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Foundation of Melbourne

The city of Melbourne was founded in 1835. The exact circumstances of the foundation of Melbourne, and the question of who should take credit, have long been matters of dispute.

The Enterprize at the site of Melbourne
This article is part of the series
History of Australia
Capital cities
Adelaide
Brisbane
Canberra
Darwin
Hobart
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Sydney

Exploration Edit

A series of colonisers, mostly operating from Sydney, explored the south-east coast of the Australian continent. In 1797 George Bass discovered Bass Strait, the passage between the Australian mainland and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania); Bass sailed as far west as Western Port. Other navigators included James Grant in 1800. In 1802 John Murray in the Lady Nelson became the first recorded European to sail into Port Phillip, but he did not reach the northern end of the bay. He was followed shortly after by Matthew Flinders. In January 1803, Charles Robbins and Charles Grimes in the schooner Cumberland explored the whole of the bay, and found the mouth of the Yarra River, on which they rowed as far as Dights Falls at Collingwood.[1] In October 1803 a convict settlement was established at Sullivan Bay at the mouth of Port Phillip, but this was abandoned and relocated to Van Diemens Land in January 1804.

The Hume and Hovell expedition passed just to the north of present-day Melbourne in December 1824, before reaching Port Phillip at Corio Bay. Other than the escape of convict William Buckley, this marks the only recorded visit by Europeans between 1804 and 1835.

Settlement Edit

In 1834 Edward Henty and his brothers [manikandan] established the first permanent settlement in Victoria at Portland Bay.

When news of the Hentys' actions reached Launceston, John Batman and a group of investors founded the Port Phillip Association, a grouping of Tasmanian bankers, graziers and East India Company retirees, with the intention of settling at Port Philip. In April 1835, Batman hired a sloop called the Rebecca and sailed across the Strait and up Port Philip to the mouth of the Yarra. He explored a large area in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne, as far north as Keilor, ascending Mount Kororoit. As the land he travelled through was mostly treeless, and covered in dense swards of Kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), it was, he wrote, "Land of the best description, equal to any in the world... the most beautiful sheep pasturage I ever saw in my life."

Batman's Treaty Edit

 
1880s Artist impression of the Treaty being signed

On 6 June Batman recorded in his journal that he had signed a treaty with the local Aboriginal people, the Wurundjeri. In this treaty Batman purported to buy 2,000 km2 (772 sq mi) of land near the Yarra River and another 400 km2 (154 sq mi) around Geelong, on Corio Bay to the south-west. In exchange he gave the eight "chiefs" whose marks he acquired on his treaty a quantity of blankets, knives, tomahawks, scissors, looking-glasses, flour, handkerchiefs and shirts.

The treaty was significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of aboriginal lands, according to historian Richard Broome,[2] although it was later declared void by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke,[3] and its authenticity has been strongly questioned by some historians like Alistair Campbell. It is likely that the Europeans interpreted the negotiations and ceremonies as a purchase of land while the Kulin believed they were conducting a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary access and use of the land.[4]

Batman then sent a party up the Yarra by boat. On 8 June he wrote in his journal: "So the boat went up the large river... and... I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village." This last sentence later became famous as the "founding charter" of Melbourne, but it is not at all clear whether Batman was referring to the Yarra or its tributary the Maribyrnong River. The map Batman later produced does not correspond well with the actual geography of the area.[5]

Tasmanian settlement Edit

Batman returned to Launceston and began plans to mount a large expedition to establish a settlement on the Yarra. John Pascoe Fawkner also had not been idle during the period since news of the Henty settlement at Portland had reached him. He also bought a ship, the schooner Enterprize. He met with Batman and assured him that he was not intending to settle at the site of Batman's discoveries, but he in fact had every intention of doing so. The Enterprize sailed on 4 August, with a party of intending settlers, although Fawkner was not aboard because the local sheriff would not allow him to leave until he paid his many debts.

After looking around the area, the acting commander of the expedition, John Lancey, chose a spot for the settlement, where, on 30 August 1835, the ship was anchored and the goods aboard unloaded. The spot was on the north bank of the Yarra, roughly between the present Spencer St Bridge and the Kings Bridge, in what is now called Enterprize Park (see also Batman Park and Enterprize (1830 ship)).

Meanwhile, Batman had sailed from Launceston in the Rebecca on 20 July, but he had spent several weeks at a temporary camp site at Indented Head on the western side of the bay. Here he was amazed to meet an Englishman, William Buckley, a former convict who had escaped from the settlement at Sorrento in 1803 and who had lived with the Aboriginal people around Port Phillip for more than 30 years. So it was not until 2 September that Batman's party reached the Yarra, where they were dismayed and angry to find Fawkner's people already in possession.

 
John Pascoe Fawkner

After a tense standoff, the two groups decided that there was plenty of land for everybody, and when Fawkner arrived on 16 October with another party of settlers, he agreed that they should start parcelling out land and not dispute who was there first. It was in his interests to do this, since an outbreak of violence would make it even less likely that Governor Bourke would recognise the settlement and the legal land titles of the settlers.

Establishment of Melbourne Edit

Both Batman and Fawkner settled in the new town, which had several interim names, including Batmania and Bearbrass, before being officially named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke[6] in honour of the British Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne.

Batman and his family settled at what became known as Batman's Hill, at the western end of Collins Street, an area now covered by the Spencer Street railway yards.[7] He built a house at the base of the hill in April 1836. Batman's health quickly declined after 1835 as syphilis had disfigured and crippled him, and he became estranged from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan.[8] They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River.[7]

Fawkner became a local publican, running Melbourne's first hotel on the corner of William Street and Flinders Lane.[9] He founded the Melbourne Advertiser, the city's first newspaper, in 1838. He became a major landowner at Pascoe Vale north of Melbourne. A contentious figure, he involved himself heavily in politics and in 1851 he was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Port Phillip District, and in 1856 he was elected to the first Parliament of the self-governing colony of Victoria, as MLC for Central Province.[10] In Melbourne as in Launceston, Fawkner made many enemies, before dying as the grand old man of the colony on 4 September 1869 in Smith Street, Collingwood at the age of 77. At his government-appointed public funeral over 200 carriages were present, and 15,000 persons were reported to have lined the streets on his burial day, 8 September 1869. He was buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery. He and Eliza did not have any children.[10]

Both Batman and Fawkner have many streets, parks and other places in Melbourne named after them. There was a federal electorate of Batman from 1906 to 2019 before being renamed to Cooper,[11] and there was an electorate of Fawkner from 1913 to 1969. There is a suburb called Fawkner and Fawkner's estate at Pascoe Vale is now also a suburb.

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Fleming, James (2002), Currey, John (ed.), A journal of Grimes' survey : the Cumberland in Port Phillip January–February 1803, Malvern, Victoria: Banks Society Publications, p. 43, ISBN 0-949586-10-2
  2. ^ Richard Broome, pp10-14, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800, Allen & Unwin, 2005, ISBN 1-74114-569-4, ISBN 978-1-74114-569-4
  3. ^ National Archives of Australia, Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK) 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 3 November 2008
  4. ^ Kenny, Robert. 2008. Tricks or treats?A case for Kulin knowing in Batman's treaty. History Australia 5 (2): pp. 38.1 to 38.14. DOI: 0.2104/ha080038. 38.14
  5. ^ "THE HISTORY OF VICTORIA". Illustrated Australian News. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 1 August 1888. p. 2 Supplement: SUPPLEMENT TO THE ILLUSTRATED AUSTRALIAN NEWS. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  6. ^ New South Wales Government Gazette, 12 April 1837 (No.271), p. 303.
  7. ^ a b Brown, P. L. Batman, John (1801–1839). Retrieved 15 September 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Carmody, Shane. "John Batman's Place in the Village - No 80 Spring 2007". www3.slv.vic.gov.au. State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  9. ^ "John Pascoe Fawkner - Ergo". State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  10. ^ a b Anderson, Hugh. Fawkner, John Pascoe (1792–1869). Retrieved 15 September 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Thorpe, Nakari. "Federal seat of Batman to be renamed after Indigenous rights leader William Cooper". NITV. SBS. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

Further reading Edit

  • Billot, C.P. (1979). John Batman : the Story of John Batman and the Founding of Melbourne. Melbourne : Hyland House. ISBN 0-908090-18-8
  • Billot, C.P. (1985). The life and times of John Pascoe Fawkner. Melbourne : Hyland House. ISBN 0-908090-77-3
  • Bonwick, James (1857). Discovery and settlement of Port Phillip : [...] history of [...] Victoria [...]. Melbourne: George Robertson
  • Bonwick, James (1857). Early days of Melbourne. Melbourne: James J. Blundell & Co
  • Campbell, Alastair H. (1987). John Batman and the aborigines. Malmsbury, Australia: Kibble Books. ISBN 0-908150-09-1
  • Harcourt, Rex (2001), Southern Invasion. Northern Conquest. Story of the Founding of Melbourne, Golden Point Press, Blackburn South. ISBN 0-646-40336-2
  • Turner, Henry Gyles (1904). A History of the Colony of Victoria. London : Longmans, Green

External links Edit

foundation, melbourne, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, sept. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Foundation of Melbourne news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The city of Melbourne was founded in 1835 The exact circumstances of the foundation of Melbourne and the question of who should take credit have long been matters of dispute The Enterprize at the site of MelbourneThis article is part of the seriesHistory of AustraliaCapital citiesAdelaideBrisbaneCanberraDarwinHobartMelbournePerthSydney Contents 1 Exploration 2 Settlement 3 Batman s Treaty 4 Tasmanian settlement 5 Establishment of Melbourne 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External linksExploration EditA series of colonisers mostly operating from Sydney explored the south east coast of the Australian continent In 1797 George Bass discovered Bass Strait the passage between the Australian mainland and Van Diemen s Land Tasmania Bass sailed as far west as Western Port Other navigators included James Grant in 1800 In 1802 John Murray in the Lady Nelson became the first recorded European to sail into Port Phillip but he did not reach the northern end of the bay He was followed shortly after by Matthew Flinders In January 1803 Charles Robbins and Charles Grimes in the schooner Cumberland explored the whole of the bay and found the mouth of the Yarra River on which they rowed as far as Dights Falls at Collingwood 1 In October 1803 a convict settlement was established at Sullivan Bay at the mouth of Port Phillip but this was abandoned and relocated to Van Diemens Land in January 1804 The Hume and Hovell expedition passed just to the north of present day Melbourne in December 1824 before reaching Port Phillip at Corio Bay Other than the escape of convict William Buckley this marks the only recorded visit by Europeans between 1804 and 1835 Settlement EditIn 1834 Edward Henty and his brothers manikandan established the first permanent settlement in Victoria at Portland Bay When news of the Hentys actions reached Launceston John Batman and a group of investors founded the Port Phillip Association a grouping of Tasmanian bankers graziers and East India Company retirees with the intention of settling at Port Philip In April 1835 Batman hired a sloop called the Rebecca and sailed across the Strait and up Port Philip to the mouth of the Yarra He explored a large area in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne as far north as Keilor ascending Mount Kororoit As the land he travelled through was mostly treeless and covered in dense swards of Kangaroo grass Themeda triandra it was he wrote Land of the best description equal to any in the world the most beautiful sheep pasturage I ever saw in my life Batman s Treaty EditMain article Batman s Treaty nbsp 1880s Artist impression of the Treaty being signedOn 6 June Batman recorded in his journal that he had signed a treaty with the local Aboriginal people the Wurundjeri In this treaty Batman purported to buy 2 000 km2 772 sq mi of land near the Yarra River and another 400 km2 154 sq mi around Geelong on Corio Bay to the south west In exchange he gave the eight chiefs whose marks he acquired on his treaty a quantity of blankets knives tomahawks scissors looking glasses flour handkerchiefs and shirts The treaty was significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of aboriginal lands according to historian Richard Broome 2 although it was later declared void by the Governor of New South Wales Richard Bourke 3 and its authenticity has been strongly questioned by some historians like Alistair Campbell It is likely that the Europeans interpreted the negotiations and ceremonies as a purchase of land while the Kulin believed they were conducting a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary access and use of the land 4 Batman then sent a party up the Yarra by boat On 8 June he wrote in his journal So the boat went up the large river and I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep This will be the place for a village This last sentence later became famous as the founding charter of Melbourne but it is not at all clear whether Batman was referring to the Yarra or its tributary the Maribyrnong River The map Batman later produced does not correspond well with the actual geography of the area 5 Tasmanian settlement EditBatman returned to Launceston and began plans to mount a large expedition to establish a settlement on the Yarra John Pascoe Fawkner also had not been idle during the period since news of the Henty settlement at Portland had reached him He also bought a ship the schooner Enterprize He met with Batman and assured him that he was not intending to settle at the site of Batman s discoveries but he in fact had every intention of doing so The Enterprize sailed on 4 August with a party of intending settlers although Fawkner was not aboard because the local sheriff would not allow him to leave until he paid his many debts After looking around the area the acting commander of the expedition John Lancey chose a spot for the settlement where on 30 August 1835 the ship was anchored and the goods aboard unloaded The spot was on the north bank of the Yarra roughly between the present Spencer St Bridge and the Kings Bridge in what is now called Enterprize Park see also Batman Park and Enterprize 1830 ship Meanwhile Batman had sailed from Launceston in the Rebecca on 20 July but he had spent several weeks at a temporary camp site at Indented Head on the western side of the bay Here he was amazed to meet an Englishman William Buckley a former convict who had escaped from the settlement at Sorrento in 1803 and who had lived with the Aboriginal people around Port Phillip for more than 30 years So it was not until 2 September that Batman s party reached the Yarra where they were dismayed and angry to find Fawkner s people already in possession nbsp John Pascoe FawknerAfter a tense standoff the two groups decided that there was plenty of land for everybody and when Fawkner arrived on 16 October with another party of settlers he agreed that they should start parcelling out land and not dispute who was there first It was in his interests to do this since an outbreak of violence would make it even less likely that Governor Bourke would recognise the settlement and the legal land titles of the settlers Establishment of Melbourne EditBoth Batman and Fawkner settled in the new town which had several interim names including Batmania and Bearbrass before being officially named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke 6 in honour of the British Prime Minister Lord Melbourne Batman and his family settled at what became known as Batman s Hill at the western end of Collins Street an area now covered by the Spencer Street railway yards 7 He built a house at the base of the hill in April 1836 Batman s health quickly declined after 1835 as syphilis had disfigured and crippled him and he became estranged from his wife convict Elizabeth Callaghan 8 They had had seven daughters and a son His son drowned in the Yarra River 7 Fawkner became a local publican running Melbourne s first hotel on the corner of William Street and Flinders Lane 9 He founded the Melbourne Advertiser the city s first newspaper in 1838 He became a major landowner at Pascoe Vale north of Melbourne A contentious figure he involved himself heavily in politics and in 1851 he was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Port Phillip District and in 1856 he was elected to the first Parliament of the self governing colony of Victoria as MLC for Central Province 10 In Melbourne as in Launceston Fawkner made many enemies before dying as the grand old man of the colony on 4 September 1869 in Smith Street Collingwood at the age of 77 At his government appointed public funeral over 200 carriages were present and 15 000 persons were reported to have lined the streets on his burial day 8 September 1869 He was buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery He and Eliza did not have any children 10 Both Batman and Fawkner have many streets parks and other places in Melbourne named after them There was a federal electorate of Batman from 1906 to 2019 before being renamed to Cooper 11 and there was an electorate of Fawkner from 1913 to 1969 There is a suburb called Fawkner and Fawkner s estate at Pascoe Vale is now also a suburb Notes Edit Fleming James 2002 Currey John ed A journal of Grimes survey the Cumberland in Port Phillip January February 1803 Malvern Victoria Banks Society Publications p 43 ISBN 0 949586 10 2 Richard Broome pp10 14 Aboriginal Victorians A History Since 1800 Allen amp Unwin 2005 ISBN 1 74114 569 4 ISBN 978 1 74114 569 4 National Archives of Australia Governor Bourke s Proclamation 1835 UK Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 3 November 2008 Kenny Robert 2008 Tricks or treats A case for Kulin knowing in Batman s treaty History Australia 5 2 pp 38 1 to 38 14 DOI 0 2104 ha080038 38 14 THE HISTORY OF VICTORIA Illustrated Australian News Melbourne National Library of Australia 1 August 1888 p 2 Supplement SUPPLEMENT TO THE ILLUSTRATED AUSTRALIAN NEWS Retrieved 20 January 2012 New South Wales Government Gazette 12 April 1837 No 271 p 303 a b Brown P L Batman John 1801 1839 Retrieved 15 September 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Carmody Shane John Batman s Place in the Village No 80 Spring 2007 www3 slv vic gov au State Library of Victoria Retrieved 15 September 2022 John Pascoe Fawkner Ergo State Library of Victoria Retrieved 15 September 2022 a b Anderson Hugh Fawkner John Pascoe 1792 1869 Retrieved 15 September 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Thorpe Nakari Federal seat of Batman to be renamed after Indigenous rights leader William Cooper NITV SBS Retrieved 15 September 2022 Further reading EditBillot C P 1979 John Batman the Story of John Batman and the Founding of Melbourne Melbourne Hyland House ISBN 0 908090 18 8 Billot C P 1985 The life and times of John Pascoe Fawkner Melbourne Hyland House ISBN 0 908090 77 3 Bonwick James 1857 Discovery and settlement of Port Phillip history of Victoria Melbourne George Robertson Bonwick James 1857 Early days of Melbourne Melbourne James J Blundell amp Co Campbell Alastair H 1987 John Batman and the aborigines Malmsbury Australia Kibble Books ISBN 0 908150 09 1 Harcourt Rex 2001 Southern Invasion Northern Conquest Story of the Founding of Melbourne Golden Point Press Blackburn South ISBN 0 646 40336 2 Turner Henry Gyles 1904 A History of the Colony of Victoria London Longmans GreenExternal links Edithttp www enterprize org au Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Foundation of Melbourne amp oldid 1180097566, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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