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Mortality rate

Mortality rate, or death rate,[1]: 189, 69  is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from "morbidity", which is either the prevalence or incidence of a disease, and also from the incidence rate (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time).[1]: 189 [verification needed]

Mortality rate of countries, deaths per thousand

An important specific mortality rate measure is the crude death rate, which looks at mortality from all causes in a given time interval for a given population. As of 2020, for instance, the CIA estimates that the crude death rate globally will be 7.7 deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.[2] In a generic form,[1]: 189  mortality rates can be seen as calculated using , where d represents the deaths from whatever cause of interest is specified that occur within a given time period, p represents the size of the population in which the deaths occur (however this population is defined or limited), and is the conversion factor from the resulting fraction to another unit (e.g., multiplying by to get mortality rate per 1,000 individuals).[1]: 189 

Crude death rate, globally edit

The crude death rate is defined as "the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population," calculated as the "[t]otal number of deaths during a given time interval" divided by the "[m]id-interval population", per 1,000 or 100,000; for instance, the population of the U.S. was around 290,810,000 in 2003, and in that year, approximately 2,419,900 deaths occurred in total, giving a crude death (mortality) rate of 832 deaths per 100,000.[3]: 3–20f  As of 2020, the CIA estimates the U.S. crude death rate will be 8.3 per 1,000, while it estimates that the global rate will be 7.7 per 1,000.[2]

According to the World Health Organization, the ten leading causes of death, globally, in 2016, for both sexes and all ages, were as presented in the table below.[4]

Crude death rate, per 100,000 population

  1. Ischaemic heart disease, 126
  2. Stroke, 77
  3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 41
  4. Lower respiratory infections, 40
  5. Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 27
  6. Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers, 23
  7. Diabetes mellitus, 21
  8. Road injury, 19
  9. Diarrhoeal diseases, 19
  10. Tuberculosis, 17

Mortality rate is also measured per thousand. It is determined by how many people of a certain age die per thousand people. Decrease of mortality rate is one of the reasons for increase of population. Development of medical science and other technologies has resulted in the decrease of mortality rate in all the countries of the world for some decades. In 1990, the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age was 144 per thousand, but in 2015 the child mortality rate was 38 per thousand.[citation needed]

Related measures of mortality edit

Other specific measures of mortality include:[3]

Measures of mortality
Name Typical definition
Perinatal mortality rate The sum of fetal deaths (stillbirths) past 22 (or 28) completed weeks of pregnancy plus the number of deaths among live-born children up to 7 completed days of life, divided by number of births.[5]
Maternal mortality rate Number of deaths of mothers assigned to pregnancy-related causes during a given time interval, divided by the number of live births during the same time interval.[3]: 3–20 
Infant mortality rate Number of deaths among children <1 year of age during a given time interval divided by the number of live births during the same time interval.[3]: 3–20 
Child mortality rate
(also known as 'Under-five mortality rate')
Number of deaths of children less than 5 years old, divided by number of live births.[6]
Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) The ratio of the number of deaths in a given (index) population to the number of deaths expected, a form of indirectly (as opposed to directly) standardized rates, where the categories are usually "defined by age, gender and race or ethnicity".[7] The numerator is calculated as  , where "  is the number of persons in category   of the index population and   is the corresponding category-specific event rate in a standard population."[7] It has also been described as a proportional comparison to the numbers of deaths that would have been expected if the population had been of a standard composition in terms of age, gender, etc.[8][full citation needed][verification needed]
Age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) The total number of deaths per year at a specific age, divided by the number of living persons at that age (e.g. age 62 at last birthday)[3]: 3–21 
Cause-specific death rate Number of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval divided by the mid-interval population[3]: 3–21 
Cumulative death rate The incidence proportion of death, that is, the proportion of a [defined] group that dies over a specified time interval,[1]: 64  whether in reference to all deaths over the time inverval, to "to deaths from a specific cause or causes".[1]: 64  It has also been described as a measure of the (growing) proportion of a group that die over a specified period (often as estimated by techniques that account for missing data by statistical censoring).[according to whom?][citation needed]
Case fatality rate (CFR) The proportion of diagnosed cases of a particular medical condition that lead to death.[9]
Infection fatality rate (IFR) The proportion of infected cases of a particular medical condition that lead to death. Similar to CFR, but adjusted for asymptomatic and undiagnosed cases.[10]

For any of these, a "sex-specific mortality rate" refers to "a mortality rate among either males or females", where the calculation involves both "numerator and denominator... limited to the one sex".[3]: 3–23 

Use in epidemiology edit

In most cases there are few if any ways to obtain exact mortality rates, so epidemiologists use estimation to predict correct mortality rates. Mortality rates are usually difficult to predict due to language barriers, health infrastructure related issues, conflict, and other reasons. Maternal mortality has additional challenges, especially as they pertain to stillbirths, abortions, and multiple births. In some countries, during the 1920s, a stillbirth was defined as "a birth of at least twenty weeks' gestation in which the child shows no evidence of life after complete birth". In most countries, however, a stillbirth was defined as "the birth of a fetus, after 28 weeks of pregnancy, in which pulmonary respiration does not occur".[11]

Census data and vital statistics edit

Ideally, all mortality estimation would be done using vital statistics and census data. Census data will give detailed information about the population at risk of death. The vital statistics provide information about live births and deaths in the population.[12] Often, either census data and vital statistics data is not available. This is common in developing countries, countries that are in conflict, areas where natural disasters have caused mass displacement, and other areas where there is a humanitarian crisis [12]

Household surveys edit

Household surveys or interviews are another way in which mortality rates are often assessed. There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of the population. One such example is the sisterhood method, which involves researchers estimating maternal mortality by contacting women in populations of interest and asking whether or not they have a sister, if the sister is of child-bearing age (usually 15) and conducting an interview or written questions about possible deaths among sisters. The sisterhood method, however, does not work in cases where sisters may have died before the sister being interviewed was born.[13]

Orphanhood surveys estimate mortality by questioning children are asked about the mortality of their parents. It has often been criticized as an adult mortality rate that is very biased for several reasons. The adoption effect is one such instance in which orphans often do not realize that they are adopted. Additionally, interviewers may not realize that an adoptive or foster parent is not the child's biological parent. There is also the issue of parents being reported on by multiple children while some adults have no children, thus are not counted in mortality estimates.[12]

Widowhood surveys estimate adult mortality by responding to questions about the deceased husband or wife. One limitation of the widowhood survey surrounds the issues of divorce, where people may be more likely to report that they are widowed in places where there is the great social stigma around being a divorcee. Another limitation is that multiple marriages introduce biased estimates, so individuals are often asked about first marriage. Biases will be significant if the association of death between spouses, such as those in countries with large AIDS epidemics.[12]

Sampling edit

Sampling refers to the selection of a subset of the population of interest to efficiently gain information about the entire population. Samples should be representative of the population of interest. Cluster sampling is an approach to non-probability sampling; this is an approach in which each member of the population is assigned to a group (cluster), and then clusters are randomly selected, and all members of selected clusters are included in the sample. Often combined with stratification techniques (in which case it is called multistage sampling), cluster sampling is the approach most often used by epidemiologists. In areas of forced migration, there is more significant sampling error. Thus cluster sampling is not the ideal choice.[14]

Mortality statistics edit

Causes of death vary greatly between developed and less developed countries;[citation needed] see also list of causes of death by rate for worldwide statistics.

World historical and predicted crude death rates (1950–2050)
UN, medium variant, 2012 rev.[15]
Years CDR Years CDR
1950–1955 19.1 2000–2005 8.4
1955–1960 17.3 2005–2010 8.1
1960–1965 16.2 2010–2015 8.1
1965–1970 12.9 2015–2020 8.1
1970–1975 11.6 2020–2025 8.1
1975–1980 10.6 2025–2030 8.3
1980–1985 10.0 2030–2035 8.6
1985–1990 9.4 2035–2040 9.0
1990–1995 9.1 2040–2045 9.4
1995–2000 8.8 2045–2050 9.7
 
Scatter plot of the natural logarithm (ln) of the crude death rate against the natural log of per capita GDP.[clarification needed][currency needs to be stated.] The slope of the trend line is the elasticity of the crude death rate with respect to per capita income.[citation needed] It indicates that as of the date of the basis data set,[when?] an increase in per capita income tends to be associated with a decrease in the crude death rate.[citation needed] Source: World Development Indicators.[full citation needed]

According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".[16]

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe,[17][18][19] about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.[20] In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.[20]

Economics edit

Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income; and increased mortality rates. A low standard of living is more likely to result in malnutrition, which can make people more susceptible to disease and more likely to die from these diseases. A lower standard of living may lead to as a lack of hygiene and sanitation, increased exposure to and the spread of disease, and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities. Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes, which can create a loop known as the health-poverty trap.[21] Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure.[22][23]: 27, 32 

Historically, mortality rates have been adversely affected by short term price increases. Studies have shown that mortality rates increase at a rate concurrent with increases in food prices. These effects have a greater impact on vulnerable, lower-income populations than they do on populations with a higher standard of living.[23]: 35–36, 70 

In more recent times, higher mortality rates have been less tied to socio-economic levels within a given society, but have differed more between low and high-income countries. It is now found that national income, which is directly tied to standard of living within a country, is the largest factor in mortality rates being higher in low-income countries.[24]

Preventable mortality edit

These rates are especially pronounced for children under 5 years old, particularly in lower-income, developing countries. These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become mostly preventable in higher-income parts of the world. More children die of malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, and measles in developing nations. Data shows that after the age of 5 these preventable causes level out between high and low-income countries.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Porta, M, ed. (2014). "Mortality Rate, Morbidity rate; Death rate; Cumulative death rate; Case fatality rate". A Dictionary of Epidemiology (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 189, 69, 64, 36. ISBN 978-0-19-939005-2.
  2. ^ a b CIA Staff (2020). . CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g For tabulated definitions for Crude death rate, Cause-specific death rate, Proportionate mortality, Death-to-case ratio, Neonatal mortality rate, Postneonatal mortality rate, Infant mortality rate, and Maternal mortality rate (with example calculations for several), see Dicker, Richard C.; Coronado, Fátima; Koo, Denise; Parrish II, Roy Gibson (2012). "Lesson Three: Measures of Risk, §Mortality Frequency Measures" (PDF). Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of HHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). pp. 3–20 to 3–38. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  4. ^ WHO Staff (2018). . Geneva, CH: World Health Organization. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  5. ^ International Encyclopedia of Public Health. ISBN 978-0123739605.[page needed]
  6. ^ "Global Health Observatory (GHO) data – Under-five mortality". Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  7. ^ a b Gail, Mitchell; Benichou, Jacques (2000). "Standardized mortality ratio (SMR)" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. Wiley Reference Series in Biostatistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 884. ISBN 9780471866411. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  8. ^ Everitt, B.S. The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052181099X.[full citation needed]
  9. ^ "Principles of Epidemiology - Lesson 3: Measures of Risk Section 3: Mortality Frequency Measures". Centers for disease control and prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Infection fatality rate". DocCheck Medical Services GmbH. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  11. ^ Loudon, Irvine (1992). Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800–1950. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229971.001.0001. ISBN 978-0191678950.
  12. ^ a b c d Timæus, Ian M. (1991). "Measurement of Adult Mortality in Less Developed Countries: A Comparative Review". Population Index. 57 (4): 552–568. doi:10.2307/3644262. JSTOR 3644262. PMID 12284917.
  13. ^ Graham, W.; Brass, W.; Snow, R. W. (May 1989). "Estimating maternal mortality: the sisterhood method". Studies in Family Planning. 20 (3): 125–135. doi:10.2307/1966567. ISSN 0039-3665. JSTOR 1966567. PMID 2734809.
  14. ^ Migration, National Research Council (US) Roundtable on the Demography of Forced (2002). Estimating Mortality Rates. National Academies Press (US).
  15. ^ "UNdata - record view - Crude death rate (deaths per 1,000 population)". data.un.org.
  16. ^ Jean Ziegler, L'Empire de la honte, Fayard, 2007 ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2, p.130.
  17. ^ "Civil registration: why counting births and deaths is important". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  18. ^ "Global deaths: This is how COVID-19 compares to other diseases". World Economic Forum. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  19. ^ Ross, Jenna (2020-05-15). "How Many People Die Each Day?". Visual Capitalist. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  20. ^ a b Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey (2007). (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1 (1, Article 5). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. S2CID 201101995. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  21. ^ "Health, Income, & Poverty: Where We Are & What Could Help". October 4, 2018. doi:10.1377/hpb20180817.901935. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ Sen, Amartya (1998). "Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure". The Economic Journal. 108 (446): 1–25. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00270. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2565734. S2CID 55557306.
  23. ^ a b Bengtsson, Tommy; Campbell, Cameron; Lee, James Z. (2004). Life under pressure: mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900. Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 978-0262268097. OCLC 57141654.
  24. ^ Preston, Samuel H. (2007-06-01). "The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (3): 484–490. doi:10.1093/ije/dym075. ISSN 0300-5771. PMC 2572360. PMID 17550952.

Sources edit

  • based on World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision, United Nations. Retrieved 22 June 2010
  • Rank Order – Death rate 2018-02-28 at the Wayback Machine in CIA World Factbook
  • Mortality 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine in The Medical Dictionary, Medterms. Retrieved 22 June 2010
  • "WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports, 1999–2007", US Centers for Disease Control Retrieved 22 June 2010
  • Edmond Halley, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)

External links edit

  • DeathRiskRankings: Calculates risk of dying in the next year using MicroMorts and displays risk rankings for up to 66 causes of death
  • Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT): Mortality data from conflict-affected populations 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
  • Human Mortality Database: Historic mortality data from developed nations 2011-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  • Deaths this year
  • OUR WORLD IN DATA: Number of deaths per year, World

mortality, rate, confused, with, case, fatality, rate, death, rate, measure, number, deaths, general, specific, cause, particular, population, scaled, size, that, population, unit, time, typically, expressed, units, deaths, individuals, year, thus, mortality, . Not to be confused with case fatality rate Mortality rate or death rate 1 189 69 is a measure of the number of deaths in general or due to a specific cause in a particular population scaled to the size of that population per unit of time Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1 000 individuals per year thus a mortality rate of 9 5 out of 1 000 in a population of 1 000 would mean 9 5 deaths per year in that entire population or 0 95 out of the total It is distinct from morbidity which is either the prevalence or incidence of a disease and also from the incidence rate the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time 1 189 verification needed Mortality rate of countries deaths per thousandAn important specific mortality rate measure is the crude death rate which looks at mortality from all causes in a given time interval for a given population As of 2020 update for instance the CIA estimates that the crude death rate globally will be 7 7 deaths per 1 000 people in a population per year 2 In a generic form 1 189 mortality rates can be seen as calculated using d p 10 n displaystyle d p cdot 10 n where d represents the deaths from whatever cause of interest is specified that occur within a given time period p represents the size of the population in which the deaths occur however this population is defined or limited and 10 n displaystyle 10 n is the conversion factor from the resulting fraction to another unit e g multiplying by 10 3 displaystyle 10 3 to get mortality rate per 1 000 individuals 1 189 Contents 1 Crude death rate globally 2 Related measures of mortality 3 Use in epidemiology 3 1 Census data and vital statistics 3 2 Household surveys 3 3 Sampling 4 Mortality statistics 5 Economics 5 1 Preventable mortality 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Sources 8 External linksCrude death rate globally editThe crude death rate is defined as the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population calculated as the t otal number of deaths during a given time interval divided by the m id interval population per 1 000 or 100 000 for instance the population of the U S was around 290 810 000 in 2003 and in that year approximately 2 419 900 deaths occurred in total giving a crude death mortality rate of 832 deaths per 100 000 3 3 20f As of 2020 update the CIA estimates the U S crude death rate will be 8 3 per 1 000 while it estimates that the global rate will be 7 7 per 1 000 2 According to the World Health Organization the ten leading causes of death globally in 2016 for both sexes and all ages were as presented in the table below 4 Crude death rate per 100 000 population Ischaemic heart disease 126 Stroke 77 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 41 Lower respiratory infections 40 Alzheimer s disease and other dementias 27 Trachea bronchus and lung cancers 23 Diabetes mellitus 21 Road injury 19 Diarrhoeal diseases 19 Tuberculosis 17Mortality rate is also measured per thousand It is determined by how many people of a certain age die per thousand people Decrease of mortality rate is one of the reasons for increase of population Development of medical science and other technologies has resulted in the decrease of mortality rate in all the countries of the world for some decades In 1990 the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age was 144 per thousand but in 2015 the child mortality rate was 38 per thousand citation needed Related measures of mortality editOther specific measures of mortality include 3 Measures of mortality Name Typical definitionPerinatal mortality rate The sum of fetal deaths stillbirths past 22 or 28 completed weeks of pregnancy plus the number of deaths among live born children up to 7 completed days of life divided by number of births 5 Maternal mortality rate Number of deaths of mothers assigned to pregnancy related causes during a given time interval divided by the number of live births during the same time interval 3 3 20 Infant mortality rate Number of deaths among children lt 1 year of age during a given time interval divided by the number of live births during the same time interval 3 3 20 Child mortality rate also known as Under five mortality rate Number of deaths of children less than 5 years old divided by number of live births 6 Standardized mortality ratio SMR The ratio of the number of deaths in a given index population to the number of deaths expected a form of indirectly as opposed to directly standardized rates where the categories are usually defined by age gender and race or ethnicity 7 The numerator is calculated as n i R i displaystyle sum n i R i nbsp where n i displaystyle n i nbsp is the number of persons in category i displaystyle i nbsp of the index population and R i displaystyle R i nbsp is the corresponding category specific event rate in a standard population 7 It has also been described as a proportional comparison to the numbers of deaths that would have been expected if the population had been of a standard composition in terms of age gender etc 8 full citation needed verification needed Age specific mortality rate ASMR The total number of deaths per year at a specific age divided by the number of living persons at that age e g age 62 at last birthday 3 3 21 Cause specific death rate Number of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval divided by the mid interval population 3 3 21 Cumulative death rate The incidence proportion of death that is the proportion of a defined group that dies over a specified time interval 1 64 whether in reference to all deaths over the time inverval to to deaths from a specific cause or causes 1 64 It has also been described as a measure of the growing proportion of a group that die over a specified period often as estimated by techniques that account for missing data by statistical censoring according to whom citation needed Case fatality rate CFR The proportion of diagnosed cases of a particular medical condition that lead to death 9 Infection fatality rate IFR The proportion of infected cases of a particular medical condition that lead to death Similar to CFR but adjusted for asymptomatic and undiagnosed cases 10 For any of these a sex specific mortality rate refers to a mortality rate among either males or females where the calculation involves both numerator and denominator limited to the one sex 3 3 23 Use in epidemiology editIn most cases there are few if any ways to obtain exact mortality rates so epidemiologists use estimation to predict correct mortality rates Mortality rates are usually difficult to predict due to language barriers health infrastructure related issues conflict and other reasons Maternal mortality has additional challenges especially as they pertain to stillbirths abortions and multiple births In some countries during the 1920s a stillbirth was defined as a birth of at least twenty weeks gestation in which the child shows no evidence of life after complete birth In most countries however a stillbirth was defined as the birth of a fetus after 28 weeks of pregnancy in which pulmonary respiration does not occur 11 Census data and vital statistics edit Ideally all mortality estimation would be done using vital statistics and census data Census data will give detailed information about the population at risk of death The vital statistics provide information about live births and deaths in the population 12 Often either census data and vital statistics data is not available This is common in developing countries countries that are in conflict areas where natural disasters have caused mass displacement and other areas where there is a humanitarian crisis 12 Household surveys edit Household surveys or interviews are another way in which mortality rates are often assessed There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of the population One such example is the sisterhood method which involves researchers estimating maternal mortality by contacting women in populations of interest and asking whether or not they have a sister if the sister is of child bearing age usually 15 and conducting an interview or written questions about possible deaths among sisters The sisterhood method however does not work in cases where sisters may have died before the sister being interviewed was born 13 Orphanhood surveys estimate mortality by questioning children are asked about the mortality of their parents It has often been criticized as an adult mortality rate that is very biased for several reasons The adoption effect is one such instance in which orphans often do not realize that they are adopted Additionally interviewers may not realize that an adoptive or foster parent is not the child s biological parent There is also the issue of parents being reported on by multiple children while some adults have no children thus are not counted in mortality estimates 12 Widowhood surveys estimate adult mortality by responding to questions about the deceased husband or wife One limitation of the widowhood survey surrounds the issues of divorce where people may be more likely to report that they are widowed in places where there is the great social stigma around being a divorcee Another limitation is that multiple marriages introduce biased estimates so individuals are often asked about first marriage Biases will be significant if the association of death between spouses such as those in countries with large AIDS epidemics 12 Sampling edit Sampling refers to the selection of a subset of the population of interest to efficiently gain information about the entire population Samples should be representative of the population of interest Cluster sampling is an approach to non probability sampling this is an approach in which each member of the population is assigned to a group cluster and then clusters are randomly selected and all members of selected clusters are included in the sample Often combined with stratification techniques in which case it is called multistage sampling cluster sampling is the approach most often used by epidemiologists In areas of forced migration there is more significant sampling error Thus cluster sampling is not the ideal choice 14 Mortality statistics editFor worldwide statistics see List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate Causes of death vary greatly between developed and less developed countries citation needed see also list of causes of death by rate for worldwide statistics World historical and predicted crude death rates 1950 2050 UN medium variant 2012 rev 15 Years CDR Years CDR1950 1955 19 1 2000 2005 8 41955 1960 17 3 2005 2010 8 11960 1965 16 2 2010 2015 8 11965 1970 12 9 2015 2020 8 11970 1975 11 6 2020 2025 8 11975 1980 10 6 2025 2030 8 31980 1985 10 0 2030 2035 8 61985 1990 9 4 2035 2040 9 01990 1995 9 1 2040 2045 9 41995 2000 8 8 2045 2050 9 7 nbsp Scatter plot of the natural logarithm ln of the crude death rate against the natural log of per capita GDP clarification needed currency needs to be stated The slope of the trend line is the elasticity of the crude death rate with respect to per capita income citation needed It indicates that as of the date of the basis data set when an increase in per capita income tends to be associated with a decrease in the crude death rate citation needed Source World Development Indicators full citation needed According to Jean Ziegler the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008 mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58 of the total mortality in 2006 In the world approximately 62 million people all causes of death combined die each year In 2006 more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients 16 Of the roughly 150 000 people who die each day across the globe 17 18 19 about two thirds 100 000 per day die of age related causes 20 In industrialized nations the proportion is much higher reaching 90 20 Economics edit Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income and increased mortality rates A low standard of living is more likely to result in malnutrition which can make people more susceptible to disease and more likely to die from these diseases A lower standard of living may lead to as a lack of hygiene and sanitation increased exposure to and the spread of disease and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes which can create a loop known as the health poverty trap 21 Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure 22 23 27 32 Historically mortality rates have been adversely affected by short term price increases Studies have shown that mortality rates increase at a rate concurrent with increases in food prices These effects have a greater impact on vulnerable lower income populations than they do on populations with a higher standard of living 23 35 36 70 In more recent times higher mortality rates have been less tied to socio economic levels within a given society but have differed more between low and high income countries It is now found that national income which is directly tied to standard of living within a country is the largest factor in mortality rates being higher in low income countries 24 Preventable mortality edit These rates are especially pronounced for children under 5 years old particularly in lower income developing countries These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become mostly preventable in higher income parts of the world More children die of malaria respiratory infections diarrhea perinatal conditions and measles in developing nations Data shows that after the age of 5 these preventable causes level out between high and low income countries citation needed See also edit Biodemography Compensation law of mortality Demography Gompertz Makeham law of mortality Life table List of causes of death by rate List of countries by birth rate List of countries by death rate List of countries by life expectancy Maximum life span Medical statistics Micromort Mortality displacement Risk adjusted mortality rate Vital statistics Weekend effect World population References edit a b c d e f Porta M ed 2014 Mortality Rate Morbidity rate Death rate Cumulative death rate Case fatality rate A Dictionary of Epidemiology 5th ed Oxford Oxford University Press pp 189 69 64 36 ISBN 978 0 19 939005 2 a b CIA Staff 2020 People and Society CIA World Factbook Archived from the original on October 10 2020 Retrieved January 31 2020 a b c d e f g For tabulated definitions for Crude death rate Cause specific death rate Proportionate mortality Death to case ratio Neonatal mortality rate Postneonatal mortality rate Infant mortality rate and Maternal mortality rate with example calculations for several see Dicker Richard C Coronado Fatima Koo Denise Parrish II Roy Gibson 2012 Lesson Three Measures of Risk Mortality Frequency Measures PDF Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics Atlanta GA U S Department of HHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC pp 3 20 to 3 38 Retrieved January 31 2020 WHO Staff 2018 Global Health Observatory GHO data Top 10 causes of death Geneva CH World Health Organization Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Retrieved January 31 2020 International Encyclopedia of Public Health ISBN 978 0123739605 page needed Global Health Observatory GHO data Under five mortality Retrieved 2020 03 30 a b Gail Mitchell Benichou Jacques 2000 Standardized mortality ratio SMR PDF Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Wiley Reference Series in Biostatistics New York John Wiley amp Sons p 884 ISBN 9780471866411 Retrieved January 31 2020 Everitt B S The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 052181099X full citation needed Principles of Epidemiology Lesson 3 Measures of Risk Section 3 Mortality Frequency Measures Centers for disease control and prevention U S Department of Health amp Human Services 18 February 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Infection fatality rate DocCheck Medical Services GmbH Retrieved 25 March 2020 Loudon Irvine 1992 Death in Childbirth An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800 1950 Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198229971 001 0001 ISBN 978 0191678950 a b c d Timaeus Ian M 1991 Measurement of Adult Mortality in Less Developed Countries A Comparative Review Population Index 57 4 552 568 doi 10 2307 3644262 JSTOR 3644262 PMID 12284917 Graham W Brass W Snow R W May 1989 Estimating maternal mortality the sisterhood method Studies in Family Planning 20 3 125 135 doi 10 2307 1966567 ISSN 0039 3665 JSTOR 1966567 PMID 2734809 Migration National Research Council US Roundtable on the Demography of Forced 2002 Estimating Mortality Rates National Academies Press US UNdata record view Crude death rate deaths per 1 000 population data un org Jean Ziegler L Empire de la honte Fayard 2007 ISBN 978 2 253 12115 2 p 130 Civil registration why counting births and deaths is important www who int Retrieved 2020 06 11 Global deaths This is how COVID 19 compares to other diseases World Economic Forum 16 May 2020 Retrieved 2020 06 11 Ross Jenna 2020 05 15 How Many People Die Each Day Visual Capitalist Retrieved 2020 06 11 a b Aubrey D N J de Grey 2007 Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate Societal Considerations PDF Studies in Ethics Law and Technology 1 1 Article 5 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 395 745 doi 10 2202 1941 6008 1011 S2CID 201101995 Archived from the original PDF on October 13 2016 Retrieved August 7 2011 Health Income amp Poverty Where We Are amp What Could Help October 4 2018 doi 10 1377 hpb20180817 901935 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sen Amartya 1998 Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure The Economic Journal 108 446 1 25 doi 10 1111 1468 0297 00270 ISSN 0013 0133 JSTOR 2565734 S2CID 55557306 a b Bengtsson Tommy Campbell Cameron Lee James Z 2004 Life under pressure mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia 1700 1900 Cambridge MA MIT ISBN 978 0262268097 OCLC 57141654 Preston Samuel H 2007 06 01 The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development International Journal of Epidemiology 36 3 484 490 doi 10 1093 ije dym075 ISSN 0300 5771 PMC 2572360 PMID 17550952 Sources edit Crude death rate per 1 000 population based on World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision United Nations Retrieved 22 June 2010 Rank Order Death rate Archived 2018 02 28 at the Wayback Machine in CIA World Factbook Mortality Archived 2014 03 06 at the Wayback Machine in The Medical Dictionary Medterms Retrieved 22 June 2010 WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports 1999 2007 US Centers for Disease Control Retrieved 22 June 2010 Edmond Halley An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind 1693 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mortality rates DeathRiskRankings Calculates risk of dying in the next year using MicroMorts and displays risk rankings for up to 66 causes of death Data regarding death rates by age and cause in the United States from Data360 Complex Emergency Database CE DAT Mortality data from conflict affected populations Archived 2008 12 26 at the Wayback Machine Human Mortality Database Historic mortality data from developed nations Archived 2011 02 28 at the Wayback Machine Deaths this year OUR WORLD IN DATA Number of deaths per year World Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mortality rate amp oldid 1183316200, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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