Exxon Valdez
The Exxon Valdez was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound, spilling its cargo of crude oil into the sea. On 24 March 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First Mate James Kunkel,[3] and bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef, resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history.[4] The size of the spill is estimated to have been 40,900 to 120,000 m3 (10.8 to 31.7 million US gal; 257,000 to 755,000 bbl).[5][6] In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th-largest spill in history.[7]
The Exxon Valdez at Prince William Sound in 1989. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name | Exxon Valdez |
| Owner |
|
| Port of registry |
|
| Ordered | 1 August 1984 |
| Builder | |
| Laid down | 24 July 1985 |
| Launched | 14 October 1986 |
| Completed | 1986 |
| Maiden voyage | 1986 |
| In service | 11 December 1986 – 20 March 2012 |
| Out of service | 21 March 2012 (sold for scrap) |
| Renamed |
|
| Refit | 30 June 1989 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Scrapped at Alang, India in 2012. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | VLCC oil tanker |
| Type | ABS: A1, ore carrier, AMS, ACCU, GRAB 25 |
| Tonnage | 214,861 DWT[1] |
| Displacement | 240,291 long tons[1] |
| Length | 987 ft (301 m) overall[1] |
| Beam | 166 ft (51 m)[1] |
| Draft | 64.5 ft (19.7 m)[1] |
| Depth | 88 ft (27 m)[1] |
| Installed power | 31,650 bhp (23,600 kW) at 79 rpm |
| Propulsion | Eight-cylinder, reversible, slow-speed Sulzer marine diesel engine |
| Speed | 16.25 knots (30.1 km/h; 18.7 mph) |
| Capacity | 1.48 million barrels (235,000 m3) of crude oil[1] |
| Crew | 21 |
| Notes | [2] |
Carrier edit
The tanker was over 301 meters long, 51 meters wide, and 26 meters deep (987 ft x 166 ft x 88 ft), with a deadweight of 214,861 long tons and a full-load displacement of 240,291 long tons. The ship was able to transport up to 235,000 m3 (1.48 million bbl) at a sustained speed of 30 kilometres per hour (16 kn; 19 mph), powered by a 23.60 MW (31,650 shp) diesel engine. Her hull design was of the single-hull type, constructed by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California. She was a relatively new tanker at the time of the spill, having been delivered to Exxon on 16 December 1986.
Incident and accidents edit
Oil spill edit
At the time of the spill, Exxon Valdez was employed to transport crude oil from the Alyeska consortium's pipeline terminal in Valdez, Alaska, to the lower 48 states of the United States. At the time it ran aground, the vessel was carrying about 201,000 m3 (1.26 million bbl; 53 million US gal) of oil. After the spill, the vessel was towed to San Diego arriving on 10 June 1989, and repairs were started on 30 June 1989. Approximately 1,600 tons of steel were removed and replaced that July, totaling US$30 million of repairs to the tanker. Its single-hull design remained unaltered.
The Exxon Valdez spill occurred under President George H. W. Bush, whose Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, William K. Reilly, reportedly played a significant role in mobilizing presidential support for action to contain and clean up the spill.[8][better source needed]
Litigation edit
Litigation was filed on behalf of 38,000 litigants. In 1994, a jury awarded plaintiffs US$287 million in compensatory damages and US$5 billion in punitive damages. Exxon appealed and the Ninth Circuit Court reduced the punitive damages to US$2.5 billion. Exxon then appealed the punitive damages to the Supreme Court which capped the damages to US$507.5 million in June, 2008. On 27 August 2008, Exxon Mobil agreed to pay 75% of the US$507.5 million damages ruling to settle the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska.[9] In June 2009, a federal ruling ordered Exxon to pay an additional US$480 million in interest on their delayed punitive damage awards.[10]
Return to service edit
After repairs, Exxon Valdez was renamed Exxon Mediterranean, then SeaRiver Mediterranean in the early 1990s, when Exxon transferred its shipping business to a new subsidiary company, River Maritime Inc. The name was later shortened to S/R Mediterranean, then to simply Mediterranean in 2005. Although Exxon tried briefly to return the ship to its North American fleet, it was prohibited by law from returning to Prince William Sound even though her sister ship with the same design, Exxon Long Beach, never left that route.[11] It then served in Europe, the Middle East and Asia.[12] In 2002, the ship was again removed from service.[13] In 2005, it began operating under the Marshall Islands flag of convenience.[14] Since then, European Union regulations have also prevented vessels with single-hull designs such as the Valdez from entering European ports.[15] In early 2008, SeaRiver Maritime, an ExxonMobil subsidiary, sold Mediterranean to the Hong Kong-based shipping company, Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd., which renamed the ship, once again, to Dong Fang Ocean (Chinese: 东方海; lit. 'oriental sea'), under Panama registry. In 2008, she was refitted and converted from an oil tanker to an ore carrier.
Hong Kong Bloom Shipping, is a subsidiary of Chinese government-owned company China Ocean Shipping (Group) Corporation (COSCO).[16][better source needed]
Collision with MV Aali edit
On 29 November 2010, Dong Fang Ocean collided in the South China Sea with the Malta-flagged cargo ship, Aali. Both vessels were severely damaged in the incident, and Aali was towed to Weihai and Dong Fang Ocean was towed to Longyan Port in Shandong.[17]
Retirement edit
In March 2012, Dong Fang Ocean was purchased by Global Marketing Systems, Inc. for scrap at an estimated US$16 million and sailed under her own power to a ship breaker in Singapore. She changed hands again among scrap merchants (a common occurrence) and was eventually routed to Alang, India, under the ownership of Priya Blue Industries and at some point renamed Oriental Nicety.[18] Before being beached, some[who?] tried to halt the action, arguing that the vessel was in breach of the Basel Convention.[19] On 30 July 2012, the Supreme Court of India granted permission for the owners of Oriental Nicety to beach her at Gujarat coast to be dismantled.[20] She was then beached at Alang on 2 August 2012.[21]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g , National Transportation Board, p. 15 (July 31, 1990)
- ^ . American Bureau of Shipping. 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ . Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Bluemink, Elizabeth (June 27, 2016). "Size of Exxon spill remains disputed". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
- ^ Riki Ott (June 18, 2010). . On The Media (Interview: audio/transcript). Interviewed by Brooke Gladstone. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ "Exxon Valdez | Oil Spills | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program". darrp.noaa.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes his agency’s response to the massive spill. Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly Video, Transcript (see p2).
- ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 27, 2008). "Exxon agrees to pay out 75 percent of Valdez damages". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (June 16, 2009). "Exxon must pay US$480 million in interest over Valdez oil tanker spill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ Musgrave, Ruth S. (1998). Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook with Related Laws. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-86587-557-9.
- ^ Little, Robert (October 17, 2002). "The former Exxon Valdez faces retirement". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Kravets, David (November 1, 2002). "9th Circuit bars Exxon Valdez from operating". The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ . Coltoncompany.com. March 22, 2005. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ^ "Only Double Hull Tankers Now into EU Ports" By Tanker World, May 3, 2007
- ^ "Oriental Nicety, formerly known as Exxon Valdez, to be scrapped". maritime-connector.com. March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ Schwabedissen, Tim; Wahner, Christoph M. (November 29, 2010). "Daily Vessel Casualty, Piracy & News Report". The Law Offices of Countryman & McDaniel. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- ^ Staff writers (May 9, 2012). "India bars Alaska oil spill tanker Exxon Valdez". BBS News. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Black, David (May 10, 2012). "New setback for troubled ship as India bars beaching". The National. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
- ^ "SC gives green signal for beaching of US ship". The Hindu. July 31, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Halliday, Adam (August 2, 2012). "23 years after one of history's worst oil spills, Exxon Valdez 'rests' in Gujarat". Indian Express. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
External links edit
- Emergency Response Division – Office of Response and Restoration – National Ocean Service (2010). . IncidentNews. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- nature.com article about ship