaliyaay dialect spoken at Walgett and Lightning Ridge 3 The Gamilaraay like many other tribes taught young men a secret language called tyake during their rites of initiation In these systems the normal profane terms used in everyday speech had to be substituted with the special mystical vocabulary 4 5 Country EditAccording to Norman Tindale s estimation the Gamilaraay s tribal domains encompassed some 75 000 km2 29 000 sq mi 6 from around Singleton in the Hunter Valley through to the Warrumbungle Mountains in the west and up through the present day centres of Quirindi Gunnedah Tamworth Narrabri Wee Waa Walgett Moree Collarenebri Lightning Ridge and Mungindi in New South Wales to Nindigully in south west Queensland History EditThe Kamilaroi were hunters and agriculturalists 7 with a band level social organisation Important vegetable foods were yams and other roots as well as a sterculia grain which was made into a bread Insect larvae frogs and eggs of several different animals were also gathered Various birds kangaroos emus possums echidnas and bandicoots were among the important animals hunted Fish were also consumed as were crayfish mussels and shrimp Men typically hunted cleaned and prepared the game for cooking Women did the actual cooking in addition to fishing and farming Individual Kamilaroi did not eat animals that were their totems The nation was made up of many smaller family groups who had their own parcels of land to sustain them One of the great Kings of this tribe was Red Chief who is buried near Gunnedah The Kamilaroi were regarded as fierce warriors and there is ample evidence of intertribal warfare The Northern Gamilaroi people have a strong cultural connection with the Bigambul people and the tribes met regularly for joint ceremonies at Boobera Lagoon near the present day town of Goondiwindi Dreaming EditKamilaroi tradition includes Baiame the ancestor or patron god The Baiame story tells how Baiame came down from the sky to the land and created rivers mountains and forests He then gave the people their laws of life traditions songs and culture He also created the first initiation site This is known as a bora a place where boys were initiated into manhood When he had finished he returned to the sky and people called him the Sky Hero or All Father or Sky Father He is said to be married to Birrahgnooloo Birran gnulu who is often identified as an emu and with whom he has a son Turramulan 8 In other stories Turramulan is said to be brother to Baiame It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly Women were not allowed to see drawings of Baiame nor approach Baiame sites 8 which are often male initiation sites boras Women were instead instructed by Turramulan s sister Muni Burribian In rock paintings Baiame is often depicted as a human figure with a large head dress or hairstyle with lines of footsteps nearby He is always painted in front view Turramulan is drawn in profile Baiame is often shown with internal decorations such as waistbands vertical lines running down the body bands and dots In Kamilaroi star lore myth it is recounted that Orion known as Berriberri a set out in pursuit of the Pleiades Miai miai and cornered them in a mother tree where they were transformed into yellow and white cockatoos His attempts to capture them were blocked by Turramulan a one eyed one legged legendary figure associated with the Pole star 9 They called Orion s Belt ghutur 8 a girdle that covered his invincible boomerang burran 10 8 The seventh of Miai miai being less beautiful was shy gurri gurri and afraid and she was thus transformed into the least visible of the 7 Pleiades 8 Rite of initiation EditThe rite of passage whereby Gamilaraay youths are inducted by initiation into full membership of the tribe was conducted at a Bora ceremony on a bora site especially prepared for the occasion Tribes ready to participate in such rituals are contacted and the ceremonies lasted several days The major bora called Baiame s ground was cleared on loamy umah soil roughly 23 metres 75 ft in diameter with the scraped earth used to create an embanked ring about 20 23 centimetres 8 9 in high to fence off the sacred space 11 apart from one opening which led into a thunburran or narrows pathway that ran some 250 metres 270 yd off to a smaller circle some 14 metres 47 ft in diameter called a goonaba constructed in a similar fashion 12 Inside this ring two stumps warrengahlee formed from uprooted trees one a coolabah the other a belar trimmed and turned upside down so that the roots decorated with twists of bark flared out The pathway leading novices from the larger to the smaller circle was adorned with yammunyamun figures cut into the exposed sapwood of trees along the route or drawn on the ground On the occasion observed by Mathews on the right hand side 82 metres 90 yd down the track was a mocked up bowerbird s nest and 2 7 metres 3 yd further on a scarecrow figure with trousers and jacket stuffed with grass representing a whiteman As the youths passed along this track the significance of the symbols and their relevance to tribal beliefs was explained 13 14 Further down the path a yammunyamun image of a bullock was formed from bark dirt and the animal s skull At 131 metres 143 yd a 2 7 metre 9 ft long representation of Baiame and his spouse Gooberangal lay moulded from the earth respectively on the right and left of the track 15 Further on still on the left was a carved figure of the Emu b apparently crouching its head pointed towards the large bora To its right a further 2 7 metres 3 yd on was Goomee Baiame s fire a 30 centimetre 1 ft high mound with a lit fire on top A further 16 metres 18 yd on parallel to the track and on Goomee s side a codfish was depicted and after it the Currea a serpentine creature and 14 metres 15 yd on the other side of the path two death adders followed then by a turkey s nest an earth stuffed porcupine s skin and a kangaroo rat s nest At last there was a carving of a full tribal man on one side of the track and an aboriginal woman on the other 16 Sandstone Caves Edit nbsp NPWS notice board with Gamilaraay English textsThe Sandstone Caves within the Pilliga Nature Reserve are co managed by the Gamilaraay people together with NPWS 17 All interpretive signage is in the Gamilaraay language followed by English A small example created by the Coonabarabran Gamilaraay Language Circle Suellen Tighe Maureen Sutler Sid Chatfield amp Peter Thompson is given below See adjoining image 18 better source needed nbsp Sandstone Caves Gamilaraay country Pilliga NRNhalay Yarrul Burranbalngayaldanhi nhalay yarrul ghalidu maayirru Yilambu yarrul biruubaraay warramayaanhi Mulamula nhalay yarrul Ngamila This rock Water amp wind have caused this rock to change over a long time The caves were made long ago The rock is soft Look out Don t touch Yilambu Yilambu dhurray marandu yarrul barraldanhi ganugu Mubirr yarrula garray Ngamila Garriya minyagaa ngiilay gaanga Long Ago Our ancestors made stone tools They sharpened their axes They marked the rock Look out Don t collect anything Dhawun Giirr dhulubaraay dhibaraay yuularaay dhawun nhalay Minya minyabul ngarriylanha ngiyani Giirr dhamali dhawundu nginunha The land Around here there are plants animals and food We have everything we need We live with the land Let the land touch you Alternative spellings EditCammealroy Comleroy Cumilri Camelleri Cummilroy Comleroy Cummeroy Duhai Gamilaroi Gamilroi Ghummilarai Cammealroy Kahmilari Gomeroi 1 Goomeroi Gamilaraay Gamillaraay Gumilroi Gummilroi Gummilray Ghummilarai Gunnilaroi Kahmilaharoy Kamilary Kamilarai Kamilari Kamilaroi Kamilarai Kamularoi Kaamee larrai Kamileroi Kimilari Karmil Kamil Kahml Komeroi 19 Koomilroi Komleroy Tjake Tyake Yauan Source Tindale 1974 p 194Some words Editbundar kangaroo buruma dog c Notable Gamilaroi people EditTraditional leaders Edit Gambu Ganuurru Mary Jane CainModern Gamilaraay Edit Richard Bell contemporary artist and co founder artist collective PROPPA NOW Greg Bird citation needed NRL player for Gold Coast Titans Brooke Boney journalist and presenter 20 21 Bevan French Rugby League player for the Parramatta Eels and Wigan Warriors Adam Giles citation needed former politician and former Chief Minister of the Northern Territory Jason Gillespie citation needed Australian Test cricketer Cameron Hammond citation needed professional boxer Donna Hartz 22 midwife and academic Toni Hay Queensland Women in STEM winner 2020 1 Author Culture of Inclusion Indigenous Climate Adaptation 2 Damien Hooper citation needed professional boxer Ben Jones citation needed NRL player for Sydney Roosters in 2013 via their reserve grade team Newtown Jets The Kid Laroi rapper singer and songwriter whose stage name is derived from Kamilaroi Mundara Koorang artist designer teacher elder actor and author Michael Lett NRL player Nakkiah Lui writer actor director Ray Martin 23 24 TV Presenter Tracey Moffatt contemporary artist Lyall Munro Jnr born 1951 activist and elder Lyall Munro Snr 1931 2020 activist and elder Karlie Noon astronomer Natalie Plane Australian rules footballer 25 26 Thelma Plum folk singer songwriter George Rose NRL player for Manly Sea Eagles Dale Shearer former NRL player for Manly Warringah and other Mitch Tambo electronic pop hip hop singer and songwriter Nathan Thomas waterpolo player who competed in two Olympic games Tarryn Thomas AFL player for the North Melbourne Kangaroos Brad Tighe NRL player for Penrith Panthers Corey Tutt Young Australian of the year NSW 2020 DeadlyScience founder Luke Walsh NRL player for Penrith Panthers Len Waters first and only Aboriginal fighter pilot in World War 2 Jonathan Wright NRL player for Cronulla Sutherland Sharks Connor Watson Australian NRL player for Newcastle Knights Thomas Weatherall writer and actor in the Netflix show Heartbreak High Kurtley Beale Waratahs amp Wallabies player 27 28 See also EditGamilaroi Nature Reserve Gamilaraay language gurre kamilaroi Kamilaroi HighwayNotes Edit Greenway states that the term means young men Greenway 1878 p 243 According to a recent study of Kamilaroi cosmological lore for them the appearance of the Emu began at the Coalsack under the star a Crucis which formed the Emu s head then b and a Centauri which form the start of the neck down the dust lanes of the Milky Way to h Lupus and g2 Norma at which point the dust lanes expand with the body of the Emu reaching the maximum thickness with e Scorpii and l Scorpii and tapering towards 36 Ophiuchi and 3 Sagittarii eventually ending near m Sagittarii Fuller et al 2014 pp 174 175 In ritual speech these terms were substituted respectively with the corresponding sacred words ungogirgal and gungumoal for example Mathews 1902 p 159 Citations Edit a b Smith 2018 Bellata Gold Dixon 2011 p 218 Mathews 1902 p 159 Tindale 1974 p 195 Tindale 1974 p 194 Gammage 2011 pp 281 304 a b c d e Greenway 1878 p 243 Hewitt 1901 p 90 Greenway 1901b p 168 Mathews 1897 p 142 Mathews 1897 p 143 Purcell 2011 p 4 Mathews 1897 p 138 Mathews 1897 p 144 Mathews 1897 pp 145 146 Office of Environment and Heritage Tighe S Sutler M Chatfield S Thompson P amp National Parks amp Wildlife Service Notice Board at entrance to Sandstone Caves walk observed 8 May 2018 Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior Aboriginal Affairs 17 July 2020 Archived from the original on 9 November 2022 Retrieved 25 November 2022 Chrysanthos 2019 Fryer 2018 SBS 2017 Galvin 2014 ABC 2010 Plane s Indigenous identity By Marni Olsson Young Carlton Media on 17 December 2019 AFL PLayers Indigenous Map 2023 Lutton Phil 10 July 2015 Kurtley Beale an Aboriginal Wallaby trying to fill in the blanks The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 15 April 2023 Lost generation www rugbypass com Retrieved 15 April 2023 Sources Edit The Balnaves Award Winner Belvoir 31 May 2017 Bellata Gold Archived from the original on 22 March 2006 Retrieved 21 April 2006 Chrysanthos Natassia 17 January 2019 Brooke Boney on being commercial breakfast TV s first indigenous star The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 23 March 2019 Dixon R M W 2002 Australian Languages Their Nature and Development Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 47378 1 Dixon R M W 2011 Searching for Aboriginal Languages Memoirs of a Field Worker Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 02504 1 Duncan Alan T 1996 Groves Herbert Stanley Bert 1907 1970 Australian dictionary of Biography Vol 14 M U P Fison Lorimer Howitt Alfred William 1880 Kamilaroi and Kurnai PDF Melbourne G Robinson via Internet Archive Fryer Brooke 21 December 2018 Brooke Boney set to be one of the few young Indigenous women on commercial television NITV Special Broadcasting Service Retrieved 23 March 2019 Fuller Robert S Anderson Michael G Norris Ray P Trudgett Michelle 2014 The Emu Sky Knowledge of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi Peoples Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 17 2 171 179 arXiv 1403 0304 Bibcode 2014JAHH 17 171F Galvin Nick 7 November 2014 In First Contact Ray Martin explores his Aboriginal ancestry and passion for photography The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Gammage Bill 2011 The Biggest Estate on Earth How Aborigines made Australia Allen amp Unwin pp 281 304 ISBN 978 1 74237 748 3 Giacon John October 2014 A grammar of Yuwaalaraay and Gamilaraay a description of two New South Wales languages based on 160 years of records PhD thesis Australian National University Greenway C C 22 November 1901b Berryberry aboriginal myth Science of Man 4 10 168 Greenway Charles C 1878 Kamilaroi language and Traditions The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 7 232 274 doi 10 2307 2841001 JSTOR 2841001 Greenway Charles C 21 August 1901a Borah boohra or boorhung Science of Man 4 7 117 118 Hewitt James Francis Katherinus 1901 History and chronology of the myth making age PDF J Parker and Co via Internet Archive Howitt Alfred William 1904 The native tribes of south east Australia PDF Macmillan Martin Ray 16 August 2010 Interview with Ray Martin transcript Talking Heads Interview Interviewed by Peter Thompson ABC TV Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 Mathews R H 1897 The Bora of the Kamilaroi Tribes Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 9 137 173 via BHL Mathews R H 1902 Languages of some native tribes of Queensland New South Wales and Victoria Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 36 135 190 154 159 McCarthy Frederick D 1 June 1940 The Carved Trees of New South Wales PDF Australian Museum Magazine pp 161 166 More Indigenous midwives equals strong cultural connection for mothers and babies expert SBS News Special Broadcasting Service 11 July 2017 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Pilliga Nature Reserve Plan of Management Office of Environment and Heritage Retrieved 9 May 2018 Purcell Leigh 2011 Cumming Helen ed Carved Trees Aboriginal cultures of western NSW Gamilaroi Country PDF State Library of New South Wales ISBN 978 0 7313 7206 5 Samuels Charles 1864 1912 Charles Samuels 1864 1912 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Smith Hilary 2018 Kamilaroi Gamilaraay or Gomeroi Winanga li Tindale Norman Barnett 1974 Kamilaroi NSW Aboriginal Tribes of Australia Their Terrain Environmental Controls Distribution Limits and Proper Names Australian National University Further reading Edit Kamilaroi amp Euahlayi Australian Indigenous Astronomy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gamilaraay amp oldid 1178752364, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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