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Burke and Wills expedition

January 30, 2023

For the 1985 film, see Burke & Wills.

The Burke and Wills expedition was organised by the Royal Society of Victoria in Australia in 1860–61. It consisted of 19 men led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, with the objective of crossing Australia from Melbourne in the south, to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, a distance of around 3,250 kilometres (approximately 2,000 miles).[1] At that time most of the inland of Australia had not been explored by non-Indigenous people and was largely unknown to the European settlers.

Map of the Burke and Wills expedition

The expedition left Melbourne in winter. Very bad weather, poor roads and broken-down horse wagons meant they made slow progress at first. After dividing the party at Menindee on the Darling River Burke made good progress, reaching Cooper Creek at the beginning of summer. The expedition established a depot camp at the Cooper, and Burke, Wills and two other men pushed on to the north coast (although swampland stopped them from reaching the northern coastline).

The return journey was plagued by delays and monsoon rains, and when they reached the depot at Cooper Creek, they found it had been abandoned just hours earlier. Burke and Wills died on or about 30 June 1861. Several relief expeditions were sent out, all contributing new geographical findings. Altogether, seven men died, and only one man, the Irish soldier John King, crossed the continent with the expedition and returned alive to Melbourne.

Background

Gold was discovered in Victoria in 1851 and the subsequent gold rush led to a huge influx of migrants, with the local population increasing from 29,000 in 1851 to 139,916 in 1861 (Sydney had 93,686 at the time).[2] The colony became very wealthy and Melbourne grew rapidly to become Australia's largest city and the second largest city of the British Empire.[3][4] The boom lasted forty years and ushered in the era known as "marvellous Melbourne". The influx of educated gold seekers from England, Ireland and Germany led to rapid growth of schools, churches, learned societies, libraries and art galleries. The University of Melbourne was founded in 1855 and the State Library of Victoria in 1856. The Philosophical Institute of Victoria was founded in 1854 and became the Royal Society of Victoria after receiving a Royal Charter in 1859.[5]

By 1855 there was speculation about possible routes for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line to connect Australia to the new telegraph cable in Java and then Europe. There was fierce competition between the colonies over the route with governments recognising the economic benefits that would result from becoming the centre of the telegraph network. A number of routes were considered including Ceylon to Albany in Western Australia, or Java to the north coast of Australia and then either onto east coast, or south through the centre of the continent to Adelaide.[6] The Victorian government organised the Burke and Wills expedition to cross the continent in 1860. The South Australian government offered a reward of £2000 to encourage an expedition to find a route between South Australia and the north coast.[6]

Exploration Committee

In 1857 the Philosophical Institute formed an Exploration Committee with the aim of investigating the practicability of fitting out an exploring expedition.[1][7] While interest in inland exploration was strong in the neighbouring colonies of New South Wales and South Australia, in Victoria enthusiasm was limited. Even the anonymous donation of £1,000 (later discovered to be from Ambrose Kyte)[8] to the Fund Raising Committee of the Royal Society failed to generate much interest and it was 1860 before sufficient money was raised and the expedition was assembled.[9]

The Exploration Committee called for offers of interest for a leader for the Victorian Exploring Expedition. Only two members of the committee, Ferdinand von Mueller and Wilhelm Blandowski, had any experience in exploration but due to factionalism both were consistently outvoted. Several people were considered for the post of leader and the Society held a range of meetings in early 1860.[10] Robert O'Hara Burke was selected by committee ballot as the leader, and William John Wills was recommended as surveyor, navigator and third-in-command.[11] Burke had no experience in exploration and it is strange that he was chosen to lead the expedition. Burke was an Irish-born ex-officer with the Austrian army, and later became police superintendent with virtually no skills in bushcraft. Wills was more adept than Burke at living in the wilderness, but it was Burke's leadership that was especially detrimental to the mission.

Rather than take cattle to be slaughtered during the trip the Committee decided to experiment with dried meat. The weight required three extra wagons and was to slow the expedition down appreciably.[11]

Instructions from the Exploration Committee

 
Instructions issued to Robert O'Hara Burke, Leader of the Victorian Exploration Expedition. MS13071 State Library Victoria (Australia)

The Victorian Exploration Committee gave Burke written instructions. These included suggestions for the route to take but also gave Burke discretion depending on conditions and barriers he might encounter. The instructions were signed by the Honorary Secretary Dr John Macadam and in part advised:

"The object of the Committee in directing you to Coopers Creek is that you should explore the country intervening between it and Leichhardt's track south of the Gulf of Carpentaria avoiding as far as practicable Sturt's route on the west and Gregory's down the Victoria on the east….. should you determine the impracticability of this route you are desired to turn westward into the country recently discovered by Stuart and connect his furthest point north with Gregory's furthest southern exploration in 1856.....

The Committee is fully aware of the difficulty of the Country you are called on to traverse and in giving you these instructions has placed these routes before you more as an indication of what it has been deemed desirable to have accomplished than as indicating an exact course for you to pursue.

The Committee entrusts you with the largest discretion as regards the forming of depots, and your movements generally….[12]

Members of the Exploration Committee

The Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria included:

Camels

Further information: Australian feral camel

Camels had been used successfully in desert exploration in other parts of the world, but by 1859 only seven camels had been imported into Australia. The Victorian Government appointed George James Landells to purchase 24 camels in India for use in desert exploration.[13] The animals arrived in Melbourne in June 1860 and the Exploration Committee purchased an additional six from George Coppin's Cremorne Gardens. The camels were initially housed in the stables at Parliament House and later moved to Royal Park. Twenty-six camels were taken on the expedition, with six (two females with their two young calves and two males) being left in Royal Park.

Departure from Melbourne

 
Nicholas Chevalier, Memorandum of the Start of the Exploring Expedition, oil on canvas, 1860, Art Gallery of South Australia
 
Monument in Royal Park, Melbourne where the expedition commenced

The expedition set off from Royal Park, Melbourne at about 4 pm on 20 August 1860 watched by around 15,000 spectators. The 19 men of the expedition included six Irishmen, five Englishmen, three Afghan and one Indian camel drivers, three Germans and an American. They took 23 horses, 6 wagons and 26 camels.[14]

The expedition took a large amount of equipment, including enough food to last two years, a cedar-topped oak camp table with two chairs, rockets, flags and a Chinese gong; the equipment all together weighed as much as 20 tonnes.[15]

Committee member Captain Francis Cadell had offered to transport the supplies from Adelaide up the Murray to the junction with the Darling River to be collected on the way. However, Burke declined his offer, possibly because Cadell had opposed Burke's appointment as leader of the expedition.

Everything was instead loaded onto six wagons. One wagon broke down before it had even left Royal Park and by midnight of the first day the expedition had reached only Essendon on the edge of Melbourne. At Essendon two more wagons broke down. Heavy rains and bad roads made travelling through Victoria difficult and time-consuming. The party arrived at Lancefield on 23 August and set up their fourth camp. The first day off was taken on Sunday, 26 August at Camp VI in Mia Mia.

 
Crossing the Terrick-Terrick Plains - Ludwig Becker (MS13867/4)

The expedition reached Swan Hill on 6 September and arrived in Balranald on 15 September. There, to lighten the load, they left behind their sugar, lime juice and some of their guns and ammunition. At Gambala on 24 September, Burke decided to load some of the provisions onto the camels for the first time, and to lessen the burden on the horses he ordered the men to walk. He also ordered that personal luggage be restricted to 30 lb (14 kg). At Bilbarka on the Darling, Burke and his second-in-command, Landells, argued after Burke decided to dump the 60 gallons (≈270 litres) of rum that Landells had brought to feed to the camels in the belief that it prevented scurvy. At Kinchega on the Darling, Landells resigned from the expedition, followed by the expedition's surgeon, Dr Hermann Beckler. Third-in-command Wills was promoted to second-in-command. They reached Menindee on 12 October having taken two months to travel 750 km (470 mi) from Melbourne—the regular mail coach did the journey in little more than a week. Two of the expedition's five officers had resigned, thirteen members of the expedition had been fired and eight new men had been hired.[11]

In July 1859 the South Australian government offered a reward of £2,000 (about A$289,000 in 2011 dollars) for the first successful south–north crossing of the continent west of the 143rd line of longitude. The experienced explorer John McDouall Stuart had taken up the challenge.[citation needed] Burke was concerned Stuart might beat him to the north coast and he soon grew impatient with their slow progress often averaging only 2 mi (3.2 km) an hour. Burke split the group, taking the strongest horses, seven of the fittest men and a small amount of equipment, with plans to push on quickly to Cooper Creek (then known as Cooper's Creek) and then wait for the others to catch up. They left Menindee on 19 October, guided by William Wright who was appointed third-in-command. Travel was relatively easy because recent rain made water abundant, while in unusually mild weather temperatures exceeded 90 °F (32 °C) only twice before the party reached Cooper Creek. At Torowotto Swamp Wright was sent back to Menindee alone to bring up the remainder of the men and supplies and Burke continued on to Cooper Creek.

Cooper Creek

 
Bullah Bullah Waterhole

In 1860 Cooper Creek was the outer limit of the land that had been explored by Europeans, the river having been visited by Captain Charles Sturt in 1845 and Augustus Charles Gregory in 1858. Burke arrived at the Cooper on 11 November and they formed a depot at Camp LXIII (Camp 63) while they conducted reconnaissance to the north. A plague of rats forced the men to move camp and they formed a second depot further downstream at Bullah Bullah Waterhole. This was Camp LXV (Camp 65) and they erected a stockade and named the place Fort Wills.[citation needed]

It was thought that Burke would wait at Cooper Creek until autumn (March the next year) so that they would avoid having to travel during the hot Australian summer. However, Burke waited only until Sunday, 16 December before deciding to make a dash for the Gulf of Carpentaria. He split the group again, leaving William Brahe in charge of the depot, with Dost Mahomet, William Patton and Thomas McDonough. Burke, Wills, John King and Charles Gray set off for the Gulf with six camels, one horse and enough food for just three months. By now it was mid-summer and the daily temperature often reached 122 °F (50 °C) in the shade, and in the Strzelecki and Sturt Stony Deserts there was very little shade to be found. Brahe was ordered by Burke to wait for three months; however, the more conservative Wills had reviewed the maps and developed a more realistic view of the task ahead, and secretly instructed Brahe to wait for four months.[16]

Gulf of Carpentaria

 
Edward Jukes Greig, Arrival of Burke & Wills at Flinders River, oil on canvas, 1862, State Library of New South Wales

Except for the heat, travel was easy.[citation needed] As a result of recent rains water was still easy to find and the Aborigines, contrary to expectations, were peaceful. On 9 February 1861 they reached the Little Bynoe River, an arm of the Flinders River delta, where they found they could not reach the ocean because of the mangrove swamps in their way.[citation needed] Burke and Wills left the camels behind with King and Gray at Camp CXIX (Camp 119), and set off through the swamps, although after 24 km (15 mi) they decided to turn back. By this stage, they were desperately short of supplies. They had food left for 27 days, but it had already taken them 59 days to travel from Cooper Creek.

 
The return journey

On their way north, the weather had been hot and dry, but on the way back the wet season broke and the tropical monsoonal rains began. A camel named Golah Sing was abandoned on 4 March when it was unable to continue. Three other camels were shot and eaten along the way and they shot their only horse, Billy, on 10 April on the Diamantina River, south of what is today the town of Birdsville. Equipment was abandoned at a number of locations as the number of pack animals was reduced. One of these locations, Return Camp 32, was relocated in 1994[citation needed] and The Burke and Wills Historical Society[17] mounted an expedition to verify the discovery of camel bones in 2005.

To extend their food supply, they ate portulaca. Gray also caught an 11 lb (5.0 kg) Python (probably Aspidites melanocephalus, a black-headed python), which they ate. Both Burke and Gray immediately came down with dysentery. Gray was ill, but Burke thought he was "gammoning" (pretending). On 25 March on the Burke River (just south of what is now the town of Boulia), Gray was caught stealing skilligolee (a type of watery porridge) and Burke beat him. By 8 April, Gray could not walk; he died on 17 April of dysentery at a place they called Polygonum Swamp. The location of Gray's death is unknown, although it is generally believed to be Lake Massacre in South Australia. While the possibility that Burke killed Gray has been discounted, the severity of the beating Burke gave has been widely debated. The three surviving men stopped for a day to bury Gray, and to recover their strength—they were by this stage very weak from hunger and exhaustion. They finally reached Cooper Creek on 21 April, only to find that the camp had been abandoned several hours earlier.

Return to Cooper Creek

 
John Longstaff, Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper's Creek, Sunday evening, 21 April 1861, oil on canvas, 1907, National Gallery of Victoria

Burke had asked Brahe and the depot party to remain at the camp on the Cooper for 13 weeks. The party had actually waited for 18 weeks and was running low on supplies and starting to feel the effects of scurvy; they had come to believe that Burke would never return from the Gulf. After one of his men had injured his leg, Brahe decided to return to Menindee, but before leaving buried some provisions in case Burke did return, and blazed (cut or carved) a message on a tree to mark the spot.

Brahe left the depot on Cooper Creek on the morning of Sunday, 21 April 1861. Burke, Wills and King returned that evening. Finding the camp deserted, they dug up the cache of supplies, and a letter explaining that the party had given up waiting and had left. Burke's team had missed them by only nine hours. The three men and two remaining camels were exhausted; they had no hope of catching up to the main party.

 
George Washington Lambert, Burke and Wills on the way to Mount Hopeless, watercolour, 1907, Bendigo Art Gallery

They decided to rest and recuperate, living off the supplies left in the cache. Wills and King wanted to follow their outward track back to Menindee, but Burke overruled them and decided to attempt to reach the furthest outpost of pastoral settlement in South Australia, a cattle station near Mount Hopeless. This would mean travelling southwest through the desert for 240 kilometres (150 mi). They wrote a letter explaining their intentions and reburied it in the cache under the marked tree in case a rescue party visited the area. Unfortunately, they did not change the mark on the tree or alter the date. On 23 April they set off, following the Cooper downstream and then heading out into the Strzelecki Desert towards Mount Hopeless.

Meanwhile, while returning to Menindee, Brahe had met with Wright trying to reach the Cooper with the supplies. The two men decided to go back to Cooper Creek to see if Burke had returned. When they arrived on Sunday, 8 May, Burke had already left for Mount Hopeless, and the camp was again deserted. Burke and Wills were 35 miles (56 km) away by this point. As the mark and date on the tree were unaltered, Brahe and Wright assumed that Burke had not returned, and did not think to check whether the supplies were still buried. They left to rejoin the main party and return to Menindee.

Controversy

Brahe might have stayed at Cooper Creek longer, but one of his men, the blacksmith Patton, had injured his leg after being thrown from his horse, so they decided to leave for Menindee that morning. Patton was to die from complications six weeks later. Burke and Wills discussed catching up with them, but they were too exhausted and decided to wait.

Meanwhile, the other mission led by William Wright was having terrible problems of its own. Wright was supposed to bring supplies up from Menindee to Cooper Creek, but it was the end of January 1861 before he managed to set out from Menindee. Wright's delay subsequently resulted in his being blamed for the deaths of Burke and Wills. In 1963, Alan Moorehead wrote of the 'mystery' surrounding Wright's delay:

There was no basis here for criminal proceedings against Wright, but he had been publicly condemned as the man on whom the guilt chiefly lay, and that was a reputation that he was unlikely ever to live down. He retired to obscurity in Adelaide, leaving behind him still a slight, persistent mystery: why had he really delayed? Was it only because he wanted to make sure of his salary? Was it because he did not want to leave his wife and family and the comforts of the settled districts? Was it merely that he was stupid, lazy and indifferent: a man too mean-spirited to think of anyone but himself? Or was it just possible that he was the victim of that same fated chain of errors that had bedevilled the expedition from the beginning? These were questions that would never be fully answered.[18]

An in-depth study of Wright's action formed a part of Dr Tom Bergin's 1982 MA thesis.[19] Bergin, who recreated the original journey from Cooper Creek to the Gulf of Carpentaria with camels in 1978, showed that a lack of money and too few pack animals to carry the supplies meant Wright was placed in an unenviable position. His requests to the Exploration Committee were not acted on until early January, by which time the hot weather and lack of water meant that the party moved extremely slowly. They were harassed by the Bandjigali and Karenggapa Murris, and three of the men, Dr Ludwig Becker, Charles Stone and William Purcell, died from malnutrition on the trip. On his way north, Wright camped at Koorliatto Waterhole on the Bulloo River while he tried to find Burke's tracks to Cooper Creek. While he was there he met Brahe, who was on his way back from the Cooper to Menindee.

The Dig Tree

 
The Dig Tree on Cooper Creek
Main article: Burke and Wills Dig Tree
 
The camp blaze, B LXV on the Dig Tree

Brahe blazed two trees (27°37′26″S 141°04′33″E / 27.623902°S 141.075784°E / -27.623902; 141.075784) at Depot Camp LXV on the banks of Bullah Bullah Waterhole on Cooper Creek, both are coolibahs (Eucalyptus coolabah formerly Eucalyptus microtheca) and both are estimated to be at least 250 years old.[20] One tree has two blazes on it; one denoting the date of arrival and the date of departure "DEC-6-60" carved over "APR-21-61" and the other showing the initial "B" (for Burke) carved over the Roman numerals for (camp) 65; "B" over "LXV". The date blaze has grown closed and only the camp number blaze remains visible today. On an adjacent smaller tree Brahe carved the instruction to 'DIG'. The exact inscription is not known, but is variously recalled to be "DIG", "DIG under", "DIG 3 FT N.W.", "DIG 3FT N.E." or "DIG 21 APR 61".[21]

Initially the tree with the Date and Camp Number blaze was known as "Brahe's Tree" or the "Depot Tree" and the tree under which Burke died attracted most attention and interest. However, the tree at Depot Camp LXV became known as the "Dig Tree" from at least 1912.[22]

In 1899 John Dick carved a likeness of Burke's face in a nearby tree along with his initials, his wife's initials and the date.

Burke, Wills and King alone at Cooper Creek

After leaving the Dig Tree they rarely travelled more than 5 mi (8.0 km) a day. One of the two remaining camels, Landa, became bogged in Minkie Waterhole and the other, Rajah was shot when he could travel no further. Without pack animals, Burke, Wills and King were unable to carry enough water to leave Cooper Creek and cross the Strzelecki Desert to Mount Hopeless, and so the three men were unable to leave the creek. Their supplies were running low and they were malnourished and exhausted. The Cooper Creek Aborigines, the Yandruwandha people, gave them fish, beans called padlu and a type of damper made from the ground sporocarps of the ngardu (nardoo) plant (Marsilea drummondii) in exchange for sugar.[23]

At the end of May 1861, Wills returned to the Dig Tree to put his diary, notebook and journals in the cache for safekeeping. Burke bitterly criticised Brahe in his journal for not leaving behind any supplies or animals. While Wills was away from camp, Burke foolishly shot his pistol at one of the Aborigines, causing the whole group to flee. Within a month of the Aborigines' departure, Burke and Wills both perished.[24]

Death

 
Artur Loureiro, Death of Burke, oil on canvas, 1892, private collection

Towards the end of June 1861 as the three men were following the Cooper upstream to find the Yandruwandha campsite, Wills became too weak to continue. He was left behind at his own insistence at Breerily Waterhole with some food, water and shelter. Burke and King continued upstream for another two days until Burke became too weak to continue. The next morning Burke died. King stayed with his body for two days and then returned downstream to Breerily Waterhole, where he found that Wills had died as well.

The exact dates on which Burke and Wills died are unknown and different dates are given on various memorials in Victoria. The Exploration Committee fixed 28 June 1861 as the date both explorers died.[citation needed] King found a group of Yandruwandha willing to give him food and shelter[23] and in return he shot birds to contribute to their supplies.

Rescue expeditions

In 1861, five expeditions were sent out to search for Burke and Wills; two commissioned by the Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria, one by the Government of Victoria one by the Government of Queensland and one by the Government of South Australia. HMCSS Victoria was sent from Melbourne to search the Gulf of Carpentaria for the missing expedition, and SS Firefly sailed from Melbourne to Brisbane where they picked up Landsborough's Queensland Relief Expedition. The other expeditions went overland, with Howitt's Victorian Contingent Party departing from Melbourne, McKinlay's South Australian Burke Relief Expedition departing from Adelaide and Walker's Victorian Relief Expedition departing from Rockhampton.

Victorian Contingent Party

After six months without receiving word from the Burke expedition, the media began questioning its whereabouts. Public pressure for answers increased and on 13 June 1861, the Exploration Committee agreed to send a search party to find the Burke and Wills expedition and, if necessary, offer them support. The Victorian Contingent Party[25] left Melbourne on 26 June 1861 under the leadership of Alfred William Howitt. At the Loddon River, Howitt met Brahe, who was returning from Cooper Creek. As Brahe did not have knowledge of Burke's whereabouts, Howitt decided a much larger expedition would be required to find the missing party. Leaving three of his men at the river, Howitt returned to Melbourne with Brahe to update the Exploration Committee. On 30 June, the expanded expedition left to follow Burke's trail. On 3 September, the party reached Cooper Creek,[citation needed] on 11 September the Dig Tree, and four days later Edwin Welch found King[26] living with the Yandruwandha. Over the next nine days, Howitt found the remains of Burke and Wills and buried them. In pitiful condition, King survived the two-month trip back to Melbourne, and died eleven years later, aged 33, never having recovered his health. He is buried in the Melbourne General Cemetery.

HMVS Victoria

 
H.M. Colonial Steam-sloop "VICTORIA", 580 Tons, 150 Horse Power. State Library Victoria H6503

On 4 August 1861,[27] HMVS Victoria under the Command of William Henry Norman sailed from Hobson's Bay in Victoria with orders to search the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Victorian Government also chartered Firefly (188 tons, built 1843[28]) to assist with transportation. Firefly left Hobson's Bay (Melbourne) on 29 July and arrived at Moreton Bay (Brisbane) on 10 August 1861, the same day as HMVS Victoria. Firefly transported the Queensland party led by William Landsborough, and thirty horses.[citation needed] The two ships sailed for the Gulf of Carpentaria on 24 August 1861.[28]

The ships became separated in a storm on 1 September and Firefly hit a reef off Sir Charles Hardy Islands. The crew were able to free and save 26 of the horses by cutting a hole in the side of the ship. Victoria arrived shortly afterwards.[29] Firefly was repaired and able to be towed by Victoria. They recommenced their journey on 22 September, arriving near Sweers Island and Albert River on 29 September, where they rendezvoused with the brig Gratia and the schooner Native Lass, which had also been chartered by the Victorian Government as support. They established a land base on Sweers, after visiting Bentinck Island and finding it inhabited by "hostile natives".[28]

Using Victoria's boats, Firefly was manoeuvred up the Albert River some 20 mi (32 km) to a suitable place to transfer the horses and stores to land.[30]

Queensland Relief Expedition

After disembarking from Victoria in November, the Queensland Relief Expedition, under the leadership of William Landsborough, searched the gulf coast for the missing expedition.[31] The party proceeded south and while they found no trace of the Burke and Wills party they continued all the way to Melbourne arriving in August 1862. This was the first European expedition to traverse mainland Australia from northern to southern coast.[32] In 1881, the Queensland Parliament awarded Landsborough £2000 for his achievements as an explorer.[33]

Victorian Relief Expedition

 
William Hodgkinson, Bulla, Queensland, watercolour, 1861, National Library of Australia. Hodgkinson briefly joined the Burke and Wills expedition at Swan Hill, and was a member of two relief expeditions. Bulla depicts the Victorian Relief Expedition in armed conflict with Aboriginal people in the Bulloo area

Frederick Walker led the Victorian Relief Expedition. The party, consisting of twelve mounted men,[citation needed] seven of them ex-troopers from the Native Police Corps, started from Rockhampton on 7 September 1861 with the goal of reaching the Gulf of Carpentaria. They found traces of Burke and followed them to Burke's northernmost Camp, but lost the trail from there. On 4 December, they came across a group of Aborigines, killing 12 in the fight that ensued. On 7 December, Walker met up with the HMVS Victoria in the Gulf. Walker's party went on to explore much of the Gulf region.

South Australian Burke Relief Expedition

The South Australian House of Assembly chose John McKinlay to lead the South Australian relief expedition that left Adelaide on 16 August 1861.[34][35] On 20 October the grave of a European, thought to be Charles Gray, was found at Polygonum Swamp near Cooper Creek. Finding another grave nearby, McKinlay assumed that the Burke expedition had been killed there and named the site Massacre Lake. Learning that Howitt had found the remains of Burke and Wills, McKinlay decided to search in the direction of Central Mount Stuart but was driven back by heavy rains and floods. McKinlay then made for the Gulf of Carpentaria, hoping to find Victoria still there. By 20 May 1862, McKinlay was around five miles (8 km) from the shore of the Gulf, but the intervening country was found to be impassable and he decided to turn east and make for Port Denison on the north Queensland coast. On 2 August 1862, McKinlay reached a station on the Bowen River near Port Denison and after resting a few days the expedition reached Port Denison. The party then returned by sea to Adelaide. McKinlay received a grant of £1000 from the government and a gold watch from the Royal Geographical Society of England.

1862 Victorian Exploration Party

In 1862 Alfred Howitt was tasked with returning to Cooper Creek, exhuming Burke and Wills' remains and returning them to Melbourne for a State Funeral. On 9 December 1861 Howitt left Melbourne for the Cooper. After a long stay in Menindee and again at Mount Murchison the party arrived at Cooper Creek on 25 February 1862, camping at Cullyamurra waterhole. From there Howitt undertook numerous exploratory trips into the surrounding area. On 13 April 1862, Wills' remains were exhumed, and in September 1862, Burke's bones were retrieved from the grave that Howitt had dug a year earlier.[36]

For the next six months Howitt explored the Australian interior before deciding in November to return to the settled areas.[37] On 8 December the party arrived in Clare, South Australia. Howitt and the expedition's doctor continued on to Adelaide while the rest of the expedition members followed three days later by train. Burke's and Wills' remains were then taken to Melbourne, arriving on 29 December 1862.

Presentation to the Yandruwandha

Breastplates were issued to Aboriginal people between 1815 and 1946 for faithful service, for saving the lives of non-Indigenous people and to recognise stockmen and trackers.[38] On this trip to exhume Burke and Wills' remains, Howitt presented three breastplates commissioned by the Victorian Exploration Committee to the Yandruwandha people in appreciation of the assistance they had given to Burke, Wills and King. One of these plates is in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. The inscription on the plate states that it was presented "for the Humanity shewn to the Explorers Burke, Wills and King 1861".[39]

Cause of death

See also: Bush bread
 
Aboriginal people fed the explorers seedcakes made from the sporocarps of this plant, nardoo.

Unknown to the explorers, ngardu sporocarps contain the enzyme thiaminase, which depletes the body of vitamin B1 (thiamin). It is probable that they were not preparing the seedcakes in accordance with Aboriginal food preparation methods, as the food was a staple among the local people. It has been argued that they did not first process the food into a paste, which might have prevented the ill effects they suffered.[40] Despite eating, the men got weaker and weaker.[23] Wills wrote in his diary:

My pulse is at 48 and very weak and my legs and arms are nearly skin and bone. I can only look out like Mr Micawber for something to turn up, but starvation on nardoo is by no means unpleasant, but for the weakness one feels, and the utter inability to move oneself, for as the appetite is concerned, it gives me the greatest satisfaction.

As a result, it is likely that the deaths of Burke and Wills resulted in part from a vitamin deficiency disease called beriberi. Evidence to this effect is further provided by King's account, which revealed that Burke complained of leg and back pain shortly before his death.[41] However, other research suggests that scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and environmental factors also contributed to their deaths.[42]

Cooper Creek summary

 
Eugene Montagu Scott, Natives discovering the body of William John Wills, the explorer, at Coopers Creek, June 1861, oil on canvas, 1862, State Library of Victoria
  • 11 November 1860. Burke, Wills, King, Gray, Brahe, Mahomet, Patton and McDonough made their first camp on what they thought was Cooper Creek, but which was actually the Wilson River. This was Camp LVII (Camp 57).
  • 20 November 1860. The first Depôt Camp was established at Camp LXIII (Camp 63).
  • 6 December 1860. The Depôt Camp was moved downstream to Camp LXV—The Dig Tree (Camp 65).
  • 16 December 1860. Burke, Wills, King and Gray left the Depôt for the Gulf of Carpentaria.
  • 16 December 1860—21 April 1861. Brahe is left in charge of the Depôt at Cooper Creek.
  • 21 April 1861. Brahe buried a cache of supplies, carved a message in the Dig Tree and headed back to Menindee. Later that day, Burke, Wills and King returned from the Gulf to find the Depôt deserted.
  • 23 April 1861. Burke, Wills and King followed the Cooper downstream heading towards Mount Hopeless in South Australia.
  • 7 May 1861. The last camel, Rajah, died. The men cannot carry enough supplies to leave the creek.
  • 8 May 1861. Brahe and Wright return to the Dig Tree. They stayed only 15 minutes and did not dig up Burke's note in the cache.
  • 30 May 1861. Wills, having failed to reach Mount Hopeless, returned to the Dig Tree to bury his notebooks in the cache for safe-keeping.
  • End of June/ early July 1861. Burke and Wills died.
  • 11 September 1861. Howitt, leader of the Burke Relief Expedition arrived at the Dig Tree.
  • 15 September 1861. Howitt found King the only survivor of the four men who reached the Gulf.
  • 28 September 1861. Howitt dug up the cache at the 'Dig Tree' and recovered Wills' notebooks.

Deaths on the Victorian Exploring Expedition

  • Charley Gray, Wednesday, 17 April 1861 at Polygonum Swamp.
  • Charles Stone, Monday, 22 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole, Bulloo River.
  • William Purcell, Tuesday, 23 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole, Bulloo River.
  • Dr Ludwig Becker, Monday, 29 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole, Bulloo River.
  • William Patten, Wednesday, 5 June 1861 near Desolation Camp, Rat Point.
  • William John Wills, the official date of death adopted by the Exploration Committee was Wednesday, 28 June 1861, but Wills probably died around Friday, 30 June or Saturday, 1 July 1861 at Breerily Waterhole, Cooper Creek.
  • Robert O'Hara Burke, the official date of death adopted by the Exploration Committee was Wednesday, 28 June 1861, but Burke probably died on Saturday, 1 July 1861 at Burke's Waterhole, Cooper Creek.

Afterwards

The Victorian Government held a Commission of Enquiry[20] into the deaths of Burke and Wills. Howitt was sent back to Cooper Creek to recover their bodies.

Commission of Enquiry

A Commission of Enquiry was convened on 18 November 1861, and the results of their investigations were presented to both houses of the Colonial Parliament. It was laid on the table of the Legislative Council on 4 March 1862.[43]

The Commission found that Burke "evinced far greater amount of zeal than prudence in finally departing from Cooper's Creek before the depot party had arrived from Menindie", found the conduct of Mr Wright "to have been reprehensible" and had some sympathy for Brahe, upon whom "a responsibility far beyond his expectations devolved upon him". The Commission judged that in leaving the depot before Burke returned or further relief had arrived was regrettable, but that Brahe had "acted from a conscientious desire to discharge his duty."[44]

Subsequent historians have posited that the commissioners were compromised by their close relationships with members of the Royal Society and failed to question them with the same zeal that was applied to men like Brahe.[45]

Funeral

 
The Burke and Wills funeral procession

Howitt sailed from Adelaide to Melbourne on the SS Havilah with the remains of Burke and Wills in a small wooden box, arriving at Sandridge on 28 December 1862.[46]

 
Order of the funeral procession of Burke and Wills, Wednesday, 21st January, 1863

The box was taken to the hall of the Royal Society of Victoria, and a coffining ceremony was held on 31 December. This ceremony was delayed because Macadam, who held the only key to the box, arrived late. A lock smith was called but before he could pick the lock Dr Macadam, blaming his own distress for his lateness, finally arrived with the key.[47]

The remains were placed in state for two weeks and around 100,000 people visited the Royal Society of Victoria to view the coffins.[48]

It was originally proposed that the funeral should take place at St James Cathedral but it was decided this would be impractical because of the expected crowds and the difficulty of moving the coffins into the church from the grand mourning vehicle. It was agreed that a service at the cemetery would be appropriate.

The order and carriage of the clergy was discussed with agreement that they would walk in the procession with the Protestant clergy in front followed by the Roman Catholics. This small example of ecumenism is interesting given the general enmity and divisive sectarianism between Irish Catholics and English Protestants that blighted Victoria's history for a century.[49]

The funeral was held on 21 January 1863. It was an elaborate affair, with the funeral car modelled on the design used for the Duke of Wellington ten years earlier. It was estimated that 40,000 people lined the streets of Melbourne. Melbourne's population was estimated at only 120,000 at the time. Many had travelled from country Victoria, especially the Castlemaine area where Burke had served most recently as Police Superintendent.[50] (The total population of Victoria was about 600,000).[51]

Burke and Wills were buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery. At the cemetery the Dean of Melbourne, Hussey Burgh Macartney, conducted a Church of England burial service, but clergy representing various Christian denominations were represented in the funeral procession.

At 8 p.m. that evening there was a public meeting at St. George's Hall, where Macadam addressed the crowd, and acknowledged the contributions of Ambrose Kyte, Howitt, and Commander Norman.[52]

Legacy

In some ways the tragic expedition was not a waste. It completed the picture of inland Australia, and proved that there was no inland sea. More importantly, each of the rescue parties sent from different parts of the continent added in some way to the understanding of the land it crossed.

 
Burke and Wills Statue by Charles Summers on the corner of Collins and Swanston Streets, Melbourne.

In 1862 monuments were erected in Back Creek Cemetery, Bendigo, and also on the hill overlooking Castlemaine where Burke had been stationed before leading the expedition. The Victorian towns of Beechworth and Fryerstown also unveiled memorials.

In 1863, when Julius von Haast searched for a crossing from Otago to the West Coast in New Zealand, he named two rivers flowing into the Haast River after Burke and Wills.[53]

On 21 April 1865, the anniversary of the return to Cooper's Creek, a monument by Charles Summers was unveiled in Melbourne by the Governor, Sir Charles Darling.[54]

In 1867 Ballarat erected the Explorer's Fountain on Sturt and Lydiard Streets. Wills, his brother Tom and their father, Dr William Wills, had all lived in Ballarat.

In 1890 a monument was erected at Royal Park, the expedition's departure point in Melbourne. The plaque on the monument states, "This memorial has been erected to mark the spot from whence the Burke and Wills Expedition started on 20 August 1860. After successfully accomplishing their mission the two brave leaders perished on their return journey at Coopers Creek in June 1861."

In 1983 they were honoured on a postage stamp depicting their portraits issued by Australia Post.[55] In August 2010 Australia Post issued four stamps to commemorate the 150th anniversary.

In 1918 a silent movie, A Romance of Burke and Wills Expedition of 1860, was released. The plot is fictional and only loosely connected to the Burke and Wills expedition.

In 1975 an episode of a British documentary series called The Explorers on the BBC featured the Australian expedition story, in an episode titled Burke and Wills, narrated by David Attenborough (replaced with narration by Anthony Quinn in the later 1976 US broadcast) and directed by Lord Snowdon.[56]

In 1985 the film, Burke & Wills, was made with Jack Thompson as Burke, and Nigel Havers as Wills. Also in 1985, the spoof Wills & Burke was released with Garry McDonald as Burke and Kym Gyngell as Wills.

In November 2009 the Royal Australian Mint issued two coins, $1 and a 20 cent, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the expedition.

Heritage listings

Heritage listings associated with the Burke and Wills expedition include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Burke & Wills Web – online digital archive". burkeandwills.net.au. 3 August 2010. from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  2. ^ . Australian Stamps Professional. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  3. ^ Statesmen's Year Book 1889.
  4. ^ Cervero, Robert B. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Chicago: Island Press. p. 320. ISBN 1-55963-591-6.
  5. ^ The Royal Society of Victoria. "A short history". from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  6. ^ a b Exploring the Stuart Highway : further than the eye can see, 1997, p. 24
  7. ^ "The Exploration Committee: 1857". Burkeandwills.net.au. from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  8. ^ Browne, Geoff. "Kyte, Ambrose Henry Spencer (1822–1868)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 5 January 2014 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  9. ^ "The Exploration Fund Raising Committee". Burkeandwills.net.au. from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  10. ^ "The Exploration Committee: 1860". Burkeandwills.net.au. from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Wright, Ed (2008). Lost Explorers. Murdock Books. ISBN 978-1-74196-139-3.
  12. ^ Burke and Wills Expedition. "Instructions issued to Robert O'Hara Burke, Leader of the Victorian Exploration Expedition. Signed John MaCadam, Secretary, Exploration Committee and dated, 18 August, 1860". Australian Manuscripts Collection State Library Victoria. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Camels & Sepoys for the Expedition". Burkeandwills.net.au. from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  14. ^ Phoenix, Dave (2011). Following Burke and Wills across Victoria : a touring guide. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-646-56419-7.
  15. ^ AAP. . Bulletin.ninemsn.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  16. ^ Dave Phoenix of the Burke & Wills Historical Society, Tony Robinson Explores Australia, Episode 4, Eureka. History Channel. Broadcast on YLE Teema 31 July 2012.
  17. ^ "The Burke and Wills Historical Society". Burkeandwills.org. from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  18. ^ Alan Moorehead, Cooper's Creek, p. 192
  19. ^ Bergin, Dr Thomas John (1982). Courage and corruption: an analysis of the Burke and Wills Expedition and the subsequent Royal Commission (MA). University of New England (Armidale).
  20. ^ a b Burke and Wills Commission. "Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, the Victorian explorers". Parliament of Victoria. Government Printer Victoria. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  21. ^ Phoenix, Dave (2015). Following Burke and Wills across Australia : a touring guide. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-1-486-30158-4.
  22. ^ "Outdoor Australia". Explorers' Relics (column). The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser. 27 March 1912. from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  23. ^ a b c Harford, Tim (4 September 2019). "How do people learn to cook a poisonous plant safely?". BBC News. from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  24. ^ Diamond, Jared (2005). "Yali's People". Guns, Germs and Steel. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-393-06131-4.
  25. ^ "The Search for Burke". The Courier. 11 September 1861.
  26. ^ "Burke and Wills". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 June 1913.
  27. ^ The Herald (5 August 1861). "Shipping intelligence". No. p.4. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Saenger, Peter. "Sweers Island History Article: Part I". Dropbears. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  29. ^ Kirby, Captain J (1862). Narrative of a voyage from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Melbourne: Herald Office. pp. 5–9. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  30. ^ "Exploration expedition". No. Supplement p. 1. Ballarat Star. 3 May 1862. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  31. ^ Landsborough, William. Journal of Landsborough's expedition from Carpentaria, in search of Burke & Wills (1862 ed.). Melbourne: F.F. Bailliere.
  32. ^ "Landborough's expedition across the continent". No. Mount Alexander Mail. 22 August 1862. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  33. ^ "Darling Downs Gazette". No. page 2. 30 September 1881. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  34. ^ McKinlay's Journal of Exploration in the Interior of Australia at Project Gutenberg, by John McKinlay
  35. ^ Davis, John (1863). Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia . Sampson Low, Son & Co. – via Wikisource. [scan  ]
  36. ^ "The Victorian Exploring Party, 1862". Burkeandwills.net.au. 11 April 1910. from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  37. ^ "Alfred Howitt's despatch". Burkeandwills.net.au. from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  38. ^ A history of Aboriginal Breastplates 4 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of Australia, accessed 7 April 2011
  39. ^ Victorian Exploring Expedition breastplate, National Museum of Australia 4 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  40. ^ Chaffey, Calder (June 2002). "A Fern which Changed Australian History". Australian Plants online. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  41. ^ Earl, J.; McCleary, B. (1994). "Mystery of the poisoned expedition". Nature. 368 (6473): 683–684. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..683E. doi:10.1038/368683a0. PMID 8152477. S2CID 6835422.
  42. ^ Phoenix, Dave (2011). "Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?". State Library of Victoria: The Burke & Wills research gateway. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  43. ^ "Legislative Council". Victorian Hansard. 3rd Parliament: 705. 4 March 1862. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  44. ^ Commission of Enquiry (February 1862). Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, the Victorian explorers. Melbourne: Government Printer Victoria. p. vi. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  45. ^ "Parliamentary Enquiry". Dig: The Burke & Wills research gateway. State Library Victoria. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  46. ^ "Arrival of the remains of Burke and Wills". The Age: 5. 29 December 1862.
  47. ^ "Coffining of Burke and Wills". The Age: 5. 1 January 1863.
  48. ^ "The Burke and Wills funeral". The Argus: 5. 21 January 1863.
  49. ^ "Funeral of Burke and Wills". Geelong Advertiser: 3. 16 December 1862. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  50. ^ Bonyhady, Tim (1991). Burke & Wills : From Melbourne to myth. Balmain, N.S.W.: David Ell Press. p. 241. ISBN 0908197918.
  51. ^ "Statistical Tables relating to Colonial and other Possessions of United Kingdom, 1864 and 1865". House of Commons Sessional Papers. Part XI: vii. 1867.
  52. ^ "The Funeral of Burke and Wills". The Argus: 5. 22 January 1863. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  53. ^ Holm, Janet (2005). Caught mapping: the life and times of New Zealand's early surveyors. Christchurch: Hazard Press. p. 170. OCLC 636380050.
  54. ^ Ridley, Ronald T. (1996). Melbourne's Monuments. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-522-84727-7.
  55. ^ "Postage stamp image : 30 cent" (JPG). Australianstamp.com. from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  56. ^ ""The Explorers" Burke and Wills (TV episode 1972) - IMDb". IMDb. from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  57. ^ "Burke and Wills Dig Tree (entry 601073)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  58. ^ "Burke and Wills "Plant Camp" (entry 645622)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  59. ^ "Burke and Wills' Camp B/CXIX and Walker's Camp, Little Bynoe River (entry 602156)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.

Further reading

  • Burke and Wills Web – online digital archive 29 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Dave Phoenix
  • The [Melbourne] Argus, 1861. "The Burke and Wills exploring expedition: An account of the crossing the continent of Australia from Cooper Creek to Carpentaria, with biographical sketches of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills." Melbourne: Wilson and Mackinnon.
  • Bergin, Thomas John, & Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1981. In the steps of Burke and Wills. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Commission. ISBN 0-642-97413-6.
  • Bergin, Thomas John, & Reader's Digest, 1996. Across the outback.. Surrey Hills: Reader's Digest. ISBN 0-86449-019-4.
  • Bonyhady, Tim, 1991. Burke and Wills: From Melbourne to myth. Balmain: David Ell Press. ISBN 0-908197-91-8.
  • Burke and Wills Outback Conference 2003, 2005. The Inaugural Burke & Wills Outback Conference: Cloncurry 2003 : a collation of presentations. Cairns: Dave Phoenix. ISBN 0-646-44702-5
  • Clark, C. M. H. (1995). "Chapter 7: "Glory, Folly and Chance"". A history of Australia. Michael Cathcart. London: Pimlico. pp. 281–295. ISBN 0-7126-6205-7. OCLC 60103512.
  • Clune, Frank, 1937. Dig: A drama of central Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
  • Colwell, Max, 1971. The journey of Burke and Wills. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-04137-9.
  • Corke, David G, 1996. The Burke and Wills Expedition: A study in evidence. Melbourne: Educational Media International. ISBN 0-909178-16-X.
  • Ferguson, Charles D, 1888. Experiences of a Forty-Niner during the thirty-four years residence in California and Australia. Cleveland, Ohio: The Williams Publishing Co.
  • Fitzpatrick, Kathleen, 1963. "The Burke and Wills Expedition and the Royal Society of Victoria." Historical Studies of Australia and New Zealand. Vol. 10 (No. 40), pp. 470–478.
  • Judge, Joseph, & Scherschel, Joseph J, 1979. "First across Australia: The journey of Burke and Wills." National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 155, February 1979, pp. 152–191.
  • Leahy, Frank, 2007. "Locating the 'Plant Camp' of the Burke and Wills expedition." Journal of Spatial Science, No. 2, December 2007, pp. 1–12.
  • Moorehead, Alan McCrae, 1963. Coopers Creek. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  • Murgatroyd, Sarah, 2002. The Dig Tree. Melbourne: Text Publishing. ISBN 1-877008-08-7.
  • Phoenix, Dave, 2003. From Melbourne to the Gulf: A brief history of the VEE of 1860–1. Cairns: Self published 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Phoenix, Dave, 2015. Following Burke and Wills across Australia, CSIRO Publishing ISBN 9781486301584.
  • Records of the Burke and Wills Expedition, 1857-1875. 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Manuscript MS 13071. Australian Manuscripts Collection. State Library Victoria (Australia)
  • Van der Kiste, John, 2011. William John Wills: Pioneer of the Australian outback. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5855-7.
  • Victoria: Parliament, 1862. Burke and Wills Commission. Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, the Victorian Explorers. Melbourne: John Ferres Government Printer.
  • White, John, 1992. Burke and Wills: The stockade and the tree. Footscray, Vic: The Victoria University of Technology Library in association with Footprint Press.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burke and Wills expedition.
  • Burke & Wills Web – online digital archive. 29 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine A comprehensive online digital archive containing transcripts of many of the historical documents relating to the Burke & Wills Expedition.
  • The Burke & Wills Historical Society. 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  • Dig: The Burke and Wills Research Gateway.[permanent dead link] The State Library of Victoria's online exhibition and resources.
  • The Burke and Wills collection 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the National Museum of Australia, Canberra.
  • The Diary of William John Wills. 5 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine The diary written by Wills while at the Cooper from 23 April 1861 to 28 June 1861, which is held at the National Library of Australia, Canberra.
  • The Diary of William John Wills. 18 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine Images of the diary at the National Library of Australia.
  • William Strutt online collection of drawings in watercolour, ink and pencil 8 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. held by the State Library of New South Wales, DL PXX 3 and DL PXX 4
  • The Royal Society of Victoria. 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine

January 30, 2023
burke, wills, expedition, 1985, film, burke, wills, organised, royal, society, victoria, australia, 1860, consisted, robert, hara, burke, william, john, wills, with, objective, crossing, australia, from, melbourne, south, gulf, carpentaria, north, distance, ar. For the 1985 film see Burke amp Wills The Burke and Wills expedition was organised by the Royal Society of Victoria in Australia in 1860 61 It consisted of 19 men led by Robert O Hara Burke and William John Wills with the objective of crossing Australia from Melbourne in the south to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north a distance of around 3 250 kilometres approximately 2 000 miles 1 At that time most of the inland of Australia had not been explored by non Indigenous people and was largely unknown to the European settlers Map of the Burke and Wills expedition The expedition left Melbourne in winter Very bad weather poor roads and broken down horse wagons meant they made slow progress at first After dividing the party at Menindee on the Darling River Burke made good progress reaching Cooper Creek at the beginning of summer The expedition established a depot camp at the Cooper and Burke Wills and two other men pushed on to the north coast although swampland stopped them from reaching the northern coastline The return journey was plagued by delays and monsoon rains and when they reached the depot at Cooper Creek they found it had been abandoned just hours earlier Burke and Wills died on or about 30 June 1861 Several relief expeditions were sent out all contributing new geographical findings Altogether seven men died and only one man the Irish soldier John King crossed the continent with the expedition and returned alive to Melbourne Contents 1 Background 2 Exploration Committee 2 1 Instructions from the Exploration Committee 2 2 Members of the Exploration Committee 3 Camels 4 Departure from Melbourne 5 Cooper Creek 6 Gulf of Carpentaria 7 Return to Cooper Creek 8 Controversy 9 The Dig Tree 10 Burke Wills and King alone at Cooper Creek 10 1 Death 11 Rescue expeditions 11 1 Victorian Contingent Party 11 2 HMVS Victoria 11 3 Queensland Relief Expedition 11 4 Victorian Relief Expedition 11 5 South Australian Burke Relief Expedition 11 6 1862 Victorian Exploration Party 11 6 1 Presentation to the Yandruwandha 12 Cause of death 13 Cooper Creek summary 14 Deaths on the Victorian Exploring Expedition 15 Afterwards 15 1 Commission of Enquiry 15 2 Funeral 15 3 Legacy 16 Heritage listings 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External linksBackground EditGold was discovered in Victoria in 1851 and the subsequent gold rush led to a huge influx of migrants with the local population increasing from 29 000 in 1851 to 139 916 in 1861 Sydney had 93 686 at the time 2 The colony became very wealthy and Melbourne grew rapidly to become Australia s largest city and the second largest city of the British Empire 3 4 The boom lasted forty years and ushered in the era known as marvellous Melbourne The influx of educated gold seekers from England Ireland and Germany led to rapid growth of schools churches learned societies libraries and art galleries The University of Melbourne was founded in 1855 and the State Library of Victoria in 1856 The Philosophical Institute of Victoria was founded in 1854 and became the Royal Society of Victoria after receiving a Royal Charter in 1859 5 By 1855 there was speculation about possible routes for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line to connect Australia to the new telegraph cable in Java and then Europe There was fierce competition between the colonies over the route with governments recognising the economic benefits that would result from becoming the centre of the telegraph network A number of routes were considered including Ceylon to Albany in Western Australia or Java to the north coast of Australia and then either onto east coast or south through the centre of the continent to Adelaide 6 The Victorian government organised the Burke and Wills expedition to cross the continent in 1860 The South Australian government offered a reward of 2000 to encourage an expedition to find a route between South Australia and the north coast 6 Exploration Committee Edit Robert O Hara Burke by William Strutt William John Wills In 1857 the Philosophical Institute formed an Exploration Committee with the aim of investigating the practicability of fitting out an exploring expedition 1 7 While interest in inland exploration was strong in the neighbouring colonies of New South Wales and South Australia in Victoria enthusiasm was limited Even the anonymous donation of 1 000 later discovered to be from Ambrose Kyte 8 to the Fund Raising Committee of the Royal Society failed to generate much interest and it was 1860 before sufficient money was raised and the expedition was assembled 9 The Exploration Committee called for offers of interest for a leader for the Victorian Exploring Expedition Only two members of the committee Ferdinand von Mueller and Wilhelm Blandowski had any experience in exploration but due to factionalism both were consistently outvoted Several people were considered for the post of leader and the Society held a range of meetings in early 1860 10 Robert O Hara Burke was selected by committee ballot as the leader and William John Wills was recommended as surveyor navigator and third in command 11 Burke had no experience in exploration and it is strange that he was chosen to lead the expedition Burke was an Irish born ex officer with the Austrian army and later became police superintendent with virtually no skills in bushcraft Wills was more adept than Burke at living in the wilderness but it was Burke s leadership that was especially detrimental to the mission Rather than take cattle to be slaughtered during the trip the Committee decided to experiment with dried meat The weight required three extra wagons and was to slow the expedition down appreciably 11 Instructions from the Exploration Committee Edit Instructions issued to Robert O Hara Burke Leader of the Victorian Exploration Expedition MS13071 State Library Victoria Australia The Victorian Exploration Committee gave Burke written instructions These included suggestions for the route to take but also gave Burke discretion depending on conditions and barriers he might encounter The instructions were signed by the Honorary Secretary Dr John Macadam and in part advised The object of the Committee in directing you to Coopers Creek is that you should explore the country intervening between it and Leichhardt s track south of the Gulf of Carpentaria avoiding as far as practicable Sturt s route on the west and Gregory s down the Victoria on the east should you determine the impracticability of this route you are desired to turn westward into the country recently discovered by Stuart and connect his furthest point north with Gregory s furthest southern exploration in 1856 The Committee is fully aware of the difficulty of the Country you are called on to traverse and in giving you these instructions has placed these routes before you more as an indication of what it has been deemed desirable to have accomplished than as indicating an exact course for you to pursue The Committee entrusts you with the largest discretion as regards the forming of depots and your movements generally 12 Members of the Exploration Committee Edit The Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria included Sir William Foster Stawell Chief Justice of Victoria Dr David Elliott Wilkie MD Treasurer Dr John Macadam Honorary Secretary Professor Georg Neumayer Dr Ferdinand von Mueller Government Botanist Sir Frederick McCoy Melbourne University s first professor The Hon Captain Andrew Clarke Dr Richard Eades Mayor of Melbourne Charles Whybrow Ligar Government Surveyor General The Hon Sir Francis Murphy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Lieutenant John Randall Pascoe JP Captain Francis Cadell Alfred Selwyn Esq Government Geologist Reverend Father Dr John Ignatius Bleasdale Clement Hodgkinson Esq Dr J William McKenna Edward Wilson Editor of the Argus Dr William Gilbee Sizar Elliott Esq Dr Solomon Iffla Angus McMillan Esq James Smith Esq John Watson Esq Camels EditFurther information Australian feral camel Camels had been used successfully in desert exploration in other parts of the world but by 1859 only seven camels had been imported into Australia The Victorian Government appointed George James Landells to purchase 24 camels in India for use in desert exploration 13 The animals arrived in Melbourne in June 1860 and the Exploration Committee purchased an additional six from George Coppin s Cremorne Gardens The camels were initially housed in the stables at Parliament House and later moved to Royal Park Twenty six camels were taken on the expedition with six two females with their two young calves and two males being left in Royal Park Departure from Melbourne Edit Nicholas Chevalier Memorandum of the Start of the Exploring Expedition oil on canvas 1860 Art Gallery of South Australia Monument in Royal Park Melbourne where the expedition commenced The expedition set off from Royal Park Melbourne at about 4 pm on 20 August 1860 watched by around 15 000 spectators The 19 men of the expedition included six Irishmen five Englishmen three Afghan and one Indian camel drivers three Germans and an American They took 23 horses 6 wagons and 26 camels 14 The expedition took a large amount of equipment including enough food to last two years a cedar topped oak camp table with two chairs rockets flags and a Chinese gong the equipment all together weighed as much as 20 tonnes 15 Committee member Captain Francis Cadell had offered to transport the supplies from Adelaide up the Murray to the junction with the Darling River to be collected on the way However Burke declined his offer possibly because Cadell had opposed Burke s appointment as leader of the expedition Everything was instead loaded onto six wagons One wagon broke down before it had even left Royal Park and by midnight of the first day the expedition had reached only Essendon on the edge of Melbourne At Essendon two more wagons broke down Heavy rains and bad roads made travelling through Victoria difficult and time consuming The party arrived at Lancefield on 23 August and set up their fourth camp The first day off was taken on Sunday 26 August at Camp VI in Mia Mia Crossing the Terrick Terrick Plains Ludwig Becker MS13867 4 The expedition reached Swan Hill on 6 September and arrived in Balranald on 15 September There to lighten the load they left behind their sugar lime juice and some of their guns and ammunition At Gambala on 24 September Burke decided to load some of the provisions onto the camels for the first time and to lessen the burden on the horses he ordered the men to walk He also ordered that personal luggage be restricted to 30 lb 14 kg At Bilbarka on the Darling Burke and his second in command Landells argued after Burke decided to dump the 60 gallons 270 litres of rum that Landells had brought to feed to the camels in the belief that it prevented scurvy At Kinchega on the Darling Landells resigned from the expedition followed by the expedition s surgeon Dr Hermann Beckler Third in command Wills was promoted to second in command They reached Menindee on 12 October having taken two months to travel 750 km 470 mi from Melbourne the regular mail coach did the journey in little more than a week Two of the expedition s five officers had resigned thirteen members of the expedition had been fired and eight new men had been hired 11 In July 1859 the South Australian government offered a reward of 2 000 about A 289 000 in 2011 dollars for the first successful south north crossing of the continent west of the 143rd line of longitude The experienced explorer John McDouall Stuart had taken up the challenge citation needed Burke was concerned Stuart might beat him to the north coast and he soon grew impatient with their slow progress often averaging only 2 mi 3 2 km an hour Burke split the group taking the strongest horses seven of the fittest men and a small amount of equipment with plans to push on quickly to Cooper Creek then known as Cooper s Creek and then wait for the others to catch up They left Menindee on 19 October guided by William Wright who was appointed third in command Travel was relatively easy because recent rain made water abundant while in unusually mild weather temperatures exceeded 90 F 32 C only twice before the party reached Cooper Creek At Torowotto Swamp Wright was sent back to Menindee alone to bring up the remainder of the men and supplies and Burke continued on to Cooper Creek Cooper Creek Edit Bullah Bullah Waterhole In 1860 Cooper Creek was the outer limit of the land that had been explored by Europeans the river having been visited by Captain Charles Sturt in 1845 and Augustus Charles Gregory in 1858 Burke arrived at the Cooper on 11 November and they formed a depot at Camp LXIII Camp 63 while they conducted reconnaissance to the north A plague of rats forced the men to move camp and they formed a second depot further downstream at Bullah Bullah Waterhole This was Camp LXV Camp 65 and they erected a stockade and named the place Fort Wills citation needed It was thought that Burke would wait at Cooper Creek until autumn March the next year so that they would avoid having to travel during the hot Australian summer However Burke waited only until Sunday 16 December before deciding to make a dash for the Gulf of Carpentaria He split the group again leaving William Brahe in charge of the depot with Dost Mahomet William Patton and Thomas McDonough Burke Wills John King and Charles Gray set off for the Gulf with six camels one horse and enough food for just three months By now it was mid summer and the daily temperature often reached 122 F 50 C in the shade and in the Strzelecki and Sturt Stony Deserts there was very little shade to be found Brahe was ordered by Burke to wait for three months however the more conservative Wills had reviewed the maps and developed a more realistic view of the task ahead and secretly instructed Brahe to wait for four months 16 Gulf of Carpentaria Edit Edward Jukes Greig Arrival of Burke amp Wills at Flinders River oil on canvas 1862 State Library of New South Wales Except for the heat travel was easy citation needed As a result of recent rains water was still easy to find and the Aborigines contrary to expectations were peaceful On 9 February 1861 they reached the Little Bynoe River an arm of the Flinders River delta where they found they could not reach the ocean because of the mangrove swamps in their way citation needed Burke and Wills left the camels behind with King and Gray at Camp CXIX Camp 119 and set off through the swamps although after 24 km 15 mi they decided to turn back By this stage they were desperately short of supplies They had food left for 27 days but it had already taken them 59 days to travel from Cooper Creek The return journey On their way north the weather had been hot and dry but on the way back the wet season broke and the tropical monsoonal rains began A camel named Golah Sing was abandoned on 4 March when it was unable to continue Three other camels were shot and eaten along the way and they shot their only horse Billy on 10 April on the Diamantina River south of what is today the town of Birdsville Equipment was abandoned at a number of locations as the number of pack animals was reduced One of these locations Return Camp 32 was relocated in 1994 citation needed and The Burke and Wills Historical Society 17 mounted an expedition to verify the discovery of camel bones in 2005 To extend their food supply they ate portulaca Gray also caught an 11 lb 5 0 kg Python probably Aspidites melanocephalus a black headed python which they ate Both Burke and Gray immediately came down with dysentery Gray was ill but Burke thought he was gammoning pretending On 25 March on the Burke River just south of what is now the town of Boulia Gray was caught stealing skilligolee a type of watery porridge and Burke beat him By 8 April Gray could not walk he died on 17 April of dysentery at a place they called Polygonum Swamp The location of Gray s death is unknown although it is generally believed to be Lake Massacre in South Australia While the possibility that Burke killed Gray has been discounted the severity of the beating Burke gave has been widely debated The three surviving men stopped for a day to bury Gray and to recover their strength they were by this stage very weak from hunger and exhaustion They finally reached Cooper Creek on 21 April only to find that the camp had been abandoned several hours earlier Return to Cooper Creek Edit John Longstaff Arrival of Burke Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper s Creek Sunday evening 21 April 1861 oil on canvas 1907 National Gallery of Victoria Burke had asked Brahe and the depot party to remain at the camp on the Cooper for 13 weeks The party had actually waited for 18 weeks and was running low on supplies and starting to feel the effects of scurvy they had come to believe that Burke would never return from the Gulf After one of his men had injured his leg Brahe decided to return to Menindee but before leaving buried some provisions in case Burke did return and blazed cut or carved a message on a tree to mark the spot Brahe left the depot on Cooper Creek on the morning of Sunday 21 April 1861 Burke Wills and King returned that evening Finding the camp deserted they dug up the cache of supplies and a letter explaining that the party had given up waiting and had left Burke s team had missed them by only nine hours The three men and two remaining camels were exhausted they had no hope of catching up to the main party George Washington Lambert Burke and Wills on the way to Mount Hopeless watercolour 1907 Bendigo Art Gallery They decided to rest and recuperate living off the supplies left in the cache Wills and King wanted to follow their outward track back to Menindee but Burke overruled them and decided to attempt to reach the furthest outpost of pastoral settlement in South Australia a cattle station near Mount Hopeless This would mean travelling southwest through the desert for 240 kilometres 150 mi They wrote a letter explaining their intentions and reburied it in the cache under the marked tree in case a rescue party visited the area Unfortunately they did not change the mark on the tree or alter the date On 23 April they set off following the Cooper downstream and then heading out into the Strzelecki Desert towards Mount Hopeless Meanwhile while returning to Menindee Brahe had met with Wright trying to reach the Cooper with the supplies The two men decided to go back to Cooper Creek to see if Burke had returned When they arrived on Sunday 8 May Burke had already left for Mount Hopeless and the camp was again deserted Burke and Wills were 35 miles 56 km away by this point As the mark and date on the tree were unaltered Brahe and Wright assumed that Burke had not returned and did not think to check whether the supplies were still buried They left to rejoin the main party and return to Menindee Controversy EditBrahe might have stayed at Cooper Creek longer but one of his men the blacksmith Patton had injured his leg after being thrown from his horse so they decided to leave for Menindee that morning Patton was to die from complications six weeks later Burke and Wills discussed catching up with them but they were too exhausted and decided to wait Meanwhile the other mission led by William Wright was having terrible problems of its own Wright was supposed to bring supplies up from Menindee to Cooper Creek but it was the end of January 1861 before he managed to set out from Menindee Wright s delay subsequently resulted in his being blamed for the deaths of Burke and Wills In 1963 Alan Moorehead wrote of the mystery surrounding Wright s delay There was no basis here for criminal proceedings against Wright but he had been publicly condemned as the man on whom the guilt chiefly lay and that was a reputation that he was unlikely ever to live down He retired to obscurity in Adelaide leaving behind him still a slight persistent mystery why had he really delayed Was it only because he wanted to make sure of his salary Was it because he did not want to leave his wife and family and the comforts of the settled districts Was it merely that he was stupid lazy and indifferent a man too mean spirited to think of anyone but himself Or was it just possible that he was the victim of that same fated chain of errors that had bedevilled the expedition from the beginning These were questions that would never be fully answered 18 An in depth study of Wright s action formed a part of Dr Tom Bergin s 1982 MA thesis 19 Bergin who recreated the original journey from Cooper Creek to the Gulf of Carpentaria with camels in 1978 showed that a lack of money and too few pack animals to carry the supplies meant Wright was placed in an unenviable position His requests to the Exploration Committee were not acted on until early January by which time the hot weather and lack of water meant that the party moved extremely slowly They were harassed by the Bandjigali and Karenggapa Murris and three of the men Dr Ludwig Becker Charles Stone and William Purcell died from malnutrition on the trip On his way north Wright camped at Koorliatto Waterhole on the Bulloo River while he tried to find Burke s tracks to Cooper Creek While he was there he met Brahe who was on his way back from the Cooper to Menindee The Dig Tree Edit The Dig Tree on Cooper CreekMain article Burke and Wills Dig Tree The camp blaze B LXV on the Dig Tree Brahe blazed two trees 27 37 26 S 141 04 33 E 27 623902 S 141 075784 E 27 623902 141 075784 at Depot Camp LXV on the banks of Bullah Bullah Waterhole on Cooper Creek both are coolibahs Eucalyptus coolabah formerly Eucalyptus microtheca and both are estimated to be at least 250 years old 20 One tree has two blazes on it one denoting the date of arrival and the date of departure DEC 6 60 carved over APR 21 61 and the other showing the initial B for Burke carved over the Roman numerals for camp 65 B over LXV The date blaze has grown closed and only the camp number blaze remains visible today On an adjacent smaller tree Brahe carved the instruction to DIG The exact inscription is not known but is variously recalled to be DIG DIG under DIG 3 FT N W DIG 3FT N E or DIG 21 APR 61 21 Initially the tree with the Date and Camp Number blaze was known as Brahe s Tree or the Depot Tree and the tree under which Burke died attracted most attention and interest However the tree at Depot Camp LXV became known as the Dig Tree from at least 1912 22 In 1899 John Dick carved a likeness of Burke s face in a nearby tree along with his initials his wife s initials and the date Burke Wills and King alone at Cooper Creek EditAfter leaving the Dig Tree they rarely travelled more than 5 mi 8 0 km a day One of the two remaining camels Landa became bogged in Minkie Waterhole and the other Rajah was shot when he could travel no further Without pack animals Burke Wills and King were unable to carry enough water to leave Cooper Creek and cross the Strzelecki Desert to Mount Hopeless and so the three men were unable to leave the creek Their supplies were running low and they were malnourished and exhausted The Cooper Creek Aborigines the Yandruwandha people gave them fish beans called padlu and a type of damper made from the ground sporocarps of the ngardu nardoo plant Marsilea drummondii in exchange for sugar 23 At the end of May 1861 Wills returned to the Dig Tree to put his diary notebook and journals in the cache for safekeeping Burke bitterly criticised Brahe in his journal for not leaving behind any supplies or animals While Wills was away from camp Burke foolishly shot his pistol at one of the Aborigines causing the whole group to flee Within a month of the Aborigines departure Burke and Wills both perished 24 Death Edit Artur Loureiro Death of Burke oil on canvas 1892 private collection Towards the end of June 1861 as the three men were following the Cooper upstream to find the Yandruwandha campsite Wills became too weak to continue He was left behind at his own insistence at Breerily Waterhole with some food water and shelter Burke and King continued upstream for another two days until Burke became too weak to continue The next morning Burke died King stayed with his body for two days and then returned downstream to Breerily Waterhole where he found that Wills had died as well The exact dates on which Burke and Wills died are unknown and different dates are given on various memorials in Victoria The Exploration Committee fixed 28 June 1861 as the date both explorers died citation needed King found a group of Yandruwandha willing to give him food and shelter 23 and in return he shot birds to contribute to their supplies Rescue expeditions EditIn 1861 five expeditions were sent out to search for Burke and Wills two commissioned by the Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria one by the Government of Victoria one by the Government of Queensland and one by the Government of South Australia HMCSS Victoria was sent from Melbourne to search the Gulf of Carpentaria for the missing expedition and SS Firefly sailed from Melbourne to Brisbane where they picked up Landsborough s Queensland Relief Expedition The other expeditions went overland with Howitt s Victorian Contingent Party departing from Melbourne McKinlay s South Australian Burke Relief Expedition departing from Adelaide and Walker s Victorian Relief Expedition departing from Rockhampton Victorian Contingent Party Edit After six months without receiving word from the Burke expedition the media began questioning its whereabouts Public pressure for answers increased and on 13 June 1861 the Exploration Committee agreed to send a search party to find the Burke and Wills expedition and if necessary offer them support The Victorian Contingent Party 25 left Melbourne on 26 June 1861 under the leadership of Alfred William Howitt At the Loddon River Howitt met Brahe who was returning from Cooper Creek As Brahe did not have knowledge of Burke s whereabouts Howitt decided a much larger expedition would be required to find the missing party Leaving three of his men at the river Howitt returned to Melbourne with Brahe to update the Exploration Committee On 30 June the expanded expedition left to follow Burke s trail On 3 September the party reached Cooper Creek citation needed on 11 September the Dig Tree and four days later Edwin Welch found King 26 living with the Yandruwandha Over the next nine days Howitt found the remains of Burke and Wills and buried them In pitiful condition King survived the two month trip back to Melbourne and died eleven years later aged 33 never having recovered his health He is buried in the Melbourne General Cemetery HMVS Victoria Edit H M Colonial Steam sloop VICTORIA 580 Tons 150 Horse Power State Library Victoria H6503 On 4 August 1861 27 HMVS Victoria under the Command of William Henry Norman sailed from Hobson s Bay in Victoria with orders to search the Gulf of Carpentaria The Victorian Government also chartered Firefly 188 tons built 1843 28 to assist with transportation Firefly left Hobson s Bay Melbourne on 29 July and arrived at Moreton Bay Brisbane on 10 August 1861 the same day as HMVS Victoria Firefly transported the Queensland party led by William Landsborough and thirty horses citation needed The two ships sailed for the Gulf of Carpentaria on 24 August 1861 28 The ships became separated in a storm on 1 September and Firefly hit a reef off Sir Charles Hardy Islands The crew were able to free and save 26 of the horses by cutting a hole in the side of the ship Victoria arrived shortly afterwards 29 Firefly was repaired and able to be towed by Victoria They recommenced their journey on 22 September arriving near Sweers Island and Albert River on 29 September where they rendezvoused with the brig Gratia and the schooner Native Lass which had also been chartered by the Victorian Government as support They established a land base on Sweers after visiting Bentinck Island and finding it inhabited by hostile natives 28 Using Victoria s boats Firefly was manoeuvred up the Albert River some 20 mi 32 km to a suitable place to transfer the horses and stores to land 30 Queensland Relief Expedition Edit After disembarking from Victoria in November the Queensland Relief Expedition under the leadership of William Landsborough searched the gulf coast for the missing expedition 31 The party proceeded south and while they found no trace of the Burke and Wills party they continued all the way to Melbourne arriving in August 1862 This was the first European expedition to traverse mainland Australia from northern to southern coast 32 In 1881 the Queensland Parliament awarded Landsborough 2000 for his achievements as an explorer 33 Victorian Relief Expedition Edit William Hodgkinson Bulla Queensland watercolour 1861 National Library of Australia Hodgkinson briefly joined the Burke and Wills expedition at Swan Hill and was a member of two relief expeditions Bulla depicts the Victorian Relief Expedition in armed conflict with Aboriginal people in the Bulloo area Frederick Walker led the Victorian Relief Expedition The party consisting of twelve mounted men citation needed seven of them ex troopers from the Native Police Corps started from Rockhampton on 7 September 1861 with the goal of reaching the Gulf of Carpentaria They found traces of Burke and followed them to Burke s northernmost Camp but lost the trail from there On 4 December they came across a group of Aborigines killing 12 in the fight that ensued On 7 December Walker met up with the HMVS Victoria in the Gulf Walker s party went on to explore much of the Gulf region South Australian Burke Relief Expedition Edit The South Australian House of Assembly chose John McKinlay to lead the South Australian relief expedition that left Adelaide on 16 August 1861 34 35 On 20 October the grave of a European thought to be Charles Gray was found at Polygonum Swamp near Cooper Creek Finding another grave nearby McKinlay assumed that the Burke expedition had been killed there and named the site Massacre Lake Learning that Howitt had found the remains of Burke and Wills McKinlay decided to search in the direction of Central Mount Stuart but was driven back by heavy rains and floods McKinlay then made for the Gulf of Carpentaria hoping to find Victoria still there By 20 May 1862 McKinlay was around five miles 8 km from the shore of the Gulf but the intervening country was found to be impassable and he decided to turn east and make for Port Denison on the north Queensland coast On 2 August 1862 McKinlay reached a station on the Bowen River near Port Denison and after resting a few days the expedition reached Port Denison The party then returned by sea to Adelaide McKinlay received a grant of 1000 from the government and a gold watch from the Royal Geographical Society of England 1862 Victorian Exploration Party Edit In 1862 Alfred Howitt was tasked with returning to Cooper Creek exhuming Burke and Wills remains and returning them to Melbourne for a State Funeral On 9 December 1861 Howitt left Melbourne for the Cooper After a long stay in Menindee and again at Mount Murchison the party arrived at Cooper Creek on 25 February 1862 camping at Cullyamurra waterhole From there Howitt undertook numerous exploratory trips into the surrounding area On 13 April 1862 Wills remains were exhumed and in September 1862 Burke s bones were retrieved from the grave that Howitt had dug a year earlier 36 For the next six months Howitt explored the Australian interior before deciding in November to return to the settled areas 37 On 8 December the party arrived in Clare South Australia Howitt and the expedition s doctor continued on to Adelaide while the rest of the expedition members followed three days later by train Burke s and Wills remains were then taken to Melbourne arriving on 29 December 1862 Presentation to the Yandruwandha Edit Breastplates were issued to Aboriginal people between 1815 and 1946 for faithful service for saving the lives of non Indigenous people and to recognise stockmen and trackers 38 On this trip to exhume Burke and Wills remains Howitt presented three breastplates commissioned by the Victorian Exploration Committee to the Yandruwandha people in appreciation of the assistance they had given to Burke Wills and King One of these plates is in the collection of the National Museum of Australia The inscription on the plate states that it was presented for the Humanity shewn to the Explorers Burke Wills and King 1861 39 Cause of death EditSee also Bush bread Aboriginal people fed the explorers seedcakes made from the sporocarps of this plant nardoo Unknown to the explorers ngardu sporocarps contain the enzyme thiaminase which depletes the body of vitamin B1 thiamin It is probable that they were not preparing the seedcakes in accordance with Aboriginal food preparation methods as the food was a staple among the local people It has been argued that they did not first process the food into a paste which might have prevented the ill effects they suffered 40 Despite eating the men got weaker and weaker 23 Wills wrote in his diary My pulse is at 48 and very weak and my legs and arms are nearly skin and bone I can only look out like Mr Micawber for something to turn up but starvation on nardoo is by no means unpleasant but for the weakness one feels and the utter inability to move oneself for as the appetite is concerned it gives me the greatest satisfaction As a result it is likely that the deaths of Burke and Wills resulted in part from a vitamin deficiency disease called beriberi Evidence to this effect is further provided by King s account which revealed that Burke complained of leg and back pain shortly before his death 41 However other research suggests that scurvy vitamin C deficiency and environmental factors also contributed to their deaths 42 Cooper Creek summary Edit Eugene Montagu Scott Natives discovering the body of William John Wills the explorer at Coopers Creek June 1861 oil on canvas 1862 State Library of Victoria 11 November 1860 Burke Wills King Gray Brahe Mahomet Patton and McDonough made their first camp on what they thought was Cooper Creek but which was actually the Wilson River This was Camp LVII Camp 57 20 November 1860 The first Depot Camp was established at Camp LXIII Camp 63 6 December 1860 The Depot Camp was moved downstream to Camp LXV The Dig Tree Camp 65 16 December 1860 Burke Wills King and Gray left the Depot for the Gulf of Carpentaria 16 December 1860 21 April 1861 Brahe is left in charge of the Depot at Cooper Creek 21 April 1861 Brahe buried a cache of supplies carved a message in the Dig Tree and headed back to Menindee Later that day Burke Wills and King returned from the Gulf to find the Depot deserted 23 April 1861 Burke Wills and King followed the Cooper downstream heading towards Mount Hopeless in South Australia 7 May 1861 The last camel Rajah died The men cannot carry enough supplies to leave the creek 8 May 1861 Brahe and Wright return to the Dig Tree They stayed only 15 minutes and did not dig up Burke s note in the cache 30 May 1861 Wills having failed to reach Mount Hopeless returned to the Dig Tree to bury his notebooks in the cache for safe keeping End of June early July 1861 Burke and Wills died 11 September 1861 Howitt leader of the Burke Relief Expedition arrived at the Dig Tree 15 September 1861 Howitt found King the only survivor of the four men who reached the Gulf 28 September 1861 Howitt dug up the cache at the Dig Tree and recovered Wills notebooks Deaths on the Victorian Exploring Expedition EditCharley Gray Wednesday 17 April 1861 at Polygonum Swamp Charles Stone Monday 22 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole Bulloo River William Purcell Tuesday 23 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole Bulloo River Dr Ludwig Becker Monday 29 April 1861 at Koorliatto Waterhole Bulloo River William Patten Wednesday 5 June 1861 near Desolation Camp Rat Point William John Wills the official date of death adopted by the Exploration Committee was Wednesday 28 June 1861 but Wills probably died around Friday 30 June or Saturday 1 July 1861 at Breerily Waterhole Cooper Creek Robert O Hara Burke the official date of death adopted by the Exploration Committee was Wednesday 28 June 1861 but Burke probably died on Saturday 1 July 1861 at Burke s Waterhole Cooper Creek Afterwards EditThe Victorian Government held a Commission of Enquiry 20 into the deaths of Burke and Wills Howitt was sent back to Cooper Creek to recover their bodies Commission of Enquiry Edit A Commission of Enquiry was convened on 18 November 1861 and the results of their investigations were presented to both houses of the Colonial Parliament It was laid on the table of the Legislative Council on 4 March 1862 43 The Commission found that Burke evinced far greater amount of zeal than prudence in finally departing from Cooper s Creek before the depot party had arrived from Menindie found the conduct of Mr Wright to have been reprehensible and had some sympathy for Brahe upon whom a responsibility far beyond his expectations devolved upon him The Commission judged that in leaving the depot before Burke returned or further relief had arrived was regrettable but that Brahe had acted from a conscientious desire to discharge his duty 44 Subsequent historians have posited that the commissioners were compromised by their close relationships with members of the Royal Society and failed to question them with the same zeal that was applied to men like Brahe 45 Funeral Edit The Burke and Wills funeral processionHowitt sailed from Adelaide to Melbourne on the SS Havilah with the remains of Burke and Wills in a small wooden box arriving at Sandridge on 28 December 1862 46 Order of the funeral procession of Burke and Wills Wednesday 21st January 1863The box was taken to the hall of the Royal Society of Victoria and a coffining ceremony was held on 31 December This ceremony was delayed because Macadam who held the only key to the box arrived late A lock smith was called but before he could pick the lock Dr Macadam blaming his own distress for his lateness finally arrived with the key 47 The remains were placed in state for two weeks and around 100 000 people visited the Royal Society of Victoria to view the coffins 48 It was originally proposed that the funeral should take place at St James Cathedral but it was decided this would be impractical because of the expected crowds and the difficulty of moving the coffins into the church from the grand mourning vehicle It was agreed that a service at the cemetery would be appropriate The order and carriage of the clergy was discussed with agreement that they would walk in the procession with the Protestant clergy in front followed by the Roman Catholics This small example of ecumenism is interesting given the general enmity and divisive sectarianism between Irish Catholics and English Protestants that blighted Victoria s history for a century 49 The funeral was held on 21 January 1863 It was an elaborate affair with the funeral car modelled on the design used for the Duke of Wellington ten years earlier It was estimated that 40 000 people lined the streets of Melbourne Melbourne s population was estimated at only 120 000 at the time Many had travelled from country Victoria especially the Castlemaine area where Burke had served most recently as Police Superintendent 50 The total population of Victoria was about 600 000 51 Burke and Wills were buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery At the cemetery the Dean of Melbourne Hussey Burgh Macartney conducted a Church of England burial service but clergy representing various Christian denominations were represented in the funeral procession At 8 p m that evening there was a public meeting at St George s Hall where Macadam addressed the crowd and acknowledged the contributions of Ambrose Kyte Howitt and Commander Norman 52 Legacy Edit In some ways the tragic expedition was not a waste It completed the picture of inland Australia and proved that there was no inland sea More importantly each of the rescue parties sent from different parts of the continent added in some way to the understanding of the land it crossed Burke and Wills Statue by Charles Summers on the corner of Collins and Swanston Streets Melbourne In 1862 monuments were erected in Back Creek Cemetery Bendigo and also on the hill overlooking Castlemaine where Burke had been stationed before leading the expedition The Victorian towns of Beechworth and Fryerstown also unveiled memorials In 1863 when Julius von Haast searched for a crossing from Otago to the West Coast in New Zealand he named two rivers flowing into the Haast River after Burke and Wills 53 On 21 April 1865 the anniversary of the return to Cooper s Creek a monument by Charles Summers was unveiled in Melbourne by the Governor Sir Charles Darling 54 In 1867 Ballarat erected the Explorer s Fountain on Sturt and Lydiard Streets Wills his brother Tom and their father Dr William Wills had all lived in Ballarat In 1890 a monument was erected at Royal Park the expedition s departure point in Melbourne The plaque on the monument states This memorial has been erected to mark the spot from whence the Burke and Wills Expedition started on 20 August 1860 After successfully accomplishing their mission the two brave leaders perished on their return journey at Coopers Creek in June 1861 In 1983 they were honoured on a postage stamp depicting their portraits issued by Australia Post 55 In August 2010 Australia Post issued four stamps to commemorate the 150th anniversary In 1918 a silent movie A Romance of Burke and Wills Expedition of 1860 was released The plot is fictional and only loosely connected to the Burke and Wills expedition In 1975 an episode of a British documentary series called The Explorers on the BBC featured the Australian expedition story in an episode titled Burke and Wills narrated by David Attenborough replaced with narration by Anthony Quinn in the later 1976 US broadcast and directed by Lord Snowdon 56 In 1985 the film Burke amp Wills was made with Jack Thompson as Burke and Nigel Havers as Wills Also in 1985 the spoof Wills amp Burke was released with Garry McDonald as Burke and Kym Gyngell as Wills In November 2009 the Royal Australian Mint issued two coins 1 and a 20 cent to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the expedition Heritage listings EditHeritage listings associated with the Burke and Wills expedition include Burke and Wills Dig Tree near Thargomindah within Durham Shire of Bulloo listed on the Queensland Heritage Register 57 Burke and Wills Plant Camp near Betoota within Birdsville Shire of Diamantina listed on the Queensland Heritage Register 58 Burke and Wills Camp B CXIX near Normanton Shire of Carpentaria listed on the Queensland Heritage Register 59 See also EditHistory of Australia Royal Society of Victoria List of places associated with the Burke and Wills expeditionReferences Edit a b Burke amp Wills Web online digital archive burkeandwills net au 3 August 2010 Archived from the original on 29 January 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Burke and Wills Courage and Folly Pt 1 Marching Onwards to the Great Unknown Australian Stamps Professional Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 Retrieved 13 March 2015 Statesmen s Year Book 1889 Cervero Robert B 1998 The Transit Metropolis A Global Inquiry Chicago Island Press p 320 ISBN 1 55963 591 6 The Royal Society of Victoria A short history Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 28 January 2018 a b Exploring the Stuart Highway further than the eye can see 1997 p 24 The Exploration Committee 1857 Burkeandwills net au Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Browne Geoff Kyte Ambrose Henry Spencer 1822 1868 Australian Dictionary of Biography Melbourne University Press ISSN 1833 7538 Retrieved 5 January 2014 via National Centre of Biography Australian National University The Exploration Fund Raising Committee Burkeandwills net au Archived from the original on 16 February 2011 Retrieved 10 March 2011 The Exploration Committee 1860 Burkeandwills net au Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2010 a b c Wright Ed 2008 Lost Explorers Murdock Books ISBN 978 1 74196 139 3 Burke and Wills Expedition Instructions issued to Robert O Hara Burke Leader of the Victorian Exploration Expedition Signed John MaCadam Secretary Exploration Committee and dated 18 August 1860 Australian Manuscripts Collection State Library Victoria Retrieved 21 July 2020 Camels amp Sepoys for the Expedition Burkeandwills net au Archived from the original on 16 February 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Phoenix Dave 2011 Following Burke and Wills across Victoria a touring guide Phoenix ISBN 978 0 646 56419 7 AAP The Bulletin publishes for the last time Bulletin ninemsn com au Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Dave Phoenix of the Burke amp Wills Historical Society Tony Robinson Explores Australia Episode 4 Eureka History Channel Broadcast on YLE Teema 31 July 2012 The Burke and Wills Historical Society Burkeandwills org Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 Retrieved 15 September 2010 Alan Moorehead Cooper s Creek p 192 Bergin Dr Thomas John 1982 Courage and corruption an analysis of the Burke and Wills Expedition and the subsequent Royal Commission MA University of New England Armidale a b Burke and Wills Commission Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O Hara Burke and William John Wills the Victorian explorers Parliament of Victoria Government Printer Victoria Retrieved 14 July 2020 Phoenix Dave 2015 Following Burke and Wills across Australia a touring guide CSIRO Publishing ISBN 978 1 486 30158 4 Outdoor Australia Explorers Relics column The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser 27 March 1912 Archived from the original on 5 October 2018 Retrieved 4 October 2018 a b c Harford Tim 4 September 2019 How do people learn to cook a poisonous plant safely BBC News Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 Retrieved 4 September 2019 Diamond Jared 2005 Yali s People Guns Germs and Steel W W Norton amp Company p 296 ISBN 978 0 393 06131 4 The Search for Burke The Courier 11 September 1861 Burke and Wills The Sydney Morning Herald 25 June 1913 The Herald 5 August 1861 Shipping intelligence No p 4 Retrieved 16 July 2020 a b c Saenger Peter Sweers Island History Article Part I Dropbears Retrieved 26 February 2022 Kirby Captain J 1862 Narrative of a voyage from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria Melbourne Herald Office pp 5 9 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Exploration expedition No Supplement p 1 Ballarat Star 3 May 1862 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Landsborough William Journal of Landsborough s expedition from Carpentaria in search of Burke amp Wills 1862 ed Melbourne F F Bailliere Landborough s expedition across the continent No Mount Alexander Mail 22 August 1862 Retrieved 17 July 2020 Darling Downs Gazette No page 2 30 September 1881 Retrieved 17 July 2020 McKinlay s Journal of Exploration in the Interior of Australia at Project Gutenberg by John McKinlay Davis John 1863 Tracks of McKinlay and party across Australia Sampson Low Son amp Co via Wikisource scan The Victorian Exploring Party 1862 Burkeandwills net au 11 April 1910 Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 Retrieved 13 March 2015 Alfred Howitt s despatch Burkeandwills net au Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 Retrieved 13 March 2015 A history of Aboriginal Breastplates Archived 4 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of Australia accessed 7 April 2011 Victorian Exploring Expedition breastplate National Museum of Australia Archived 4 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 April 2011 Chaffey Calder June 2002 A Fern which Changed Australian History Australian Plants online Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants Archived from the original on 13 December 2010 Retrieved 12 April 2008 Earl J McCleary B 1994 Mystery of the poisoned expedition Nature 368 6473 683 684 Bibcode 1994Natur 368 683E doi 10 1038 368683a0 PMID 8152477 S2CID 6835422 Phoenix Dave 2011 Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo State Library of Victoria The Burke amp Wills research gateway Archived from the original on 4 July 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2015 Legislative Council Victorian Hansard 3rd Parliament 705 4 March 1862 Retrieved 28 July 2020 Commission of Enquiry February 1862 Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O Hara Burke and William John Wills the Victorian explorers Melbourne Government Printer Victoria p vi Retrieved 28 July 2020 Parliamentary Enquiry Dig The Burke amp Wills research gateway State Library Victoria Retrieved 28 July 2020 Arrival of the remains of Burke and Wills The Age 5 29 December 1862 Coffining of Burke and Wills The Age 5 1 January 1863 The Burke and Wills funeral The Argus 5 21 January 1863 Funeral of Burke and Wills Geelong Advertiser 3 16 December 1862 Retrieved 28 July 2020 Bonyhady Tim 1991 Burke amp Wills From Melbourne to myth Balmain N S W David Ell Press p 241 ISBN 0908197918 Statistical Tables relating to Colonial and other Possessions of United Kingdom 1864 and 1865 House of Commons Sessional Papers Part XI vii 1867 The Funeral of Burke and Wills The Argus 5 22 January 1863 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Holm Janet 2005 Caught mapping the life and times of New Zealand s early surveyors Christchurch Hazard Press p 170 OCLC 636380050 Ridley Ronald T 1996 Melbourne s Monuments Melbourne Melbourne University Press p 39 ISBN 0 522 84727 7 Postage stamp image 30 cent JPG Australianstamp com Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 Retrieved 13 March 2015 The Explorers Burke and Wills TV episode 1972 IMDb IMDb Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 Retrieved 27 September 2019 Burke and Wills Dig Tree entry 601073 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 7 July 2013 Burke and Wills Plant Camp entry 645622 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 1 August 2014 Burke and Wills Camp B CXIX and Walker s Camp Little Bynoe River entry 602156 Queensland Heritage Register Queensland Heritage Council Retrieved 1 August 2014 Further reading EditBurke and Wills Web online digital archive Archived 29 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Dave Phoenix The Melbourne Argus 1861 The Burke and Wills exploring expedition An account of the crossing the continent of Australia from Cooper Creek to Carpentaria with biographical sketches of Robert O Hara Burke and William John Wills Melbourne Wilson and Mackinnon Bergin Thomas John amp Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1981 In the steps of Burke and Wills Sydney Australian Broadcasting Commission ISBN 0 642 97413 6 Bergin Thomas John amp Reader s Digest 1996 Across the outback Surrey Hills Reader s Digest ISBN 0 86449 019 4 Bonyhady Tim 1991 Burke and Wills From Melbourne to myth Balmain David Ell Press ISBN 0 908197 91 8 Burke and Wills Outback Conference 2003 2005 The Inaugural Burke amp Wills Outback Conference Cloncurry 2003 a collation of presentations Cairns Dave Phoenix ISBN 0 646 44702 5 Clark C M H 1995 Chapter 7 Glory Folly and Chance A history of Australia Michael Cathcart London Pimlico pp 281 295 ISBN 0 7126 6205 7 OCLC 60103512 Clune Frank 1937 Dig A drama of central Australia Sydney Angus and Robertson Colwell Max 1971 The journey of Burke and Wills Sydney Paul Hamlyn ISBN 0 600 04137 9 Corke David G 1996 The Burke and Wills Expedition A study in evidence Melbourne Educational Media International ISBN 0 909178 16 X Ferguson Charles D 1888 Experiences of a Forty Niner during the thirty four years residence in California and Australia Cleveland Ohio The Williams Publishing Co Fitzpatrick Kathleen 1963 The Burke and Wills Expedition and the Royal Society of Victoria Historical Studies of Australia and New Zealand Vol 10 No 40 pp 470 478 Judge Joseph amp Scherschel Joseph J 1979 First across Australia The journey of Burke and Wills National Geographic Magazine Vol 155 February 1979 pp 152 191 Leahy Frank 2007 Locating the Plant Camp of the Burke and Wills expedition Journal of Spatial Science No 2 December 2007 pp 1 12 Moorehead Alan McCrae 1963 Coopers Creek London Hamish Hamilton Murgatroyd Sarah 2002 The Dig Tree Melbourne Text Publishing ISBN 1 877008 08 7 Phoenix Dave 2003 From Melbourne to the Gulf A brief history of the VEE of 1860 1 Cairns Self published Archived 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Phoenix Dave 2015 Following Burke and Wills across Australia CSIRO Publishing ISBN 9781486301584 Records of the Burke and Wills Expedition 1857 1875 Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Manuscript MS 13071 Australian Manuscripts Collection State Library Victoria Australia Van der Kiste John 2011 William John Wills Pioneer of the Australian outback Stroud History Press ISBN 978 0 7524 5855 7 Victoria Parliament 1862 Burke and Wills Commission Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O Hara Burke and William John Wills the Victorian Explorers Melbourne John Ferres Government Printer White John 1992 Burke and Wills The stockade and the tree Footscray Vic The Victoria University of Technology Library in association with Footprint Press External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burke and Wills expedition Burke amp Wills Web online digital archive Archived 29 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine A comprehensive online digital archive containing transcripts of many of the historical documents relating to the Burke amp Wills Expedition The Burke amp Wills Historical Society Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Dig The Burke and Wills Research Gateway permanent dead link The State Library of Victoria s online exhibition and resources The Burke and Wills collection Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the National Museum of Australia Canberra The Diary of William John Wills Archived 5 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine The diary written by Wills while at the Cooper from 23 April 1861 to 28 June 1861 which is held at the National Library of Australia Canberra The Diary of William John Wills Archived 18 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine Images of the diary at the National Library of Australia William Strutt online collection of drawings in watercolour ink and pencil Archived 8 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine held by the State Library of New South Wales DL PXX 3 and DL PXX 4 The Royal Society of Victoria Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Burke and Wills expedition amp oldid 1131269350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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