Disney Interactive Studios
Disney Interactive Studios, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher owned by The Walt Disney Company through Disney Interactive. Prior to its closure in 2016, it developed and distributed multi-platform video games and interactive entertainment worldwide.
| Formerly |
|
|---|---|
| Type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | September 15, 1988 |
| Defunct | May 10, 2016 |
| Fate | closed by The Walt Disney Company |
| Headquarters | , US |
| Brands | Touchstone Interactive |
| Parent | Walt Disney Television (1988–1995) Disney Interactive (1995–2016) |
| Subsidiaries | See § Studios |
| Website | disneyinteractive |
Most of the games released by Disney Interactive Studios were typically tie-in products to existing character franchises.[1] On May 10, 2016, as a result of the discontinuation of its Disney Infinity series, Disney shut down Disney Interactive Studios, and exited the first-party home console game development business in order to focus on third-party development of home console video games through other developers such as Electronic Arts (Star Wars games), Warner Bros. Games (owned by rival company Warner Bros., which handles the publishing of Disney-related Lego video games and Cars 3: Driven to Win), Bandai Namco Entertainment (Disney Tsum Tsum Festival), Square Enix (Kingdom Hearts), and Capcom (several Disney games, Willow games, and Marvel vs. Capcom). However, it continues to release games for iOS and Android devices under its own label, Disney Mobile for mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones.[citation needed]
History Edit
1988–1994: Walt Disney Computer Software Edit
Disney established its own in house gaming unit,[1] Walt Disney Computer Software, Inc. (WDCS), and it was incorporated on September 15, 1988.[2] WDCS generally used third-party development studios to design spin-off games using its existing portfolio of characters. WDCS failed to meet the high expectations that came with the Disney name, although three of its self-published computer titles---"Mickey's Runaway Zoo," "Donald's Alphabet Chase" and "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" sold more than 100,000 copies, the industry equivalent of earning a Gold Record.[3] The underlying issues were later attributed by senior Disney executives as being due to low product quality and lack of understanding of the differences between film and games.[4]
WDCS also published a series of Nintendo (NES) and Gameboy platform game titles with Japanese video game company Capcom. Of these titles, 1989's DuckTales received the most commercial and critical success, selling approximately 1.67 million and 1.43 million copies worldwide respectively, each becoming Capcom's highest-selling titles for their respective platforms.[5] Produced by founding WDCS producer Darlene Waddington, DuckTales' Gameboy version was named "Gameboy Game of the Year" by PC Player Magazine.[6] DuckTales continues to be considered a game with high nostalgic interest[7] and was remade in 2013 as DuckTales: Remastered.[8]
Following DuckTales, WDCS developed and published another NES platform game with Capcom, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers. Rescue Rangers proved to be a commercial success, selling approximately 1.2 million copies worldwide, becoming Capcom's fourth highest-selling game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[9] Continuing with the success of these titles, Disney continued to find success with another Capcom developed title, Aladdin and The Lion King (developed by Westwood Studios) in 1993 and 1994 respectively. This led to a move from self-developed and self-published to funding and development management of games with third parties published the game.[4]
1994–2002: Disney Interactive Edit
Using the film studio style formula, WDCS was reorganized into Disney Interactive, Inc. (DI)[4] on December 5, 1994 with the merging of WDCS and Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications.[10][11][12][13][14] On April 15, 1997, Disney Interactive reduced its staff by 20%, effectively ending all in-house video game production.[15] This increased the requests for licensing from third-party games companies. Under this plan, development and production cost risks were transferred to the game companies but reduced the per-unit revenue generated to Disney and effectively yielded a near 100 percent margin of licensed game sales.[4] A thirteen-game agreement was made between Nintendo of America and Disney Interactive in 1999 for both the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color.[16]
In May 2001, the company signed a deal with Sony Computer Entertainment to allow the latter to publish titles based on Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Monsters, Inc., Treasure Planet, Lilo and Stitch, and Peter Pan: Return to Never Land on the PlayStation and PlayStation 2.[17]
In European territories, Infogrames formerly distributed several of Disney Interactive's PC titles, however, this agreement was later replaced with several separate distribution deals, including JoWooD Productions in Germany.[18]
2003–2007: Buena Vista Games Edit
Buena Vista Games, Inc. (BVG) was spun out of Disney Interactive in 2003 after a 2002 strategic review that chose to return to being a dedicated games publisher. With DI focused on children's games, BVG took on all other content game including mobile and online mediums.[4] Buena Vista Games is probably best known for the Kingdom Hearts series along with Japanese developer Square Enix.[citation needed]
In April 2005, BVG purchased Avalanche Software in Salt Lake City, Utah and started a Vancouver, British Columbia based game development studio,[19] Propaganda Games.[20]
In September 2006, Buena Vista acquired Climax Racing.[21] BVG formed a new game studio, Fall Line Studios, in November 2006 to create Disney and new game titles for the Nintendo DS and the Wii console.[22]
2007–2014: Disney Interactive Studios Edit
On February 8, 2007, The Walt Disney Company renamed Buena Vista Games to Disney Interactive Studios as part of a larger company initiative to phase out the Buena Vista brand that year.[23][24] The studio publishes both Disney and non-Disney branded video games for all platforms worldwide, with titles that feature its consumer brands including Disney, ABC, ESPN, and Touchstone (which is used as a label for Disney). In July 2007, the studio acquired Junction Point Studios.[25]
On June 5, 2008, Disney Interactive Studios and the Walt Disney Internet Group, merged into a single business unit now known as the Disney Interactive Media Group,[26] and it merged its subsidiary Fall Line Studios with its sister studio, Avalanche Software, in January 2009.[27] In February 2009, Disney Interactive acquired Gamestar, a Chinese game development company.[28] On September 8, 2009, Disney Interactive announced that it had acquired Wideload Games.[29]
In November 2010, the executive Graham Hopper left the company.[30] He announced his departure via an internal e-mail saying "the time has come for me to move on from the company and set my sights on new horizons."[31]
DIS in October 2012 announced "Toy Box", a cross platform gaming initiative where Pixar and Disney characters will interact from a console game to multiple mobile and online applications.[32] The first Toy Box cross platform game is Disney Infinity based on the Toy Story 3 game's Toy Box mode crossed with a toy line.[33]
After the purchase of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, Disney Interactive assumed the role of developing Star Wars games for the casual gaming market, while Electronic Arts would develop Star Wars games for the core gaming market through an exclusive license (although LucasArts did retain the ability to license Star Wars games to other developers for the casual gaming market).[34][35]
At E3 2013, Disney and Square Enix released a teaser trailer for Kingdom Hearts III, after going seven years of not declaring any console Kingdom Hearts game since Kingdom Hearts II. The game would release nearly six years later in January 2019.
Disney Interactive Studios has lost more than $200 million per year from 2008–2012[36] during a period in which it shut down Propaganda Games,[37] Black Rock Studio[38] and Junction Point Studios[39] and its co-president John Pleasants stepped down in November 2013 after the launch of Disney Infinity.[36]
2014–2016: Decline and dissolution Edit
On March 6, 2014, 700 employees were laid off.[40] After the cancellation of Disney Infinity, Disney Interactive Studios closed in 2016.[41]
List of games Edit
The company also publishes games from Q Entertainment worldwide except Asia: Lumines II, the sequel to the puzzle game for the PSP system; Lumines Plus, a new version of Lumines for the PlayStation 2;[42] Every Extend Extra, a puzzle shooter;[43] and a Disney Interactive Studios's Meteos: Disney Edition, the popular Meteos game for the Nintendo DS with Disney characters.[44][45]
The company revealed a lineup of games at E3 2006, which include DIE's Turok, a re-imagining of the video game series of the same name and Desperate Housewives: The Game, based on the hit television show.
Disney Interactive Studios is credited in all entries to the Kingdom Hearts franchise, with the original release box art of each entry to the series having different logos and name of the company seeing as coincidentally, the company is re-branded in between the releases. Notably however, the company is not credited to actually developing the game.[46]
Studios Edit
Moved to Disney Interactive Edit
- Disney Mobile
- Disney Online
- Playdom (later defunct)
Former/defunct Edit
- Avalanche Software, based in Salt Lake City, Utah. Acquired April 2005.[27] Shut down May 2016.[41] Later re-opened and sold to Warner Bros. Games in January 2017.
- Black Rock Studio, acquired as Climax Racing in September 2006[21] and closed in July 2011.[38]
- Creature Feep, 2009–2015.
- Fall Line Studios, 2006–2009, merged into Avalanche Software.[27]
- Junction Point Studios, based in Austin, Texas. Acquired July 2007.[25] Shut down in January 2013.[39]
- Propaganda Games, 2005–2011.
- Wideload Games, based in Chicago, Illinois. Acquired September 8, 2009. Shut down March 6, 2014.
- Rocket Pack, 2010–2015.[47]
- Gamestar, based in China. Acquired February 2009, defunct.[28]
References Edit
- ^ a b Kohler, Chris (October 16, 2012). "How Videogames Are Changing Disney". Wired.com. from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ "Articles of Incorporation: Walt Disney Computer Software".
- ^ Apodaca, Patrice (May 29, 1993). "Is Disney Mousing Around?". The Los Angeles Times. pp. 55–56. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Gibson, Nick (February 1, 2009). . Screen Digest. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ Bramwell, Tom (May 27, 2008). "SFII SNES is Capcom's best-selling game". Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- ^ Lacey, Darlene (March 8, 2020). "My Adventures in the Computer Games Industry". Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- ^ Tieryas, Peter (February 2, 2021). "The Story Behind DuckTales on NES".
- ^ "Disney DuckTales: Remastered". Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- ^ . September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- ^ Polsson, Ken. "July to December 1994". Chronology of the Walt Disney Company. Ken Polsson. from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
- ^ Fisher, Maxine (1988). Walt Disney. pp. A8.
- ^ "The New York Times". The New York Times. December 6, 1994. pp. D5.
- ^ "CD-ROM Today". CD-ROM Today. 3 (2): 26. February 19, 1995.
- ^ "Windows Magazine". Windows Magazine. 6 (3): 42. March 1995.
- ^ Polsson, Ken. "1997". Chronology of the Walt Disney Company. kpolsson.com. from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012. source: CNet News.com, http://www.news.cnet.com Archived 2013-01-02 at archive.today.
- ^ Page 114. Volume 121 (June 1999) 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Nintendo Power. Accessed April 18, 2016.
- ^ "Sony and Disney Align to Produce Games for PlayStation 2 and PSOne Consoles Based on Disney Feature Animated Content".
- ^ "JoWooD Prod. Software english - dgap.de".
- ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (April 19, 2005). "Disney scoops up Avalanche, founds new studio". gamespot.com. from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ "Disney digs up Turok". gamespot.com. May 13, 2005. from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ a b Sinclair, Brendan (September 28, 2006). "Buena Vista Games to acquire Climax Racing". gamespot.com. from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ "Disney to make Nintendo games". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. November 8, 2006. from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- ^ Seff, Micah (February 8, 2007). . IGN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
- ^ Fixmer, Andy (April 25, 2007). "Disney to Drop Buena Vista Brand Name, People Say". Bloomberg. from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
- ^ a b "Disney buys game developer Junction Point". Los Angeles Times. Bloomberg News. July 13, 2007. from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- ^ "Disney's games and internet divisions merging" 2008-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Joystiq.com, 2008.
- ^ a b c Sinclair, Brendan (January 29, 2009). . gamespot.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ a b "Disney Interactive Studios Buys Chinese Gaming Studio Gamestar". CBS News.com. Pearl Research. February 11, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- ^ . Entertainment Close-up. September 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ Orland, Kyle (November 22, 2010). "Disney Interactive Exec Graham Hopper Leaving Company". Gamasutra. UBM plc. from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Fritz, Ben (November 22, 2010). "Longtime Disney video game chief Graham Hopper latest to exit interactive group". Los Angeles Times. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ Barnes, Brooks (October 21, 2012). "Disney, Struggling to Find Its Digital Footing, Overhauls Disney.com". The New York Times. from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ Lang, Derrik J. (January 15, 2013). . Business Week. AP. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ "ELECTRONIC ARTS SELECTED FOR MULTI-YEAR AGREEMENT FOR THE FUTURE OF STAR WARS GAMING". Lucasfilm. Star Wars.com. from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
While EA studios will develop for the core Star Wars gaming audience, Disney Interactive will focus on delivering new Star Wars games for casual audiences on mobile, social, tablet, and online gaming platforms.
- ^ "The Walt Disney Company and EA Announce Multi-Year Star Wars Games Agreement". Fort Mill Times. May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
- ^ a b Miller, Daniel (February 3, 2014). "Disney Interactive expected to begin layoffs". Los Angeles Times. from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
- ^ . Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ a b Purchese, Robert (July 1, 2011). "Split/Second dev Black Rock to close". Eurogamer. from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ a b Lang, Derrik J. (January 29, 2013). "Disney closing 'Epic Mickey' video game developer". The Washington Times. AP. from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ Matulef, Jeffrey (March 6, 2014). "Disney Interactive lays off 700 staff". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
- ^ a b Macy, Seth G. (May 10, 2016). "Disney Cancels Infinity, No Longer Self-Publishing Games". IGN. from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- ^ "Lumines Plus". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. February 27, 2007. from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ Davis, Ryan (November 28, 2006). "Every Extend Extra Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ "Meteos: Disney Magic". IGN. Ziff Davis, LLC. February 27, 2007. from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ McFerran, Damien (April 20, 2007). "Meteos: Disney Magic Review (DS)". Nintendo Life. Gamer Network. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine -- © Disney. Developed by SQUARE ENIX.
- ^ Kauppalehti. "Rocket Pack Oy | Yritys- ja taloustiedot | Kauppalehti". Tärkeimmät talousuutiset | Kauppalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved January 2, 2021.