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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), a merging of the William H. Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation,[5] is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates. Based in Seattle, Washington, it was launched in 2000 and is reported as of 2020 to be the second largest charitable foundation in the world,[6][7] holding $69 billion in assets.[4] On his 43rd birthday, Bill Gates gave the foundation $1 billion.[8] The primary stated goals of the foundation are to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty across the world, and to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology in the U.S. Key individuals of the foundation include Bill Gates, Melinda French Gates, Warren Buffett, chief executive officer Mark Suzman,[9] and Michael Larson.[10]

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation headquarters in 2022
AbbreviationBMGF
Formation2000; 23 years ago (2000)[1]
Founders
TypeNon-operating private foundation[2]
Legal status501(c)(3) organization
PurposeHealthcare, education, fighting poverty
HeadquartersSeattle, Washington, U.S.
Coordinates47°37′25″N 122°20′44″W / 47.62361°N 122.34556°W / 47.62361; -122.34556
Area served
Worldwide
MethodDonations, grants
Key people
Endowment$67.3 billion (2022)[4]
Employees
1,818 (2023)[4]
Websitewww.gatesfoundation.org
Formerly called
William H. Gates Foundation, Gates Learning Foundation

The BMGF had an endowment of approximately $67.3 billion as of December 31, 2022.[4] The scale of the foundation and the way it seeks to apply business techniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venture philanthropy,[11] though the foundation itself notes that the philanthropic role has limitations.[12] In 2007, its founders were ranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the U.S., behind Warren Buffett.[13] As of 2018, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates had donated around $36 billion to the foundation.[14][15] Since its founding, the foundation has endowed and supported a broad range of social, health, and education developments, including the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarships at Cambridge University.

History edit

 
Headquarters complex in Seattle as seen from the Space Needle

In 1994, the foundation was formed as the William H. Gates Foundation.[16] In May 2002, the foundation purchased stocks in pharmaceutical companies Johnson & Johnson, Merck, and Pfizer.[17] On June 15, 2006, Gates announced his plans to transition out of a day-to-day role with Microsoft, effective July 31, 2008,[18] to allow him to devote more time to working with the foundation. The first CEO of the foundation, until she stepped down in 2008, was Patty Stonesifer.[19]

In 2005, Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates, along with the Irish rock musician Bono, were named by Time as Persons of the Year 2005 for their outstanding charitable work.[20] In the case of the Gates, the work referenced was that of BMGF.

On 12 May 2008 it was announced that Jeff Raikes would replace Stonesifer as the CEO of the BMGF.[21]

In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he urged the students to take on the hard problems of the world. He also explained the nature and philosophy of his philanthropic endeavours.[22][23]

In 2010, the foundation's founders started the Commission on Education of Health Professionals for the 21st Century, entitled "Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world."[24]

A 2011 survey of grantees found that many believed the foundation did not make its goals and strategies clear and sometimes did not understand those of the grantees; that the foundation's decision-making and grantmaking procedures were too opaque; and that its communications could be more consistent and responsive. The foundation's response was to improve the clarity of its explanations, make "orientation calls" to grantees upon awarding grants, tell grantees who their foundation contact is, give timely feedback when they receive a grantee report, and establish a way for grantees to provide anonymous or attributed feedback to the foundation.[25] The foundation also launched a podcast series.[26]

In October 2013, the BMGF announced that it would join the International Aid Transparency Initiative.[27]

In December 2013 Susan Desmond-Hellmann, president of product development for Genentech before its acquisition by Roche Pharmaceuticals,[28] was announced as BMGF's next CEO. She replaced Jeff Raikes on 1 May 2014.[29]

In February 2014 Hillary Clinton launched a partnership between the foundation and the Clinton Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.[30][31] This is called "No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project".[30][31]

In October 2019, the BMGF partnered with the World Economic Forum to host the tabletop exercise called Event 201 in New York City.[32]

In February 2020, BMGF CEO Desmond-Hellmann was replaced "for health and family reasons" by Mark Suzman.[33]

As early as 2012, there were reports afoot that the BMGF was acting as a fund aggregator for wealthy donors: the name recognition associated with BMGF caused more money to be placed than an anonymous control. This was particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic because the BMGF already knew which organizations were working in the field and able to receive funds.[34]

When former President Trump threatened to defund the WHO in summer 2020 over concerns that it was too "deferential" to the Chinese Communist Party, because the BMGF constituted at that time the second-ranked contributor to the WHO, concerns were raised in the charity and academic sector that the BMGF might conceivably bias the WHO in the pursuit of its ideology. In the most timely accounting period, the BMGF provided 45% of the WHO's NGO funds, or in other words 12% of the total operating expenditure of the WHO.[35][36]

It was revealed after the fact that the BMGF had contributed US$1.553 billion to the GAVI over the five years 2016 to 2020. The BMGF was the number two ranked contributor.[37] At the Global Vaccine Summit in June 2020, the BMGF pledged $1.6 billion (or just under 20% of the total) for the subsequent five years.[38]

In May 2022, the Gates Foundation announced the commitment of $125 million to aid in ending the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and to aid in preparing for future pandemics. In total since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic the Gates Foundation has committed more than $2 billion to COVID-19 response efforts.[39] In 2015, it co-funded a community known as Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy in partnership with the United Kingdom Aid from the UK government.[40]

Warren Buffett donations edit

On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares (then valued at $3,071 each, before a 50–1 stock split in 2010) spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately $1.5 billion.[41][42] Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the foundation's annual giving. Bloomberg News noted, "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement."[43][44] The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008).[45][46]

In July 2018, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B stock, this time worth $2 billion, to the Gates Foundation.[47]

Lifespan edit

In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made".[48][49] Also announced was the decision to spend all of the foundation's resources within 50 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths.[50][51][52][53] This was later lowered to within 20 years of their death.[54][55] This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the 2006 announcement, it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".[50]

The plan to close the Foundation Trust is in contrast to most large charitable foundations that have no set closure date. This is intended to lower administrative costs over the years of the Foundation Trust's life and ensure that the Foundation Trust does not fall into a situation where the vast majority of its expenditures are on administrative costs, including salaries, with only token amounts contributed to charitable causes.[51]

In July 2021, the foundation agreed on a back-up plan in the event that its co-chairs cannot work together due to their recent divorce. The deal gives Bill and Melinda a two-year trial, after which Ms. Gates could resign from the organization as well as receiving personal resources from her ex-husband for her own charity work.[56]

Activities edit

Program areas and grant database edit

To maintain its status as a charitable foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation must donate funds equal to at least five percent of its assets each year.[57] As of April 2014, the foundation is organized into four program areas under chief executive officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann, who "sets strategic priorities, monitors results, and facilitates relationships with key partners":[58]

  • Global Development Division
  • Global Health Division
  • United States Division
  • Global Policy & Advocacy Division
  • Global Growth & Opportunity Division[59]

The foundation maintains an online database of grants.[60]

Open access policy edit

 
Life expectancy in 1800, 1950, and 2015 – visualization by Our World in Data

In November 2014, the Gates Foundation announced that they were adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets".[61] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies.[62] As of January 1, 2015, their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.[63] In March 2017, it was confirmed that the open access policy, Gates Open Research,[64] would be based on the same initiative launched in 2016 by Wellcome Trust in their Wellcome Open Research policy[65] launched in partnership with F1000 Research.[66][67]

The Gates Foundation supported Our World in Data, one of the world's largest open-access publications.[68] Bill Gates called the publication his "favorite website".[69]

Our World in Data is a scientific online publication, based at the University of Oxford, that studies how to make progress against large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, climate change, and inequality.[70] The mission of Our World in Data is to present "research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems".[71]

Funds for grants in developing countries edit

The following table lists the BMGF's committed funding as recorded in their International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The BMGF announced in October 2013 that it would join the IATI.[27] The IATI publications only include a subset of BMGF grants (mainly excluding grants to developed countries), and contain few grants before 2009 (which are entirely excluded from the table). The BMGF states on the IATI Registry site that "reporting starts from 2009 and excludes grants related to our US programs and grants that if published could harm our employees, grantees, partners, or the beneficiaries of our work".[72][73]

Committed funding ($ millions)
DAC 5 Digit Sector[74] 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sum
Infectious disease control 256.9 720.3 462.8 528.7 1248.3 1271.8 1097.5 5586.4
Malaria control 324.5 101.7 133.6 75.5 302.4 377.6 140.8 1456.1
STD control including HIV/AIDS 175.5 26.9 291.4 199.7 184.4 264.4 165.7 1308.0
Tuberculosis control 69.2 211.1 59.5 273.9 135.3 100.1 244.8 1094.0
Reproductive health care 173.8 66.8 77.4 165.2 84.9 207.6 130.0 905.8
Agricultural research 84.7 27.8 196.2 192.8 207.1 14.7 83.9 807.2
Family planning 104.5 21.2 21.4 49.3 165.0 145.8 181.7 688.9
Health policy and administrative management 119.3 14.3 145.7 75.5 61.1 113.4 130.3 659.5
Agricultural development 5.2 30.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 325.1 86.1 481.3
Agricultural policy and administrative management 72.9 30.0 77.5 77.1 86.2 19.7 96.9 460.3
Promotion of development awareness 47.2 45.0 35.5 41.7 124.4 61.7 80.7 436.2
Basic health care 22.3 23.9 43.7 73.2 1.7 45.6 206.3 416.7
Basic nutrition 19.2 15.7 40.9 51.5 63.7 55.9 148.2 395.2
Basic sanitation 10.1 34.9 82.9 74.9 59.1 48.7 64.9 375.5
Financial policy and administrative management 29.0 18.4 9.8 8.9 70.1 32.9 53.4 222.5
Other 487.5 273.8 2208.9 260.2 332.1 433.3 2195.7 6191.5
Total 2002 1662 3887 2183 3126 3518 5107 21485

The following table lists the top receiving organizations to which the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has committed funding, between 2009 and 2015. The table again only includes grants recorded in the Gates Foundation's IATI publications.[73]

Organization Amount ($ millions)
GAVI 3,152.8
World Health Organization 1,535.1
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 777.6
PATH 635.2
United States Fund for UNICEF 461.1
The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International 400.1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 340.0
Global Alliance for TB Drug Development 338.4
Medicines for Malaria Venture 334.1
PATH Vaccine Solutions 333.4
UNICEF Headquarters 277.6
Johns Hopkins University 265.4
Aeras 227.6
Clinton Health Access Initiative Inc 199.5
International Development Association 174.7
CARE 166.2
World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office 166.1
Agence française de développement 165.0
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo 153.1
Cornell University 146.7
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa 146.4
United Nations Foundation 143.0
University of Washington Foundation 138.2
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health 136.2
Emory University 123.2
University of California San Francisco 123.1
Population Services International 122.5
University of Oxford 117.8
International Food Policy Research Institute 110.7
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 104.8

According to the OECD, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided US$4.1 billion for development in 2019.[75]

Financials edit

The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust. The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", and its trustees are currently Bill and Melinda Gates; Warren Buffett announced his resignation as a trustee on June 23, 2021.[76] The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.[77]

The foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990-PF forms on the "Financials" section of its website as they become available. At the end of 2012, the foundation registered a cash sum of $4,998,000, down from $10,810,000 at the end of 2011. Unrestricted net assets at the end of 2012 were worth $31,950,613,000, while total assets were worth $37,176,777,000.[78]

Trust investments edit

As of 30 September 2018, according to documents filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the trust owned the following investments:[79]

Company # Shares Value
($ thousands)
Arcos Dorados Holdings 3,060,500 $19,128
AutoNation 1,898,717 $78,892
Berkshire Hathaway Class B 62,078,974 $13,291,729
Canadian National Railway 17,126,874 $1,537,993
Caterpillar Inc. 11,260,857 $1,717,168
Coca-Cola FEMSA 6,214,719 $380,589
Crown Castle 5,332,900 $593,712
Ecolab 4,366,426 $684,568
FedEx 3,024,999 $728,390
Televisa 16,879,104 $299,435
Liberty Global Class A 2,119,515 $61,318
Liberty Global Class C 3,639,349 $102,484
Liberty Global Latin America Class A 370,424 $7,720
Liberty Global Latin America Class C 636,044 $13,122
Microsoft 24,000,000 $2,744,880
United Parcel Service 4,525,329 $528,332
Walmart 11,603,000 $1,089,638
Walgreens Boots Alliance 3,475,398 $253,357
Waste Management 18,633,672 $1,683,739

Global development division edit

Christopher Elias leads the foundation's efforts to combat extreme poverty through grants as president of the Global Development Program.[80]

In March 2006, the foundation announced a $5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".[81]

The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.[82][83] In 2010, the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling, and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.[84]

Gates Cambridge Scholarships edit

In October 2000, William Gates established the Gates Cambridge Scholarships which allow students and scholars from the U.S. and around the world to study at Cambridge University, one of the top universities in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the Rhodes Scholarship, given its similarly international scope and substantial endowment. In 2000, the Gates Foundation endowed the scholarship trust with $210 million to help outstanding graduate students outside of the United Kingdom study at the University of Cambridge.[85] The Gates Foundation has continued to contribute funds to expand the scholarship, making it one of the largest and best-endowed scholarships in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship accepts less than 0.3% of applicants and remains extremely competitive. Each year, approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to study at Cambridge University.

 
Selwyn College, University of Cambridge

Financial assistance edit

  • Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI): A $35 million grant for the AFI supports a coalition of countries from the developing world to create savings accounts, insurance, and other financial services that are made available to people living on less than $2 per day.[86]
  • Financial Access Initiative: A $5 million grant allows Financial Access Initiative to conduct field research and answer important questions about microfinance and financial access in impoverished countries around the world.[87]
  • Pro Mujer: A five-year $3.1 million grant to Pro Mujer—a microfinance network in Latin America combining financial services with healthcare for the poorest women entrepreneurs—will be used to research new opportunities for the poorest segment of the Latin American microfinance market.[88]
  • Grameen Foundation: A $1.5 million grant allows Grameen Foundation to approve more microloans that support Grameen's goal of helping five million additional families, and successfully freeing 50 percent of those families from poverty within five years.[89]
  • Grant worth $1.3 million Lawrence Muganga for his book You Can't Make Fish Climb Trees.[90]
  • Support for Mojaloop Foundation with a 2020 grant of $4.7 million, and a 2023 grant of $8.5 million.[91][92]

Agricultural development edit

Water, sanitation and hygiene edit

 
The "sanitation value chain" used by the Gates Foundation to illustrate their approach to sanitation, showing collection, transport, treatment and reuse.[96]
The Gates Foundation created this video to advocate for increased innovation for toilets and everything they are connected to
 
Example for technology innovation: The off-grid Nano Membrane Toilet of Cranfield University – prototype on display at Reinvent the Toilet Fair in Delhi, India

The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative", and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010.[96] The foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers),[96] and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

In mid-2011, the foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions.[97] Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.[96][97]

In mid-2011, the foundation stated that they had committed more than $265 million to the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector over the past five years, i.e. since about 2006.[97] For the time period of about 2008 to mid-2015, all grants awarded to water, sanitation, and hygiene projects totaled a value of around $650 million, according to the publicly available grant database.[60]

 
Example of low-tech toilet development being funded: A urine-diverting dry toilet called Earth Auger toilet from Ecuador/US

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority, as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation.[98] About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy. This is called open defecation and it poses significant health risks.[99] India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people.[100] The foundation has been funding many sanitation research and demonstration projects in India since about 2011.[101]

Reinvent the Toilet Challenge edit

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation.[102][103] This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media.[104][105] It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of $100,000 each in the first round.[103] Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.[106]

 
Microbial fuel cell stack that converts urine into electricity (research by the University of the West of England, UK)

Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China, and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of $400,000 for their first phase, followed by typically $1 million – 3 million for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.[107]

The "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" is focused on "reinventing the flush toilet". The aim was to create a toilet that not only removes pathogens from human excreta, but also recovers resources such as energy, clean water, and nutrients (a concept also known as reuse of excreta). It should operate "off-the-grid" without connections to water, sewer, or electrical networks. Finally, it should cost less than 5 cents per user per day.[106][108]

High-tech toilets for tackling the growing public health problem of human waste are gaining increasing attention, but this focus on a "technology fix" has also been criticized by many in the sector.[104] However, low-tech solutions may be more practical in poor countries, and research is also funded by the foundation for such toilets.[108][109]

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor"[110]) and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.[111]

Examples of transformative technologies research edit

  • About 200 sanitation projects in many different countries and at various scales – some with a technology focus, some with a focus on market development or policy and advocacy, have received funding from the foundation since 2008.[112]
  • The University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa Gates Foundation was awarded $1.6 million in 2014 to act as a hub for sanitation researchers and product developers.[113][114]
  • One example of an Omni-Processor is a combustion-based system designed to turn fecal sludge into energy and drinking water. The development of this particular prototype by U.S.-based company Janicki Bioenergy attracted media attention for the sanitation crisis and the work of the foundation after Bill Gates drank water produced from this process.[115]
  • Examples for the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge include: Scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder were given funding of $1.8 million to develop a prototype toilet that uses solar heat to treat the fecal matter and produce biochar.[116][117] Funding has been provided to RTI International since 2012 to develop a toilet based on electrochemical disinfection and solid waste combustion.[118][119]

Other global initiatives edit

Some examples include:

The foundation is a donor to the National Geographic Society.[128]

The foundation is working with Mastercard, GAVI and TrustStamp to create the Mastercard Well Pass. This program, being tested in 2020 in West Africa, will integrate vaccination records with cashless payment capability.[129][130]

Global health division edit

Since 2011, the president of the Global Health Program is Trevor Mundel:[131]

  • The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: The foundation has donated more than $6.6 billion for global health programs, including over $1.3 billion donated as of 2012 on malaria alone, greatly increasing the dollars spent per year on malaria research.[132][133] Before the Gates efforts on malaria, malaria drugmakers had largely given up on producing drugs to fight the disease, and the foundation is the world's largest donor to research on diseases of the poor.[133] With the help of Gates-funded vaccination drives, deaths from measles in Africa have dropped by 90 percent since 2000.[134]

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases.[134]

The Global Health Program's other significant grants include:

  • Polio eradication: In 2006, the foundation provided $86 million toward efforts attempting to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio).[135]
  • The GAVI vaccine alliance: The foundation gave the GAVI Alliance (formerly the "Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization") a donation of $750 million on January 25, 2005.[136][137]
  • Children's Vaccine Program: The Children's Vaccine Program, run by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), received a donation of $27 million to help vaccinate against Japanese encephalitis on December 9, 2003.[138]
  • HIV Research: The foundation donated a total of $287 million to various HIV/AIDS researchers. The money was split between 16 different research teams across the world, on the condition that the findings are shared amongst the teams.[139]
  • Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation: The foundation gave the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation more than $280 million to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) for use in high-burden countries (HBCs).[140][141]
  • Cheaper high-tech tuberculosis (TB) test: In August 2012, the foundation, in partnership with PEPFAR (United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), USAID (United States Agency for International Development) and UNITAID (an international drug purchasing facility hosted by WHO), announced they had finalized an agreement to reduce the cost of a commercial TB test (Cepheid's Xpert MTB/RIF run on the GeneXpert platform), from $16.86 to $9.98.[142] This test can take the place of smear microscopy, a technique first developed in the 1880s by Robert Koch. Smear microscopy often does not show TB infection in persons who are also co-infected with HIV, whereas the GeneXpert system can show TB in the co-infected patient. In addition, the system can show whether the particular TB strain is resistant to the bactericidal antibiotic rifampicin, a widely accepted indicator of the presence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.[143][144]
  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) research: The foundation awarded the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases a $5 million grant in 2009 for research into visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an emerging parasitic disease in Ethiopia, Africa, where it is frequently associated with HIV/AIDS and is a leading cause of adult illness and death. The project, a collaborative effort with Addis Ababa University, will gather data for analysis—to identify the weak links in the transmission cycle—and devise methods for control of the disease.[145] In 2005 the foundation provided a $30 million grant to The Institute for OneWorld Health to support the nonprofit pharmaceutical company's VL work in the rural communities of India, Bangladesh and Nepal.[146] By September 2006, the company had received approval from the Indian body Drug-Controller General of India (DCGI) for the Paromomycin Intramuscular (IM) Injection, a drug that provides an effective cure for VL following a 21-day course.[147] In 2010 Raj Shankar Ghosh, the Regional Director for the South Asia Institute for OneWorld Health, explained that the foundation funded "the majority of our work" in the development of the drug.[148]
  • Group B streptococcus: The foundation gave $17,252,854 in September 2016 to Pfizer to develop a vaccine against Group B streptococcus (GBS) for distribution in developing countries.[149] In May 2022, the funding was renewed with an additional $100,000,000.[150]
  • Next-Generation Condom: The foundation gave $100,000 to 11 applicants in November 2013 to develop an improved condom; that is, one that "significantly preserves or enhances pleasure, in order to improve uptake and regular use", according to the Gates Foundation's Grand Challenges in Global Health website.[151] Further grants of up to $1 million will be given to projects that are successful.[152]
  • Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): Alongside WHO, the governments of the United States, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates, and the World Bank, the foundation endorsed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, "to eradicate, eliminate and intensify control of 17 selected diseases by 2015 and 2020", at a meeting on January 30, 2012, held at the Royal College of Physicians in London, UK.[153] Gates was the principal organizer responsible for bringing together the heads of 13 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and the foundation's monetary commitment to the Declaration was $363 million over five years.[154] On April 3, 2014, the two-year anniversary of the Declaration, Gates attended a meeting in Paris at which participants reviewed the progress that had been made against 10 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The foundation committed a further $50 million, together with $50 million from the Children's Investment Fund Foundation and $120 million from the World Bank.[155] The foundation has given in excess of $1 million to The END Fund, a public-private partnership to deliver medication for NTDs to areas in need.[156]
  • Monoclonal antibody therapies: In October 2018, the foundation awarded $8,279,723 to Inovio Pharmaceuticals to fund the development of "next-generation" delivery methods for monoclonal antibodies targeted for use in low- and middle-income countries.[157]
  • Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI): A global group tasked with more quickly developing vaccines against infectious disease threats worldwide was launched on January 8, 2017, by a coalition of governments and nonprofit groups including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, funded with an initial investment of $460 million from Germany, Japan, Norway, the Wellcome Trust and the Gates foundation, aims to develop vaccines against known infectious disease threats that could be deployed quickly to contain outbreaks before they become global health emergencies, the group said in a statement at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.[158][159]
  • The Big Catch-up: In response to the decline in childhood vaccination rates affecting over 100 countries due to the COVID-19 pandemic, global health partners including WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, and the Vaccine Alliance launched "The Big Catch-up" initiative. This collaborative effort aims to reverse vaccination declines, particularly in 20 countries with the highest numbers of missed vaccinations. Over 25 million children missed at least one vaccination in 2021, leading to preventable disease outbreaks. The initiative focuses on strengthening healthcare systems, building trust in vaccines, and addressing barriers to immunization, with an emphasis on reaching vulnerable populations.[160]

COVID-19 edit

Beginning in 2020, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has provided hundreds of millions of dollars of funding towards initiatives surrounding the COVID-19 public health crisis.

COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator edit

In 2020, together with the UK research charity Wellcome and Mastercard, the Gates Foundation established the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator to hasten the development and evaluation of new and repurposed drugs and biologics to treat patients for COVID-19.[161] After the World Health Organization's appeal for funding, the Gates Foundation pledged an extra US$150 million on top of the US$100 million already committed earlier.[162]

By April 2020, the foundation had provided backing for six candidates for vaccines against COVID-19.[163] In June, the foundation tapped the National University of Singapore to investigate which countries in Asia responded effectively to the pandemic.[164] On June 26, the foundation and its partners with the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator announced the launch of the International COVID-19 Data Alliance (ICODA) to be hosted at Health Data Research UK.[165]

In December 2020, the foundation solicited applications for funding for researchers at McMaster University to develop epidemiological models for SARS-CoV-2, as well as COVID-19 vaccines, treatments and non-pharmaceutical interventions.[166] The foundation re-upped its support of ICODA in May 2021 with a grant of $577,246.[167]

In August 2021, the foundation awarded a $587,568 grant to Wits Health Consortium to test the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines distributed in South Africa by Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer.[168]

In November 2021, the foundation gave $2,118,334 to Providence Therapeutics to develop more cost-effective mRNA vaccines.[169]

United States division edit

Under President Allan Golston, the United States Program has made grants such as the following:

Donation to Planned Parenthood edit

Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood and affiliated organizations. In 2014, Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion", focusing instead on family planning and contraception in order to avoid conflation of abortion and family planning.[170] In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that "[she], like everyone else, struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning".[170] Since this time, their endeavors have shifted to a more global perspective, focusing on voluntary family planning and maternal and newborn health.[171][172]

Libraries edit

In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide to increase access and knowledge.[173] Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.[173]

Most recently, the foundation gave a $12.2 million grant to the Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET) to assist libraries in Louisiana and Mississippi on the Gulf Coast, many of which were damaged or destroyed by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Education edit

A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions.[174] It spent $373 million on education in 2009.[174] It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions.[174] The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.[174] In October 2017 it was announced that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation would spend more than $1.7 billion over five years to pay for new initiatives in public education.[175]

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, to increase graduation rates.[176][177] One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.[178]

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations, and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education.[179]

Some of the foundation's educational initiatives have included:

  • Gates Cambridge Scholarships: In 2000, the Gates Foundation donated $210 million to help outstanding graduate students from the U.S. and around the world to study at the prestigious University of Cambridge. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the Rhodes Scholarship given its international scope and substantial endowment. The scholarship remains extremely competitive with just 0.3% of applicants being selected. Each year, approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to attend Cambridge University. Several buildings at the University of Cambridge also bear the name of William and Melinda Gates after sizable contributions to their construction.[180]
 
Cambridge University
  • Cornell University: Received $25 million from the foundation for a new Information Science building, named "Bill and Melinda Gates Hall". The total cost of the building was estimated at $60 million. Construction began in March 2012 and officially opened in January 2014.[181]
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Part of the Ray and Maria Stata Center is known as the "Gates Tower" in recognition of partial funding of the building.
  • Carnegie Mellon University: The foundation gave $20 million to the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science for a new Computer Science building called the "Gates Center for Computer Science".[182] It officially opened on September 22, 2009.[183]
  • Smaller schools: The Gates Foundation claims one in five students is unable to read and grasp the contents of what they read, and African American and Latino students are graduating high school with the skills of a middle school student.[184] Gates Foundation has invested more than $250 million in grants to create new small schools, reduce student-to-teacher ratios, and to divide up large high schools through the schools-within-a-school model.[184]
  • D.C. Achievers Scholarships: The Gates Foundation announced March 22, 2007, a $122 million initiative to send hundreds of the District of Columbia's poorest students to college.[185][186]
  • Gates Millennium Scholars: Administered by the United Negro College Fund, the foundation donated $1.5 billion for scholarships to high achieving minority students.[187]
  • NewSchools Venture Fund: The foundation contributed $30 million to help NewSchools to manage more charter schools, which aim to prepare students in historically underserved areas for college and careers.
  • Strong American Schools: On April 25, 2007, the Gates Foundation joined forces with the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation pledging a joint $60 million to create Strong American Schools, a nonprofit project responsible for running ED in 08, an initiative and information campaign aimed at encouraging 2008 presidential contenders to include education in their campaign policies.[188]
  • Teaching Channel: The Gates Foundation announced in September 2011 a $3.5 million initiative to launch a multi-platform service delivering professional development videos for teachers over the Internet, public television, cable and other digital outlets.[189] To date, over 500,000 teachers and educators have joined the community to share ideas, lesson plans and teaching methods.[190]
  • The Texas High School Project: The project was set out to increase and improve high school graduation rates across Texas. The foundation committed $84.6 million to the project beginning in 2003. The project focuses its efforts on high-need schools and districts statewide, with an emphasis on urban areas and the Texas-Mexico border.[191]
  • University Scholars Program: Donated $20 million in 1998 to endow a scholarship program at Melinda Gates' alma mater, Duke University.[192] The program provides full scholarships to about 10 members of each undergraduate class and one member in each class in each of the professional schools (schools of medicine, business, law, divinity, environment, nursing, and public policy), as well as to students in the Graduate School pursuing doctoral degrees in any discipline. Graduate and professional school scholars serve as mentors to the undergraduate scholars, who are chosen based on financial need and potential for interdisciplinary academic interests. Scholars are chosen each spring from new applicants to Duke University's undergraduate, graduate, and professional school programs. The program features seminars to bring these scholars together for interdisciplinary discussions and an annual spring symposium organized by the scholars.
  • Washington State Achievers Scholarship: The Washington State Achievers program encourages schools to create cultures of high academic achievement while providing scholarship support to select college-bound students.
  • William H. Gates Public Service Law Program: This program awards five full scholarships annually to the University of Washington School of Law. Scholars commit to working in relatively low-paying public service legal positions for at least the first five years following graduation.[193]
  • University of Texas at Austin: $30 million challenge grant to build the Bill & Melinda Gates Computer Science Complex.[194]
  • STAND UP: a national campaign that seeks to positively impact the current crisis within the United States public education system by calling upon community leaders, parents, students, and citizens to encourage change and STAND UP for better schools and the future of America's children. STAND UP was co-founded by the Eli Broad Foundation and was launched in April 2006 on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a two-part feature.
  • Alliance for Early Success to support the promotion, education, coordination, and alignment of policies that support vulnerable children ages birth through age eight.[195]
  • Every Student Succeeds Act: donated about $44 million to help with the 2015 federal education law.[196]

Pacific Northwest edit

  • Discovery Institute: Donated $1 million in 2000 to the Discovery Institute and pledged $9.35 million over 10 years in 2003, including $50,000 of Bruce Chapman's $141,000 annual salary. According to a Gates Foundation grant maker, this grant is "exclusive to the Cascadia project" on regional transportation, and it may not be used for the institute's other activities, including promotion of intelligent design.[197]
  • Rainier Scholars: Donated $1 million.
  • Computer History Museum: Donated $15 million to the museum in October 2005.[198]

Criticism edit

Education programs edit

Some critics[who?] fear that the foundation directs the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage.[199] The foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence.[174][179][200][201] Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".[174]

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers who argue they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences.[176] Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm.[202][203][204][205]

Examples of some of the K-12 reforms advocated by the foundation include closing ineffective neighborhood schools in favor of privately run charter schools; extensively using standardized test scores to evaluate the progress of students, teachers, and schools; and merit pay for teachers based on student test scores. Critics also believe that the Gates Foundation exerts too much influence over public education policy without being accountable to voters or taxpayers.[202][206][207]

Global health division edit

A 2007 investigation by the Los Angeles Times[134] claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid towards the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation".[134] Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".[134]

In response, the Gates Foundation has said that African governments need to spend more of their budgets on public health than on wars, that the foundation has donated at least $70 million to help improve nutrition and agriculture in Africa, in addition to its disease-related initiatives and that it is studying ways to improve the delivery of health care in Africa.[134]

Both insiders and external critics have suggested that there is too much deference to Bill Gates's personal views within the Gates Foundation, insufficient internal debate, and pervasive "group think."[133][208] Critics also complain that Gates Foundation grants are often awarded based on social connections and ideological allegiances rather than based on formal external review processes or technical competence.[208]

Critics have suggested that Gates' approach to Global Health and Agriculture favors the interests of large pharmaceutical and agribusiness companies over the interests of the people of developing countries.[209][210][211][212] After the Gates foundation urged the University of Oxford to find a large company partner to get its COVID-19 vaccine to market, the university backed off from its earlier pledge to donate the rights to any drugmaker.[213]

Critics have outlined that the "Global Health Governance" approach as its conducted by the BMGF can best be understood as "Global Health Imperialism" breaking with the "traditional notions of Westphalian sovereignty" by enforcing capitalist policies on all countries.[214] Also the broader concept of "philanthrocapitalism" is criticised as not addressing the real issue of systemic inequality of capitalism. Instead of real social change organisations such as BMGF represent the interests of "highly sophisticated capitalists who know what they want and how best to get it" – the "Global Health Imperialism" agenda is devoted "to expanding worldwide markets and facilitating commerce on behalf of Western capitalism".[215]

AGRA edit

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is one of the founders and primary financiers of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), an African-led organization focused on "transforming African agriculture"[216] to improve food security in Africa and reduce poverty among small farmers.[217] Some critics allege that by encouraging the use of mass-produced fertilizers and new seed varieties, AGRA's hidden goal is not to lift small farmers out of poverty, but to control them through dependence on profit-oriented international supply chains.[218]

Modi Goalkeepers Award edit

On September 24, 2019, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation gave its Goalkeepers Global Goals award to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. The decision to award Modi was widely criticized by academics, Nobel Prize laureates, and human rights activists from all over the world.[219][220][221] A petition signed by over 100,000 people also demanded that the Gates Foundation rescind the award.[222] Critics insisted that Modi, a Hindu nationalist prime minister with an alleged long record of human rights abuse, should not be celebrated by an organization whose mission states that 'every life has equal value and all people deserve healthy lives.'[223] By giving Modi this prestigious award, they noted, the Gates Foundation contributes in legitimizing the rule of Modi.[224]

Poverty and education policy edit

Critics say the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has overlooked the links between poverty and poor academic achievement and has unfairly demonized teachers for poor achievement by underprivileged students. They contend that the Gates Foundation should be embracing anti-poverty and living wage policies rather than pursuing untested and empirically unsupported education reforms.[225]

Critics say that Gates-backed reforms such as increasing the use of technology in education may financially benefit Microsoft and the Gates family.[176][226][227]

Calls for divestment edit

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty.[113][228] These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world.[229] In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility.[230] It subsequently canceled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.[231][232]

Critics have called on the Gates Foundation to divest from the GEO Group, the second-largest private prison corporation in the United States. A large part of the prison's work involves incarcerating and detaining migrants that have been detained by the Obama administration and the Trump administration.[233][234][235] In spring 2014, the Gates Foundation acknowledged its $2.2 million investment in the prison corporation.[236] It rebuffed critics' request that it sever investment ties with the prison corporation. It has refused to comment on whether it is continuing its investments, as of 2016.[233][237]

Awards edit

See also edit

Notes and references edit

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External links edit

  • Official website  
    • Grants database from 1994 onward (grant payments only, not contracts or investments)
  • Bill Gates donated his $35.8 billion to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation[permanent dead link] World's Biggest Charitable Trust
  • The Foundation Center: Top 100 US Foundations by asset size Gates Foundation ranked number one.

bill, melinda, gates, foundation, bmgf, merging, william, gates, foundation, gates, learning, foundation, american, private, foundation, founded, bill, gates, melinda, french, gates, based, seattle, washington, launched, 2000, reported, 2020, second, largest, . The Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation BMGF a merging of the William H Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation 5 is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates Based in Seattle Washington it was launched in 2000 and is reported as of 2020 to be the second largest charitable foundation in the world 6 7 holding 69 billion in assets 4 On his 43rd birthday Bill Gates gave the foundation 1 billion 8 The primary stated goals of the foundation are to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty across the world and to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology in the U S Key individuals of the foundation include Bill Gates Melinda French Gates Warren Buffett chief executive officer Mark Suzman 9 and Michael Larson 10 Bill amp Melinda Gates FoundationThe Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation headquarters in 2022AbbreviationBMGFFormation2000 23 years ago 2000 1 FoundersBill GatesMelinda French GatesTypeNon operating private foundation 2 Legal status501 c 3 organizationPurposeHealthcare education fighting povertyHeadquartersSeattle Washington U S Coordinates47 37 25 N 122 20 44 W 47 62361 N 122 34556 W 47 62361 122 34556Area servedWorldwideMethodDonations grantsKey peopleBill Gates co founder Melinda French Gates co chair Mark Suzman CEO 3 Endowment 67 3 billion 2022 update 4 Employees1 818 2023 4 Websitewww wbr gatesfoundation wbr orgFormerly calledWilliam H Gates Foundation Gates Learning FoundationThe BMGF had an endowment of approximately 67 3 billion as of December 31 2022 update 4 The scale of the foundation and the way it seeks to apply business techniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venture philanthropy 11 though the foundation itself notes that the philanthropic role has limitations 12 In 2007 its founders were ranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the U S behind Warren Buffett 13 As of 2018 Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates had donated around 36 billion to the foundation 14 15 Since its founding the foundation has endowed and supported a broad range of social health and education developments including the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarships at Cambridge University Contents 1 History 1 1 Warren Buffett donations 1 2 Lifespan 2 Activities 2 1 Program areas and grant database 2 2 Open access policy 2 3 Funds for grants in developing countries 3 Financials 3 1 Trust investments 4 Global development division 4 1 Gates Cambridge Scholarships 4 2 Financial assistance 4 3 Agricultural development 4 4 Water sanitation and hygiene 4 4 1 Reinvent the Toilet Challenge 4 4 2 Examples of transformative technologies research 4 5 Other global initiatives 5 Global health division 5 1 COVID 19 5 1 1 COVID 19 Therapeutics Accelerator 6 United States division 6 1 Donation to Planned Parenthood 6 2 Libraries 6 3 Education 6 4 Pacific Northwest 7 Criticism 7 1 Education programs 7 2 Global health division 7 3 AGRA 7 4 Modi Goalkeepers Award 7 5 Poverty and education policy 7 6 Calls for divestment 8 Awards 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External linksHistory edit nbsp Headquarters complex in Seattle as seen from the Space NeedleIn 1994 the foundation was formed as the William H Gates Foundation 16 In May 2002 the foundation purchased stocks in pharmaceutical companies Johnson amp Johnson Merck and Pfizer 17 On June 15 2006 Gates announced his plans to transition out of a day to day role with Microsoft effective July 31 2008 18 to allow him to devote more time to working with the foundation The first CEO of the foundation until she stepped down in 2008 was Patty Stonesifer 19 In 2005 Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates along with the Irish rock musician Bono were named by Time as Persons of the Year 2005 for their outstanding charitable work 20 In the case of the Gates the work referenced was that of BMGF On 12 May 2008 it was announced that Jeff Raikes would replace Stonesifer as the CEO of the BMGF 21 In April 2010 Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he urged the students to take on the hard problems of the world He also explained the nature and philosophy of his philanthropic endeavours 22 23 In 2010 the foundation s founders started the Commission on Education of Health Professionals for the 21st Century entitled Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world 24 A 2011 survey of grantees found that many believed the foundation did not make its goals and strategies clear and sometimes did not understand those of the grantees that the foundation s decision making and grantmaking procedures were too opaque and that its communications could be more consistent and responsive The foundation s response was to improve the clarity of its explanations make orientation calls to grantees upon awarding grants tell grantees who their foundation contact is give timely feedback when they receive a grantee report and establish a way for grantees to provide anonymous or attributed feedback to the foundation 25 The foundation also launched a podcast series 26 In October 2013 the BMGF announced that it would join the International Aid Transparency Initiative 27 In December 2013 Susan Desmond Hellmann president of product development for Genentech before its acquisition by Roche Pharmaceuticals 28 was announced as BMGF s next CEO She replaced Jeff Raikes on 1 May 2014 29 In February 2014 Hillary Clinton launched a partnership between the foundation and the Clinton Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing 30 31 This is called No Ceilings The Full Participation Project 30 31 In October 2019 the BMGF partnered with the World Economic Forum to host the tabletop exercise called Event 201 in New York City 32 In February 2020 BMGF CEO Desmond Hellmann was replaced for health and family reasons by Mark Suzman 33 As early as 2012 there were reports afoot that the BMGF was acting as a fund aggregator for wealthy donors the name recognition associated with BMGF caused more money to be placed than an anonymous control This was particularly useful during the COVID 19 pandemic because the BMGF already knew which organizations were working in the field and able to receive funds 34 When former President Trump threatened to defund the WHO in summer 2020 over concerns that it was too deferential to the Chinese Communist Party because the BMGF constituted at that time the second ranked contributor to the WHO concerns were raised in the charity and academic sector that the BMGF might conceivably bias the WHO in the pursuit of its ideology In the most timely accounting period the BMGF provided 45 of the WHO s NGO funds or in other words 12 of the total operating expenditure of the WHO 35 36 It was revealed after the fact that the BMGF had contributed US 1 553 billion to the GAVI over the five years 2016 to 2020 The BMGF was the number two ranked contributor 37 At the Global Vaccine Summit in June 2020 the BMGF pledged 1 6 billion or just under 20 of the total for the subsequent five years 38 In May 2022 the Gates Foundation announced the commitment of 125 million to aid in ending the acute phase of the COVID 19 pandemic and to aid in preparing for future pandemics In total since the start of the COVID 19 pandemic the Gates Foundation has committed more than 2 billion to COVID 19 response efforts 39 In 2015 it co funded a community known as Agriculture Nutrition and Health Academy in partnership with the United Kingdom Aid from the UK government 40 Warren Buffett donations edit On June 25 2006 Warren Buffett pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares then valued at 3 071 each before a 50 1 stock split in 2010 spread over multiple years through annual contributions with the first year s donation of 500 000 shares being worth approximately 1 5 billion 41 42 Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation s endowment but effectively work as a matching contribution doubling the foundation s annual giving Bloomberg News noted Buffett s gift came with three conditions for the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration it must continue to qualify as a charity and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year s Berkshire gift plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement 43 44 The Gates Foundation received 5 500 000 of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5 of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year 475 000 in 2007 451 250 in 2008 45 46 In July 2018 Buffet announced another donation of his company s Class B stock this time worth 2 billion to the Gates Foundation 47 Lifespan edit In October 2006 the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Trust which manages the endowment assets and the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation which conducts all operations and grantmaking work and it is the entity from which all grants are made 48 49 Also announced was the decision to spend all of the foundation s resources within 50 years after Bill s and Melinda s deaths 50 51 52 53 This was later lowered to within 20 years of their death 54 55 This would close the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation In the 2006 announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled 50 The plan to close the Foundation Trust is in contrast to most large charitable foundations that have no set closure date This is intended to lower administrative costs over the years of the Foundation Trust s life and ensure that the Foundation Trust does not fall into a situation where the vast majority of its expenditures are on administrative costs including salaries with only token amounts contributed to charitable causes 51 In July 2021 the foundation agreed on a back up plan in the event that its co chairs cannot work together due to their recent divorce The deal gives Bill and Melinda a two year trial after which Ms Gates could resign from the organization as well as receiving personal resources from her ex husband for her own charity work 56 Activities editProgram areas and grant database edit To maintain its status as a charitable foundation the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation must donate funds equal to at least five percent of its assets each year 57 As of April 2014 the foundation is organized into four program areas under chief executive officer Susan Desmond Hellmann who sets strategic priorities monitors results and facilitates relationships with key partners 58 Global Development Division Global Health Division United States Division Global Policy amp Advocacy Division Global Growth amp Opportunity Division 59 The foundation maintains an online database of grants 60 Open access policy edit nbsp Life expectancy in 1800 1950 and 2015 visualization by Our World in DataIn November 2014 the Gates Foundation announced that they were adopting an open access OA policy for publications and data to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer reviewed published research funded by the foundation including any underlying data sets 61 Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies 62 As of January 1 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements 63 In March 2017 it was confirmed that the open access policy Gates Open Research 64 would be based on the same initiative launched in 2016 by Wellcome Trust in their Wellcome Open Research policy 65 launched in partnership with F1000 Research 66 67 The Gates Foundation supported Our World in Data one of the world s largest open access publications 68 Bill Gates called the publication his favorite website 69 Our World in Data is a scientific online publication based at the University of Oxford that studies how to make progress against large global problems such as poverty disease hunger climate change and inequality 70 The mission of Our World in Data is to present research and data to make progress against the world s largest problems 71 Funds for grants in developing countries edit The following table lists the BMGF s committed funding as recorded in their International Aid Transparency Initiative IATI publications The BMGF announced in October 2013 that it would join the IATI 27 The IATI publications only include a subset of BMGF grants mainly excluding grants to developed countries and contain few grants before 2009 which are entirely excluded from the table The BMGF states on the IATI Registry site that reporting starts from 2009 and excludes grants related to our US programs and grants that if published could harm our employees grantees partners or the beneficiaries of our work 72 73 Committed funding millions DAC 5 Digit Sector 74 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 SumInfectious disease control 256 9 720 3 462 8 528 7 1248 3 1271 8 1097 5 5586 4Malaria control 324 5 101 7 133 6 75 5 302 4 377 6 140 8 1456 1STD control including HIV AIDS 175 5 26 9 291 4 199 7 184 4 264 4 165 7 1308 0Tuberculosis control 69 2 211 1 59 5 273 9 135 3 100 1 244 8 1094 0Reproductive health care 173 8 66 8 77 4 165 2 84 9 207 6 130 0 905 8Agricultural research 84 7 27 8 196 2 192 8 207 1 14 7 83 9 807 2Family planning 104 5 21 2 21 4 49 3 165 0 145 8 181 7 688 9Health policy and administrative management 119 3 14 3 145 7 75 5 61 1 113 4 130 3 659 5Agricultural development 5 2 30 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 325 1 86 1 481 3Agricultural policy and administrative management 72 9 30 0 77 5 77 1 86 2 19 7 96 9 460 3Promotion of development awareness 47 2 45 0 35 5 41 7 124 4 61 7 80 7 436 2Basic health care 22 3 23 9 43 7 73 2 1 7 45 6 206 3 416 7Basic nutrition 19 2 15 7 40 9 51 5 63 7 55 9 148 2 395 2Basic sanitation 10 1 34 9 82 9 74 9 59 1 48 7 64 9 375 5Financial policy and administrative management 29 0 18 4 9 8 8 9 70 1 32 9 53 4 222 5Other 487 5 273 8 2208 9 260 2 332 1 433 3 2195 7 6191 5Total 2002 1662 3887 2183 3126 3518 5107 21485The following table lists the top receiving organizations to which the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation has committed funding between 2009 and 2015 The table again only includes grants recorded in the Gates Foundation s IATI publications 73 Organization Amount millions GAVI 3 152 8World Health Organization 1 535 1The Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria 777 6PATH 635 2United States Fund for UNICEF 461 1The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International 400 1International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 340 0Global Alliance for TB Drug Development 338 4Medicines for Malaria Venture 334 1PATH Vaccine Solutions 333 4UNICEF Headquarters 277 6Johns Hopkins University 265 4Aeras 227 6Clinton Health Access Initiative Inc 199 5International Development Association 174 7CARE 166 2World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office 166 1Agence francaise de developpement 165 0Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo 153 1Cornell University 146 7Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa 146 4United Nations Foundation 143 0University of Washington Foundation 138 2Foundation for the National Institutes of Health 136 2Emory University 123 2University of California San Francisco 123 1Population Services International 122 5University of Oxford 117 8International Food Policy Research Institute 110 7International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 104 8According to the OECD the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation provided US 4 1 billion for development in 2019 75 Financials editThe foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation and the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Trust The foundation section based in Seattle US focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty and its trustees are currently Bill and Melinda Gates Warren Buffett announced his resignation as a trustee on June 23 2021 76 The trust section manages the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation s charitable goals it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates who are the sole trustees and receives contributions from Buffett 77 The foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990 PF forms on the Financials section of its website as they become available At the end of 2012 the foundation registered a cash sum of 4 998 000 down from 10 810 000 at the end of 2011 Unrestricted net assets at the end of 2012 were worth 31 950 613 000 while total assets were worth 37 176 777 000 78 Trust investments edit As of 30 September 2018 update according to documents filed with the U S Securities and Exchange Commission the trust owned the following investments 79 Company Shares Value thousands Arcos Dorados Holdings 3 060 500 19 128AutoNation 1 898 717 78 892Berkshire Hathaway Class B 62 078 974 13 291 729Canadian National Railway 17 126 874 1 537 993Caterpillar Inc 11 260 857 1 717 168Coca Cola FEMSA 6 214 719 380 589Crown Castle 5 332 900 593 712Ecolab 4 366 426 684 568FedEx 3 024 999 728 390Televisa 16 879 104 299 435Liberty Global Class A 2 119 515 61 318Liberty Global Class C 3 639 349 102 484Liberty Global Latin America Class A 370 424 7 720Liberty Global Latin America Class C 636 044 13 122Microsoft 24 000 000 2 744 880United Parcel Service 4 525 329 528 332Walmart 11 603 000 1 089 638Walgreens Boots Alliance 3 475 398 253 357Waste Management 18 633 672 1 683 739Global development division editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Christopher Elias leads the foundation s efforts to combat extreme poverty through grants as president of the Global Development Program 80 In March 2006 the foundation announced a 5 million grant for the International Justice Mission IJM a human rights organization based in Washington D C US to work in the area of sex trafficking The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking following research The office was opened for three years for the following purposes conducting undercover investigations training law enforcement rescuing victims ensuring appropriate aftercare and seeking perpetrator accountability 81 The IJM used the grant money to found Project Lantern and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu 82 83 In 2010 the results of the project were published in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project and an increase in services like shelter counseling and career training provided to trafficking survivors At the time that the results were released the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions 84 Gates Cambridge Scholarships edit In October 2000 William Gates established the Gates Cambridge Scholarships which allow students and scholars from the U S and around the world to study at Cambridge University one of the top universities in the world The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the Rhodes Scholarship given its similarly international scope and substantial endowment In 2000 the Gates Foundation endowed the scholarship trust with 210 million to help outstanding graduate students outside of the United Kingdom study at the University of Cambridge 85 The Gates Foundation has continued to contribute funds to expand the scholarship making it one of the largest and best endowed scholarships in the world The Gates Cambridge Scholarship accepts less than 0 3 of applicants and remains extremely competitive Each year approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to study at Cambridge University nbsp Selwyn College University of CambridgeFinancial assistance edit Alliance for Financial Inclusion AFI A 35 million grant for the AFI supports a coalition of countries from the developing world to create savings accounts insurance and other financial services that are made available to people living on less than 2 per day 86 Financial Access Initiative A 5 million grant allows Financial Access Initiative to conduct field research and answer important questions about microfinance and financial access in impoverished countries around the world 87 Pro Mujer A five year 3 1 million grant to Pro Mujer a microfinance network in Latin America combining financial services with healthcare for the poorest women entrepreneurs will be used to research new opportunities for the poorest segment of the Latin American microfinance market 88 Grameen Foundation A 1 5 million grant allows Grameen Foundation to approve more microloans that support Grameen s goal of helping five million additional families and successfully freeing 50 percent of those families from poverty within five years 89 Grant worth 1 3 million Lawrence Muganga for his book You Can t Make Fish Climb Trees 90 Support for Mojaloop Foundation with a 2020 grant of 4 7 million and a 2023 grant of 8 5 million 91 92 Agricultural development edit International Rice Research Institute Between November 2007 and October 2010 the Gates Foundation offered 19 9 million to the International Rice Research Institute The goal of the aid was to support the increasing world demand for rice The Gates Foundation claims To keep up with worldwide demand the production of rice will have to increase by about 70 percent in the next two decades 93 The International Rice Research Institute has developed Golden Rice a genetically modified rice variant developed to combat Vitamin A deficiency 94 Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa AGRA The Gates Foundation has partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation to enhance agricultural science and small farm productivity in Africa building on the Green Revolution that the Rockefeller Foundation spurred in the 1940s and 1960s Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit GTZ In 2009 the Gate s Foundation donated 25 million to GTZ to help develop Africa s cashew industry through improving yield and investing in local processing capabilities GTZ would partner with the African Cashew Alliance FairMatch Support and Technoserve with the goal to increase the incomes of farmers in Benin Burkina Faso the Ivory Coast Ghana and Mozambique by 50 by 2012 95 Water sanitation and hygiene edit nbsp The sanitation value chain used by the Gates Foundation to illustrate their approach to sanitation showing collection transport treatment and reuse 96 source source source source source source source source track The Gates Foundation created this video to advocate for increased innovation for toilets and everything they are connected to nbsp Example for technology innovation The off grid Nano Membrane Toilet of Cranfield University prototype on display at Reinvent the Toilet Fair in Delhi IndiaThe Water Sanitation and Hygiene WASH program of the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation was launched in mid 2005 as a Learning Initiative and became a full fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010 96 The foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research experimentation reflection advocacy and field implementation In 2009 the foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor using non piped sanitation services i e without the use of sewers 96 and less on water supply This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments and because the foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments In mid 2011 the foundation announced in its new Water Sanitation Hygiene Strategy Overview that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation particularly in sub Saharan Africa and South Asia because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions 97 Their grant making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology transformative technologies delivery models at scale urban sanitation markets building demand for sanitation measurement and evaluation as well as policy advocacy and communications 96 97 In mid 2011 the foundation stated that they had committed more than 265 million to the water sanitation and hygiene sector over the past five years i e since about 2006 97 For the time period of about 2008 to mid 2015 all grants awarded to water sanitation and hygiene projects totaled a value of around 650 million according to the publicly available grant database 60 nbsp Example of low tech toilet development being funded A urine diverting dry toilet called Earth Auger toilet from Ecuador USImproved sanitation in the developing world is a global need but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation JMP of UNICEF and WHO This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal MDG relating to drinking water and sanitation 98 About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters behind bushes or in open water bodies with no dignity or privacy This is called open defecation and it poses significant health risks 99 India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation around 600 million people 100 The foundation has been funding many sanitation research and demonstration projects in India since about 2011 101 Reinvent the Toilet Challenge edit In 2011 the foundation launched a program called Reinvent the Toilet Challenge with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2 5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation 102 103 This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media 104 105 It was complemented by a program called Grand Challenges Explorations 2011 to 2013 with some follow up grants reaching until 2015 which involved grants of 100 000 each in the first round 103 Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts 106 nbsp Microbial fuel cell stack that converts urine into electricity research by the University of the West of England UK Since the launch of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge more than a dozen research teams mainly at universities in the U S Europe India China and South Africa have received grants to develop innovative on site and off site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor The grants were in the order of 400 000 for their first phase followed by typically 1 million 3 million for their second phase many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge 107 The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is focused on reinventing the flush toilet The aim was to create a toilet that not only removes pathogens from human excreta but also recovers resources such as energy clean water and nutrients a concept also known as reuse of excreta It should operate off the grid without connections to water sewer or electrical networks Finally it should cost less than 5 cents per user per day 106 108 High tech toilets for tackling the growing public health problem of human waste are gaining increasing attention but this focus on a technology fix has also been criticized by many in the sector 104 However low tech solutions may be more practical in poor countries and research is also funded by the foundation for such toilets 108 109 The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long term research and development effort to develop a hygienic stand alone toilet This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying called by the foundation the Omni Ingestor 110 and fecal sludge processing called Omni Processor The aim of the Omni Processor is to convert excreta for example fecal sludge into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue 111 Examples of transformative technologies research edit About 200 sanitation projects in many different countries and at various scales some with a technology focus some with a focus on market development or policy and advocacy have received funding from the foundation since 2008 112 The University of KwaZulu Natal in Durban South Africa Gates Foundation was awarded 1 6 million in 2014 to act as a hub for sanitation researchers and product developers 113 114 One example of an Omni Processor is a combustion based system designed to turn fecal sludge into energy and drinking water The development of this particular prototype by U S based company Janicki Bioenergy attracted media attention for the sanitation crisis and the work of the foundation after Bill Gates drank water produced from this process 115 Examples for the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge include Scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder were given funding of 1 8 million to develop a prototype toilet that uses solar heat to treat the fecal matter and produce biochar 116 117 Funding has been provided to RTI International since 2012 to develop a toilet based on electrochemical disinfection and solid waste combustion 118 119 Other global initiatives edit Some examples include 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake The foundation made total grant donations of 3 million to various charities to help with the aid effort for victims of the earthquake These charities include CARE international International Rescue Committee Mercy Corps Save the Children and World Vision 120 121 122 123 124 2005 Kashmir earthquake The foundation made a donation of 500 000 for the earthquake 125 In 2014 the Gates Foundation released flexible funds in the order of 50 million to United Nations agencies and other organizations involved in the work against the deadly disease Ebola in West Africa 126 2021 Emergency Funding The foundation with a group of philanthropists has pledged 93 5m funding to cover UK foreign aid cuts 127 The foundation is a donor to the National Geographic Society 128 The foundation is working with Mastercard GAVI and TrustStamp to create the Mastercard Well Pass This program being tested in 2020 in West Africa will integrate vaccination records with cashless payment capability 129 130 Global health division editSince 2011 the president of the Global Health Program is Trevor Mundel 131 The Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria The foundation has donated more than 6 6 billion for global health programs including over 1 3 billion donated as of 2012 on malaria alone greatly increasing the dollars spent per year on malaria research 132 133 Before the Gates efforts on malaria malaria drugmakers had largely given up on producing drugs to fight the disease and the foundation is the world s largest donor to research on diseases of the poor 133 With the help of Gates funded vaccination drives deaths from measles in Africa have dropped by 90 percent since 2000 134 The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS tuberculosis and malaria protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases 134 The Global Health Program s other significant grants include Polio eradication In 2006 the foundation provided 86 million toward efforts attempting to eradicate poliomyelitis polio 135 The GAVI vaccine alliance The foundation gave the GAVI Alliance formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization a donation of 750 million on January 25 2005 136 137 Children s Vaccine Program The Children s Vaccine Program run by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health PATH received a donation of 27 million to help vaccinate against Japanese encephalitis on December 9 2003 138 HIV Research The foundation donated a total of 287 million to various HIV AIDS researchers The money was split between 16 different research teams across the world on the condition that the findings are shared amongst the teams 139 Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation The foundation gave the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation more than 280 million to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis TB for use in high burden countries HBCs 140 141 Cheaper high tech tuberculosis TB test In August 2012 the foundation in partnership with PEPFAR United States President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief USAID United States Agency for International Development and UNITAID an international drug purchasing facility hosted by WHO announced they had finalized an agreement to reduce the cost of a commercial TB test Cepheid s Xpert MTB RIF run on the GeneXpert platform from 16 86 to 9 98 142 This test can take the place of smear microscopy a technique first developed in the 1880s by Robert Koch Smear microscopy often does not show TB infection in persons who are also co infected with HIV whereas the GeneXpert system can show TB in the co infected patient In addition the system can show whether the particular TB strain is resistant to the bactericidal antibiotic rifampicin a widely accepted indicator of the presence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis 143 144 Visceral leishmaniasis VL research The foundation awarded the Hebrew University of Jerusalem s Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases a 5 million grant in 2009 for research into visceral leishmaniasis VL an emerging parasitic disease in Ethiopia Africa where it is frequently associated with HIV AIDS and is a leading cause of adult illness and death The project a collaborative effort with Addis Ababa University will gather data for analysis to identify the weak links in the transmission cycle and devise methods for control of the disease 145 In 2005 the foundation provided a 30 million grant to The Institute for OneWorld Health to support the nonprofit pharmaceutical company s VL work in the rural communities of India Bangladesh and Nepal 146 By September 2006 the company had received approval from the Indian body Drug Controller General of India DCGI for the Paromomycin Intramuscular IM Injection a drug that provides an effective cure for VL following a 21 day course 147 In 2010 Raj Shankar Ghosh the Regional Director for the South Asia Institute for OneWorld Health explained that the foundation funded the majority of our work in the development of the drug 148 Group B streptococcus The foundation gave 17 252 854 in September 2016 to Pfizer to develop a vaccine against Group B streptococcus GBS for distribution in developing countries 149 In May 2022 the funding was renewed with an additional 100 000 000 150 Next Generation Condom The foundation gave 100 000 to 11 applicants in November 2013 to develop an improved condom that is one that significantly preserves or enhances pleasure in order to improve uptake and regular use according to the Gates Foundation s Grand Challenges in Global Health website 151 Further grants of up to 1 million will be given to projects that are successful 152 Neglected tropical diseases NTDs Alongside WHO the governments of the United States United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates and the World Bank the foundation endorsed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases to eradicate eliminate and intensify control of 17 selected diseases by 2015 and 2020 at a meeting on January 30 2012 held at the Royal College of Physicians in London UK 153 Gates was the principal organizer responsible for bringing together the heads of 13 of the world s largest pharmaceutical companies and the foundation s monetary commitment to the Declaration was 363 million over five years 154 On April 3 2014 the two year anniversary of the Declaration Gates attended a meeting in Paris at which participants reviewed the progress that had been made against 10 neglected tropical diseases NTDs The foundation committed a further 50 million together with 50 million from the Children s Investment Fund Foundation and 120 million from the World Bank 155 The foundation has given in excess of 1 million to The END Fund a public private partnership to deliver medication for NTDs to areas in need 156 Monoclonal antibody therapies In October 2018 the foundation awarded 8 279 723 to Inovio Pharmaceuticals to fund the development of next generation delivery methods for monoclonal antibodies targeted for use in low and middle income countries 157 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI A global group tasked with more quickly developing vaccines against infectious disease threats worldwide was launched on January 8 2017 by a coalition of governments and nonprofit groups including the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations funded with an initial investment of 460 million from Germany Japan Norway the Wellcome Trust and the Gates foundation aims to develop vaccines against known infectious disease threats that could be deployed quickly to contain outbreaks before they become global health emergencies the group said in a statement at the World Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland 158 159 The Big Catch up In response to the decline in childhood vaccination rates affecting over 100 countries due to the COVID 19 pandemic global health partners including WHO UNICEF Gavi and the Vaccine Alliance launched The Big Catch up initiative This collaborative effort aims to reverse vaccination declines particularly in 20 countries with the highest numbers of missed vaccinations Over 25 million children missed at least one vaccination in 2021 leading to preventable disease outbreaks The initiative focuses on strengthening healthcare systems building trust in vaccines and addressing barriers to immunization with an emphasis on reaching vulnerable populations 160 COVID 19 edit Beginning in 2020 the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation has provided hundreds of millions of dollars of funding towards initiatives surrounding the COVID 19 public health crisis COVID 19 Therapeutics Accelerator edit In 2020 together with the UK research charity Wellcome and Mastercard the Gates Foundation established the COVID 19 Therapeutics Accelerator to hasten the development and evaluation of new and repurposed drugs and biologics to treat patients for COVID 19 161 After the World Health Organization s appeal for funding the Gates Foundation pledged an extra US 150 million on top of the US 100 million already committed earlier 162 By April 2020 the foundation had provided backing for six candidates for vaccines against COVID 19 163 In June the foundation tapped the National University of Singapore to investigate which countries in Asia responded effectively to the pandemic 164 On June 26 the foundation and its partners with the COVID 19 Therapeutics Accelerator announced the launch of the International COVID 19 Data Alliance ICODA to be hosted at Health Data Research UK 165 In December 2020 the foundation solicited applications for funding for researchers at McMaster University to develop epidemiological models for SARS CoV 2 as well as COVID 19 vaccines treatments and non pharmaceutical interventions 166 The foundation re upped its support of ICODA in May 2021 with a grant of 577 246 167 In August 2021 the foundation awarded a 587 568 grant to Wits Health Consortium to test the effectiveness of the COVID 19 vaccines distributed in South Africa by Johnson amp Johnson and Pfizer 168 In November 2021 the foundation gave 2 118 334 to Providence Therapeutics to develop more cost effective mRNA vaccines 169 United States division editUnder President Allan Golston the United States Program has made grants such as the following Donation to Planned Parenthood edit Up to 2013 the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation provided 71 million to Planned Parenthood and affiliated organizations In 2014 Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation has decided not to fund abortion focusing instead on family planning and contraception in order to avoid conflation of abortion and family planning 170 In response to questions about this decision Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she like everyone else struggle s with the issue and that the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning 170 Since this time their endeavors have shifted to a more global perspective focusing on voluntary family planning and maternal and newborn health 171 172 Libraries edit In 1997 the charity introduced a U S Libraries initiative with a goal of ensuring that if you can get to a public library you can reach the internet The foundation has given grants installed computers and software and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide to increase access and knowledge 173 Helping provide access and training for these resources this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age 173 Most recently the foundation gave a 12 2 million grant to the Southeastern Library Network SOLINET to assist libraries in Louisiana and Mississippi on the Gulf Coast many of which were damaged or destroyed by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Education edit A key aspect of the Gates Foundation s U S efforts involves an overhaul of the country s education policies at both the K 12 and college levels including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers unions 174 It spent 373 million on education in 2009 174 It has also donated to the two largest national teachers unions 174 The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative 174 In October 2017 it was announced that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation would spend more than 1 7 billion over five years to pay for new initiatives in public education 175 One of the foundation s goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States and the organization has funded Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students to increase graduation rates 176 177 One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges 178 As part of its education related initiatives the foundation has funded journalists think tanks lobbying organizations and governments Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education including more than 1 4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education 179 Some of the foundation s educational initiatives have included Gates Cambridge Scholarships In 2000 the Gates Foundation donated 210 million to help outstanding graduate students from the U S and around the world to study at the prestigious University of Cambridge The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the Rhodes Scholarship given its international scope and substantial endowment The scholarship remains extremely competitive with just 0 3 of applicants being selected Each year approximately 100 new graduate students from around the world receive funding to attend Cambridge University Several buildings at the University of Cambridge also bear the name of William and Melinda Gates after sizable contributions to their construction 180 nbsp Cambridge UniversityCornell University Received 25 million from the foundation for a new Information Science building named Bill and Melinda Gates Hall The total cost of the building was estimated at 60 million Construction began in March 2012 and officially opened in January 2014 181 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Part of the Ray and Maria Stata Center is known as the Gates Tower in recognition of partial funding of the building Carnegie Mellon University The foundation gave 20 million to the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science for a new Computer Science building called the Gates Center for Computer Science 182 It officially opened on September 22 2009 183 Smaller schools The Gates Foundation claims one in five students is unable to read and grasp the contents of what they read and African American and Latino students are graduating high school with the skills of a middle school student 184 Gates Foundation has invested more than 250 million in grants to create new small schools reduce student to teacher ratios and to divide up large high schools through the schools within a school model 184 D C Achievers Scholarships The Gates Foundation announced March 22 2007 a 122 million initiative to send hundreds of the District of Columbia s poorest students to college 185 186 Gates Millennium Scholars Administered by the United Negro College Fund the foundation donated 1 5 billion for scholarships to high achieving minority students 187 NewSchools Venture Fund The foundation contributed 30 million to help NewSchools to manage more charter schools which aim to prepare students in historically underserved areas for college and careers Strong American Schools On April 25 2007 the Gates Foundation joined forces with the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation pledging a joint 60 million to create Strong American Schools a nonprofit project responsible for running ED in 08 an initiative and information campaign aimed at encouraging 2008 presidential contenders to include education in their campaign policies 188 Teaching Channel The Gates Foundation announced in September 2011 a 3 5 million initiative to launch a multi platform service delivering professional development videos for teachers over the Internet public television cable and other digital outlets 189 To date over 500 000 teachers and educators have joined the community to share ideas lesson plans and teaching methods 190 The Texas High School Project The project was set out to increase and improve high school graduation rates across Texas The foundation committed 84 6 million to the project beginning in 2003 The project focuses its efforts on high need schools and districts statewide with an emphasis on urban areas and the Texas Mexico border 191 University Scholars Program Donated 20 million in 1998 to endow a scholarship program at Melinda Gates alma mater Duke University 192 The program provides full scholarships to about 10 members of each undergraduate class and one member in each class in each of the professional schools schools of medicine business law divinity environment nursing and public policy as well as to students in the Graduate School pursuing doctoral degrees in any discipline Graduate and professional school scholars serve as mentors to the undergraduate scholars who are chosen based on financial need and potential for interdisciplinary academic interests Scholars are chosen each spring from new applicants to Duke University s undergraduate graduate and professional school programs The program features seminars to bring these scholars together for interdisciplinary discussions and an annual spring symposium organized by the scholars Washington State Achievers Scholarship The Washington State Achievers program encourages schools to create cultures of high academic achievement while providing scholarship support to select college bound students William H Gates Public Service Law Program This program awards five full scholarships annually to the University of Washington School of Law Scholars commit to working in relatively low paying public service legal positions for at least the first five years following graduation 193 University of Texas at Austin 30 million challenge grant to build the Bill amp Melinda Gates Computer Science Complex 194 STAND UP a national campaign that seeks to positively impact the current crisis within the United States public education system by calling upon community leaders parents students and citizens to encourage change and STAND UP for better schools and the future of America s children STAND UP was co founded by the Eli Broad Foundation and was launched in April 2006 on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a two part feature Alliance for Early Success to support the promotion education coordination and alignment of policies that support vulnerable children ages birth through age eight 195 Every Student Succeeds Act donated about 44 million to help with the 2015 federal education law 196 Pacific Northwest edit Discovery Institute Donated 1 million in 2000 to the Discovery Institute and pledged 9 35 million over 10 years in 2003 including 50 000 of Bruce Chapman s 141 000 annual salary According to a Gates Foundation grant maker this grant is exclusive to the Cascadia project on regional transportation and it may not be used for the institute s other activities including promotion of intelligent design 197 Rainier Scholars Donated 1 million Computer History Museum Donated 15 million to the museum in October 2005 198 Criticism editEducation programs edit Some critics who fear that the foundation directs the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage 199 The foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees who have editorial independence 174 179 200 201 Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority based layoffs of astroturfing 174 The K 12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals parents and researchers who argue they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates predetermined policy preferences 176 Several Gates backed policies such as small schools charter schools and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm 202 203 204 205 Examples of some of the K 12 reforms advocated by the foundation include closing ineffective neighborhood schools in favor of privately run charter schools extensively using standardized test scores to evaluate the progress of students teachers and schools and merit pay for teachers based on student test scores Critics also believe that the Gates Foundation exerts too much influence over public education policy without being accountable to voters or taxpayers 202 206 207 Global health division edit A 2007 investigation by the Los Angeles Times 134 claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation s allocation of aid towards the fight against AIDS tuberculosis and malaria First sub Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation but by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high profile killers as AIDS Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained higher paid clinicians diverting staff from basic care in sub Saharan Africa This brain drain adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers Second the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation 134 Third Gates funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore even discourage patients from discussing ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent 134 In response the Gates Foundation has said that African governments need to spend more of their budgets on public health than on wars that the foundation has donated at least 70 million to help improve nutrition and agriculture in Africa in addition to its disease related initiatives and that it is studying ways to improve the delivery of health care in Africa 134 Both insiders and external critics have suggested that there is too much deference to Bill Gates s personal views within the Gates Foundation insufficient internal debate and pervasive group think 133 208 Critics also complain that Gates Foundation grants are often awarded based on social connections and ideological allegiances rather than based on formal external review processes or technical competence 208 Critics have suggested that Gates approach to Global Health and Agriculture favors the interests of large pharmaceutical and agribusiness companies over the interests of the people of developing countries 209 210 211 212 After the Gates foundation urged the University of Oxford to find a large company partner to get its COVID 19 vaccine to market the university backed off from its earlier pledge to donate the rights to any drugmaker 213 Critics have outlined that the Global Health Governance approach as its conducted by the BMGF can best be understood as Global Health Imperialism breaking with the traditional notions of Westphalian sovereignty by enforcing capitalist policies on all countries 214 Also the broader concept of philanthrocapitalism is criticised as not addressing the real issue of systemic inequality of capitalism Instead of real social change organisations such as BMGF represent the interests of highly sophisticated capitalists who know what they want and how best to get it the Global Health Imperialism agenda is devoted to expanding worldwide markets and facilitating commerce on behalf of Western capitalism 215 AGRA edit The Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation is one of the founders and primary financiers of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa AGRA an African led organization focused on transforming African agriculture 216 to improve food security in Africa and reduce poverty among small farmers 217 Some critics allege that by encouraging the use of mass produced fertilizers and new seed varieties AGRA s hidden goal is not to lift small farmers out of poverty but to control them through dependence on profit oriented international supply chains 218 Modi Goalkeepers Award edit On September 24 2019 the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation gave its Goalkeepers Global Goals award to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi The decision to award Modi was widely criticized by academics Nobel Prize laureates and human rights activists from all over the world 219 220 221 A petition signed by over 100 000 people also demanded that the Gates Foundation rescind the award 222 Critics insisted that Modi a Hindu nationalist prime minister with an alleged long record of human rights abuse should not be celebrated by an organization whose mission states that every life has equal value and all people deserve healthy lives 223 By giving Modi this prestigious award they noted the Gates Foundation contributes in legitimizing the rule of Modi 224 Poverty and education policy edit Critics say the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation has overlooked the links between poverty and poor academic achievement and has unfairly demonized teachers for poor achievement by underprivileged students They contend that the Gates Foundation should be embracing anti poverty and living wage policies rather than pursuing untested and empirically unsupported education reforms 225 Critics say that Gates backed reforms such as increasing the use of technology in education may financially benefit Microsoft and the Gates family 176 226 227 Calls for divestment edit See also Financial endowment Divestment campaigns and impact investing The foundation trust invests undistributed assets with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment As a result its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty 113 228 These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world 229 In response to press criticism the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility 230 It subsequently canceled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return while using voting rights to influence company practices 231 232 Critics have called on the Gates Foundation to divest from the GEO Group the second largest private prison corporation in the United States A large part of the prison s work involves incarcerating and detaining migrants that have been detained by the Obama administration and the Trump administration 233 234 235 In spring 2014 the Gates Foundation acknowledged its 2 2 million investment in the prison corporation 236 It rebuffed critics request that it sever investment ties with the prison corporation It has refused to comment on whether it is continuing its investments as of 2016 233 237 Awards editIn 2006 the foundation won the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 238 In 2007 then President of India Pratibha Devisingh Patil presented the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace Disarmament and Development to the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 239 In recognition of the foundation s philanthropic activities in India Bill and Melinda Gates jointly received India s third highest civilian honor Padma Bhushan in 2015 240 On November 22 2016 President Barack Obama honored Bill and Melinda Gates with The Presidential Medal of Freedom for their philanthropic efforts 241 See also editBill amp Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute Corporate social responsibility Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition List of wealthiest charitable foundations Philanthropy Social enterprise Social entrepreneurship Social responsibilityNotes and references edit History Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation FoundationCenter org accessed February 10 2016 About Mark Suzman Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation holds a doctorate in international relations from Oxford University where he was a Rhodes scholar a b c d Foundation Fact Sheet Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation William H Gates Sr Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved December 4 2020 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Financial Statement 2020 PDF Novo Nordisk Holdings Report 2020 PDF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation InfluenceWatch Schleifer Theodore December 5 2019 The Gates Foundation has enormous impact Its CEO leaving could have an enormous impact too Vox Retrieved March 12 2020 Warwick Ching Lucy October 21 2015 Cascade Investment Bill Gates wealth manager The Financial Times Ltd Archived from the original on December 10 2022 The birth of philanthrocapitalism The Economist February 23 2006 Guiding Principles Archived from the original on March 6 2010 Retrieved July 7 2009 The 50 Most Generous Philanthropists Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on September 20 2013 Foundation FAQ Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation From 1994 through 2018 Bill and Melinda gave the foundation more than 36 0 billion Bill Gates Forbes To date Gates has donated 35 8 billion worth of Microsoft stock to the Gates Foundation William H Gates Sr Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved April 17 2018 Bank David Buckman Rebecca May 17 2002 Gates Foundation Buys Stakes in Drug Makers The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved June 14 2022 Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates Microsoft PressPass June 15 2006 Archived from the original on June 19 2006 Stephanie Strom February 7 2008 Gates Foundation Head to Leave Longtime Post The New York Times Retrieved June 9 2017 via NYTimes com TIME names Bono Bill and Melinda Gates Persons of Year CNN com CNN Retrieved February 5 2016 Ashland native Jeff Raikes to run Gates Foundation May 12 2008 Archived from the original on January 26 2013 Retrieved May 12 2008 Guo Jeff McQueen Rob Gates asks students to tackle world s problems Disease and education among biggest challenges Archived September 16 2012 at archive today The Tech Volume 130 Issue 21 Friday April 23 2010 Guo Jeff In interview Gates describes philanthropic journey Archived July 14 2012 at archive today The Tech Volume 130 Issue 21 April 23 2010 video amp transcript After he spoke at Kresge Auditorium Bill Gates sat down with The Tech to talk more about his college tour his philanthropy and the philosophy behind it Public Health Global Watch Archived from the original on April 25 2012 Retrieved March 12 2015 Improving our Work with You A Progress Report Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Archived January 27 2013 at the Wayback Machine Gatesfoundation org September 6 2012 Retrieved on July 18 2013 Gates Foundation s Spotlight page on SoundCloud Hear the world s sounds Soundcloud com Retrieved on July 18 2013 a b International Aid Transparency Initiative Gates Foundation Retrieved September 2 2016 Grady Denise October 10 2011 Profiles in Science An Innovator Shapes an Empire The New York Times Garde Damian December 17 2013 Genentech s ex R amp D boss takes the reins at the Gates Foundation Questex LLC Fierce Biotech a b Hillary Clinton launches global data project on women and girls The Washington Post a b Foundation Center Wyss Clinton Foundations Partner on Full Participation by Women and Girls Philanthropy News Digest PND JHCHS website designer January 24 2020 Event 201 a pandemic exercise to illustrate preparedness efforts Even 201 Retrieved June 24 2020 McKay Betsy December 5 2019 Gates Foundation CEO to Step Down The Wall Street Journal Karlan Dean List John A August 2020 HOW CAN BILL AND MELINDA GATES INCREASE OTHER PEOPLE S DONATIONS TO FUND PUBLIC GOODS PDF Working Paper 17954 No NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Cheney Catherine June 5 2020 Big concerns over Gates foundation s potential to become largest WHO donor Devex McPhillips Deidre May 29 2020 Gates Foundation Donations to WHO Nearly Match Those From U S Government U S News amp World Report L P Current Period 2016 2020 GAVI The Vaccine Alliance March 12 2021 Retrieved April 20 2021 Bill Gates backed vaccine alliance raises 8 8 billion from world leaders and businesses cnbc com June 4 2020 Retrieved September 24 2020 Gates Foundation commits 125 million to help end COVID pandemic Philanthropy News Digest May 13 2022 Retrieved May 13 2022 Agriculture Nutrition and Health Academy UIA Yearbook Profile Union of International Associations uia org Retrieved November 25 2023 Loomis Carol J March 5 2008 Warren Buffett gives away his fortune Fortune Time Warner via CNNMoney com Archived from the original on November 28 2007 Retrieved December 10 2007 Berkshire Hathaway B Shares Soar After Split CNBC January 21 2010 Stein George June 26 2006 Buffett Makes 30 7 Bln Donation to Gates Foundation Update8 Bloomberg Archived from the original on September 5 2012 Retrieved March 5 2017 Noon Chris June 26 2006 Buffett Will Double Gates Foundation s Spending Forbes Archived from the original on August 25 2006 Loomis Carol J June 25 2006 How Buffett s giveaway will work CNN Retrieved April 26 2010 Buffett Warren E June 26 2006 Letter from Warren E Buffett PDF Berkshirehathaway Retrieved January 22 2019 Warren Buffett Makes Huge Charity Stock Donation To Gates Foundation Other Charities Huffingtonpost com Retrieved on July 18 2013 Gates Foundation Announces That It Doesn t Plan to Operate Forever Archived from the original on September 27 2007 About the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Trust Archived from the original on August 15 2008 a b Announcements Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Archived from the original on August 15 2008 a b Gates Foundation Announces That It Doesn t Plan to Operate Forever The Chronicle of Philanthropy November 29 2006 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation sets lifespan Reuters December 1 2006 Beatty Sally December 1 2006 Gates Foundation Sets Its Lifespan WSJ Interview with Bill Gates September 21 2013 Video 33 52 YouTube Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Foundation Trust Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Gates Foundation agrees break up back up plan BBC News July 7 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Private Family Foundations SaveWealth 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Susan Desmond Hellmann Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 Archived from the original on June 2 2014 Retrieved June 2 2014 What We Do Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 Retrieved May 29 2018 a b How We Work Grantmaking Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved April 6 2014 Knowledge is Power Sharing Information Can Accelerate Global Health Impact Impatient Optimists Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation November 20 2014 Retrieved December 30 2014 Gates Foundation announces world s strongest policy on open access research News blog Nature com November 21 2014 Retrieved January 23 2015 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Open Access Policy Website of Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved April 7 2015 Gates Open Research gatesopenresearch org Retrieved March 24 2017 Wellcome Open Research provides all Wellcome researchers with a place to rapidly publish any results they think are worth sharing wellcomeopenresearch org Retrieved March 24 2017 Gates Foundation joins shift towards open access platforms Times Higher Education THE March 23 2017 Retrieved March 24 2017 Butler Declan 2017 Gates Foundation announces open access publishing venture Nature 543 7647 599 Bibcode 2017Natur 543 599B doi 10 1038 nature 2017 21700 PMID 28358109 OPP1152680 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved March 21 2019 Roser Max Memorizing these three statistics will help you understand the world gatesnotes com Retrieved March 21 2019 About Our World in Data Retrieved August 23 2019 Our World in Data Our World in Data Retrieved August 23 2019 About Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation IATI Registry August 16 2016 Archived from the original on September 21 2016 Retrieved September 2 2016 a b Organizations IATI Registry iatiregistry org DAC 5 Digit Sector IATI Standard Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Development Co operation Profiles Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation OECD iLibrary www oecd ilibrary org Li Yun June 23 2021 Warren Buffett gives away another 4 1 billion resigns as trustee at Gates Foundation CNBC Retrieved June 23 2021 Who We Are Financials Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Consolidated Financial Statements PDF KPMG December 31 2012 Archived from the original PDF on March 3 2016 Retrieved April 6 2014 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Trust Form 13F Information Table U S Securities and Exchange Commission Who We Are Leadership CHRISTOPHER ELIAS PRESIDENT Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Gates Foundation Awards 5 Million to Fight Sex Trafficking Philanthropy News Digest Foundation Center March 21 2006 Retrieved April 6 2014 Gates Foundation Awards 5 Million to Fight Sex Trafficking Philanthropy News Digest PND Retrieved January 4 2018 Thrupkaew Noy October 8 2009 Beyond Rescue The Nation ISSN 0027 8378 Retrieved January 4 2018 Project Lantern Game Changing Results in the Fight Against Trafficking IJM 2010 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 About Gates Cambridge October 20 2014 Retrieved January 4 2018 Cave Andrew Banking For The Poor Will This Be Bill Gates Greatest Philanthropic Achievement Forbes Retrieved January 4 2018 Financial Access Initiative NYU Wagner wagner nyu edu Retrieved January 4 2018 Gates Foundation Awards Pro Mujer 3 1 Million To Develop Innovative Microcredit Products Retrieved January 4 2018 Gates Foundation Awards 1 5 Million to Grameen Foundation Press release Grameen Foundation August 29 2006 Archived from the original on October 5 2007 Retrieved October 26 2007 Rwandan wins Canadian Innovation Award The New Times Rwanda May 14 2013 Retrieved May 11 2020 https www gatesfoundation org about committed grants 2023 11 inv 059287 https philanthropynewsdigest org news foundations help launch financial inclusion nonprofit Growing Better Rice for a Hungry World Good GOOD Worldwide Inc May 23 2011 Retrieved March 17 2014 Agricultural Development Golden Rice Archived from the original on February 3 2016 Retrieved February 3 2016 Foundation Partners Pledge 90 Million to Boost Incomes of Small Farmers in Africa Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved November 29 2023 a b c d BMGF 2015 Building demand for sanitation a 2015 portfolio update and overview Water sanitation and hygiene strategy June 2015 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle Washington US a b c BMGF 2011 Water Sanitation amp Hygiene Strategy Overview Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle US Data and estimates JMP WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme JMP for Water Supply and Sanitation WHO UNICEF Archived from the original on February 19 2015 Retrieved March 12 2015 JMP 2014 Progress on drinking water and sanitation 2014 Update WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation JMP ISBN 978 92 4 150724 0 page 6 JMP 2014 Progress on drinking water and sanitation 2014 Update Archived April 21 2015 at the Wayback Machine WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation JMP ISBN 978 92 4 150724 0 page 19 BMGF 2014 Reinvent the Toilet Challenge Delhi India Program and Technical Guides Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle US What we do Reinvent the Toilet Challenge Strategy Overview Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Archived from the original on July 21 2017 Retrieved May 8 2015 a b BMGF 2012 Reinvent the Toilet Challenge RTTC Round 1 and 2 Grand Challenges Explorations Round 6 and 7 Request for proposals grant conditions Seattle exhibition fair program and exhibitor guide Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle US a b Kass Jason November 18 2013 Bill Gates Can t Build a Toilet New York Times Opinion Pages Retrieved March 24 2015 Doughton Sandy December 21 2014 After 10 years few payoffs from Gates Grand Challenges The Seattle Times Local News The Seattle Times Retrieved March 24 2015 a b Radke N Spuhler D 2013 Brief overview of conditions for water sanitation and hygiene grants by the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Elisabeth von Muench Dorothee Spuhler Trevor Surridge Nelson Ekane Kim Andersson Emine Goekce Fidan Arno Rosemarin 2013 Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation s sanitation grants Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal Issue 17 p 4 10 a b Shaw R 2014 A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs EOOS and WEDC Loughborough University UK p 40 ISBN 978 1 84380 155 9 Humphreys Gary 2014 Reinventing the toilet for 2 5 billion in need Bulletin of the World Health Organization Bull World Health Organ 2014 92 470 471 92 7 470 471 doi 10 2471 BLT 14 020714 PMC 4121873 PMID 25110370 Frederick R Gurski T 2012 Synapse Dewatering Investigation Report Omni Ingestor Phase 2 Milestone 1 Consultancy report by Synapse USA commissioned by Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle US Kuchenrither R D Stone L Haug R T 2012 Omni Processor Landscaping Project Consultancy report by WERF Water Environment Research Foundation commissioned by Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle US Projects filtered by funding source Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Website March 24 2015 Retrieved March 24 2015 a b Residents blame Durban oil refineries for health problems The Guardian May 26 2015 How we work grant database grant for UKZN Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved May 27 2015 From poop to portable This Ingenious Machine Turns Feces Into Drinking Water gatesnotes The Blog of Bill Gates January 5 2015 Retrieved January 13 2015 World s First Solar Powered Toilet to be unveiled in India this month IANS news biharprabha com March 14 2014 Retrieved March 14 2014 How we work grant database grant for Uni Colorado Boulder Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved May 27 2015 Our Technology A Better Toilet For A Cleaner World RTI International 2014 Archived from the original on March 17 2014 Retrieved March 17 2014 How we work grant database grants for RTI Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved May 27 2015 Mercy Corps Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved October 11 2017 Save the Children Federation Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved October 11 2017 CARE Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved October 11 2017 World Vision Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved October 11 2017 International Rescue Committee Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved October 11 2017 Pakistan Earthquake Homeless Number May Surpass Tsunami Mercy Corps October 13 2005 Retrieved March 17 2014 Dreaper Jane September 10 2014 New money added to emergency response to Ebola outbreak BBC News Health BBC UK Retrieved March 24 2015 Foreign aid Gates and others to partially cover UK aid cuts BBC News July 10 2021 Retrieved July 13 2021 The Power of Philanthropy PDF National Geographic 2016 Archived PDF from the original on May 10 2022 Retrieved May 10 2022 Burt Chris July 6 2020 Trust Stamp integrating biometric hash solution with Mastercard on children s vaccine record system Biometric Update Archived from the original on July 13 2020 Retrieved May 10 2020 Sen Chaiti June 7 2019 Mastercard Digital Wellness Program to Enhance Transparency Security and Choice for Online Shopping Mastercard Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved May 10 2022 Leadership Trevor Mundel Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 The Challenge of Global Health Archived January 9 2007 at the Wayback Machine Foreign Affairs January February 2007 a b c Gates Foundation s Influence Criticized The New York Times February 16 2008 Retrieved December 17 2016 a b c d e f Piller Charles Smith Doug December 16 2007 Unintended victims of Gates Foundation generosity Los Angeles Times 1 Archived April 14 2008 at the Wayback Machine GAVI January 24 2005 Gates Foundation Norway Contribute 1 Billion to Increase Child Immunization in Developing Countries Press release Archived from the original on October 13 2007 Retrieved October 24 2007 Thomson Iain January 25 2005 Bill Gates gives 750m to help African children Archived from the original on November 2 2007 Retrieved October 24 2007 Children s Vaccine Program Receives Grant From Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation to Combat Japanese Encephalitis Press release Program for Appropriate Technology in Health December 9 2003 Archived from the original on December 21 2003 Retrieved October 24 2007 Gates gives 287m to HIV research BBC News July 20 2006 Retrieved October 24 2007 Gates Foundation Commits 82 9 Million to Develop New Tuberculosis Vaccines February 12 2004 Archived from the original on October 10 2009 Nightingale Katherine September 19 2007 Gates foundation gives US 280 million to fight TB Negotiated prices for Xpert MTB RIF and FIND country list FIND Diagnostics FIND October 2013 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Public Private Partnership Announces Immediate 40 Percent Cost Reduction for Rapid TB Test PDF World Health Organization United Nations August 6 2012 Retrieved April 6 2014 Published evidence and commentary on the Xpert MTB RIF assay PDF Stop TB Partnership World Health Organization March 12 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 5 m for disease control in Ethiopia Israel21C December 30 2009 Retrieved April 6 2014 Institute for OneWorld Health receives multimillion dollar grant EurekAlert AAAS and EurekAlert December 1 2005 Retrieved April 6 2014 New Cure for Deadly Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar Approved by Government of India Institute for OneWorld Health and Gland Pharma Limited Achieve Critical Paromomycin Milestone Business Wire India September 14 2008 Retrieved April 6 2014 Funk Kyle September October 2010 Q amp A Institute for OneWorld Health PDF Access Granted Rita Landes Bioscience Archived from the original PDF on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Pfizer Inc Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation September 2016 Archived from the original on July 10 2021 Retrieved June 14 2022 Pfizer Inc Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation May 2022 Retrieved June 14 2022 TOPIC Develop the Next Generation of Condom Grand Challenges in Global Health March 2013 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Lieber Nick December 5 2013 Innovation Next Gen Condoms Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on December 6 2013 Retrieved April 6 2014 WHO roadmap inspires unprecedented support to defeat neglected tropical diseases World Health Organization WHO February 3 2012 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Boseley Sarah January 30 2012 Drug companies join forces to combat deadliest tropical diseases The Guardian Retrieved April 6 2014 Boseley Sarah April 4 2014 Bill Gates world must step up fight against neglected tropical diseases The Guardian Retrieved April 6 2014 END Fund Partners The END Fund November 9 2017 Archived from the original on February 15 2022 Retrieved June 6 2022 Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Archived from the original on June 14 2022 Retrieved June 14 2022 Gates Foundation Joins New 460 Million Coalition for Vaccines Bloomberg com January 18 2017 Retrieved January 19 2017 Global fund to outsmart epidemics Wellcome wellcome ac uk Retrieved January 19 2017 Global partners announce a new effort The Big Catch up to vaccinate millions of children and restore immunization progress lost during the pandemic www who int Retrieved September 28 2023 Gates Foundation Commits 100 Million to Speeding Up Coronavirus Treatments and Response Good News Network March 10 2020 Retrieved March 15 2020 The Most Impressive Acts Of Charity By Famous People International Business Times Singapore Edition May 15 2020 Retrieved May 16 2020 Varshney Neer April 27 2020 Bill Gates Backer of Inovio And Six Others Says Coronavirus Vaccine Could Be Mass Produced Within A Year Yahoo Finance Archived from the original on April 10 2022 Retrieved June 14 2022 National University of Singapore Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation June 2020 Archived from the original on June 15 2022 Retrieved June 15 2022 COVID 19 Therapeutics Accelerator Donors Launch International Alliance to Connect Research Data Sources and Enable Collaboration Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation June 26 2020 Archived from the original on April 14 2021 Retrieved October 1 2022 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges ICODA COVID 19 Data Science McMaster University Research amp Innovation Archived from the original on December 1 2021 Retrieved June 10 2022 Health Data Research UK Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation May 2021 Archived from the original on October 1 2022 Retrieved October 1 2022 Wits Health Consortium Pty Ltd Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation August 2021 Archived from the original on November 19 2021 Retrieved June 14 2022 Providence Therapeutics Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation November 2021 Archived from the original on June 14 2022 Retrieved June 14 2022 a b Gates Melinda June 2 2014 Reflections on My Recent Travels Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved June 15 2014 Family Planning Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved July 20 2018 Maternal Newborn amp Child Health Discovery amp Tools Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved July 20 2018 a b What We Do Global Libraries Strategy Overview Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 2014 a b c d e f Behind Grass Roots School Advocacy Bill Gates The New York Times May 22 2011 Retrieved December 17 2016 Strauss Valerie October 19 2017 Analysis Bill Gates has a nother billion dollar plan for K 12 public education The others didn t go so well The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved October 30 2017 a b c Marc Parry Kelly Field Beckie Supiano July 13 2014 The Gates Effect The Chronicle of Higher Education Libby A Nelson March 24 2013 Reimagining Financial Aid Inside Higher Education Retrieved December 21 2014 Mangan Katherine July 14 2013 How Gates Shapes State Higher Education Policy The Chronicle of Higher Education a b Jennifer Ruark July 14 2013 To Shape the National Conversation Gates and Lumina Support Journalism The Chronicle of Higher Education gates scholarships cam ac uk Archived from the original on May 9 2015 Cornell s new Gates Hall is not what it seems Cornell Chronicle Archived from the original on May 4 2021 University Unveils Plans for New Gates Center for Computer Science www cmu edu The Move Archived from the original on July 23 2010 Retrieved August 31 2010 a b Tom Vander Ark The Case for Smaller Schools Vol 59 No January 5 2002 pg 55 59 Gateses opening doors to college for D C kids The Denver Post The Denver Post March 22 2007 Retrieved April 14 2021 Money for college The Washington Times March 23 2007 Retrieved April 14 2021 Gates Millennium Scholars Program Billionaires Start 60 Million Schools Effort April 25 2007 Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved February 6 2017 Gates Foundation Announces Grant To Teaching Channel Archived from the original on November 29 2012 Teaching Channel Community Teaching Channel Archived from the original on December 24 2011 Retrieved December 21 2011 Educate Texas Home www edtx org History University Scholars Program Retrieved June 13 2022 Gates Public Service Law UW School of Law Public Service Retrieved March 12 2015 New Computer Science Complex at The University of Texas at Austin Receives 30 Million Challenge Grant from Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Computer Science Department The University of Texas at Austin Cs utexas edu April 17 2009 Retrieved on September 4 2013 Investors Alliance for Early Success Retrieved on July 20 2020 Bill Gates Gives 44M to Influence State Education Reform The New York Times May 16 2018 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 16 2018 Discovery Institute December 17 2002 Institute Hails 9 3 Million Grant from Gates Foundation Discovery Institute Gates cheers on computer museum BBC News October 17 2005 Retrieved October 24 2007 Strauss Valerie April 16 2019 Analysis Um who are Melinda and Bill Gates trying to kid Washington Post Retrieved July 21 2022 Storytelling Matters A Look at the Gates Foundation s Media Grantmaking Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation February 21 2012 Retrieved December 21 2014 Schwab Tim August 21 2020 Journalism s Gates keepers Columbia Journalism Review Retrieved April 5 2021 a b Got Dough How Billionaires Rule Our Schools Valerie Strauss An educator challenges the Gates Foundation Washington Post Strauss Valerie November 3 2015 Bill Gates spent a fortune to build it Now a Florida school system is getting rid of it Washington Post Retrieved July 21 2022 Strauss Valerie June 2 2016 Gates Foundation chief admits Common Core mistakes Washington Post Retrieved July 21 2022 Diane Ravitch 2010 The Death and Life of the Great American School System Basic Books Philip E Kovacs The Gates Foundation and the Future of U S Public Schools Routledge 2011 a b Beckett Andy July 12 2010 Inside the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation The Guardian The Gates Foundation PDF Global Health Watch Archived from the original on January 22 2022 Retrieved January 22 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Bowman Andrew April 2012 The flip side to Bill Gates charity billions New Internationalist Professor Catherine Bertini PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 19 2014 Retrieved December 17 2016 Critics say Gates Foundation s agriculture program won t help poor farmers Humanosphere October 13 2014 They Pledged to Donate Rights to Their COVID Vaccine Then Sold Them to Pharma Kaiser Health News August 25 2020 Retrieved January 28 2021 Levich Jacob 2015 The Gates Foundation Ebola and Global Health Imperialism The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 74 4 704 742 doi 10 1111 ajes 12110 ISSN 0002 9246 JSTOR 43817537 Levich Jacob December 21 2018 Disrupting global health Routledge Handbook on the Politics of Global Health Routledge Handbooks Online pp 207 218 doi 10 4324 9781315297255 20 ISBN 978 1 138 23859 6 S2CID 169678811 Alliance for a Green Revolution Guidestar org Retrieved May 13 2021 Our Strategy AGRA AGRA org Retrieved May 13 2021 Bill Gates in Afrika Welt Ernahrung www welt ernaehrung de Dismay at Gates Foundation prize for Narendra Modi Letters The Guardian September 23 2019 via www theguardian com Steinem Gloria Bilgrami Akeel September 24 2019 The Gates Foundation shouldn t legitimise Narendra Modi The Guardian Alluri Aparna September 23 2019 Toilet trouble for Narendra Modi and Bill Gates BBC News Don t reward fascism The Butcher of Gujarat Modi doesn t deserve an award from the Bill Gates Foundation Stop Genocide Hamid Sabah September 26 2019 Opinion Why I Resigned From the Gates Foundation The New York Times WHRO Gates Foundation s Humanitarian Award To India s Modi Is Sparking Outrage whro org Valerie Strauss April 21 2014 How Bill Gates and fellow billionaires can actually help public education The Washington Post Lyndsey Layton June 7 2014 How Bill Gates pulled off the swift Common Core revolution Washington Post Mark Walsh June 8 2014 The Washington Post s Tense Talk With Bill Gates on Common Core The Washington Post Report Gates Foundation Causing Harm With the Same Money It Uses To Do Good Democracy Now January 9 2007 Dark cloud over good works of Gates Foundation Los Angeles Times January 7 2007 Archived from the original on January 8 2007 Gates Foundation to review investments The Seattle Times January 10 2007 Archived from the original on May 16 2007 Gates Foundation to maintain its investment plan The Austin Statesman January 14 2007 Piller Charles August 22 2014 How the Gates Foundation s Investments Are Undermining Its Own Good Works The Nation a b Joe Watson July 6 2016 Demonstrators Protest Gates Foundation s 2 2 Million Investment in GEO Group Prison Legal News 2012 tax return uploaded to this web page http www iamawake co revealed bill gates invests billions in fast food private prison and oil companies Madison Pauly July August 2016 A Brief History of America s Private Prison Industry Mother Jones Lael Henterly May 8 2014 Gates Foundation resists pressure to pull private prison investment The Seattle Globalist Alex Park December 8 2014 Is the Gates Foundation Still Investing in Private Prisons Mother Jones Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Archived December 4 2008 at the Wayback Machine Gates Foundation to get Indira Gandhi peace prize Indian Express archive indianexpress com PTI January 25 2015 Advani Bachchan Dilip Kumar get Padma Vibhushan The Hindu The Presidential Medal of Freedom whitehouse gov Retrieved November 23 2016 via National Archives External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Official website nbsp Grants database from 1994 onward grant payments only not contracts or investments Bill Gates donated his 35 8 billion to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation permanent dead link World s Biggest Charitable Trust The Foundation Center Top 100 US Foundations by asset size Gates Foundation ranked number one Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bill 26 Melinda Gates Foundation amp oldid 1189158756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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