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Early Modern Spanish

Early Modern Spanish (also called classical Spanish or Golden Age Spanish, especially in literary contexts) is the variant of Spanish used between the end of the fifteenth century and the end of the seventeenth century, marked by a series of phonological and grammatical changes that transformed Old Spanish into Modern Spanish.

Early Modern Spanish
Early Modern Castilian
  • español
  • castellano
Pronunciation[espaˈɲol]
[kasteˈʎano][a]
Native toSpain
RegionIberian peninsula
EthnicitySpaniards
Era15th–17th century
Early forms
Latin
Aljamía (marginal)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottologstan1288
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Notable changes from Old Spanish to Early Modern Spanish include: (1) a readjustment of the sibilants (including their devoicing and changes in their place of articulation), (2) the phonemic merger known as yeísmo, (3) the rise of new second-person pronouns, (4) the emergence of the "se lo" construction for the sequence of third-person indirect and direct object pronouns, and (5) new restrictions on the order of clitic pronouns.

Early Modern Spanish corresponds to the period of Spanish colonization of the Americas, and thus it forms the historical basis of all varieties of New World Spanish. Meanwhile, Judaeo-Spanish preserves some archaisms of Old Spanish that disappeared from the rest of the variants, such as the presence of voiced sibilants and the maintenance of the phonemes /ʃ/ and /ʒ/.

Early Modern Spanish, however, was not uniform throughout the Spanish-speaking regions of Spain. Each change has its own chronology and, in some cases, geography. Slightly different pronunciations existed simultaneously. The Spanish spoken in Toledo was taken as the "best" variety and was different from that of Madrid.[3]

Phonology edit

From the late 16th century to the mid-17th century, the voiced sibilants /z/, /z̺/, /ʒ/ lost their voicing and merged with their respective voiceless counterparts: laminal /s/, apical //, and palatal /ʃ/, resulting in the phonemic inventory shown below:

Consonants in Northern Spain
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Laminal Apical
Obstruent Voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
Voiced b d g
Voiceless fricative f ʃ (h)
Nasal m n ɲ
Tap ɾ
Trill r
Approximant Central ʝ
Lateral l ʎ
Consonants in Southern Spain
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Obstruent Voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
Voiced b d g
Fricative Voiceless f ʃ (h)
Voiced ʒ
Nasal m n ɲ
Tap ɾ
Trill r
Approximant Central ʝ
Lateral l ʎ
  • The phoneme /h/ (from Old Spanish initial /f/) progressively became silent in most areas, though it still exists for some words in varieties of Andalusia and Extremadura. In several modern dialects, the sound [h] is the realization of the phoneme /x/; additionally, in many dialects it exists as a result of the debuccalization of /s/ in syllabic coda (a process commonly termed aspiration in Hispanic linguistics).
  • In the Americas, the Canary Islands, and almost all of Andalusia, the apical /s̺/ merged with laminal /s/ (the resulting phoneme is represented as /s/). In central and northern Spain, /s/ shifted to /θ/, and the apicoalveolar sibilant /s̺/ was preserved without change and so it can be represented phonemically as /s/).[4] Some authors[which?] use the transcription /s̪/ and /s̻/ for /s/ and/or /s̠/ for /s̺/.
  • Many dialects have lost the distinction between the phonemes /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ in a merger, called yeísmo. Both phonemes have remained separate in parts of the Iberian Peninsula and in parts of South America, mainly in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru.

Grammar edit

  • A readjustment of the second-person pronouns differentiates Modern Spanish from Old Spanish. To eliminate the ambiguity of the form vos, which served for both the second-person singular formal and the second-person plural, two alternative forms were created:
    • The form usted (< vuesarced < vuestra merced, 'your grace') as a form of respect in the second-person singular.
    • The form vosotros (< vos otros) as a usual form of second-person plural. In parts of Andalusia, in the Canary Islands, and in the Americas, however, the form did not take hold, and the form ustedes came to be used for both the formal and the informal second-person plural.[5]
  • The loss of the phoneme /ʒ/—through a merger with /ʃ/—caused the medieval forms gelo, gela, gelos, gelas (consisting of an indirect object followed by a direct object) to be reinterpreted as se lo, se la, se los, se las, as in digelo 'I gave it to him/her' > Early Modern Spanish díselo > Modern Spanish se lo di.
  • In Early Modern Spanish, clitic pronouns were still often suffixed to a finite verb form, as in Portuguese, but they began to alternate with preverbal forms, which became the norm in Modern Spanish: enfermose and muriose > se enfermó and se murió.

Spelling edit

Spelling in Early Modern Spanish was anarchic, unlike the Spanish of today, which is governed and standardized by the Real Academia Española, a semi-governmental body. There was no reference book or other authority writers or compositors could turn to, to find the "correct" spelling of a word. In fact, spelling was not considered very important. Sometimes words were spelled according to their Latin origin, rather than their actual pronunciation (trasumpto instead of trasunto). That presents a challenge to modern editors of texts from the period, who are forced to choose what spelling(s) to use.[3] The radical proposals of Gonzalo Correas [es] were not adopted.

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In yeísmo dialects,castellano is pronounced [kasteˈʝano].

Citations edit

  1. ^ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2020)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2022). "Castilic". Glottolog 4.6. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. ^ a b Eisenberg, Daniel (1990). . Cervantes. Cervantes Society of America. 10 (2): 3–14. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26.
  4. ^ J. I. Hualde, 2005, pp. 153–158
  5. ^ Jonge, Bob de (2005). "El desarrollo de las variantes de vuestra merced a usted". Estudios de Lingüística del Español (in Spanish). 22. sec. 7.3. ISSN 1139-8736.

Further reading edit

  • Alvar, Manuel (director), Manual de dialectología hispánica. El Español de España, Ariel Lingüística, Barcelona, 1996 and 2007.
  • Cano, Rafael (coord.): Historia de la lengua española, Ariel Lingüística, Barcelona, 2005.
  • Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. from the original on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2002.
  • Hualde, José Ignacio (2005): The sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Penny, Ralph (1993): Gramática histórica del español, Ariel, Barcelona, ISBN 84-344-8265-7.

early, modern, spanish, also, called, classical, spanish, golden, spanish, especially, literary, contexts, variant, spanish, used, between, fifteenth, century, seventeenth, century, marked, series, phonological, grammatical, changes, that, transformed, spanish. Early Modern Spanish also called classical Spanish or Golden Age Spanish especially in literary contexts is the variant of Spanish used between the end of the fifteenth century and the end of the seventeenth century marked by a series of phonological and grammatical changes that transformed Old Spanish into Modern Spanish Early Modern SpanishEarly Modern CastilianespanolcastellanoPronunciation espaˈɲol kasteˈʎano a Native toSpainRegionIberian peninsulaEthnicitySpaniardsEra15th 17th centuryLanguage familyIndo European ItalicLatino FaliscanRomanceItalo WesternWestern RomanceIbero RomanceWest IberianCastilian 1 2 Early Modern SpanishEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Italic Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto Romance Old SpanishWriting systemLatinAljamia marginal Language codesISO 639 3 Glottologstan1288This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Notable changes from Old Spanish to Early Modern Spanish include 1 a readjustment of the sibilants including their devoicing and changes in their place of articulation 2 the phonemic merger known as yeismo 3 the rise of new second person pronouns 4 the emergence of the se lo construction for the sequence of third person indirect and direct object pronouns and 5 new restrictions on the order of clitic pronouns Early Modern Spanish corresponds to the period of Spanish colonization of the Americas and thus it forms the historical basis of all varieties of New World Spanish Meanwhile Judaeo Spanish preserves some archaisms of Old Spanish that disappeared from the rest of the variants such as the presence of voiced sibilants and the maintenance of the phonemes ʃ and ʒ Early Modern Spanish however was not uniform throughout the Spanish speaking regions of Spain Each change has its own chronology and in some cases geography Slightly different pronunciations existed simultaneously The Spanish spoken in Toledo was taken as the best variety and was different from that of Madrid 3 Contents 1 Phonology 2 Grammar 3 Spelling 4 References 4 1 Notes 4 2 Citations 5 Further readingPhonology editFrom the late 16th century to the mid 17th century the voiced sibilants z z ʒ lost their voicing and merged with their respective voiceless counterparts laminal s apical s and palatal ʃ resulting in the phonemic inventory shown below Consonants in Northern Spain Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalLaminal ApicalObstruent Voiceless p t t ʃ kVoiced b d gVoiceless fricative f s s ʃ h Nasal m n ɲTap ɾTrill rApproximant Central ʝLateral l ʎConsonants in Southern Spain Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalObstruent Voiceless p t t ʃ kVoiced b d gFricative Voiceless f s ʃ h Voiced z ʒNasal m n ɲTap ɾTrill rApproximant Central ʝLateral l ʎThe phoneme h from Old Spanish initial f progressively became silent in most areas though it still exists for some words in varieties of Andalusia and Extremadura In several modern dialects the sound h is the realization of the phoneme x additionally in many dialects it exists as a result of the debuccalization of s in syllabic coda a process commonly termed aspiration in Hispanic linguistics In the Americas the Canary Islands and almost all of Andalusia the apical s merged with laminal s the resulting phoneme is represented as s In central and northern Spain s shifted to 8 and the apicoalveolar sibilant s was preserved without change and so it can be represented phonemically as s 4 Some authors which use the transcription s and s for s and or s for s Many dialects have lost the distinction between the phonemes ʎ and ʝ in a merger called yeismo Both phonemes have remained separate in parts of the Iberian Peninsula and in parts of South America mainly in Bolivia Paraguay and Peru Grammar editA readjustment of the second person pronouns differentiates Modern Spanish from Old Spanish To eliminate the ambiguity of the form vos which served for both the second person singular formal and the second person plural two alternative forms were created The form usted lt vuesarced lt vuestra merced your grace as a form of respect in the second person singular The form vosotros lt vos otros as a usual form of second person plural In parts of Andalusia in the Canary Islands and in the Americas however the form did not take hold and the form ustedes came to be used for both the formal and the informal second person plural 5 The loss of the phoneme ʒ through a merger with ʃ caused the medieval forms gelo gela gelos gelas consisting of an indirect object followed by a direct object to be reinterpreted as se lo se la se los se las as in digelo I gave it to him her gt Early Modern Spanish diselo gt Modern Spanish se lo di In Early Modern Spanish clitic pronouns were still often suffixed to a finite verb form as in Portuguese but they began to alternate with preverbal forms which became the norm in Modern Spanish enfermose and muriose gt se enfermo and se murio Spelling editSpelling in Early Modern Spanish was anarchic unlike the Spanish of today which is governed and standardized by the Real Academia Espanola a semi governmental body There was no reference book or other authority writers or compositors could turn to to find the correct spelling of a word In fact spelling was not considered very important Sometimes words were spelled according to their Latin origin rather than their actual pronunciation trasumpto instead of trasunto That presents a challenge to modern editors of texts from the period who are forced to choose what spelling s to use 3 The radical proposals of Gonzalo Correas es were not adopted References editNotes edit In yeismo dialects castellano is pronounced kasteˈʝano Citations edit Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 2020 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian eds 2022 Castilic Glottolog 4 6 Jena Germany Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology a b Eisenberg Daniel 1990 Cervantes Consonants Cervantes Cervantes Society of America 10 2 3 14 Archived from the original on 2018 03 26 J I Hualde 2005 pp 153 158 Jonge Bob de 2005 El desarrollo de las variantes de vuestra merced a usted Estudios de Linguistica del Espanol in Spanish 22 sec 7 3 ISSN 1139 8736 Further reading editAlvar Manuel director Manual de dialectologia hispanica El Espanol de Espana Ariel Linguistica Barcelona 1996 and 2007 Cano Rafael coord Historia de la lengua espanola Ariel Linguistica Barcelona 2005 Eberhard David M Simons Gary F Fennig Charles D 2020 Ethnologue Languages of the World 23rd ed Dallas Texas SIL International Archived from the original on 6 April 2006 Retrieved 22 June 2002 Hualde Jose Ignacio 2005 The sounds of Spanish Cambridge University Press 2005 Penny Ralph 1993 Gramatica historica del espanol Ariel Barcelona ISBN 84 344 8265 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Early Modern Spanish amp oldid 1179804128, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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