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Columbia University

October 17, 2023

For other uses, see Columbia University (disambiguation).

Columbia University, officially titled as Columbia University in the City of New York,[9] is a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States.

Columbia University
Latin: Universitas Columbiae
Former names
King's College
(1754–1784)
Columbia College
(1784–1896)[1]: 53–60 
MottoIn lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (Latin)
Motto in English
"In Thy light shall we see light"[2]
TypePrivate research university
EstablishedMay 25, 1754; 269 years ago (1754-05-25)
AccreditationMSCHE
Academic affiliations
Endowment$13.3 billion (2022)[3]
PresidentMinouche Shafik
ProvostDennis Mitchell
Academic staff
4,370[4]
Students34,782 (Fall 2022)[5]
Undergraduates6,668 (Fall 2022)[n 1][5]
Postgraduates25,880 (Fall 2022)[5]
Location
New York
,
New York
,
United States

40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W / 40.80750°N 73.96194°W / 40.80750; -73.96194
CampusLarge city, 299 acres (1.21 km2)
NewspaperColumbia Daily Spectator
ColorsColumbia blue and white[8]
   
NicknameLions
Sporting affiliations
MascotRoar-ee the Lion
Websitecolumbia.edu

Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University.

Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM.[10][11] Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree.[12] The university also annually administers the Pulitzer Prize. Its endowment stands at $13.3 billion as of 2022, which is among the largest of any academic institution.

Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain-computer interface; the laser and maser;[13][14] nuclear magnetic resonance;[15] the first nuclear pile; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift;[16][17][18] and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II.

As of December 2021, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven Founding Fathers of the United States;[n 2] four U.S. presidents;[n 3] 34 foreign heads of state;[n 4] two secretaries-general of the United Nations;[n 5] ten justices of the United States Supreme Court; 103 Nobel laureates; 125 National Academy of Sciences members;[60] 53 living billionaires;[61] 23 Olympic medalists;[62] 33 Academy Award winners; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients.

History

Main article: History of Columbia University

Colonial period

 
Samuel Johnson, the first president of Columbia

Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college.[63] However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (renamed Princeton) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.[63] In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college.[64]

Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Samuel Johnson.[65]: 8–10  Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.[66]: 3  The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of George II,[67][68] making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.[12]

In 1763, Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton.[66]: 3  The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.[69] The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.[70][71]

18th century

 
King's College Hall, 1790

After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand.[65]: 59  The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".[65] The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College",[65] a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees.[72]: 65–70 

 
The 1797 Taylor Map of New York City, showing "The College" at its Park Place (then Robinson Street) location. Note earlier location, Trinity Church, lower left.

On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected president of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.[73] For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. President George Washington and Vice President John Adams, in addition to both houses of Congress attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.[65]: 74 

19th century to present

See also: Student activism at Columbia University
 
The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus
 
Low Memorial Library, c. 1900
 
Alma Mater

In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.[72]: 53–60  The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the president that Barnard College is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.[74] By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.[66]: 5–8  In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights.[65][75] Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.[12] Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College, as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge.[63] Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.[76]

Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project.[77] In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.[63][78] The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.[79][80]

There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II.[81] In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.[82] Within the same year, the Division of Special Programs—later the School of Continuing Education, and now the School of Professional Studies—was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.[83] While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.[84]

In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.[85] The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954.[86]

During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale student activism, which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate.[87][88]

Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983,[89] after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.[90] Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[91]

During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[92] In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of the Arts, and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of International and Public Affairs, which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.[93]

Campus

Morningside Heights

 
College Walk

The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.[94]

 
Butler Library

The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former president Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkness, benefactor of Yale's residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library design is neo-classical in style. Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College.[95] As of 2020, Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.[96]

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.[97] Also listed is Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.[98][99] Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall, Earl Hall, and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary.[100][101][102][103]

 
Union Theological Seminary

A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a royal charter institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.[104] The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college.[105][106]

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.[107]

 
Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library

Other campuses

 
Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades, New York
 
The entrance to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Washington Heights

In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.[108][109] The $7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building, Prentis Hall, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m2) of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.[110][111] Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008, the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.[112] On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.[113]

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University. According to U.S. News & World Report's "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals.[114] Columbia's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute, and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals in other countries. Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, a 20-acre (8.1 ha) campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.[115] On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood), Columbia owns the 26-acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre (64 ha) Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades, New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington, New York, for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall.[12]

Sustainability

In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.[116] Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The university requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.[117]

Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC.[118] Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products, in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus.[119] Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.[120]

 
Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street–Columbia University subway station (1 train) on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25).[121]

Transportation

Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses.[122]

In the New York City Subway, the   train serves the university at 116th Street-Columbia University. The M4, M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue.

Academics

Undergraduate admissions and financial aid

 
Van Amringe Quadrangle and Memorial
Undergraduate admissions statistics
2021 entering
class[123]Change vs.
2016[124]
Admit rate3.9%
(  −2.1)
Yield rate66.5%
(  +1.4)
Test scores middle 50%
SAT Total1510–1560
(  −10 median)

Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.[125] Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.[126] In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).[127] The college is need-blind for domestic applicants.[128]

Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education.[129] As of 2008, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university. That same year, the university ended loans for incoming and then-current students who were on financial aid, replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.[130] In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the Common Application. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application.[131]

Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences".[132]

In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by The New York Times as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.[133]

Organization

Columbia Undergraduate Schools[134]
College/school Year founded
Columbia College 1754
Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864
Barnard College (affiliate) 1889
Columbia University School of General Studies 1947

Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 trustees, customarily including the president, who serves ex officio. The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the president, are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.[135]

 
Low Memorial Library

The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.[136][137][138]

The president of Columbia University, who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.[135] Minouche Shafik became the 20th president of Columbia University on July 1, 2023.

 
The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.

Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: Columbia College, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the School of General Studies, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and Barnard College.[139][140] Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[141][142] Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.[143]

Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,[144] and the Juilliard School.[145][146] Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure.[147] The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university. Teachers College is an affiliated, financially independent graduate school with their own board of trustees.[137][138] Pursuant to an affiliation agreement, Columbia is given the authority to confer "degrees and diplomas" to the graduates of Teachers College. The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university's other graduate schools.[148][149][147] Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through University College London,[150] Sciences Po,[151] City University of Hong Kong,[152] Trinity College Dublin,[153] and the Juilliard School.[154]

The university also has several Columbia Global Centers, in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Mumbai, Nairobi, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, and Tunis.[155]

International partnerships

Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po,[156] École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École normale supérieure (ENS), Panthéon-Sorbonne University, King's College London, London School of Economics, University College London and the University of Warwick. Select students can study at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge.[157] Columbia also has a dual MA program with the Aga Khan University in London.

Rankings

Columbia University is ranked 12th in the United States and seventh globally for 2023–2024 by U.S. News & World Report. QS University Rankings listed Columbia as fifth in the United States. Ranked 15th among U.S. colleges for 2020 by The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education, in recent years it has been ranked as high as second. Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report for its 2021 edition. Columbia Law School was ranked fourth, the Mailman School of Public Health fourth, the School of Social Work tied for third, Columbia Business School eighth, the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for sixth for research (and tied for 31st for primary care), the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master's program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program, and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (graduate) was ranked tied for 14th.

In 2021, Columbia was ranked seventh in the world (sixth in the United States) by Academic Ranking of World Universities, sixth in the world by U.S. News & World Report, 19th in the world by QS World University Rankings, and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance. Columbia's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020.

In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities ranked Columbia third best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide.

Controversies

In 2022, Columbia's reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics Michael Thaddeus, who argued key data supporting the ranking was "inaccurate, dubious or highly misleading."[169][170] Subsequently, U.S. News & World Report "unranked" Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university.[171] In June 2023, Columbia University announced their undergraduate schools would no longer participate in U.S. News & World Report's rankings, following the lead of its law, medical and nursing schools. A press release cited concerns that such rankings unduly influence applicants and "distill a university's profile into a composite of data categories."[172]

Research

 
Havemeyer Hall, a National Historic Chemical Landmark, where deuterium was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes.[173]

Columbia is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[174] Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science, described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible' ".[175] The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser.[176] The first brain-computer interface capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia.[177][178][179] The MPEG-2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.[180] Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, and Beamprop (used in photonics).[181]

Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.[181] More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza (for cancer therapy).[182] Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), as of 2008, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.[182] Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.[183] Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA.

Military and veteran enrollment

Columbia is a long-standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years.[184] As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point, Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management.[185]

Awards

 
President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides.

Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history.[186][187] Other prizes, which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism, include the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the National Magazine Awards, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the John Chancellor Award, and the Lukas Prizes, which include the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize and Mark Lynton History Prize.[188] The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize, 51 of its 101 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or Nobel Prize in Chemistry as of October 2018; the W. Alden Spencer Award; the Vetlesen Prize, which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology; the Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature, the oldest such award; the Edwin Howard Armstrong award; the Calderone Prize in public health; and the Ditson Conductor's Award.[189][190][191][192][193][194][195]

Student life

Students

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[196] Total
White 33% 33
 
Foreign national 18% 18
 
Asian 17% 17
 
Hispanic 15% 15
 
Other[a] 10% 10
 
Black 7% 7
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 19% 19
 
Affluent[c] 81% 81
 

In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.[197] Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,[198] which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.[199]

On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: Carman Hall, Furnald Hall, Hartley Hall, John Jay Hall, or Wallach Hall (originally Livingston Hall). Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The Columbia University School of General Studies, Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.[200]

Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.[201] Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi.[202] The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.[203]

Publications

 
Copies of the Columbia Daily Spectator being sold during the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike
 
The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the Jester, celebrating the opening of the George Washington Bridge

The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper.[204] The Blue and White[205] is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics. Bwog,[206] originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent, is an online campus news and entertainment source. The Morningside Post is a student-run multimedia news publication.

Political publications include The Current, a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;[207] the Columbia Political Review, the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;[208] and AdHoc, which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.[209]

Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review, the nation's oldest college literary magazine;[210] Surgam, the literary magazine of The Philolexian Society;[211] Quarto, Columbia University's official undergraduate literary magazine;[212] 4x4, a student-run alternative to Quarto;[213] Columbia, a nationally regarded literary journal; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;[214] and The Mobius Strip, an online arts and literary magazine.[215] Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.[216]

Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications.[217] The Journal of Politics & Society is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences;[218] Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;[219] the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute;[220] The Birch is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind;[221] the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles.[222]

Humor publications on Columbia's campus include The Fed, a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the Jester of Columbia.[223][224] Other publications include The Columbian, the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook;[225] the Gadfly, a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;[226] and Rhapsody in Blue, an undergraduate urban studies magazine.[227] Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy.[228][229] During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.[230]

Broadcasting

Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.[231] The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.[232][233]

Debate and Model UN

The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.[234] The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest.[235] The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.[236]

The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN.[237]

Technology and entrepreneurship

 
Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop Rutherfurd Observatory

Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.[238]

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include Peter Thiel, Jack Dorsey,[239] Alexis Ohanian, Drew Houston, and Mark Cuban. As of 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.

CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.[240] The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation.[241]

On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry. Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, New York University, and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford, and was established with a $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation.[242]

Athletics

 
Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium
Main article: Columbia Lions
See also: C-Rock

A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track, and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center, which opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball, and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.[243]

 
Major League Baseball Hall of Famer, Lou Gehrig

Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall.[244][245] On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.[246][247]

Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first-ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Columbia men's soccer went 18–0 and was ranked first in the nation, but lost to Indiana 1–0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; nevertheless, the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history.[248] The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16–13 victory over arch-rival Princeton University. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.[249] A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City.[250]

World Leaders Forum

 
World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library

Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.[251]

Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton, the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano, president of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert, president of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu, president of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, the first female president of Finland Tarja Halonen, President Yudhoyono of Indonesia, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President Jalal Talabani, the 14th Dalai Lama, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, financier George Soros, Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg, President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, and Al Gore.[252]

Other

 
Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance.

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.[253] The Notes and Keys, the oldest a cappella group at Columbia, was founded in 1909.[254] There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.[255]

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson.[256][257]

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".[258]

The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact (CI). Founded in 1981, CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.[259]

Columbia has several secret societies, including St. Anthony Hall, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the Nacoms and Sachems.[260][261]

Traditions

Further information: Columbia University traditions
 
The program for Fly With Me (1920), one of the only collaborations between Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, and Lorenz Hart

The Varsity Show

Main article: Varsity Show

The Varsity Show is one of the oldest traditions at Columbia. Founded in 1893 as a fundraiser for the university's fledgling athletic teams, the Varsity Show now draws together the entire Columbia undergraduate community for a series of performances every April. Dedicated to producing a unique full-length musical that skewers and satirizes many dubious aspects of life at Columbia, the Varsity Show is written and performed exclusively by university undergraduates. Various renowned playwrights, composers, authors, directors, and actors have contributed to the Varsity Show, either as writers or performers, while students at Columbia, including Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart, Herman J. Mankiewicz, I. A. L. Diamond, Herman Wouk, Greta Gerwig, and Kate McKinnon.[262]

Notable past shows include Fly With Me (1920), The Streets of New York (1948), The Sky's the Limit (1954), and Angels at Columbia (1994). In particular, Streets of New York, after having been revived three times, opened off-Broadway in 1963 and was awarded a 1964 Drama Desk Award. The Mischief Maker (1903), written by Edgar Allan Woolf and Cassius Freeborn, premiered at Madison Square Garden in 1906 as Mam'zelle Champagne.[262][263]

Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

 
Tree Lighting at College Walk
 
The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall, 1910

The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate, performances by a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.[264]

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910. A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sundial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore and Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church.[265]

Notable people

Main article: List of Columbia University people

Alumni

See also: List of Columbia University alumni and attendees; List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law; and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty

The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia,[266] as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, including three Chief Justices. As of 2011, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia.[267] As of 2006, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.[268]

In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.[269][270]

Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President Barack Obama,[271] Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg,[272] former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright,[273] former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan,[274] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr.[275] The university has also educated 29 foreign heads of state, including president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, president of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta, president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo, Radovan Karadžić, Gaston Eyskens, and T. V. Soong. One of the architects of the Constitution of India, B. R. Ambedkar, was an alumnus.[276]

Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the Astor family[277][278] attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett,[279] former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman,[280] chairman of Wal-Mart S. Robson Walton,[281] Bain Capital Co-Managing Partner, Jonathan Lavine,[282][283] Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer,[284][285] New York Stock Exchange president Lynn Martin,[286] and AllianceBernstein Chairman and CEO Lewis A. Sanders.[287] CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include James P. Gorman of Morgan Stanley,[288] Robert J. Stevens of Lockheed Martin,[289] Philippe Dauman of Viacom,[290] Robert Bakish of Paramount Global,[291][292] Ursula Burns of Xerox,[293] Devin Wenig of EBay,[294] Vikram Pandit of Citigroup,[295] Ralph Izzo of Public Service Enterprise Group,[296][297] Gail Koziara Boudreaux of Anthem,[298] and Frank Blake of The Home Depot.[299] Notable labor organizer and women's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.[300]

In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of IBM Herman Hollerith;[301] inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong;[302] Francis Mechner; integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover;[303] founder of Google China Kai-Fu Lee;[304] scientists Stephen Jay Gould,[305] Robert Millikan,[306] Helium–neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin;[307] chief-engineer of the New York City Subway, William Barclay Parsons;[308] philosophers Irwin Edman[309] and Robert Nozick;[310] economist Milton Friedman;[311] psychologist Harriet Babcock;[312] archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear;[313] and sociologists Lewis A. Coser and Rose Laub Coser.[314][315]

Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers Richard Rodgers,[316] Oscar Hammerstein II,[317] Lorenz Hart,[318] and Art Garfunkel;[319] and painter Georgia O'Keeffe.[320] Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, pioneers of the Beat Generation;[321] and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance,[322][323] all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov,[324] J.D. Salinger,[325] Upton Sinclair,[326] Ursula K. Le Guin,[327] Danielle Valore Evans,[328] and Hunter S. Thompson.[329] In architecture, William Lee Stoddart, a prolific architect of U.S. East Coast hotels, is an alumnus.[330]

University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards (as of 2011).[267] Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet (12 Angry Men)[331] and Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker),[332] screenwriters Howard Koch (Casablanca)[333] and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve),[334] and actors James Cagney,[335] Ed Harris and Timothée Chalamet.[336]

Faculty

As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[337] 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[338] and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine.[339] In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates, 12 National Medal of Science recipients,[340] and 32 National Academy of Engineering members.[341]

Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during World War II and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's Brain Trust: Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford Tugwell, were law professors at Columbia.[342] The Statistical Research Group, which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including George Stigler and Milton Friedman.[343] Columbia faculty and researchers, including Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, George B. Pegram, Walter Zinn, Chien-Shiung Wu, Francis G. Slack, Harold Urey, Herbert L. Anderson, and Isidor Isaac Rabi, also played a significant role during the early phases of the Manhattan Project.[344]

Following the rise of Nazi Germany, the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.[345] It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the Frankfurt School, including Reason and Revolution, Dialectic of Enlightenment, and Eclipse of Reason.[346] Professors Edward Said, author of Orientalism, and Gayatri Spivak are generally considered as founders of the field of postcolonialism;[347][348] other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include Hamid Dabashi and Joseph Massad.[349][350] The works of professors Kimberlé Crenshaw, Patricia J. Williams, and Kendall Thomas were foundational to the field of critical race theory.[351]

Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States, having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H. Cone and Cornel West,[352][353] and Womanist theology, through the works of Katie Cannon, Emilie Townes, and Delores S. Williams.[354][355][356] Likewise, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of Conservative Judaism movement in the United States, which was founded and led by faculty members including Solomon Schechter, Alexander Kohut, and Louis Ginzberg in the early 20th century, and is a major center for Jewish studies in general.[357]

Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the Dunning School, founded by William Archibald Dunning;[358][359] the anthropological schools of historical particularism and cultural relativism, founded by Franz Boas;[360] and functional psychology, whose founders and proponents include John Dewey, James McKeen Cattell, Edward L. Thorndike, and Robert S. Woodworth.[361]

Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton, Founding Father and U.S. Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler, and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger.[25]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

Citations

  1. ^ This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies, which, though technically an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating undergraduate student body size and admission rates as it involves mainly non-traditional students. The office of Columbia Undergraduate Admissions only oversees students from Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science.[6] Furthermore, the OPIR differentiates these undergraduate student bodies in separate Common Data Sets.[7]
  2. ^ Founding Fathers include five alumni: Alexander Hamilton,[19] John Jay,[20] Robert R. Livingston,[21] Egbert Benson,[22] and Gouverneur Morris.[23] Additionally, Founding Fathers George Clinton[24] and William Samuel Johnson[25] served as presidents of the university.
  3. ^ Three presidents have attended Columbia: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Barack Obama. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953.
  4. ^ Alumni who served as foreign heads of state include: Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (Iraq, 1953–54),[26] Kassim al-Rimawi (Jordan, 1980),[27] Giuliano Amato (Italy, 1992–1993 and 2000–2001),[28] Hafizullah Amin (Afghanistan, 1979),[29] Nahas Angula (Namibia, 2005–12),[30] Marek Belka (Poland, 2004–05),[31] Chen Gongbo (China, 1944–45),[32] Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (Poland, 1996–97),[33] Gaston Eyskens (Belgium, 1949–50, 1958–61 and 1968–73),[34] Mark Eyskens (Belgium, 1981),[35] Ashraf Ghani (Afghanistan, 2014–21),[36] José Ramos-Horta (East Timor, 2007–12 and 2022– ),[37] Toomas Hendrik Ilves (Estonia, 2006–16),[38] Wellington Koo (China 1926–27),[39] Lee Huan (Taiwan, 1989–90),[40] Benjamin Mkapa (Tanzania, 1995–2005),[41] Mohammad Musa Shafiq (Afghanistan, 1972–73),[42] Nwafor Orizu (Nigeria, 1965–6),[43] Santiago Peña (Paraguay, 2023–present),[44] Mikheil Saakashvili (Georgia, 2004–13),[45] Juan Bautista Sacasa (Nicaragua, 1933–36),[46] Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania, 1984–85),[47] Ernesto Samper (Colombia, 1994–98),[48] T. V. Soong (China, 1945–47),[49] Sun Fo (China, 1932; Taiwan, 1948–49),[50] C. R. Swart (South Africa, 1959–67),[51] Tang Shaoyi (China, 1912),[52] Abdul Zahir (Afghanistan, 1971–72),[48] and Zhou Ziqi (China, 1922).[53] Faculty and fellows include Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil, 1995–2002),[54] Alfred Gusenbauer (Austria, 2007–2008),[55] Václav Havel (Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992; Czech Republic, 1993–2003),[56] Lucas Papademos (Greece, 2011–2012),[57] Mary Robinson (Ireland, 1990–1997).[58]
  5. ^ Boutros Boutros-Ghali taught as a Fulbright Research Scholar from 1954 to 1955.[59] Kofi Annan was a global fellow at SIPA from 2009 to 2018.[55]

References

  1. ^ Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
  2. ^ Psalms 36:9
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October 17, 2023
columbia, university, other, uses, disambiguation, officially, titled, city, york, private, league, research, university, york, city, established, 1754, king, college, grounds, trinity, church, manhattan, oldest, institution, higher, education, york, fifth, ol. For other uses see Columbia University disambiguation Columbia University officially titled as Columbia University in the City of New York 9 is a private Ivy League research university in New York City Established in 1754 as King s College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan it is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States Columbia UniversityCoat of armsLatin Universitas ColumbiaeFormer namesKing s College 1754 1784 Columbia College 1784 1896 1 53 60 MottoIn lumine Tuo videbimus lumen Latin Motto in English In Thy light shall we see light 2 TypePrivate research universityEstablishedMay 25 1754 269 years ago 1754 05 25 AccreditationMSCHEAcademic affiliationsAAUNAICUURASpace grantEndowment 13 3 billion 2022 3 PresidentMinouche ShafikProvostDennis MitchellAcademic staff4 370 4 Students34 782 Fall 2022 5 Undergraduates6 668 Fall 2022 n 1 5 Postgraduates25 880 Fall 2022 5 LocationNew York New York United States40 48 27 N 73 57 43 W 40 80750 N 73 96194 W 40 80750 73 96194CampusLarge city 299 acres 1 21 km2 NewspaperColumbia Daily SpectatorColorsColumbia blue and white 8 NicknameLionsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FCS Ivy LeagueEARCIRAEAWRCMascotRoar ee the LionWebsitecolumbia eduColumbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay In 1896 the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University Columbia is organized into twenty schools including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools The university s research efforts include the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM 10 11 Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree 12 The university also annually administers the Pulitzer Prize Its endowment stands at 13 3 billion as of 2022 update which is among the largest of any academic institution Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain computer interface the laser and maser 13 14 nuclear magnetic resonance 15 the first nuclear pile the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift 16 17 18 and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II As of December 2021 update its alumni faculty and staff have included seven Founding Fathers of the United States n 2 four U S presidents n 3 34 foreign heads of state n 4 two secretaries general of the United Nations n 5 ten justices of the United States Supreme Court 103 Nobel laureates 125 National Academy of Sciences members 60 53 living billionaires 61 23 Olympic medalists 62 33 Academy Award winners and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial period 1 2 18th century 1 3 19th century to present 2 Campus 2 1 Morningside Heights 2 2 Other campuses 2 3 Sustainability 2 4 Transportation 3 Academics 3 1 Undergraduate admissions and financial aid 3 2 Organization 3 3 International partnerships 3 4 Rankings 3 4 1 Controversies 3 5 Research 3 6 Military and veteran enrollment 3 7 Awards 4 Student life 4 1 Students 4 1 1 Publications 4 1 2 Broadcasting 4 1 3 Debate and Model UN 4 2 Technology and entrepreneurship 4 3 Athletics 4 4 World Leaders Forum 4 5 Other 5 Traditions 5 1 The Varsity Show 5 2 Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies 6 Notable people 6 1 Alumni 6 2 Faculty 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistoryMain article History of Columbia University Colonial period nbsp Samuel Johnson the first president of ColumbiaDiscussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704 at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts the missionary arm of the Church of England persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college 63 However it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey renamed Princeton across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college 63 In 1746 an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college In 1751 the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents seven of whom were members of the Church of England to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college 64 Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college s first president Samuel Johnson 65 8 10 Johnson was the only instructor of the college s first class which consisted of a mere eight students Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan 66 3 The college was officially founded on October 31 1754 as King s College by royal charter of George II 67 68 making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States 12 In 1763 Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper a graduate of The Queen s College Oxford and an ardent Tory In the charged political climate of the American Revolution his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777 Alexander Hamilton 66 3 The Irish anatomist Samuel Clossy was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college s first professor of anatomy in 1767 69 The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776 and was catastrophic for the operation of King s College which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783 The college s library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces 70 71 18th century nbsp King s College Hall 1790After the Revolution the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality promising to make whatever changes to the school s charter the state might demand 65 59 The legislature agreed to assist the college and on May 1 1784 it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King s College 65 The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King s College and in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic the legislature stipulated that the College within the City of New York heretofore called King s College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College 65 a reference to Columbia an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus The Regents finally became aware of the college s defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton In April of that same year a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees 72 65 70 nbsp The 1797 Taylor Map of New York City showing The College at its Park Place then Robinson Street location Note earlier location Trinity Church lower left On May 21 1787 William Samuel Johnson the son of Samuel Johnson was unanimously elected president of Columbia College Prior to serving at the university Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention 73 For a period in the 1790s with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay President George Washington and Vice President John Adams in addition to both houses of Congress attended the college s commencement on May 6 1789 as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution 65 74 19th century to present See also Student activism at Columbia University nbsp The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus nbsp Low Memorial Library c 1900 nbsp Alma MaterIn November 1813 the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons a new school created by the Regents of New York forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 72 53 60 The college s enrollment structure and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned In 1857 the college moved from the King s College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue where it remained for the next forty years During the last half of the 19th century under the leadership of President F A P Barnard the president that Barnard College is named after the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university s refusal to accept women 74 By this time the college s investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school mainly owing to the city s expanding population 66 5 8 In 1896 university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights 65 75 Under the leadership of Low s successor Nicholas Murray Butler who served for over four decades Columbia rapidly became the nation s major institution for research setting the multiversity model that later universities would adopt 12 Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University Butler founded Teachers College as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge 63 Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university s Graduate School of Education 76 Research into the atom by faculty members John R Dunning I I Rabi Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia s physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project 77 In 1928 Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College 63 78 The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large 79 80 There was an evening school called University Extension which taught night classes for a fee to anyone willing to attend In 1947 the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II 81 In 1995 the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full fledged liberal arts college for non traditional students those who have had an academic break of one year or more or are pursuing dual degrees and was fully integrated into Columbia s traditional undergraduate curriculum 82 Within the same year the Division of Special Programs later the School of Continuing Education and now the School of Professional Studies was established to reprise the former role of University Extension 83 While the School of Professional Studies only offered non degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter disciplinary fields 84 In the aftermath of World War II the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university and in response the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946 drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science economics and history 85 The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954 86 During the 1960s Columbia experienced large scale student activism which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus The incident forced the resignation of Columbia s president Grayson Kirk and the establishment of the University Senate 87 88 Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 89 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College the all female institution affiliated with the university to merge the two schools 90 Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College 91 During the late 20th century the university underwent significant academic structural and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university For much of the 19th century the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science Philosophy and Pure Science In 1979 these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 92 In 1991 the faculties of Columbia College the School of General Studies the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences the School of the Arts and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools In 2010 the School of International and Public Affairs which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences became an independent faculty 93 CampusMorningside Heights nbsp College WalkThe majority of Columbia s graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights on Seth Low s late 19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location The campus was designed along Beaux Arts planning principles by the architects McKim Mead amp White Columbia s main campus occupies more than six city blocks or 32 acres 13 ha in Morningside Heights New York City a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions The university owns over 7 800 apartments in Morningside Heights housing faculty graduate students and staff Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories purpose built or converted are located on campus or in Morningside Heights Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system more than a century old with the oldest portions predating the present campus Some of these remain accessible to the public while others have been cordoned off 94 nbsp Butler LibraryThe Nicholas Murray Butler Library known simply as Butler Library is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System and is one of the largest buildings on the campus Proposed as South Hall by the university s former president Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled the new library was funded by Edward Harkness benefactor of Yale s residential college system and designed by his favorite architect James Gamble Rogers It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946 The library design is neo classical in style Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers philosophers and thinkers most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College 95 As of 2020 update Columbia s library system includes over 15 0 million volumes making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States 96 Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places Low Memorial Library a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus is listed for its architectural significance Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio 97 Also listed is Pupin Hall another National Historic Landmark which houses the physics and astronomy departments Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world s first atom splitting in Copenhagen Denmark 98 99 Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana the Delta Psi Alpha Chapter building of St Anthony Hall Earl Hall and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary 100 101 102 103 nbsp Union Theological SeminaryA statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library McKim Mead amp White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus Draped in an academic gown the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne The scroll like arms of the throne end in lamps representing sapientia and doctrina A book signifying knowledge balances on her lap and an owl the attribute of wisdom is hidden in the folds of her gown Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat terminating with a crown of King s College which refers to Columbia s origin as a royal charter institution in 1754 A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture The statue was dedicated on September 23 1903 as a gift of Mr amp Mrs Robert Goelet and was originally covered in golden leaf During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture but it has since been repaired 104 The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student given that Barnard is a women s college 105 106 The Steps alternatively known as Low Steps or the Urban Beach are a popular meeting area for Columbia students The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus South Field to its upper terrace With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students faculty and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings events and ceremonies McKim s classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new classical designs with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure 107 nbsp Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library Other campuses nbsp Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades New York nbsp The entrance to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Washington HeightsIn April 2007 the university purchased more than two thirds of a 17 acres 6 9 ha site for a new campus in Manhattanville an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia s Business School School of International and Public Affairs Columbia School of the Arts and the Jerome L Greene Center for Mind Brain and Behavior where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson s and Alzheimer s 108 109 The 7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings except three that are historically significant the Studebaker Building Prentis Hall and the Nash Building eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses and relocating tenants in 132 apartments Replacing these buildings created 6 8 million square feet 630 000 m2 of space for the university Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land to residents rights 110 111 Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition As of December 2008 update the State of New York s Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain which through declaration of Manhattanville s blighted status gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use 112 On May 20 2009 the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan 113 NewYork Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University According to U S News amp World Report s 2020 21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals 114 Columbia s medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U S and four hospitals in other countries Health related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center a 20 acre 8 1 ha campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights fifty blocks uptown Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan and the Payne Whitney Westchester a psychiatric institute located in White Plains New York 115 On the northern tip of Manhattan island in the neighborhood of Inwood Columbia owns the 26 acre 11 ha Baker Field which includes the Lawrence A Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports outdoor track and tennis There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River the 157 acre 64 ha Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades New York A fourth is the 60 acre 24 ha Nevis Laboratories in Irvington New York for the study of particle and motion physics A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall 12 Sustainability In 2006 the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university s environmental footprint The U S Green Building Council selected the university s Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED Neighborhood Design pilot program The plan commits to incorporating smart growth new urbanism and green building design principles 116 Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30 within the next ten years Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations The university requires a minimum of Silver but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use however the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers 117 Every Thursday and Sunday of the month Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city In addition from April to November Hodgson s farm a local New York gardening center joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non profit group GrowNYC 118 Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus 119 Columbia has been rated B by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives 120 nbsp Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street Columbia University subway station 1 train on the IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue Line According to the A W Kuchler U S potential natural vegetation types Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak 104 with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest 25 121 Transportation Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university operated by Academy Bus Lines The buses are open to all Columbia faculty students Dodge Fitness Center members and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card In addition all TSC students can ride the buses 122 In the New York City Subway the nbsp train serves the university at 116th Street Columbia University The M4 M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue AcademicsUndergraduate admissions and financial aid nbsp Van Amringe Quadrangle and MemorialUndergraduate admissions statistics2021 enteringclass 123 Change vs 2016 124 Admit rate3 9 nbsp 2 1 Yield rate66 5 nbsp 1 4 Test scores middle 50 SAT Total1510 1560 nbsp 10 median Columbia University received 60 551 applications for the class of 2025 entering 2021 and a total of around 2 218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3 66 125 Columbia is a racially diverse school with approximately 52 of all students identifying themselves as persons of color Additionally 50 of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia The average grant size awarded to these students is 46 516 126 In 2015 2016 annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was 50 526 with a total cost of attendance of 65 860 including room and board 127 The college is need blind for domestic applicants 128 Annual gifts fund raising and an increase in spending from the university s endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students On April 11 2007 Columbia University announced a 400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education 129 As of 2008 update undergraduates from families with incomes as high as 60 000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university including room board and academic fees fully paid for by the university That same year the university ended loans for incoming and then current students who were on financial aid replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university However this does not apply to international students transfer students visiting students or students in the School of General Studies 130 In the fall of 2010 admission to Columbia s undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering began accepting the Common Application The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application 131 Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee Designations include John W Kluge Scholars John Jay Scholars C Prescott Davis Scholars Global Scholars Egleston Scholars and Science Research Fellows Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first year applicants According to Columbia the first four designated scholars distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements dynamism intellectual curiosity the originality and independence of their thinking and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences 132 In 1919 Columbia established a student application process characterized by The New York Times as the first modern college application The application required a photograph of the applicant the maiden name of the applicant s mother and the applicant s religious background 133 Organization Columbia Graduate Professional Schools 134 College school Year foundedVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons 1767College of Dental Medicine 1852Columbia Law School 1858Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1880Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation 1881Teachers College Columbia University affiliate 1887Columbia University School of Nursing 1892Columbia University School of Social Work 1898Graduate School of Journalism 1912Columbia Business School 1916Mailman School of Public Health 1922School of International and Public Affairs 1946School of the Arts 1965School of Professional Studies 1995Columbia Climate School 2021Columbia Undergraduate Schools 134 College school Year foundedColumbia College 1754Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864Barnard College affiliate 1889Columbia University School of General Studies 1947Columbia University is an independent privately supported nonsectarian institution of higher education Its official corporate name is The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York The university s first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II however its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature The university is governed by 24 trustees customarily including the president who serves ex officio The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate The remaining 12 including the president are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes The term of office for trustees is six years Generally they serve for no more than two consecutive terms The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university and review and confirm faculty appointments as required They determine the university s financial and investment policies authorize the budget supervise the endowment direct the management of the university s real estate and other assets and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university 135 nbsp Low Memorial LibraryThe University Senate was established by the trustees after a university wide referendum in 1969 It succeeded to the powers of the University Council which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty deans and other administrators to regulate inter Faculty affairs and consider issues of university wide concern The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university These include the president of the university the provost the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences all of whom serve ex officio and five additional representatives appointed by the president from the university s administration The president serves as the Senate s presiding officer The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies physical development budget and external relations of the university It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students 136 137 138 The president of Columbia University who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees pleasure is the chief executive officer of the university Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost the senior executive vice president the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences several other vice presidents the general counsel the secretary of the university and the deans of the faculties all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure 135 Minouche Shafik became the 20th president of Columbia University on July 1 2023 nbsp The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges Columbia College the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree the School of General Studies the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non traditional students undertaking full or part time study and Barnard College 139 140 Barnard College is a women s liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College 141 142 Barnard students are also eligible to cross register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association 143 Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary the Jewish Theological Seminary of America 144 and the Juilliard School 145 146 Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university both colleges presidents are deans under the university governance structure 147 The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two year terms all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university Teachers College is an affiliated financially independent graduate school with their own board of trustees 137 138 Pursuant to an affiliation agreement Columbia is given the authority to confer degrees and diplomas to the graduates of Teachers College The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university s other graduate schools 148 149 147 Columbia s General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through University College London 150 Sciences Po 151 City University of Hong Kong 152 Trinity College Dublin 153 and the Juilliard School 154 The university also has several Columbia Global Centers in Amman Beijing Istanbul Mumbai Nairobi Paris Rio de Janeiro Santiago and Tunis 155 International partnerships Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po 156 Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales EHESS Ecole normale superieure ENS Pantheon Sorbonne University King s College London London School of Economics University College London and the University of Warwick Select students can study at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge 157 Columbia also has a dual MA program with the Aga Khan University in London Rankings Academic rankingsNationalARWU 158 6Forbes 159 5THE WSJ 160 5U S News amp World Report 161 12Washington Monthly 162 7GlobalARWU 163 8QS 164 23THE 165 11U S News amp World Report 166 7 National Program Rankings 167 Program RankingBiological Sciences 11Business 8Chemistry 12Computer Science 11Earth Sciences 5Economics 9Engineering 13English 8Fine Arts 10Health Care Management 15History 5Law 4Mathematics 7Medicine Primary Care 75Medicine Research 3Nursing Doctorate 5Nursing Master s 6Nursing Anesthesia 22Nursing Midwifery 13Occupational Therapy 8Physical Therapy 25Physics 9Political Science 8Psychology 12Public Affairs 23Public Health 4Social Work 5Sociology 11Statistics 5 Global Program Rankings 168 Program RankingArts amp Humanities 18Biology amp Biochemistry 20Cardiac amp Cardiovascular Systems 3Chemistry 33Clinical Medicine 10Computer Science 36Economics amp Business 8Electrical amp Electronic Engineering 102Engineering 114Environment Ecology 36Geosciences 4Immunology 32Materials Science 57Mathematics 11Microbiology 33Molecular Biology amp Genetics 18Neuroscience amp Behavior 7Oncology 32Pharmacology amp Toxicology 46Physics 12Plant amp Animal Science 202Psychiatry Psychology 4Social Sciences amp Public Health 8Space Science 37Surgery 27 Columbia University is ranked 12th in the United States and seventh globally for 2023 2024 by U S News amp World Report QS University Rankings listed Columbia as fifth in the United States Ranked 15th among U S colleges for 2020 by The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education in recent years it has been ranked as high as second Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U S News amp World Report for its 2021 edition Columbia Law School was ranked fourth the Mailman School of Public Health fourth the School of Social Work tied for third Columbia Business School eighth the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for sixth for research and tied for 31st for primary care the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master s program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science graduate was ranked tied for 14th In 2021 Columbia was ranked seventh in the world sixth in the United States by Academic Ranking of World Universities sixth in the world by U S News amp World Report 19th in the world by QS World University Rankings and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities along with Harvard MIT and Stanford in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance Columbia s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020 In 2015 Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries In 2011 the Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking of World Universities ranked Columbia third best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide Controversies In 2022 Columbia s reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics Michael Thaddeus who argued key data supporting the ranking was inaccurate dubious or highly misleading 169 170 Subsequently U S News amp World Report unranked Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university 171 In June 2023 Columbia University announced their undergraduate schools would no longer participate in U S News amp World Report s rankings following the lead of its law medical and nursing schools A press release cited concerns that such rankings unduly influence applicants and distill a university s profile into a composite of data categories 172 Research nbsp Havemeyer Hall a National Historic Chemical Landmark where deuterium was discovered in 1931 Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes 173 Columbia is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity 174 Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the neuroscience bible 175 The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel James H Schwartz and Thomas Jessell Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser 176 The first brain computer interface capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia 177 178 179 The MPEG 2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou a Columbia professor of electrical engineering Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in labeling cells in intact organisms 180 Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification SLS technology for making LCDs System Management Arts SMARTS Session Initiation Protocol SIP which is used for audio video chat instant messaging and whiteboarding pharmacopeia Macromodel software for computational chemistry a new and better recipe for glass concrete Blue LEDs and Beamprop used in photonics 181 Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year 181 More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market These include Remicade for arthritis Reopro for blood clot complications Xalatan for glaucoma Benefix Latanoprost a glaucoma treatment shoulder prosthesis homocysteine testing for cardiovascular disease and Zolinza for cancer therapy 182 Columbia Technology Ventures formerly Science and Technology Ventures as of 2008 update manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements 182 Patent related deals earned Columbia more than 230 million in the 2006 fiscal year according to the university more than any university in the world 183 Columbia owns many unique research facilities such as the Columbia Institute for Tele Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA Military and veteran enrollment Columbia is a long standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years 184 As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program ELDP in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management 185 Awards nbsp President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history 186 187 Other prizes which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism include the Alfred I duPont Columbia University Award the National Magazine Awards the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes the John Chancellor Award and the Lukas Prizes which include the J Anthony Lukas Book Prize and Mark Lynton History Prize 188 The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize 51 of its 101 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or Nobel Prize in Chemistry as of October 2018 the W Alden Spencer Award the Vetlesen Prize which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology the Japan U S Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature the oldest such award the Edwin Howard Armstrong award the Calderone Prize in public health and the Ditson Conductor s Award 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Student lifeStudents Student body composition as of May 2 2022 Race and ethnicity 196 TotalWhite 33 33 Foreign national 18 18 Asian 17 17 Hispanic 15 15 Other a 10 10 Black 7 7 Economic diversityLow income b 19 19 Affluent c 81 81 In 2020 Columbia University s student population was 31 455 8 842 students in undergraduate programs and 22 613 in postgraduate programs with 45 of the student population identifying themselves as a minority 197 Twenty six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below 60 000 16 of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants 198 which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below 40 000 Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four year college 199 On campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering share housing in the on campus residence halls First year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn Carman Hall Furnald Hall Hartley Hall John Jay Hall or Wallach Hall originally Livingston Hall Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor or apartment style housing with their friends The Columbia University School of General Studies Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment style housing in the surrounding neighborhood 200 Columbia University is home to many fraternities sororities and co educational Greek organizations Approximately 10 15 of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life 201 Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi 202 The InterGreek Council is the self governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia the Interfraternity Council Panhellenic Council and Multicultural Greek Council The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other work together and advocate for community needs 203 Publications nbsp Copies of the Columbia Daily Spectator being sold during the 1962 63 New York City newspaper strike nbsp The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the Jester celebrating the opening of the George Washington BridgeThe Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation s second oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper 204 The Blue and White 205 is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics Bwog 206 originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent is an online campus news and entertainment source The Morningside Post is a student run multimedia news publication Political publications include The Current a journal of politics culture and Jewish Affairs 207 the Columbia Political Review the multi partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union 208 and AdHoc which denotes itself as the progressive campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events 209 Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia serving all 340 000 of the university s alumni Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review the nation s oldest college literary magazine 210 Surgam the literary magazine of The Philolexian Society 211 Quarto Columbia University s official undergraduate literary magazine 212 4x4 a student run alternative to Quarto 213 Columbia a nationally regarded literary journal the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism 214 and The Mobius Strip an online arts and literary magazine 215 Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City written edited and published by Columbia undergraduates Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores 216 Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications 217 The Journal of Politics amp Society is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences 218 Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually 219 the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China Japan Korea Tibet and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute 220 The Birch is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student run journal of its kind 221 the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles 222 Humor publications on Columbia s campus include The Fed a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper and the Jester of Columbia 223 224 Other publications include The Columbian the undergraduate colleges annually published yearbook 225 the Gadfly a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates 226 and Rhapsody in Blue an undergraduate urban studies magazine 227 Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy 228 229 During the spring semester graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat a bi weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University s Graduate School of Journalism the Columbia Journalism Review CJR examines day to day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance The magazine is published six times a year 230 Broadcasting Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting WKCR FM and CTV Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard s radio station WBAR WKCR the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri state area claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world owing to the university s affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong The station went operational on July 18 1939 from a 400 foot antenna tower in Alpine New Jersey broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world Initially WKCR was not a radio station but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications As membership grew however the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room 231 The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan Columbia Television CTV is the nation s second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students 232 233 Debate and Model UN The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802 making it the oldest student group at Columbia as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country 234 The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest 235 The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia s campus as well as public debates on issues affecting the university 236 The Columbia International Relations Council and Association CIRCA oversees Columbia s Model United Nations activities CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN 237 Technology and entrepreneurship nbsp Pupin Hall the physics building showing the rooftop Rutherfurd ObservatoryColumbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City Over the past 20 years graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies 238 The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs CORE was founded in 1999 The student run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus Each year CORE hosts dozens of events including talks StartupColumbia a conference and venture competition for 250 000 and Ignite CU a weekend for undergrads interested in design engineering and entrepreneurship Notable speakers include Peter Thiel Jack Dorsey 239 Alexis Ohanian Drew Houston and Mark Cuban As of 2006 CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over 100 000 in seed capital CampusNetwork an on campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003 Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook but Goldberg declined the offer 240 The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology Innovation and Community Engagement SEAS entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation 241 On June 14 2010 Mayor Michael R Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York s media industry Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering the lab is a consortium of Columbia University New York University and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford and was established with a 250 000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation 242 Athletics nbsp Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien StadiumMain article Columbia Lions See also C RockA member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA in Division I FCS Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League The football Lions play home games at the 17 000 seat Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball softball soccer lacrosse field hockey tennis track and rowing as well as the new Campbell Sports Center which opened in January 2013 The basketball fencing swimming amp diving volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus 243 nbsp Major League Baseball Hall of Famer Lou GehrigFormer students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman Marcellus Wiley and world champion women s weightlifter Karyn Marshall 244 245 On May 17 1939 fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia s Baker Field making it the first televised regular athletic event in history 246 247 Columbia University athletics has a long history with many accomplishments in athletic fields In 1870 Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport Eight years later Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters In 1900 Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47 8 seconds In 1983 Columbia men s soccer went 18 0 and was ranked first in the nation but lost to Indiana 1 0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game nevertheless the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history 248 The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s between 1983 and 1988 the team lost 44 games in a row which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision The streak was broken on October 8 1988 with a 16 13 victory over arch rival Princeton University That was the Lions first victory at Wien Stadium which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old 249 A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City 250 World Leaders Forum nbsp World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial LibraryEstablished in 2003 by university president Lee C Bollinger the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government religion industry finance and academia The World Leaders Forum is a year around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures while educating students about problems and progress around the globe 251 Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano president of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert president of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu president of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vike Freiberga the first female president of Finland Tarja Halonen President Yudhoyono of Indonesia President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Iraq President Jalal Talabani the 14th Dalai Lama president of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad financier George Soros Mayor of New York City Michael R Bloomberg President Vaclav Klaus of the Czech Republic President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner of Argentina former Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and Al Gore 252 Other nbsp Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896 and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia s schools 253 The Notes and Keys the oldest a cappella group at Columbia was founded in 1909 254 There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater including the Columbia Players King s Crown Shakespeare Troupe KCST Columbia Musical Theater Society CMTS NOMADS New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students LateNite Theatre Columbia University Performing Arts League CUPAL Black Theatre Ensemble BTE sketch comedy group Chowdah and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch 255 The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual lesbian gay transgender and questioning student population It is the oldest gay student organization in the world founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson 256 257 Columbia University campus military groups include the U S Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC In the 2005 06 academic year the Columbia Military Society Columbia s student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates was renamed the Hamilton Society for students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton 258 The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact CI Founded in 1981 CI provides food clothing shelter education job training and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs which serve more than 8 000 people each year 259 Columbia has several secret societies including St Anthony Hall which was founded at the university in 1847 and two senior societies the Nacoms and Sachems 260 261 TraditionsFurther information Columbia University traditions nbsp The program for Fly With Me 1920 one of the only collaborations between Richard Rodgers Oscar Hammerstein II and Lorenz HartThe Varsity Show Main article Varsity Show The Varsity Show is one of the oldest traditions at Columbia Founded in 1893 as a fundraiser for the university s fledgling athletic teams the Varsity Show now draws together the entire Columbia undergraduate community for a series of performances every April Dedicated to producing a unique full length musical that skewers and satirizes many dubious aspects of life at Columbia the Varsity Show is written and performed exclusively by university undergraduates Various renowned playwrights composers authors directors and actors have contributed to the Varsity Show either as writers or performers while students at Columbia including Richard Rodgers Oscar Hammerstein II Lorenz Hart Herman J Mankiewicz I A L Diamond Herman Wouk Greta Gerwig and Kate McKinnon 262 Notable past shows include Fly With Me 1920 The Streets of New York 1948 The Sky s the Limit 1954 and Angels at Columbia 1994 In particular Streets of New York after having been revived three times opened off Broadway in 1963 and was awarded a 1964 Drama Desk Award The Mischief Maker 1903 written by Edgar Allan Woolf and Cassius Freeborn premiered at Madison Square Garden in 1906 as Mam zelle Champagne 262 263 Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies nbsp Tree Lighting at College Walk nbsp The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall 1910 The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998 It celebrates the illumination of the medium sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west just before finals week in early December The lights remain on until February 28 Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate performances by a cappella groups and speeches by the university president and a guest 264 Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia s older holiday traditions the lighting of the Yule Log The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War but lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910 A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sundial to the lounge of John Jay Hall where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore and Yes Virginia There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church 265 Notable peopleMain article List of Columbia University people Alumni See also List of Columbia University alumni and attendees List of Columbia University people in politics military and law and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The university has graduated many notable alumni including five Founding Fathers of the United States an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five Three United States presidents have attended Columbia 266 as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States including three Chief Justices As of 2011 update 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia 267 As of 2006 update there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni 268 In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires Columbia ranked second after Harvard 269 270 Former U S Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U S President Barack Obama 271 Associate Justice of the U S Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg 272 former U S Secretary of State Madeleine Albright 273 former chairman of the U S Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan 274 U S Attorney General Eric Holder and U S Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr 275 The university has also educated 29 foreign heads of state including president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili president of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo Radovan Karadzic Gaston Eyskens and T V Soong One of the architects of the Constitution of India B R Ambedkar was an alumnus 276 Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world Notable members of the Astor family 277 278 attended Columbia while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett 279 former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman 280 chairman of Wal Mart S Robson Walton 281 Bain Capital Co Managing Partner Jonathan Lavine 282 283 Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer 284 285 New York Stock Exchange president Lynn Martin 286 and AllianceBernstein Chairman and CEO Lewis A Sanders 287 CEO s of top Fortune 500 companies include James P Gorman of Morgan Stanley 288 Robert J Stevens of Lockheed Martin 289 Philippe Dauman of Viacom 290 Robert Bakish of Paramount Global 291 292 Ursula Burns of Xerox 293 Devin Wenig of EBay 294 Vikram Pandit of Citigroup 295 Ralph Izzo of Public Service Enterprise Group 296 297 Gail Koziara Boudreaux of Anthem 298 and Frank Blake of The Home Depot 299 Notable labor organizer and women s educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia 300 In science and technology Columbia alumni include founder of IBM Herman Hollerith 301 inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong 302 Francis Mechner integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover 303 founder of Google China Kai Fu Lee 304 scientists Stephen Jay Gould 305 Robert Millikan 306 Helium neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin 307 chief engineer of the New York City Subway William Barclay Parsons 308 philosophers Irwin Edman 309 and Robert Nozick 310 economist Milton Friedman 311 psychologist Harriet Babcock 312 archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear 313 and sociologists Lewis A Coser and Rose Laub Coser 314 315 Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts including composers Richard Rodgers 316 Oscar Hammerstein II 317 Lorenz Hart 318 and Art Garfunkel 319 and painter Georgia O Keeffe 320 Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg pioneers of the Beat Generation 321 and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance 322 323 all having attended the university Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov 324 J D Salinger 325 Upton Sinclair 326 Ursula K Le Guin 327 Danielle Valore Evans 328 and Hunter S Thompson 329 In architecture William Lee Stoddart a prolific architect of U S East Coast hotels is an alumnus 330 University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards as of 2011 update 267 Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet 12 Angry Men 331 and Kathryn Bigelow The Hurt Locker 332 screenwriters Howard Koch Casablanca 333 and Joseph L Mankiewicz All About Eve 334 and actors James Cagney 335 Ed Harris and Timothee Chalamet 336 Notable Columbia University alumni include nbsp Alexander Hamilton Founding Father of the United States author of The Federalist Papers first United States Secretary of the Treasury King s College nbsp John Jay Founding Father of the United States author of The Federalist Papers first Chief Justice of the United States second Governor of New York King s College nbsp Robert R Livingston Founding Father of the United States drafter of the Declaration of Independence first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs King s College nbsp Gouverneur Morris Founding Father of the United States author of the United States Constitution United States Senator from New York King s College nbsp DeWitt Clinton United States Senator from New York sixth Governor of New York responsible for construction of Erie Canal Columbia College nbsp Barack Obama 44th President of the United States United States Senator from Illinois Nobel laureate Columbia College nbsp Franklin D Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States 44th Governor of New York Columbia Law School nbsp Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States 25th Vice President of the United States 33rd Governor of New York Nobel laureate Columbia Law School nbsp Wellington Koo acting President of the Republic of China judge of the International Court of Justice Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp B R Ambedkar Founding Father of India architect of the Constitution of India First Minister of Law and Justice Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Ruth Bader Ginsburg Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Columbia Law School nbsp Neil Gorsuch Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Columbia College nbsp Charles Evans Hughes 11th Chief Justice of the United States 44th United States Secretary of State 35th Governor of New York Columbia Law School nbsp Harlan Fiske Stone 12th Chief Justice of the United States 52nd United States Attorney General Columbia Law School nbsp William Barr 77th and 85th United States Attorney General Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Hamilton Fish 26th United States Secretary of State United States Senator from New York 16th Governor of New York Columbia College nbsp Madeleine Albright 64th United States Secretary of State first female Secretary of State School of International and Public Affairs nbsp Frances Perkins fourth United States Secretary of Labor first female member of any U S Cabinet Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Robert A Millikan Nobel laureate measured the elementary electric charge Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Isidor Isaac Rabi Nobel Laureate discovered nuclear magnetic resonance Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Julian S Schwinger Nobel laureate pioneer of quantum field theory Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Milton Friedman Nobel laureate leading member of the Chicago school of economics Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Simon Kuznets Nobel laureate invented concept of GDP Milton Friedman s doctoral advisor School of General Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Alan Greenspan 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Warren Buffett CEO of Berkshire Hathaway one of the world s wealthiest people Columbia Business School nbsp Herman Hollerith inventor co founder of IBM School of Engineering and Applied Sciences nbsp Robert Kraft billionaire owner of the New England Patriots chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group Columbia College nbsp Richard Rodgers legendary Emmy Grammy Oscar and Tony award winning composer Pulitzer Prize winner Columbia College nbsp Langston Hughes Harlem Renaissance poet novelist and playwright School of Engineering and Applied Science nbsp Zora Neale Hurston Harlem Renaissance author anthropologist and filmmaker Barnard College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp Allen Ginsberg poet founder of the Beat Generation Columbia College nbsp Jack Kerouac poet founder of the Beat Generation Columbia College nbsp Isaac Asimov science fiction writer biochemist School of General Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences nbsp J D Salinger novelist The Catcher in the Rye School of General Studies nbsp Amelia Earhart first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean School of General Studies nbsp Jake Gyllenhaal actor and film producer Columbia CollegeFaculty This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message As of 2021 Columbia employs 4 381 faculty including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences 337 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 338 and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine 339 In total the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates 12 National Medal of Science recipients 340 and 32 National Academy of Engineering members 341 Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during World War II and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D Roosevelt who attended Columbia Law School The three core members of Roosevelt s Brain Trust Adolf A Berle Raymond Moley and Rexford Tugwell were law professors at Columbia 342 The Statistical Research Group which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including George Stigler and Milton Friedman 343 Columbia faculty and researchers including Enrico Fermi Leo Szilard Eugene T Booth John R Dunning George B Pegram Walter Zinn Chien Shiung Wu Francis G Slack Harold Urey Herbert L Anderson and Isidor Isaac Rabi also played a significant role during the early phases of the Manhattan Project 344 Following the rise of Nazi Germany the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950 345 It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the Frankfurt School including Reason and Revolution Dialectic of Enlightenment and Eclipse of Reason 346 Professors Edward Said author of Orientalism and Gayatri Spivak are generally considered as founders of the field of postcolonialism 347 348 other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include Hamid Dabashi and Joseph Massad 349 350 The works of professors Kimberle Crenshaw Patricia J Williams and Kendall Thomas were foundational to the field of critical race theory 351 Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H Cone and Cornel West 352 353 and Womanist theology through the works of Katie Cannon Emilie Townes and Delores S Williams 354 355 356 Likewise the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of Conservative Judaism movement in the United States which was founded and led by faculty members including Solomon Schechter Alexander Kohut and Louis Ginzberg in the early 20th century and is a major center for Jewish studies in general 357 Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the Dunning School founded by William Archibald Dunning 358 359 the anthropological schools of historical particularism and cultural relativism founded by Franz Boas 360 and functional psychology whose founders and proponents include John Dewey James McKeen Cattell Edward L Thorndike and Robert S Woodworth 361 Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D Eisenhower 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton Founding Father and U S Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger 25 Notable Columbia University faculty include nbsp Zbigniew Brzezinski nbsp Sonia Sotomayor nbsp Kimberle Crenshaw nbsp Lee Bollinger nbsp Franz Boas nbsp Margaret Mead nbsp Edward Sapir nbsp John Dewey nbsp Charles A Beard nbsp Max Horkheimer nbsp Herbert Marcuse nbsp Edward Said nbsp Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak nbsp Orhan Pamuk nbsp Edwin Howard Armstrong nbsp Enrico Fermi nbsp Chien Shiung Wu nbsp Tsung Dao Lee nbsp Jack Steinberger nbsp Joachim Frank nbsp Joseph Stiglitz nbsp Jeffrey Sachs nbsp Robert Mundell nbsp Thomas Hunt Morgan nbsp Eric Kandel nbsp Richard Axel nbsp Andrei OkounkovSee also nbsp New York City portalColumbia Glacier a glacier in Alaska U S named for Columbia University Columbia MM a text based mail client developed at Columbia University Columbia Non neutral Torus a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory Columbia Princeton Electronic Music Center an album of electronic music released in 1961 Columbia Revolt a black and white 1968 documentary film Columbia Scholastic Press Association Columbia School of Linguistics Columbia Spelling Board a historic etymological organization Columbia University Partnership for International Development Columbia Encyclopedia Mount Columbia a mountain in Colorado U S named for Columbia University Nutellagate a controversy surrounding high Nutella consumption at Columbia University The Strawberry Statement a non fiction account of the 1968 protests Columbia University in popular cultureNotes Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum Citations This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies which though technically an undergraduate school of the university is generally not counted as such when calculating undergraduate student body size and admission rates as it involves mainly non traditional students The office of Columbia Undergraduate Admissions only oversees students from Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 6 Furthermore the OPIR differentiates these undergraduate student bodies in separate Common Data Sets 7 Founding Fathers include five alumni Alexander Hamilton 19 John Jay 20 Robert R Livingston 21 Egbert Benson 22 and Gouverneur Morris 23 Additionally Founding Fathers George Clinton 24 and William Samuel Johnson 25 served as presidents of the university Three presidents have attended Columbia Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D Roosevelt and Barack Obama Dwight D Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953 Alumni who served as foreign heads of state include Muhammad Fadhel al Jamali Iraq 1953 54 26 Kassim al Rimawi Jordan 1980 27 Giuliano Amato Italy 1992 1993 and 2000 2001 28 Hafizullah Amin Afghanistan 1979 29 Nahas Angula Namibia 2005 12 30 Marek Belka Poland 2004 05 31 Chen Gongbo China 1944 45 32 Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz Poland 1996 97 33 Gaston Eyskens Belgium 1949 50 1958 61 and 1968 73 34 Mark Eyskens Belgium 1981 35 Ashraf Ghani Afghanistan 2014 21 36 Jose Ramos Horta East Timor 2007 12 and 2022 37 Toomas Hendrik Ilves Estonia 2006 16 38 Wellington Koo China 1926 27 39 Lee Huan Taiwan 1989 90 40 Benjamin Mkapa Tanzania 1995 2005 41 Mohammad Musa Shafiq Afghanistan 1972 73 42 Nwafor Orizu Nigeria 1965 6 43 Santiago Pena Paraguay 2023 present 44 Mikheil Saakashvili Georgia 2004 13 45 Juan Bautista Sacasa Nicaragua 1933 36 46 Salim Ahmed Salim Tanzania 1984 85 47 Ernesto Samper Colombia 1994 98 48 T V Soong China 1945 47 49 Sun Fo China 1932 Taiwan 1948 49 50 C R Swart South Africa 1959 67 51 Tang Shaoyi China 1912 52 Abdul Zahir Afghanistan 1971 72 48 and Zhou Ziqi China 1922 53 Faculty and fellows include Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil 1995 2002 54 Alfred Gusenbauer Austria 2007 2008 55 Vaclav Havel Czechoslovakia 1989 1992 Czech Republic 1993 2003 56 Lucas Papademos Greece 2011 2012 57 Mary Robinson Ireland 1990 1997 58 Boutros Boutros Ghali taught as a Fulbright Research Scholar from 1954 to 1955 59 Kofi Annan was a global fellow at SIPA from 2009 to 2018 55 References Moore Nathanal Fischer 1846 A Historical Sketch of Columbia New York New York Columbia University Press Psalms 36 9 As of June 30 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements June 30 2022 and 2021 PDF finance columbia edu Columbia University October 12 2022 p 26 Retrieved October 30 2022 Full time Faculty Distribution by School Division Fall 2009 2019 PDF Office of the Provost Columbia University Archived PDF from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved March 23 2020 a b c Common Data Set 2022 23 PDF Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research October 18 2022 Columbia Undergraduate Admissions Academics Retrieved September 7 2023 Office of Planning and Institutional Research Understanding Columbia s Common Data Set Retrieved September 7 2023 Columbia University Brand Guide PDF December 1 2017 Retrieved August 9 2018 McCaughey Robert A 2003 Stand Columbia A History of Columbia University in the City of New York 1754 2004 New York Columbia University Press p 177 ISBN 0 231 13008 2 Several developments at Columbia in the 1890s helped separate or at least dramatze the break with what had gone before and what would come later The first was a formal change in name giving the institution the fourth in its history It began in 1754 as King s College and became in 1784 and remained for three thereafter Columbia College in the State of New York From 1787 until 1896 Columbia was officially Columbia College in the City of New York until by trustee resolution on May 2 1896 it became Columbia University in the City of New York lt Footnote 2 Columbia University Trustees Minutes January 8 1912 The change was formally accepted by the New York State Board of Regents in 1912 page 609 gt Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research Center Columbia Engineering September 21 2020 Retrieved September 14 2021 Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data Transparency Columbia Engineering Engineering columbia edu July 17 2018 Retrieved January 23 2019 a b c d A Brief History of Columbia Columbia University 2011 Retrieved April 14 2011 Nykolaiszyn J M June 1 2009 Curating Oral Histories From Interview to Archive Oral History Review 36 2 302 304 doi 10 1093 ohr ohp054 ISSN 0094 0798 S2CID 161615270 Taylor Nick 2000 Laser the inventor the Nobel laureate and the thirty year patent war New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 83515 0 OCLC 44594104 Isidor Isaac Rabi Aps org Retrieved December 2 2018 N D Opdyke et al Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep sea cores Science 154 1966 349 357 Heirtzler J R et al Marine magnetic anomalies geomagnetic field reversals and motions of the ocean floor and continents Journal of Geophysical Research 73 1968 2119 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