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Death of a Salesman

Death of a Salesman is a 1949 stage play written by American playwright Arthur Miller. The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949, running for 742 performances. It is a two-act tragedy set in late 1940s Brooklyn told through a montage of memories, dreams, and arguments of the protagonist Willy Loman, a travelling salesman who is despondent with his life, and appears to be slipping into senility. The play addresses a variety of themes, such as the American Dream, the anatomy of truth, and infidelity.[1][2] It won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play. It is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest plays of the 20th century.[3]

Death of a Salesman
First edition cover (Viking Press)
Written byArthur Miller
CharactersWilly Loman
Linda Loman
Biff Loman
Happy Loman
Ben Loman
Bernard
Charley
The Woman
Howard
Date premieredFebruary 10, 1949
Place premieredMorosco Theatre
New York City
Original languageEnglish
SubjectThe waning days of a failing salesman
GenreTragedy
SettingLate 1940s; Willy Loman's house; New York City and Barnaby River; Boston

Since its premiere, the play has been revived on Broadway five times,[4] winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival. It has been adapted for the cinema on ten occasions, including a 1951 version by screenwriter Stanley Roberts, starring Fredric March. In 1999, New Yorker drama critic John Lahr said that with 11 million copies sold, it was "probably the most successful modern play ever published."[5]

Background

The genesis of the play was a chance encounter between Miller and his uncle Manny Newman, a salesman, whom he met in 1947 in the lobby of a Boston theater that was playing All My Sons.[5] Writing in a critical study of the play, author Brenda Murphy observed that Manny "lodged in his imagination and created a dramatic problem that he felt compelled to solve."[6]

Miller later recounted that when he saw Manny at the theater, "I could see the grim hotel room behind him, the long trip up from New York in his little car, the hopeless hope of the day's business." Without acknowledging Miller's greeting or congratulating him on the play, Manny said "Buddy is doing very well.'" [5] Buddy was Manny's son, and Manny saw Miller and his older brother as "running neck and neck" with his two sons "in some race that never stopped in his mind." When visiting Manny as a youth, Miller felt "gangling and unhandsome" and usually heard "some kind of insinuation of my entire life's probable failure."[7] Seeing him again in Boston, Manny seemed to the playwright to be "so absurd, so completely isolated from the ordinary laws of gravity, so elaborate in his fantastic inventions," yet so much in love with fame and fortune that "he possessed my imagination."[6] Manny committed suicide soon after,[7] which was the cause of death of two other salesmen Miller had known. One of Manny's sons told Miller that Manny had always wanted to create a business for his two sons. Learning that transformed Manny, in Miller's mind, to "a man with a purpose."

Miller had been thinking about a play about a salesman for years. He also had new interest in the simultaneousness of the past and present that was evident at their meeting, as it was plain that he and his cousins were viewed by Manny as they were when they were adolescents, many years earlier. Miller sought to "do a play without any transitions at all, dialogue that would simply leap from bone to bone of a skeleton that would not for an instant cease being added to, an organism as strictly economic as a leaf, as trim as an ant."[6]

In creating Willy and the other characters, Miller also drew on his relationship with his father as well as another salesman. Miller was himself the model of the young Bernard.[6]

Plot

The play takes place in 1949. The setting is the Loman home in Brooklyn,[8] located amidst a typical row of urban apartment buildings.

Willy Loman returns home exhausted after a cancelled business trip. Worried over Willy's state of mind and recent car accident, his wife Linda suggests that he ask his boss to allow him to work in his home city so he will not have to travel. Willy complains to Linda that their son, Biff, has yet to do something with his life. Despite Biff's potential as a high school football star, he failed in mathematics and was therefore unable to enter a university.

Biff and his younger brother, Happy, who is temporarily staying with Willy and Linda after Biff's unexpected return from the West, reminisce about their childhood together. They discuss their father's mental degeneration, which they have witnessed in the form of his constant indecisiveness and daydreaming about the boys' high school years. Eventually, Willy walks in, angry that the two boys have never amounted to anything. In an effort to pacify their father, Biff and Happy tell him that Biff plans to make an extraordinary business proposition the next day.

The next day, Willy goes to ask Howard for a job in town while Biff goes to make a business proposition, but they both fail. Howard refuses to give Willy a New York job, despite Willy's desperate pleas. Willy then loses his temper and ends up getting fired when Howard tells him that he needs an indefinite rest and is no longer allowed to represent the company. Biff waits hours to see a former employer who does not remember him and turns him down. In response, Biff impulsively steals a fountain pen. Willy then goes to the office of his neighbor Charley, where he runs into Charley's son Bernard, who is now a successful lawyer about to argue a case in front of the Supreme Court. Bernard tells him that Biff originally wanted to go to summer school to make up for failing math, but something happened in Boston when Biff went to visit his father that changed his mind. Charley then offers Willy a do-nothing job, but Willy repeatedly refuses. Charley then reluctantly gives the now-unemployed Willy money to pay off his life-insurance premium, and Willy shocks Charley by remarking that ultimately, a man is "worth more dead than alive."

Happy, Biff, and Willy meet for dinner at a restaurant, but Willy refuses to hear the bad news from Biff. Happy tries to get Biff to lie to their father. Biff tries to tell him what happened as Willy gets angry and slips into a flashback of what happened in Boston the day Biff came to see him: Willy had been in Boston for work, and Biff went to visit him to ask Willy to convince his teacher to curve Biff's failing math grade. Willy was in the middle of an extramarital affair with a receptionist, when Biff arrived unexpectedly at the hotel room, and saw the woman, who was half-dressed. Biff did not accept his father's cover-up story, and angrily dismissed him as a liar and a fake before storming out. From that moment, Biff's views of his father changed and set him adrift.

Biff leaves the restaurant in frustration, followed by Happy and two girls that Happy picked up, leaving a confused and upset Willy behind. When they later return home, Linda angrily confronts them for abandoning their father while Willy remains outside, talking to himself. Biff tries to reconcile with Willy, but the discussion quickly escalates into emotional conflict. Biff conveys plainly to his father that he is not meant for anything great, insisting that both of them are simply ordinary men meant to lead ordinary lives. The argument reaches an apparent climax as Biff hugs Willy and begins to cry as he tries to get Willy to let go of his unrealistic expectations. Rather than listen to what Biff actually says, Willy appears to believe his son has forgiven him and will follow in his footsteps, and after Linda goes upstairs to bed, lapses one final time into a hallucination, thinking he is talking to his long-dead brother Ben. In Willy's mind, Ben "approves" of the scheme Willy has dreamed up to take his own life in order to give Biff his life insurance money to help him start a business. Willy exits the house, and Biff and Linda cry out in despair as the sound of Willy's car blares up and fades out.

The final scene takes place at Willy's funeral, which is attended only by his family, Charley and Bernard (who does not speak during the scene). The ambiguities of mixed and unaddressed emotions persist, particularly over whether Willy's choices or circumstances were obsolete. At the funeral, Biff retains his belief that he does not want to become a businessman like his father. Happy, on the other hand, chooses to follow in his father's footsteps, while Linda laments her husband's decision just before her final payment on the house.

Characters

  • William "Willy" Loman: The titular salesman. The product he is selling is never disclosed.[5] He is 63 years old, unstable, insecure, and self-deluded. He vacillates between different eras of his life throughout the play, and re-imagines them as if they were the present. Willy's age and deteriorating mental state make him appear childlike. His first name, Willy, reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question "Will he?"
  • Linda Loman: Willy's loyal and loving wife. Linda is supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on. She chides her sons, particularly Biff, for not helping their father, and supports Willy even though Willy treats her poorly. She is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play.
  • Biff Loman: Willy's elder son. Biff was a football star with potential in high school, but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman. He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going West to be a farmhand where he feels happy. Biff steals because he wants evidence of success, even if it is false evidence.
  • Harold "Happy" Loman: Willy's younger son. He has lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff, but he still tries to be supportive toward his family. He has a restless lifestyle as a womanizer and dreams of career advancement. He takes bribes at work. He yearns approval from his parents, but he rarely gets any. He makes things up for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. His relationship with Linda is turbulent; she looks down on him for his lifestyle.
  • Charley: Willy's wisecracking yet kind neighbor. He frequently lends Willy money and plays cards with him, although Willy treats him poorly. Willy is envious of him because his son is more successful than Willy's. Charley offers Willy jobs, but Willy declines every time.
  • Bernard: Charley's son. In Willy's flashbacks, he is a nerd, and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers. Later, he is a successful lawyer, married, and expecting a second son – the same successes that Willy wants for his sons.
  • Ben: Willy's deceased older brother, a diamond tycoon. Though long dead, Willy frequently speaks to him in his hallucinations. He represents Willy's idea of the American Dream success story, and is shown visiting the Lomans' house while on business trips to share stories.
  • The Woman: A woman, whom Willy calls "Miss Francis", with whom Willy cheated on Linda.
  • Howard Wagner: Willy's boss. Willy worked originally for Howard's father Frank and claims to have suggested the name Howard for his newborn son. However, he sees Willy as a liability for the company and fires him, ignoring all the years that Willy has given to the company. Howard is extremely proud of his wealth, which is manifested in his new wire recorder, and of his family.
  • Jenny: Charley's secretary.
  • Stanley: A waiter at the restaurant who seems to be friends or acquainted with Happy.
  • Miss Forsythe: A girl whom Happy picks up at the restaurant. She is pretty and claims to have had her picture on several magazine covers. Happy lies to her, making himself and Biff look like they are important and successful.
  • Letta: Miss Forsythe's friend.

Themes

Reality and illusion

Reality and illusion are prominent themes in Death of a Salesman. The play uses flashbacks to present Willy's memories, but it is unclear whether they are accurate. He makes up lies about his and Biff's success. The more he indulges in the illusion, the harder it is for him to face reality. Biff realizes the problem and wants to face the truth. In this conflict, the play shows how the American Dream can be a lie.[9]

Tragedy

In several statements, Miller compared the play's characters to Greek tragedy. The American playwright wanted to show that the common man and those with status had much in common.[10][11]

Writing in The New York Times in 1999, journalist John Tierney argued that the play was not constructed like a classical tragedy. He observed that the mental illness suffered by Loman was a "biochemical abnormality" that was "not the sort of tragic flaw that makes a classic play." But he noted that "Willy's fate is supposed to be partly a result of his own moral failings, in particular the adulterous affair [...], he is haunted by the memory of his infidelity and by the fear that it ruined his son's life."[7]

Reception

In the United States

Death of a Salesman first opened on February 10, 1949, to great success. Drama critic John Gassner wrote that "the ecstatic reception accorded Death of Salesman has been reverberating for some time wherever there is an ear for theatre, and it is undoubtedly the best American play since A Streetcar Named Desire."[12] Eric Bentley saw the play as "a potential tragedy deflected from its true course by Marxist sympathies."[12]

In the United Kingdom

The play opened in London on July 28, 1949. British responses were mixed, but mostly favorable. The Times criticized it, saying that "the strongest play of New York theatrical season should be transferred to London in the deadest week of the year." Eric Keown, theatre critic of Punch, praised the production for its "imagination and good theatre-sense", noting that "Mr. Elia Kazan makes a complicated production seem extraordinarily natural."[12]

In Germany

The play was hailed as "the most important and successful night" in Hebbel Theater in Berlin[when?]. It was said that "it was impossible to get the audience to leave the theatre"[by whom?] at the end of the performance.[12]

In India

Compared to Tennessee Williams and Samuel Beckett, Arthur Miller and his Death of a Salesman were less influential. Rajinder Paul said that "Death of a Salesman has only an indirect influence on Indian theatre."[12] However, it was translated and produced in Bengali as 'Pheriwalar Mrityu' by the theater group Nandikar. Director Feroz Khan adapted the play in Hindi and English by the name "Salesman Ramlal" played by Satish Kaushik, the son was portrayed by Kishore Kadam.[13][14]

In China

Arthur Miller directed the play himself in China, stating that it was easier for the Chinese public to understand the relationship between father and son because "One thing about the play that is very Chinese is the way Willy tries to make his sons successful." Many traditional Chinese fathers want their sons to be 'dragons.'[15]

Productions

The original Broadway production was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried. The play opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10, 1949, closing on November 18, 1950, after 742 performances. The play starred Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, Howard Smith as Charley and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. Albert Dekker and Gene Lockhart later played Willy Loman during the original Broadway run. It won the Tony Award for Best Play, Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Arthur Kennedy), Best Scenic Design (Jo Mielziner), Producer (Dramatic), Author (Arthur Miller), and Director (Elia Kazan), as well as the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play. Jayne Mansfield performed in a production of the play in Dallas, Texas, in October 1953. Her performance in the play attracted Paramount Pictures to hire her for the studio's film productions.[16]

The play has been revived on Broadway five times:

It was also part of the inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1963.

Christopher Lloyd portrayed Willy Loman in a 2010 production by the Weston Playhouse in Weston, Vermont, which toured several New England venues.[19]

Antony Sher played Willy Loman in the first Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play directed by Gregory Doran in Stratford-upon-Avon in the spring of 2015, with Harriet Walter as Linda Loman. This production transferred to London's West End, at the Noël Coward Theatre for ten weeks in the summer of 2015. This production was part of the centenary celebrations for playwright Arthur Miller.[20]

The play ran until Saturday, 4 January 2020 at the Piccadilly Theatre in London, starring Sharon D. Clarke and Wendell Pierce.[21]

Adaptations in other media

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1949 Tony Awards Best Play Won
Best Author of a Play Arthur Miller Won
Best Producer of a Play Kermit Bloomgarden & Walter Fried Won
Best Featured Actor in a Play Arthur Kennedy Won
Best Director Elia Kazan Won
Best Scenic Design Jo Mielziner Won
New York Drama Critics' Circle Best American Play Arthur Miller Won
Theatre World Award Cameron Mitchell Won
Pulitzer Prize Drama Arthur Miller Won

1975 Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1976 Tony Award Best Actor in a Play George C. Scott Nominated

1984 Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1984 Tony Awards Best Revival Won
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Dustin Hoffman Won
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play John Malkovich Won
David Huddleston Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival Won
Outstanding Debut Performance John Malkovich Won

1999 Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result nothing
1999 Tony Awards Best Revival of a Play Won
Best Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy Won
Best Featured Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson Nominated
Howard Witt Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz Won
Best Direction of a Play Robert Falls Won
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson Won
Howard Witt Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz Nominated
Best Director of a Play Robert Falls Nominated
Outstanding Music in a Play Richard Woodbury Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Nominated
Outstanding Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson Won
Outstanding Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Play Robert Falls Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Won

2012 Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2012 Tony Awards Best Revival of a Play Won
Best Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman Nominated
Best Featured Actor in a Play Andrew Garfield Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Play Linda Emond Nominated
Best Direction of a Play Mike Nichols Won
Best Lighting Design of a Play Brian MacDevitt Nominated
Best Sound Design of a Play Scott Lehrer Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Bill Camp Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Play Mike Nichols Won
Outstanding Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Andrew Garfield Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Play Mike Nichols Nominated
Outstanding Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play Won
Theatre World Award Finn Wittrock Won
Clarence Derwent Awards Most Promising Male Performer Won

2019 West End production

2022 Broadway revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2023 Tony Awards Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Wendell Pierce Pending
Best Lighting Design of a Play Jen Schriever Pending
Drama Desk Awards[27] Outstanding Revival of a Play Pending
Outstanding Direction of a Play Miranda Cromwell Pending
Outstanding Lead Performance in a Play Sharon D. Clarke Pending
Wendell Pierce Pending
Drama League Awards[28] Distinguished Performance Award Sharon D. Clarke Pending
Outer Critics Circle Award[29] Outstanding Revival of a Play (Broadway or Off-Broadway) Pending
Outstanding Featured Performer in a Broadway Play Sharon D. Clarke Pending

See also

References

  1. ^ "Synopsis: Death of a Salesman". Utah Shakespeare Festival. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  2. ^ "Death of a Salesman: Death of a Salesman Play Summary & Study Guide | CliffsNotes". www.cliffsnotes.com. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  3. ^ . www.therep.org. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017.
  4. ^ "Death of a Salesman". ibdb.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Lahr, John (January 18, 1999). "Arthur Miller and the Making of Willy Loman". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Murphy, Brenda (April 27, 1995). Miller: Death of a Salesman. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47865-6.
  7. ^ a b c Tierney, John (February 8, 1999). "The Big City; Willy Loman: Revenge Of a Nephew". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  8. ^ Miller, Arthur (1994). Death of a Salesman. Heinemann. pp. 29, 33. ISBN 978-0-435-23307-5.
  9. ^ Koon, Helene (1983). Twentieth Century Interpretations of Death of Salesman. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  10. ^ Miller, Arthur (February 27, 1949). "Tragedy and the Common Man". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Thompson, Terry W. (March 22, 2016). "'Built Like Adonises': Evoking Greek Icons in Death of a Salesman". The Midwest Quarterly. 57 (3): 276–288. Gale A449656101 ProQuest 1782245770.
  12. ^ a b c d e Meserve, Walter (1972). Studies in Death of a Salesman. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-675-09259-3.
  13. ^ "Salesman Ramlal leaves audience spellbound". The Times of India. TNN. December 8, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  14. ^ Sharma, Aditi. "SALESMAN RAMLAL - Hindi play review". www.mumbaitheatreguide.com. Mumbai Theatre Guide. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  15. ^ Arthur, Miller. Salesman in Beijing. New York: Viking Press.
  16. ^ Sullivan, Steve. Va Va Voom, General Publishing Group, Los Angeles, California, p.50.
  17. ^ Gans, Andrew."Starry Revival of Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman' Opens on Broadway" 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, March 15, 2012
  18. ^ Hornik, Caitlin (August 3, 2022). "'Death of a Salesman' to begin Broadway previews Sept. 17". Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  19. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (August 25, 2010). "Christopher Lloyd stars in 'Death of a Salesman'". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  20. ^ Porteous, Jacob (April 8, 2015). "Arthur Miller Classic Death Of A Salesman To Make West End Transfer". LondonTheatreDirect.com. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  21. ^ "Death of a Salesman". londonboxoffice.co.uk. November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  22. ^ "BBC Radio 3 — Drama on 3, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller". BBC. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  23. ^ "2019 Results | Critics' Circle Theatre Awards". February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  24. ^ "The 2019 Evening Standard Theatre Awards shortlist in full". www.standard.co.uk. November 4, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  25. ^ Paskett, Zoe (November 25, 2019). "The 2019 Evening Standard Theatre Awards winners in full". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  26. ^ "Olivier Awards 2020 with Mastercard - Theatre's Biggest Night". Olivier Awards. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  27. ^ "Shucked, Some Like It Hot Lead 2023 Drama Desk Award Nominations". April 27, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  28. ^ "2023 Drama League Award Nominees Announced". April 25, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  29. ^ "New York, New York, Some Like It Hot Lead 2023 Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations". April 26, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.

Further reading

Editions

  • Miller, Arthur Death of a Salesman (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1996) ISBN 9780140247732. Edited with an introduction by Gerald Weales. Contains the full text and various critical essays.

Criticism

  • Hurell, John D. (1961). Two Modern American Tragedies: Reviews and Criticism of Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire. New York: Scribner. pp. 82–8. OCLC 249094.
  • Sandage, Scott A. (2005). Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01510-4.

External links

death, salesman, this, article, about, play, other, uses, disambiguation, 1949, stage, play, written, american, playwright, arthur, miller, play, premiered, broadway, february, 1949, running, performances, tragedy, late, 1940s, brooklyn, told, through, montage. This article is about the play For other uses see Death of a Salesman disambiguation Death of a Salesman is a 1949 stage play written by American playwright Arthur Miller The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949 running for 742 performances It is a two act tragedy set in late 1940s Brooklyn told through a montage of memories dreams and arguments of the protagonist Willy Loman a travelling salesman who is despondent with his life and appears to be slipping into senility The play addresses a variety of themes such as the American Dream the anatomy of truth and infidelity 1 2 It won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play It is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest plays of the 20th century 3 Death of a SalesmanFirst edition cover Viking Press Written byArthur MillerCharactersWilly LomanLinda LomanBiff LomanHappy LomanBen LomanBernardCharleyThe WomanHowardDate premieredFebruary 10 1949Place premieredMorosco TheatreNew York CityOriginal languageEnglishSubjectThe waning days of a failing salesmanGenreTragedySettingLate 1940s Willy Loman s house New York City and Barnaby River BostonSince its premiere the play has been revived on Broadway five times 4 winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival It has been adapted for the cinema on ten occasions including a 1951 version by screenwriter Stanley Roberts starring Fredric March In 1999 New Yorker drama critic John Lahr said that with 11 million copies sold it was probably the most successful modern play ever published 5 Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes 4 1 Reality and illusion 4 2 Tragedy 5 Reception 5 1 In the United States 5 2 In the United Kingdom 5 3 In Germany 5 4 In India 5 5 In China 6 Productions 7 Adaptations in other media 8 Awards and nominations 8 1 Original Broadway production 8 2 1975 Broadway production 8 3 1984 Broadway production 8 4 1999 Broadway production 8 5 2012 Broadway production 8 6 2019 West End production 8 7 2022 Broadway revival 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11 1 Editions 11 2 Criticism 12 External linksBackground EditThe genesis of the play was a chance encounter between Miller and his uncle Manny Newman a salesman whom he met in 1947 in the lobby of a Boston theater that was playing All My Sons 5 Writing in a critical study of the play author Brenda Murphy observed that Manny lodged in his imagination and created a dramatic problem that he felt compelled to solve 6 Miller later recounted that when he saw Manny at the theater I could see the grim hotel room behind him the long trip up from New York in his little car the hopeless hope of the day s business Without acknowledging Miller s greeting or congratulating him on the play Manny said Buddy is doing very well 5 Buddy was Manny s son and Manny saw Miller and his older brother as running neck and neck with his two sons in some race that never stopped in his mind When visiting Manny as a youth Miller felt gangling and unhandsome and usually heard some kind of insinuation of my entire life s probable failure 7 Seeing him again in Boston Manny seemed to the playwright to be so absurd so completely isolated from the ordinary laws of gravity so elaborate in his fantastic inventions yet so much in love with fame and fortune that he possessed my imagination 6 Manny committed suicide soon after 7 which was the cause of death of two other salesmen Miller had known One of Manny s sons told Miller that Manny had always wanted to create a business for his two sons Learning that transformed Manny in Miller s mind to a man with a purpose Miller had been thinking about a play about a salesman for years He also had new interest in the simultaneousness of the past and present that was evident at their meeting as it was plain that he and his cousins were viewed by Manny as they were when they were adolescents many years earlier Miller sought to do a play without any transitions at all dialogue that would simply leap from bone to bone of a skeleton that would not for an instant cease being added to an organism as strictly economic as a leaf as trim as an ant 6 In creating Willy and the other characters Miller also drew on his relationship with his father as well as another salesman Miller was himself the model of the young Bernard 6 Plot EditThe play takes place in 1949 The setting is the Loman home in Brooklyn 8 located amidst a typical row of urban apartment buildings Willy Loman returns home exhausted after a cancelled business trip Worried over Willy s state of mind and recent car accident his wife Linda suggests that he ask his boss to allow him to work in his home city so he will not have to travel Willy complains to Linda that their son Biff has yet to do something with his life Despite Biff s potential as a high school football star he failed in mathematics and was therefore unable to enter a university Biff and his younger brother Happy who is temporarily staying with Willy and Linda after Biff s unexpected return from the West reminisce about their childhood together They discuss their father s mental degeneration which they have witnessed in the form of his constant indecisiveness and daydreaming about the boys high school years Eventually Willy walks in angry that the two boys have never amounted to anything In an effort to pacify their father Biff and Happy tell him that Biff plans to make an extraordinary business proposition the next day The next day Willy goes to ask Howard for a job in town while Biff goes to make a business proposition but they both fail Howard refuses to give Willy a New York job despite Willy s desperate pleas Willy then loses his temper and ends up getting fired when Howard tells him that he needs an indefinite rest and is no longer allowed to represent the company Biff waits hours to see a former employer who does not remember him and turns him down In response Biff impulsively steals a fountain pen Willy then goes to the office of his neighbor Charley where he runs into Charley s son Bernard who is now a successful lawyer about to argue a case in front of the Supreme Court Bernard tells him that Biff originally wanted to go to summer school to make up for failing math but something happened in Boston when Biff went to visit his father that changed his mind Charley then offers Willy a do nothing job but Willy repeatedly refuses Charley then reluctantly gives the now unemployed Willy money to pay off his life insurance premium and Willy shocks Charley by remarking that ultimately a man is worth more dead than alive Happy Biff and Willy meet for dinner at a restaurant but Willy refuses to hear the bad news from Biff Happy tries to get Biff to lie to their father Biff tries to tell him what happened as Willy gets angry and slips into a flashback of what happened in Boston the day Biff came to see him Willy had been in Boston for work and Biff went to visit him to ask Willy to convince his teacher to curve Biff s failing math grade Willy was in the middle of an extramarital affair with a receptionist when Biff arrived unexpectedly at the hotel room and saw the woman who was half dressed Biff did not accept his father s cover up story and angrily dismissed him as a liar and a fake before storming out From that moment Biff s views of his father changed and set him adrift Biff leaves the restaurant in frustration followed by Happy and two girls that Happy picked up leaving a confused and upset Willy behind When they later return home Linda angrily confronts them for abandoning their father while Willy remains outside talking to himself Biff tries to reconcile with Willy but the discussion quickly escalates into emotional conflict Biff conveys plainly to his father that he is not meant for anything great insisting that both of them are simply ordinary men meant to lead ordinary lives The argument reaches an apparent climax as Biff hugs Willy and begins to cry as he tries to get Willy to let go of his unrealistic expectations Rather than listen to what Biff actually says Willy appears to believe his son has forgiven him and will follow in his footsteps and after Linda goes upstairs to bed lapses one final time into a hallucination thinking he is talking to his long dead brother Ben In Willy s mind Ben approves of the scheme Willy has dreamed up to take his own life in order to give Biff his life insurance money to help him start a business Willy exits the house and Biff and Linda cry out in despair as the sound of Willy s car blares up and fades out The final scene takes place at Willy s funeral which is attended only by his family Charley and Bernard who does not speak during the scene The ambiguities of mixed and unaddressed emotions persist particularly over whether Willy s choices or circumstances were obsolete At the funeral Biff retains his belief that he does not want to become a businessman like his father Happy on the other hand chooses to follow in his father s footsteps while Linda laments her husband s decision just before her final payment on the house Characters EditWilliam Willy Loman The titular salesman The product he is selling is never disclosed 5 He is 63 years old unstable insecure and self deluded He vacillates between different eras of his life throughout the play and re imagines them as if they were the present Willy s age and deteriorating mental state make him appear childlike His first name Willy reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question Will he Linda Loman Willy s loyal and loving wife Linda is supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on She chides her sons particularly Biff for not helping their father and supports Willy even though Willy treats her poorly She is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play Biff Loman Willy s elder son Biff was a football star with potential in high school but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy s dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going West to be a farmhand where he feels happy Biff steals because he wants evidence of success even if it is false evidence Harold Happy Loman Willy s younger son He has lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff but he still tries to be supportive toward his family He has a restless lifestyle as a womanizer and dreams of career advancement He takes bribes at work He yearns approval from his parents but he rarely gets any He makes things up for attention such as telling his parents he is going to get married His relationship with Linda is turbulent she looks down on him for his lifestyle Charley Willy s wisecracking yet kind neighbor He frequently lends Willy money and plays cards with him although Willy treats him poorly Willy is envious of him because his son is more successful than Willy s Charley offers Willy jobs but Willy declines every time Bernard Charley s son In Willy s flashbacks he is a nerd and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers Later he is a successful lawyer married and expecting a second son the same successes that Willy wants for his sons Ben Willy s deceased older brother a diamond tycoon Though long dead Willy frequently speaks to him in his hallucinations He represents Willy s idea of the American Dream success story and is shown visiting the Lomans house while on business trips to share stories The Woman A woman whom Willy calls Miss Francis with whom Willy cheated on Linda Howard Wagner Willy s boss Willy worked originally for Howard s father Frank and claims to have suggested the name Howard for his newborn son However he sees Willy as a liability for the company and fires him ignoring all the years that Willy has given to the company Howard is extremely proud of his wealth which is manifested in his new wire recorder and of his family Jenny Charley s secretary Stanley A waiter at the restaurant who seems to be friends or acquainted with Happy Miss Forsythe A girl whom Happy picks up at the restaurant She is pretty and claims to have had her picture on several magazine covers Happy lies to her making himself and Biff look like they are important and successful Letta Miss Forsythe s friend Themes EditReality and illusion Edit Reality and illusion are prominent themes in Death of a Salesman The play uses flashbacks to present Willy s memories but it is unclear whether they are accurate He makes up lies about his and Biff s success The more he indulges in the illusion the harder it is for him to face reality Biff realizes the problem and wants to face the truth In this conflict the play shows how the American Dream can be a lie 9 Tragedy Edit In several statements Miller compared the play s characters to Greek tragedy The American playwright wanted to show that the common man and those with status had much in common 10 11 Writing in The New York Times in 1999 journalist John Tierney argued that the play was not constructed like a classical tragedy He observed that the mental illness suffered by Loman was a biochemical abnormality that was not the sort of tragic flaw that makes a classic play But he noted that Willy s fate is supposed to be partly a result of his own moral failings in particular the adulterous affair he is haunted by the memory of his infidelity and by the fear that it ruined his son s life 7 Reception EditIn the United States Edit Death of a Salesman first opened on February 10 1949 to great success Drama critic John Gassner wrote that the ecstatic reception accorded Death of Salesman has been reverberating for some time wherever there is an ear for theatre and it is undoubtedly the best American play since A Streetcar Named Desire 12 Eric Bentley saw the play as a potential tragedy deflected from its true course by Marxist sympathies 12 In the United Kingdom Edit The play opened in London on July 28 1949 British responses were mixed but mostly favorable The Times criticized it saying that the strongest play of New York theatrical season should be transferred to London in the deadest week of the year Eric Keown theatre critic of Punch praised the production for its imagination and good theatre sense noting that Mr Elia Kazan makes a complicated production seem extraordinarily natural 12 In Germany Edit The play was hailed as the most important and successful night in Hebbel Theater in Berlin when It was said that it was impossible to get the audience to leave the theatre by whom at the end of the performance 12 In India Edit Compared to Tennessee Williams and Samuel Beckett Arthur Miller and his Death of a Salesman were less influential Rajinder Paul said that Death of a Salesman has only an indirect influence on Indian theatre 12 However it was translated and produced in Bengali as Pheriwalar Mrityu by the theater group Nandikar Director Feroz Khan adapted the play in Hindi and English by the name Salesman Ramlal played by Satish Kaushik the son was portrayed by Kishore Kadam 13 14 In China Edit Arthur Miller directed the play himself in China stating that it was easier for the Chinese public to understand the relationship between father and son because One thing about the play that is very Chinese is the way Willy tries to make his sons successful Many traditional Chinese fathers want their sons to be dragons 15 Productions EditThe original Broadway production was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried The play opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10 1949 closing on November 18 1950 after 742 performances The play starred Lee J Cobb as Willy Loman Mildred Dunnock as Linda Arthur Kennedy as Biff Howard Smith as Charley and Cameron Mitchell as Happy Albert Dekker and Gene Lockhart later played Willy Loman during the original Broadway run It won the Tony Award for Best Play Best Supporting or Featured Actor Arthur Kennedy Best Scenic Design Jo Mielziner Producer Dramatic Author Arthur Miller and Director Elia Kazan as well as the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play Jayne Mansfield performed in a production of the play in Dallas Texas in October 1953 Her performance in the play attracted Paramount Pictures to hire her for the studio s film productions 16 The play has been revived on Broadway five times June 26 1975 at the Circle in the Square Theatre running for 71 performances George C Scott starred as Willy March 29 1984 at the Broadhurst Theatre running for 97 performances Dustin Hoffman played Willy In a return engagement this production re opened on September 14 1984 and ran for 88 performances The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival February 10 1999 at the Eugene O Neill Theatre running for 274 performances with Brian Dennehy as Willy The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play Best Actor in Play Best Featured Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz Best Direction of a Play Robert Falls This production was filmed February 13 2012 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in a limited run of 16 weeks Directed by Mike Nichols Philip Seymour Hoffman played Willy Andrew Garfield played Biff Linda Emond played Linda and Finn Wittrock played Happy 17 September 17 2022 at the Hudson Theatre for a limited engagement of 17 weeks Directed by Miranda Cromwell Wendell Pierce played Willy Sharon D Clarke played Linda Khris Davis played Biff Andre De Shields played Ben and McKinley Belcher III played Happy Pierce and Clarke reprised their roles from the 2019 20 West End production 18 It was also part of the inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis Minnesota in 1963 Christopher Lloyd portrayed Willy Loman in a 2010 production by the Weston Playhouse in Weston Vermont which toured several New England venues 19 Antony Sher played Willy Loman in the first Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play directed by Gregory Doran in Stratford upon Avon in the spring of 2015 with Harriet Walter as Linda Loman This production transferred to London s West End at the Noel Coward Theatre for ten weeks in the summer of 2015 This production was part of the centenary celebrations for playwright Arthur Miller 20 The play ran until Saturday 4 January 2020 at the Piccadilly Theatre in London starring Sharon D Clarke and Wendell Pierce 21 Adaptations in other media EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message 1951 American film adapted by Stanley Roberts and directed by Laszlo Benedek who won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director Nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role Fredric March Best Actor in a Supporting Role Kevin McCarthy Best Actress in a Supporting Role Mildred Dunnock Best Cinematography Black and White and Best Music Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture 1960 Soviet film directed by Theodore Wolfovitch as You Can t Cross the Bridge 1961 Swedish film En Handelsresandes dod starring Kolbjorn Knudsen and directed by Hans Abramson in Swedish 1968 German film Der Tod eines Handlungsreisenden starring Heinz Ruhmann and directed by Gerhard Klingenberg 1966 CBS TV film starring Lee J Cobb Gene Wilder Mildred Dunnock James Farentino Karen Steele and George Segal and directed by Alex Segal 1966 BBC TV film starring Rod Steiger Betsy Blair Tony Bill Brian Davies and Joss Ackland and directed by Alan Cooke 1979 Swedish film En Handelsresandes dod starring Carl Gustav Lindstedt and directed by Bo Widerberg in Swedish 1985 American film starring Dustin Hoffman Kate Reid John Malkovich Stephen Lang and Charles Durning and directed by Volker Schlondorff 1996 American film starring Warren Mitchell Rosemary Harris Iain Glen and Owen Teale and directed by David Thacker 2000 American film starring Brian Dennehy Elizabeth Franz Ron Eldard Ted Koch Howard Witt and Richard Thompson and directed by Kirk Browning 2008 Play within the American film Synecdoche New York starring Philip Seymour Hoffman 2015 Radio drama starring David Suchet and Zoe Wanamaker directed by Howard Davies and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 22 2016 Play within the Iranian French film The Salesman Forushande acting as counterpoint to the main plot Starring Shahab Hosseini Taraneh Alidoosti Babak Karimi and directed by Asghar Farhadi Awards and nominations EditOriginal Broadway production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result1949 Tony Awards Best Play WonBest Author of a Play Arthur Miller WonBest Producer of a Play Kermit Bloomgarden amp Walter Fried WonBest Featured Actor in a Play Arthur Kennedy WonBest Director Elia Kazan WonBest Scenic Design Jo Mielziner WonNew York Drama Critics Circle Best American Play Arthur Miller WonTheatre World Award Cameron Mitchell WonPulitzer Prize Drama Arthur Miller Won1975 Broadway production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result1976 Tony Award Best Actor in a Play George C Scott Nominated1984 Broadway production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result1984 Tony Awards Best Revival WonDrama Desk Award Outstanding Revival WonOutstanding Actor in a Play Dustin Hoffman WonOutstanding Featured Actor in a Play John Malkovich WonDavid Huddleston NominatedOuter Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival WonOutstanding Debut Performance John Malkovich Won1999 Broadway production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result nothing1999 Tony Awards Best Revival of a Play WonBest Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy WonBest Featured Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson NominatedHoward Witt NominatedBest Featured Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz WonBest Direction of a Play Robert Falls WonDrama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play WonOutstanding Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy WonOutstanding Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson WonHoward Witt NominatedOutstanding Featured Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz NominatedBest Director of a Play Robert Falls NominatedOutstanding Music in a Play Richard Woodbury NominatedOuter Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play NominatedOutstanding Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy NominatedOutstanding Featured Actor in a Play Kevin Anderson WonOutstanding Actress in a Play Elizabeth Franz NominatedOutstanding Director of a Play Robert Falls NominatedDrama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Won2012 Broadway production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result2012 Tony Awards Best Revival of a Play WonBest Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman NominatedBest Featured Actor in a Play Andrew Garfield NominatedBest Featured Actress in a Play Linda Emond NominatedBest Direction of a Play Mike Nichols WonBest Lighting Design of a Play Brian MacDevitt NominatedBest Sound Design of a Play Scott Lehrer NominatedDrama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play WonOutstanding Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman NominatedOutstanding Featured Actor in a Play Bill Camp NominatedOutstanding Director of a Play Mike Nichols WonOutstanding Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt WonOuter Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play WonOutstanding Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman NominatedOutstanding Featured Actor in a Play Andrew Garfield NominatedOutstanding Director of a Play Mike Nichols NominatedOutstanding Lighting Design Brian MacDevitt NominatedDrama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play WonTheatre World Award Finn Wittrock WonClarence Derwent Awards Most Promising Male Performer Won2019 West End production Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result2019 Critics Circle Theatre Award 23 Best Actress Sharon D Clarke WonEvening Standard Theatre Award 24 25 Best Actor Wendell Pierce NominatedBest Director Marianne Elliott and Miranda Cromwell Nominated2020 Laurence Olivier Award 26 Best Revival NominatedBest Actor Wendell Pierce NominatedBest Actress Sharon D Clarke WonBest Actor in a Supporting Role Arinze Kene NominatedBest Director Marianne Elliott and Miranda Cromwell Won2022 Broadway revival Edit Year Award Category Nominee Result2023 Tony Awards Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Wendell Pierce PendingBest Lighting Design of a Play Jen Schriever PendingDrama Desk Awards 27 Outstanding Revival of a Play PendingOutstanding Direction of a Play Miranda Cromwell PendingOutstanding Lead Performance in a Play Sharon D Clarke PendingWendell Pierce PendingDrama League Awards 28 Distinguished Performance Award Sharon D Clarke PendingOuter Critics Circle Award 29 Outstanding Revival of a Play Broadway or Off Broadway PendingOutstanding Featured Performer in a Broadway Play Sharon D Clarke PendingSee also EditHappy LowmanReferences Edit Synopsis Death of a Salesman Utah Shakespeare Festival Retrieved November 23 2020 Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman Play Summary amp Study Guide CliffsNotes www cliffsnotes com Retrieved November 23 2020 Death of a Salesman www therep org Archived from the original on February 5 2017 Death of a Salesman ibdb com Retrieved October 10 2022 a b c d Lahr John January 18 1999 Arthur Miller and the Making of Willy Loman The New Yorker Retrieved October 29 2022 a b c d Murphy Brenda April 27 1995 Miller Death of a Salesman Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 47865 6 a b c Tierney John February 8 1999 The Big City Willy Loman Revenge Of a Nephew The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2022 Miller Arthur 1994 Death of a Salesman Heinemann pp 29 33 ISBN 978 0 435 23307 5 Koon Helene 1983 Twentieth Century Interpretations of Death of Salesman Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall Miller Arthur February 27 1949 Tragedy and the Common Man The New York Times Thompson Terry W March 22 2016 Built Like Adonises Evoking Greek Icons in Death of a Salesman The Midwest Quarterly 57 3 276 288 Gale A449656101 ProQuest 1782245770 a b c d e Meserve Walter 1972 Studies in Death of a Salesman Columbus Ohio Charles E Merrill Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 675 09259 3 Salesman Ramlal leaves audience spellbound The Times of India TNN December 8 2009 Retrieved August 22 2020 Sharma Aditi SALESMAN RAMLAL Hindi play review www mumbaitheatreguide com Mumbai Theatre Guide Retrieved August 22 2020 Arthur Miller Salesman in Beijing New York Viking Press Sullivan Steve Va Va Voom General Publishing Group Los Angeles California p 50 Gans Andrew Starry Revival of Arthur Miller s Death of a Salesman Opens on Broadway Archived 2012 03 17 at the Wayback Machine playbill com March 15 2012 Hornik Caitlin August 3 2022 Death of a Salesman to begin Broadway previews Sept 17 Retrieved August 24 2022 Itzkoff Dave August 25 2010 Christopher Lloyd stars in Death of a Salesman The New York Times Retrieved September 8 2010 Porteous Jacob April 8 2015 Arthur Miller Classic Death Of A Salesman To Make West End Transfer LondonTheatreDirect com Retrieved April 22 2015 Death of a Salesman londonboxoffice co uk November 7 2019 Retrieved November 7 2019 BBC Radio 3 Drama on 3 Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller BBC Retrieved November 27 2017 2019 Results Critics Circle Theatre Awards February 11 2020 Retrieved January 18 2021 The 2019 Evening Standard Theatre Awards shortlist in full www standard co uk November 4 2019 Retrieved January 18 2021 Paskett Zoe November 25 2019 The 2019 Evening Standard Theatre Awards winners in full www standard co uk Retrieved January 18 2021 Olivier Awards 2020 with Mastercard Theatre s Biggest Night Olivier Awards Retrieved January 18 2021 Shucked Some Like It Hot Lead 2023 Drama Desk Award Nominations April 27 2023 Retrieved May 3 2023 2023 Drama League Award Nominees Announced April 25 2023 Retrieved May 3 2023 New York New York Some Like It Hot Lead 2023 Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations April 26 2023 Retrieved May 3 2023 Further reading EditEditions Edit Miller Arthur Death of a Salesman Harmondsworth Penguin Books 1996 ISBN 9780140247732 Edited with an introduction by Gerald Weales Contains the full text and various critical essays Criticism Edit Hurell John D 1961 Two Modern American Tragedies Reviews and Criticism of Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire New York Scribner pp 82 8 OCLC 249094 Sandage Scott A 2005 Born Losers A History of Failure in America Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01510 4 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death of a Salesman Wikiquote has quotations related to Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman Summary Death of a Salesman at the Internet Broadway Database Character Analysis of Willy Loman Character Analysis of Linda Loman Death of a Salesman A Celebration at the Wayback Machine archived September 4 2006 by Joyce Carol Oates Death of a Salesman Reviews at the Wayback Machine archived January 13 2014 Original Broadway production 1949 at the Playbill Vault First revival 1975 at the Playbill Vault archive Second revival 1984 at the Playbill Vault archive Third revival 1999 at the Playbill Vault archive Fourth revival 2012 at the Playbill Vault archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Death of a Salesman amp oldid 1155063256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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