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Five Tathāgatas

In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Tathāgatas (Sanskrit: पञ्चतथागत, pañcatathāgata; Chinese: 五方佛; pinyin: Wǔfāngfó) or Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Chinese: 五智如来; pinyin: Wǔzhì Rúlái), the Five Great Buddhas, the Five Dhyani Buddhas and the Five Jinas (Sanskrit for "conqueror" or "victor"), are five Buddhas which are often venerated together. Various sources provide different names for these Buddhas, though the most common today are: Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Vairocana, Amitābha, and Amoghasiddhi.[1]

Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) statues of the Five Tathagathas in Shanhua Temple in Datong, Shanxi, China. From left to right: Amoghasiddhi, Amitābha, Vairocana, Ratnasambhava, Akshobhya

They are sometimes seen as emanations and representations of the five qualities of the Adi-Buddha or "first Buddha", which is associated with the Dharmakāya.[1] Some sources also include this "first Buddha" as a sixth Buddha along with the five.[1]

These five Buddhas are a common subject of Vajrayana mandalas and they feature prominently in various Buddhist Tantras. The Five Tathagathas is the primary object of realization and meditation in Shingon Buddhism, a school of Vajrayana Buddhism founded in Japan by Kūkai.

In Chinese Buddhism, veneration of the five Buddhas has dispersed from Chinese Esoteric Buddhism into other Chinese Buddhist traditions like Chan and Tiantai. They are regularly enshrined in many Chinese Buddhist temples and regularly invoked in rituals, such as the Liberation Rite of Water and Land and the Yoga Flaming Mouth ceremony (瑜伽焰口法會), as well as prayers and chants.[2][3]

They are also sometimes called the "dhyani-buddhas", a term first recorded in English by Brian Houghton Hodgson, a British Resident in Nepal,[4] in the early 19th century, and is unattested in any surviving traditional primary sources.[5]

Origin edit

 
The Garbhadhatu Mandala depicts the adibuddha Vairochana, surrounded by four Buddhas (golden) and four Bodhisattvas (white); clockwise from top: Ratnaketu, Samantabhadra, Samkusumitaraja, Manjushri, Amitabha, Avalokiteshvara, Divyadundhubhimeghanirghosa, Maitreya.

The Five Wisdom Buddhas are a development of the Buddhist Tantras, and later became associated with the trikaya or "three body" theory of Buddhahood. While in the Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra, there are only four Buddha families, the full Diamond Realm mandala with five Buddhas first appears in the Vajrasekhara Sutra.[1]

Representations of the five Dhyani Buddhas, who are abstract aspects of Buddhahood rather than Buddhas or gods, have elaborate differences.[6] Each must face in a different direction (north, south, east, west, or center), and, when painted, each is a different color (blue, yellow, red, green, or white). Each has a different mudrā and symbol; embodies a different aspect, type of evil, and cosmic element; has a different consort and spiritual son, as well as different animal vehicles (elephant, lion, peacock, harpies or garuda, or dragon).[7]

The Vajrasekhara also mentions a sixth Buddha, Vajradhara, "a Buddha (or principle) seen as the source, in some sense, of the five Buddhas."[1]

The Five Buddhas are aspects of the dharmakaya "dharma-body", which embodies the principle of enlightenment in Buddhism.

Initially, two Buddhas appeared to represent wisdom and compassion: Akshobhya and Amitābha. A further distinction embodied the aspects of power, or activity, and the aspect of beauty, or spiritual riches. In the Golden Light Sutra, an early Mahayana text, the figures are named Dundubishvara and Ratnaketu, but over time their names changed to become Amoghasiddhi and Ratnasambhava. The central figure came to be called Vairocana.

Vairocana, the first Dhyani Buddha, embodies sovereignty. [7] Japanese Pure Land Buddhists think that Vairocana and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Amitābha, but Japanese Shingon Buddhists think that Amitābha and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Vairocana.[8]

Akshobhya, the second Dhyani Buddha embodies steadfastness and faces east. He is seated in the Vajraparyanka (also known as Bhūmisparśa) pose, with the right hand on the right knee, palm turned inwardly, and middle finger touching the ground.[7][9][10]

Amitābha (Japanese: Amida) is the most ancient Dhyani Buddha, embodying light and facing west, and is the central figure in Pure Land Buddhism. A statue of Amitābha, when seated, has a samadhi mudrā with both palms face up, on top of each other, in his lap.[7][11][12]

When these Buddhas are represented in mandalas, they may not always have the same colour or be related to the same directions. In particular, Akshobhya and Vairocana may be switched. When represented in a Vairocana mandala, the Buddhas are arranged like this:

Amoghasiddhi (North)
Amitābha (West) Vairocana (Principal deity/meditator) Akshobhya (East)
Ratnasambhava (South)

Elements of the Five Families edit

There is an expansive number of associations with each element of the five Buddhas mandala, so that the mandala becomes a cipher and mnemonic visual thinking instrument and concept map; a vehicle for understanding and decoding the whole of the Dharma.

In numerous Vajrayana sources, like in each Buddha Family (Sanskrit: kula) or Division has numerous symbols, secondary figures (like bodhisattvas, protectors, etc.), powers, and aspects.[13]

Some of these esoteric associations include:

Family (Kula) Buddha Colour ← Element → Symbolism Cardinality → WisdomAttachmentsGestures MeansMaladaptation to Stress Season Wisdom
Buddha Family Vairocana white ← spacewheel center → all accommodatingrūpaTeaching the Dharma Turning the Wheel of Dharmaignorance, delusion Transition 法界体性智: The wisdom of the essence of the dharma-realm meditation mudra.[14]
Karma Family Amoghasiddhi green ← air, windviśvavajra northall accomplishing → mental formation, concept → fearlessness protect, destroyenvy, jealousy spring 成所作智: The wisdom of perfect practice.
Padma (Lotus) Family Amitābha red ← firelotus westinquisitive → perception → meditation magnetize, attachmentselfishness, lust summer 妙観察智: The wisdom of observation.
Ratna (Jewel) Family Ratnasambhava gold/yellow ← earthjewel southequanimous → feeling → giving enrich, increasepride, greed autumn 平等性智: The wisdom of equanimity.
Vajra Family Akṣobhya blue ← watersceptre, vajra eastnondualist (Dualist)vijñānahumility pacify, acceptaggression, aversion winter 大円鏡智: The wisdom of reflection.

The five Tathāgathas are protected by five Wisdom Kings, and in China and Japan are frequently depicted together in the Mandala of the Two Realms. In the Śūraṅgama mantra revealed in the Śūraṅgama sutra, an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition, the five Tathāgathas are mentioned as the hosts of the five divisions which controls the vast demon armies of the five directions.[15]

Consorts, mantras and seed syllables edit

According to the Guhyasamājatantra, each Buddha family is also assigned a specific mantra:[13]

  • Vairocana - Buddha family mantra: jinajik
  • Akṣobhya - Vajra family mantra: vajradhr̥k
  • Ratnasaṁbhava - Ratna family mantra: ratnadhr̥k
  • Amitābha - Lotus family mantrs: ārolik
  • Amoghasiddhi - Karma family mantra: prajñādhr̥k

In East Asia, they each are also often depicted with consorts, and preside over their own pure lands, with the aspiration to be reborn into a pure land being the central point of Pure Land Buddhism. Although all five Buddhas have pure lands, it appears that only Sukhavati of Amitābha, and to a much lesser extent Abhirati of Akshobhya (where great masters like Vimalakirti and Milarepa are said to dwell) were popularly venerated, though some temples include all five Buddhas in their mandalas and statuary.

Buddha (Skt) Consort Bodhisattva Pure land Bīja
Vairocana Dharmadhatvishvari Samantabhadra Akaniṣṭha-Ghanavyūha (Center) Om
Akṣobhya Locanā Vajrapani Abhirati (East) Hum
Amitābha Pandara [16] Avalokiteśvara Sukhāvatī (West) Hrih
Ratnasaṃbhava Mamaki [17] Ratnapani Śrīmat (South) Tram
Amoghasiddhi Green Tara[18][19] Viśvapāni Karmaprasiddhi[20] or Prakuṭā [es][21] (North) Ah

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Williams, Wynne, Tribe; Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, page 210.
  2. ^ "香光莊嚴". www.gaya.org.tw. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  3. ^ Hong, Tsai-Hsia (2007). The Water-Land Dharma Function Platform Ritual and the Great Compassion Repentance Ritual (Thesis). OCLC 64281400. ProQuest 304764751.
  4. ^ Bogle (1999) pp. xxxiv-xxxv
  5. ^ Saunders, E Dale, "A Note on Śakti and Dhyānibuddha," History of Religions 1 (1962): pp. 300-06.
  6. ^ Sakya, pp. 35, 76.
  7. ^ a b c d Sakya, p. 76.
  8. ^ Getty, Alice (1914). The gods of northern Buddhism: their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries. Oxford Clarendon Press via Internet Archive. p. 3.
  9. ^ "The Lotus Sutra focus on Śākyamuni also fits the main Buddha figure in Zen, rather than the Buddhas Amida or Vairocana venerated in the contemporary Pure Land and Esoteric (and Kegon) movements." in Taigen Dan Leighton (2005). "Dōgen's Appropriation of Lotus Sutra Ground and Space". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. Nanzan University. 32 (1): 87. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320930.003.0004. JSTOR 30233778.
  10. ^ "One of the two wives of Songtsen Gampo, she brought a large image of either Shakyamuni or Akshobhya Buddha (they are visually indistinguishable)..." in (PDF). The Huntington Archive, Ohio State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  11. ^ Sakya, p. 30.
  12. ^ Similarities with Amitabha in . Vipassana Foundation. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Nicolas Revire, Rajat Sanyal, Rolf Giebel. Avalokiteśvara of the “Three and a Half Syllables”: A Note on the Heart-Mantra Ārolik in India. Arts Asiatiques, 2021, Arts Asiatiques, 76, pp.5-30. ⟨10.3406/arasi.2021.2095⟩. ⟨halshs-04142356⟩
  14. ^ Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. (2004). JAANUS / hokkai jouin 法界定印. Available: http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hokkaijouin.htm 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 27 Nov 2013.
  15. ^ The Śūraṅgama sūtra : a new translation. Hsüan Hua, Buddhist Text Translation Society. Ukiah, Calif: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88139-962-2. OCLC 300721049.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)[page needed]
  16. ^ "Pandara The Shakti of Amitabha". Buddhanature.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  17. ^ "Mamaki The Shakti of Aksobhya". Buddhanature.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  18. ^ "chart of the Five Buddhas and their associations". Religionfacts.com. 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  19. ^ Symbolism of the five Dhyani Buddhas March 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Longchenpa (2014). "XIII". The Great Chariot. p. Part 3e.2a.
  21. ^ Shumsky, Susan (2010). Ascension: Connecting with the Immortal Masters and Beings of Light. Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN 978-1-60163-092-6.

Bibliography edit

  • Bogle, George; Markham, Clements Robert; and Manning, Thomas (1999) Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa ISBN 81-206-1366-X
  • Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. Curzon Press: London. ISBN 0-312-82540-4
  • Sakya, Jnan Bahadur (compiler) (2002) [1995]. Short Description of Gods, Goddesses and Ritual Objects of Buddhism and Hinduism in Nepal (10th [reprint] ed.). Handicraft Association of Nepal. ISBN 99933-37-33-1.

External links edit

  • Five Dhyani Buddhas - chart of the Five Buddhas and their associations.
  • StudyBuddhism.com - The Five Buddha-Families and Five Dhyani Buddhas
  • Five Dhyani Buddhas Mandala - Thangka painting of the Five Buddhas.
  • Symbolism of the five Dhyani Buddhas
  • Video demonstration the mantra chanting and mudras used during the Chinese Yogacara Flaming Mouth ceremony (瑜伽焰口法會) to invoke the Five Tathagathas in the ritual space.
  • Praise to the Five Buddhas (Chinese: 禮讚五方佛; Pinyin: Lǐzàn Wǔfāngfó), part of the liturgy chanted in certain Chinese monastaries.
  • Color Symbolism In Buddhist Art
  • Mark Schumacher: Godai Nyorai (Japanese) - Five Buddha of Wisdom Five Buddha of Meditation Five Jina | Five Tathagatas
  • - From Journey Without Goal: The Tantric Wisdom of the Buddha by Chögyam Trungpa, Shambhala.org (archived 2007)
  • 5 Dhyani Buddhas - 5 Dhyani Buddhas detailed with table

five, tathāgatas, mahayana, vajrayana, buddhism, sanskrit, पञ, चतथ, गत, pañcatathāgata, chinese, 五方佛, pinyin, wǔfāngfó, five, wisdom, tathāgatas, chinese, 五智如来, pinyin, wǔzhì, rúlái, five, great, buddhas, five, dhyani, buddhas, five, jinas, sanskrit, conqueror. In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism the Five Tathagatas Sanskrit पञ चतथ गत pancatathagata Chinese 五方佛 pinyin Wǔfangfo or Five Wisdom Tathagatas Chinese 五智如来 pinyin Wǔzhi Rulai the Five Great Buddhas the Five Dhyani Buddhas and the Five Jinas Sanskrit for conqueror or victor are five Buddhas which are often venerated together Various sources provide different names for these Buddhas though the most common today are Akshobhya Ratnasambhava Vairocana Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi 1 Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statues of the Five Tathagathas in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China From left to right Amoghasiddhi Amitabha Vairocana Ratnasambhava AkshobhyaThey are sometimes seen as emanations and representations of the five qualities of the Adi Buddha or first Buddha which is associated with the Dharmakaya 1 Some sources also include this first Buddha as a sixth Buddha along with the five 1 These five Buddhas are a common subject of Vajrayana mandalas and they feature prominently in various Buddhist Tantras The Five Tathagathas is the primary object of realization and meditation in Shingon Buddhism a school of Vajrayana Buddhism founded in Japan by Kukai In Chinese Buddhism veneration of the five Buddhas has dispersed from Chinese Esoteric Buddhism into other Chinese Buddhist traditions like Chan and Tiantai They are regularly enshrined in many Chinese Buddhist temples and regularly invoked in rituals such as the Liberation Rite of Water and Land and the Yoga Flaming Mouth ceremony 瑜伽焰口法會 as well as prayers and chants 2 3 They are also sometimes called the dhyani buddhas a term first recorded in English by Brian Houghton Hodgson a British Resident in Nepal 4 in the early 19th century and is unattested in any surviving traditional primary sources 5 Contents 1 Origin 2 Elements of the Five Families 2 1 Consorts mantras and seed syllables 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksOrigin edit nbsp The Garbhadhatu Mandala depicts the adibuddha Vairochana surrounded by four Buddhas golden and four Bodhisattvas white clockwise from top Ratnaketu Samantabhadra Samkusumitaraja Manjushri Amitabha Avalokiteshvara Divyadundhubhimeghanirghosa Maitreya The Five Wisdom Buddhas are a development of the Buddhist Tantras and later became associated with the trikaya or three body theory of Buddhahood While in the Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra there are only four Buddha families the full Diamond Realm mandala with five Buddhas first appears in the Vajrasekhara Sutra 1 Representations of the five Dhyani Buddhas who are abstract aspects of Buddhahood rather than Buddhas or gods have elaborate differences 6 Each must face in a different direction north south east west or center and when painted each is a different color blue yellow red green or white Each has a different mudra and symbol embodies a different aspect type of evil and cosmic element has a different consort and spiritual son as well as different animal vehicles elephant lion peacock harpies or garuda or dragon 7 The Vajrasekhara also mentions a sixth Buddha Vajradhara a Buddha or principle seen as the source in some sense of the five Buddhas 1 The Five Buddhas are aspects of the dharmakaya dharma body which embodies the principle of enlightenment in Buddhism Initially two Buddhas appeared to represent wisdom and compassion Akshobhya and Amitabha A further distinction embodied the aspects of power or activity and the aspect of beauty or spiritual riches In the Golden Light Sutra an early Mahayana text the figures are named Dundubishvara and Ratnaketu but over time their names changed to become Amoghasiddhi and Ratnasambhava The central figure came to be called Vairocana Vairocana the first Dhyani Buddha embodies sovereignty 7 Japanese Pure Land Buddhists think that Vairocana and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Amitabha but Japanese Shingon Buddhists think that Amitabha and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Vairocana 8 Akshobhya the second Dhyani Buddha embodies steadfastness and faces east He is seated in the Vajraparyanka also known as Bhumisparsa pose with the right hand on the right knee palm turned inwardly and middle finger touching the ground 7 9 10 Amitabha Japanese Amida is the most ancient Dhyani Buddha embodying light and facing west and is the central figure in Pure Land Buddhism A statue of Amitabha when seated has a samadhi mudra with both palms face up on top of each other in his lap 7 11 12 When these Buddhas are represented in mandalas they may not always have the same colour or be related to the same directions In particular Akshobhya and Vairocana may be switched When represented in a Vairocana mandala the Buddhas are arranged like this Amoghasiddhi North Amitabha West Vairocana Principal deity meditator Akshobhya East Ratnasambhava South Elements of the Five Families editThere is an expansive number of associations with each element of the five Buddhas mandala so that the mandala becomes a cipher and mnemonic visual thinking instrument and concept map a vehicle for understanding and decoding the whole of the Dharma In numerous Vajrayana sources like in each Buddha Family Sanskrit kula or Division has numerous symbols secondary figures like bodhisattvas protectors etc powers and aspects 13 Some of these esoteric associations include Family Kula Buddha Colour Element Symbolism Cardinality Wisdom Attachments Gestures Means Maladaptation to Stress Season WisdomBuddha Family Vairocana white space wheel center all accommodating rupa Teaching the Dharma Turning the Wheel of Dharma ignorance delusion Transition 法界体性智 The wisdom of the essence of the dharma realm meditation mudra 14 Karma Family Amoghasiddhi green air wind visvavajra north all accomplishing mental formation concept fearlessness protect destroy envy jealousy spring 成所作智 The wisdom of perfect practice Padma Lotus Family Amitabha red fire lotus west inquisitive perception meditation magnetize attachment selfishness lust summer 妙観察智 The wisdom of observation Ratna Jewel Family Ratnasambhava gold yellow earth jewel south equanimous feeling giving enrich increase pride greed autumn 平等性智 The wisdom of equanimity Vajra Family Akṣobhya blue water sceptre vajra east nondualist Dualist vijnana humility pacify accept aggression aversion winter 大円鏡智 The wisdom of reflection The five Tathagathas are protected by five Wisdom Kings and in China and Japan are frequently depicted together in the Mandala of the Two Realms In the Suraṅgama mantra revealed in the Suraṅgama sutra an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition the five Tathagathas are mentioned as the hosts of the five divisions which controls the vast demon armies of the five directions 15 Consorts mantras and seed syllables edit According to the Guhyasamajatantra each Buddha family is also assigned a specific mantra 13 Vairocana Buddha family mantra jinajik Akṣobhya Vajra family mantra vajradhr k Ratnasaṁbhava Ratna family mantra ratnadhr k Amitabha Lotus family mantrs arolik Amoghasiddhi Karma family mantra prajnadhr kIn East Asia they each are also often depicted with consorts and preside over their own pure lands with the aspiration to be reborn into a pure land being the central point of Pure Land Buddhism Although all five Buddhas have pure lands it appears that only Sukhavati of Amitabha and to a much lesser extent Abhirati of Akshobhya where great masters like Vimalakirti and Milarepa are said to dwell were popularly venerated though some temples include all five Buddhas in their mandalas and statuary Buddha Skt Consort Bodhisattva Pure land BijaVairocana Dharmadhatvishvari Samantabhadra Akaniṣṭha Ghanavyuha Center OmAkṣobhya Locana Vajrapani Abhirati East HumAmitabha Pandara 16 Avalokitesvara Sukhavati West HrihRatnasaṃbhava Mamaki 17 Ratnapani Srimat South TramAmoghasiddhi Green Tara 18 19 Visvapani Karmaprasiddhi 20 or Prakuṭa es 21 North AhGallery edit nbsp Ancient painting of Pancha Maha Thathagatas Amoghasiddhi green Akshobhya blue Amitabha red Vairocana white Ratnasambhava yellow date 1100 1200 in Nepal nbsp Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statue of Amoghasiddhi in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statue of Amitabha in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statue of Vairocana in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statue of Ratnasambhava in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Jin Dynasty 1115 1234 statue of Akshobhya in Shanhua Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Ming dynasty 1368 1644 statue of Amoghasiddhi in Huayan Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Ming dynasty 1368 1644 statue of Amitabha in Huayan Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Ming dynasty 1368 1644 statue of Vairocana in Huayan Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Ming dynasty 1368 1644 statue of Ratnasambhava in Huayan Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Ming dynasty 1368 1644 statue of Akshobhya in Huayan Temple in Datong Shanxi China nbsp Five Thathagatas painting Date 1400 1500 Ratnasambhava Akshobhya Vairocana Amitabha Amoghasiddhi Himalayan art resources foundation in Nepal nbsp Shrine to the Five Tathagathas in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou Fujian China nbsp Shrine to the Five Tathagathas in Bixia Temple on Mount Wutai in Shanxi China nbsp Chinese shrine to the Five Tathagathas in Nan Tien Temple in Wollongong Australia nbsp Five Tathagatas in Shishoin Temple Shibamata Katsushika Tokyo From the right side Akshobhya Ratnasambhava Vairocana Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi nbsp Painting of the Five Buddhas circa the 6th year under Injo of Joseon Dynasty 1628 Korea nbsp Gilt copper crown with five buddhas Tibet 1644 1911 CE nbsp Ritual Diadem with the Five Jina Buddhas Northern Nepal or Tibet 19th century nbsp Five Buddhas Nepal 16th century nbsp Statues of the Five Tathagathas Tri Ratna Buddhist Centre Pekanbaru Sumatra nbsp Renge in Tanjō jiSee also editDharma Dharmadhatu Diamond Realm Four Paramatthas Garbhagriha List of the named Buddhas Trikaya Womb RealmReferences edit a b c d e Williams Wynne Tribe Buddhist Thought A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition page 210 香光莊嚴 www gaya org tw Retrieved 2021 05 12 Hong Tsai Hsia 2007 The Water Land Dharma Function Platform Ritual and the Great Compassion Repentance Ritual Thesis OCLC 64281400 ProQuest 304764751 Bogle 1999 pp xxxiv xxxv Saunders E Dale A Note on Sakti and Dhyanibuddha History of Religions 1 1962 pp 300 06 Sakya pp 35 76 a b c d Sakya p 76 Getty Alice 1914 The gods of northern Buddhism their history iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries Oxford Clarendon Press via Internet Archive p 3 The Lotus Sutra focus on Sakyamuni also fits the main Buddha figure in Zen rather than the Buddhas Amida or Vairocana venerated in the contemporary Pure Land and Esoteric and Kegon movements in Taigen Dan Leighton 2005 Dōgen s Appropriation of Lotus Sutra Ground and Space Japanese Journal of Religious Studies Nanzan University 32 1 87 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195320930 003 0004 JSTOR 30233778 One of the two wives of Songtsen Gampo she brought a large image of either Shakyamuni or Akshobhya Buddha they are visually indistinguishable in Glossary Balza Balmoza PDF The Huntington Archive Ohio State University Archived from the original PDF on April 9 2011 Retrieved January 22 2012 Sakya p 30 Similarities with Amitabha in Who s Who of Buddhism Vipassana Foundation Archived from the original on January 11 2009 Retrieved January 14 2011 a b Nicolas Revire Rajat Sanyal Rolf Giebel Avalokitesvara of the Three and a Half Syllables A Note on the Heart Mantra Arolik in India Arts Asiatiques 2021 Arts Asiatiques 76 pp 5 30 10 3406 arasi 2021 2095 halshs 04142356 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System 2004 JAANUS hokkai jouin 法界定印 Available http www aisf or jp jaanus deta h hokkaijouin htm Archived 2013 12 03 at the Wayback Machine Last accessed 27 Nov 2013 The Suraṅgama sutra a new translation Hsuan Hua Buddhist Text Translation Society Ukiah Calif Buddhist Text Translation Society 2009 ISBN 978 0 88139 962 2 OCLC 300721049 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link page needed Pandara The Shakti of Amitabha Buddhanature com Retrieved 2013 06 14 Mamaki The Shakti of Aksobhya Buddhanature com Retrieved 2013 06 14 chart of the Five Buddhas and their associations Religionfacts com 2012 12 21 Retrieved 2013 06 14 Symbolism of the five Dhyani Buddhas Archived March 8 2009 at the Wayback Machine Longchenpa 2014 XIII The Great Chariot p Part 3e 2a Shumsky Susan 2010 Ascension Connecting with the Immortal Masters and Beings of Light Red Wheel Weiser ISBN 978 1 60163 092 6 Bibliography editBogle George Markham Clements Robert and Manning Thomas 1999 Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa ISBN 81 206 1366 X Bucknell Roderick amp Stuart Fox Martin 1986 The Twilight Language Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism Curzon Press London ISBN 0 312 82540 4 Sakya Jnan Bahadur compiler 2002 1995 Short Description of Gods Goddesses and Ritual Objects of Buddhism and Hinduism in Nepal 10th reprint ed Handicraft Association of Nepal ISBN 99933 37 33 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dhyani Buddha Five Dhyani Buddhas chart of the Five Buddhas and their associations StudyBuddhism com The Five Buddha Families and Five Dhyani Buddhas Five Dhyani Buddhas Mandala Thangka painting of the Five Buddhas Symbolism of the five Dhyani Buddhas Video demonstration the mantra chanting and mudras used during the Chinese Yogacara Flaming Mouth ceremony 瑜伽焰口法會 to invoke the Five Tathagathas in the ritual space Praise to the Five Buddhas Chinese 禮讚五方佛 Pinyin Lǐzan Wǔfangfo part of the liturgy chanted in certain Chinese monastaries Color Symbolism In Buddhist Art Mark Schumacher Godai Nyorai Japanese Five Buddha of Wisdom Five Buddha of Meditation Five Jina Five Tathagatas The Five Buddha Families From Journey Without Goal The Tantric Wisdom of the Buddha by Chogyam Trungpa Shambhala org archived 2007 5 Dhyani Buddhas 5 Dhyani Buddhas detailed with table Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Five Tathagatas amp oldid 1201781509, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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