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Playwright

A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays.

Agatha Christie, author of The Mousetrap, the longest run play in history
The literary production of Aleksis Kivi, the Finnish national author, consisted mainly of plays. One of his best-known plays is Heath Cobblers from 1864.

Etymology edit

The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word wright is an archaic English term for a craftsperson or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright). The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The homophone with "write" is coincidental.)

The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is from 1605,[1] 73 years before the first written record of the term "dramatist".[2] It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson[3] to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre.

Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49, which is thought[by whom?] to refer to John Marston:

Epigram XLIX — On Playwright
PLAYWRIGHT me reads, and still my verses damns,
He says I want the tongue of epigrams ;
I have no salt, no bawdry he doth mean ;
For witty, in his language, is obscene.
Playwright, I loath to have thy manners known
In my chaste book ; I profess them in thine own.

Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and so were regarded as the province of poets. This view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term "playwright" later again lost this negative connotation.

History edit

Early playwrights edit

The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were for annual Athenian competitions among play writers[4] held around the 5th century BC. Such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved poïesis, "the act of making". This is the source of the English word poet.

Aristotle's Poetics techniques edit

In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his Poetics, in which he analyzed the principle of action or praxis as the basis for tragedy. He then considered elements of drama: plot (μύθος mythos), character (ἔθος ethos), thought (dianoia), diction (lexis), music (melodia), and spectacle (opsis). Since the myths on which Greek tragedy were based were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was determined by choice and by action. Tragedy is mimesis—"the imitation of an action that is serious". He developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist, which provides the basis for the "conflict-driven" play.

Neo-classical theory edit

The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time. This meant that the playwright had to construct the play so that its "virtual" time would not exceed 24 hours, that it would be restricted to a single setting, and that there would be no subplots. Other terms, such as verisimilitude and decorum, circumscribed the subject matter significantly. For example, verisimilitude limits of the unities. Decorum fitted proper protocols for behavior and language on stage. In France, contained too many events and actions, thus, violating the 24-hour restriction of the unity of time. Neoclassicism never had as much traction in England, and Shakespeare's plays are directly opposed to these models, while in Italy, improvised and bawdy commedia dell'arte and opera were more popular forms. In England, after the interregnum, and Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, there was a move toward neoclassical dramaturgy.

One structural unit that is still useful to playwrights today is the "French scene", which is a scene in a play where the beginning and end are marked by a change in the makeup of the group of characters onstage rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.[5]

Well-made play edit

Popularized in the nineteenth century by the French playwrights Eugène Scribe and Victorien Sardou, and perhaps the most schematic of all formats, the "well-made play" relies on a series of coincidences (for better or worse) that determined the action. This plot driven format is often reliant on a prop device, such as a glass of water,[6] or letter that reveals some secret information. In most cases, the character receiving the secret information misinterprets its contents, thus setting off a chain of events. Well-made plays are thus motivated by various plot devices which lead to "discoveries" and "reversals of action," rather than being character motivated. Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House is an example of a well-made structure (built around the discovery of Krogstad's letter) that began to integrate a more realistic approach to character. The character Nora's leaving is as much motivated by "the letter" and disclosure of a "past secret" as it is by her own determination to strike out on her own. The well-made play infiltrated other forms of writing and is still seen in popular formats such as the mystery, or "whodunit".

Contemporary playwrights in the United States edit

Contemporary playwrights in the United States often do not reach the same level of fame or cultural importance as others did in the past.[citation needed] No longer the only outlet for serious drama or entertaining comedies, theatrical productions must use ticket sales as a source of income, which has caused many of them to reduce the number of new works being produced. For example, Playwrights Horizons produced only six plays in the 2002–03 seasons, compared with thirty-one in 1973–74.[7] As revivals and large-scale production musicals become the de rigueur of Broadway (and even Off-Broadway) productions, playwrights find it difficult to earn a living in the business, let alone achieve major successes.[citation needed]

New play development edit

In an effort to develop new American voices in playwriting, a phenomenon known as new play development[citation needed] began to emerge in the early-to-mid-1980s, and continues through today. Many regional theatres have hired dramaturges and literary managers in an effort to showcase various festivals for new work, or bring in playwrights for residencies.[citation needed] Funding through national organizations, such as the National Endowment for the Arts and the Theatre Communications Group, encouraged the partnerships of professional theatre companies and emerging playwrights.[citation needed]

New Dramatists and The Lark theatre in New York City, for example, will often have a "cold" reading of a script in an informal sitdown setting.[citation needed] A cold reading means that the actors haven't rehearsed the work, or may be seeing it for the first time, and usually, the technical requirements are minimal.[8] Shenandoah and the O'Neill Festival offer summer retreats for playwrights to develop their work with directors and actors in a totally "devoted" setting.[citation needed]

The 1990s saw the formation of playwriting collectives like 13P and Clubbed Thumb who have gathered members together to produce, rather than develop, new works.[citation needed] This has been a reaction to the "developed to death" notion in which the play never gets produced, but goes through endless readings and critiques that after a certain point in New York go through some kind of assiduous development process, and rare is the play that shows up on a producer's desk that gains any traction.[citation needed] On Broadway, this has happened with David Mamet's Race (2009) and Martin McDonagh's A Behanding in Spokane (2010), although these shows were packaged with stars (Christopher Walken in the latter) and with playwrights who are well established in the profession.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Definition of playwright". Merriam-Webster. from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  2. ^ "Definition of dramatist". Merriam-Webster. from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Jonson, Ben, The Works of Ben Jonson, Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1853. page 788". Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature. 2003-08-10. from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
  4. ^ Fraser, Neil. playwright History Explained, The Cowood Press, 2004, page 11
  5. ^ George, Kathleen (1994) Playwriting: The First Workshop, Focal Press, ISBN 978-0-240-80190-2, p. 154.
  6. ^ See Eugène Scribe's play A Glass of Water.
  7. ^ Soloski, Alexis (2003-05-21). . The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
  8. ^ "What is a Cold Reading? Do I memorize my lines?". Kid's Top Hollywood Acting Coach. 26 October 2022.

External links edit

  •   Learning materials related to Collaborative play writing at Wikiversity
  •   The dictionary definition of playwright at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Playwrights at Wikimedia Commons

playwright, this, article, written, like, personal, reflection, personal, essay, argumentative, essay, that, states, wikipedia, editor, personal, feelings, presents, original, argument, about, topic, please, help, improve, rewriting, encyclopedic, style, novem. This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays Agatha Christie author of The Mousetrap the longest run play in historyThe literary production of Aleksis Kivi the Finnish national author consisted mainly of plays One of his best known plays is Heath Cobblers from 1864 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early playwrights 2 2 Aristotle s Poetics techniques 2 3 Neo classical theory 2 4 Well made play 2 5 Contemporary playwrights in the United States 2 5 1 New play development 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The word play is from Middle English pleye from Old English plaeġ pleġa plaeġa play exercise sport game drama applause The word wright is an archaic English term for a craftsperson or builder as in a wheelwright or cartwright The words combine to indicate a person who has wrought words themes and other elements into a dramatic form a play The homophone with write is coincidental The first recorded use of the term playwright is from 1605 1 73 years before the first written record of the term dramatist 2 It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson 3 to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49 which is thought by whom to refer to John Marston Epigram XLIX On Playwright PLAYWRIGHT me reads and still my verses damns He says I want the tongue of epigrams I have no salt no bawdry he doth mean For witty in his language is obscene Playwright I loath to have thy manners known In my chaste book I profess them in thine own Jonson described himself as a poet not a playwright since plays during that time were written in meter and so were regarded as the province of poets This view was held as late as the early 19th century The term playwright later again lost this negative connotation History editEarly playwrights edit The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks These early plays were for annual Athenian competitions among play writers 4 held around the 5th century BC Such notables as Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts For the ancient Greeks playwriting involved poiesis the act of making This is the source of the English word poet Aristotle s Poetics techniques edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the 4th century BCE Aristotle wrote his Poetics in which he analyzed the principle of action or praxis as the basis for tragedy He then considered elements of drama plot my8os mythos character ἔ8os ethos thought dianoia diction lexis music melodia and spectacle opsis Since the myths on which Greek tragedy were based were widely known plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material Character was determined by choice and by action Tragedy is mimesis the imitation of an action that is serious He developed his notion of hamartia or tragic flaw an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist which provides the basis for the conflict driven play Neo classical theory edit The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle as this long lost work came to light in the late 15th century The neoclassical ideal which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century dwelled upon the unities of action place and time This meant that the playwright had to construct the play so that its virtual time would not exceed 24 hours that it would be restricted to a single setting and that there would be no subplots Other terms such as verisimilitude and decorum circumscribed the subject matter significantly For example verisimilitude limits of the unities Decorum fitted proper protocols for behavior and language on stage In France contained too many events and actions thus violating the 24 hour restriction of the unity of time Neoclassicism never had as much traction in England and Shakespeare s plays are directly opposed to these models while in Italy improvised and bawdy commedia dell arte and opera were more popular forms In England after the interregnum and Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 there was a move toward neoclassical dramaturgy One structural unit that is still useful to playwrights today is the French scene which is a scene in a play where the beginning and end are marked by a change in the makeup of the group of characters onstage rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed 5 Well made play edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Popularized in the nineteenth century by the French playwrights Eugene Scribe and Victorien Sardou and perhaps the most schematic of all formats the well made play relies on a series of coincidences for better or worse that determined the action This plot driven format is often reliant on a prop device such as a glass of water 6 or letter that reveals some secret information In most cases the character receiving the secret information misinterprets its contents thus setting off a chain of events Well made plays are thus motivated by various plot devices which lead to discoveries and reversals of action rather than being character motivated Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is an example of a well made structure built around the discovery of Krogstad s letter that began to integrate a more realistic approach to character The character Nora s leaving is as much motivated by the letter and disclosure of a past secret as it is by her own determination to strike out on her own The well made play infiltrated other forms of writing and is still seen in popular formats such as the mystery or whodunit Contemporary playwrights in the United States edit Contemporary playwrights in the United States often do not reach the same level of fame or cultural importance as others did in the past citation needed No longer the only outlet for serious drama or entertaining comedies theatrical productions must use ticket sales as a source of income which has caused many of them to reduce the number of new works being produced For example Playwrights Horizons produced only six plays in the 2002 03 seasons compared with thirty one in 1973 74 7 As revivals and large scale production musicals become the de rigueurof Broadway and even Off Broadway productions playwrights find it difficult to earn a living in the business let alone achieve major successes citation needed New play development edit In an effort to develop new American voices in playwriting a phenomenon known as new play development citation needed began to emerge in the early to mid 1980s and continues through today Many regional theatres have hired dramaturges and literary managers in an effort to showcase various festivals for new work or bring in playwrights for residencies citation needed Funding through national organizations such as the National Endowment for the Arts and the Theatre Communications Group encouraged the partnerships of professional theatre companies and emerging playwrights citation needed New Dramatists and The Lark theatre in New York City for example will often have a cold reading of a script in an informal sitdown setting citation needed A cold reading means that the actors haven t rehearsed the work or may be seeing it for the first time and usually the technical requirements are minimal 8 Shenandoah and the O Neill Festival offer summer retreats for playwrights to develop their work with directors and actors in a totally devoted setting citation needed The 1990s saw the formation of playwriting collectives like 13P and Clubbed Thumb who have gathered members together to produce rather than develop new works citation needed This has been a reaction to the developed to death notion in which the play never gets produced but goes through endless readings and critiques that after a certain point in New York go through some kind of assiduous development process and rare is the play that shows up on a producer s desk that gains any traction citation needed On Broadway this has happened with David Mamet s Race 2009 and Martin McDonagh s A Behanding in Spokane 2010 although these shows were packaged with stars Christopher Walken in the latter and with playwrights who are well established in the profession citation needed See also editList of playwrights Play theatre ScreenwriterReferences edit Definition of playwright Merriam Webster Archived from the original on 17 January 2018 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Definition of dramatist Merriam Webster Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 27 April 2018 Jonson Ben The Works of Ben Jonson Boston Phillips Sampson and Co 1853 page 788 Luminarium Anthology of English Literature 2003 08 10 Archived from the original on 2012 07 12 Retrieved 2012 04 23 Fraser Neil playwright History Explained The Cowood Press 2004 page 11 George Kathleen 1994 Playwriting The First Workshop Focal Press ISBN 978 0 240 80190 2 p 154 See Eugene Scribe s play A Glass of Water Soloski Alexis 2003 05 21 The Plays What They Wrote The Best Scripts Not Yet Mounted on a New York Stage The Village Voice Archived from the original on 2007 12 10 Retrieved 2012 04 23 What is a Cold Reading Do I memorize my lines Kid s Top Hollywood Acting Coach 26 October 2022 External links edit nbsp Learning materials related to Collaborative play writing at Wikiversity nbsp The dictionary definition of playwright at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Playwrights at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Playwright amp oldid 1195827191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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