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Barbarossa-class ocean liner

The Barbarossa class was a class of ocean liners of North German Lloyd and the Hamburg America Line of the German Empire. Of the ten ships built between 1896 and 1902, six were built by AG Vulcan Stettin, three were built by Blohm & Voss, and one was built by Schichau-Werke; all were built in Germany. They averaged 11,000 gross register tons (GRT) and featured twin screw propellers driven by quadruple-expansion steam engines.

SS Bremen in port in 1905
Class overview
NameBarbarossa class
Builders
Operators
Built1896–1901
In service1896–1935
Completed10
Lost1 sunk in service
Scrapped9
PreservedNone
General characteristics
TypeOcean liner
Tonnage10,525–12,335 GRT
Length152.18–160.19 m (499 ft 3 in – 525 ft 7 in), LBP
Beam18.29–18.99 m (60 ft 0 in – 62 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
Speed15–16 kn (28–30 km/h; 17–18 mph)
Passengers:
2,026–2,392, consisting of:
  • 172–390 first class
  • 106–250 second class
  • 1,550–1,954 third class/steerage
Crew171–250, depending on season and ship
Notestwo funnels, two masts

History

Early career

The first four ships of the class, Friedrich der Grosse, Barbarossa, Königin Luise, and Bremen, were launched in 1896 for North German Lloyd (German: Norddeutscher Lloyd or NDL) in a combination class usable on several of NDL's routes. The class was intended to be called the Bremen class, but delays in the building of that ship caused the class to instead be named after Barbarossa.[1] Despite the name of the class, the first ship launched was Friedrich der Grosse in August—at 10,531 GRT, the first German ship over 10,000 GRT[2]—followed by Barbarossa,[3] Königin Luise,[4] and Bremen at monthly intervals.[5] These first four ships were used on Australian, Far East, and North Atlantic routes for NDL. On Australian and Far East voyages, the liners transited the Suez Canal, and were, along with NDL's Grosser Kurfürst,[Note 1] the largest ships regularly using the canal. The size of these liners was a principal reason for the canal's deepening; Bremen, on one trip to Australia, became the first ship to transit the newly deepened canal.[6]

The latter six ships, two for NDL and four for the Hamburg America Line (German: Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft or HAPAG) were launched between June 1899 and November 1901. NDL's two liners, König Albert and Prinzess Irene were launched a year apart in June 1899 and June 1900, respectively, and were used on Far East and North Atlantic routes. Beginning in 1904 they were mainly used on the Italy–New York route.[7]

Of the four HAPAG liners, two, Hamburg and Kiautschou, were launched in November 1899 and September 1900 for the Far East mail routes that HAPAG and NDL shared.[8] Displeased with the Far East service, HAPAG withdrew and transferred Hamburg to North Atlantic service and traded Kiautschou to NDL for five freighters in 1904.[9] Kiautschou, renamed by NDL to Princess Alice, became the only Barbarossa-class ship to sail for both of the major German passenger lines. She stayed on the Far East mail route until 1914.

 
SS Princess Alice, the ex-Kiautschou, interned at Cebu, Philippines, c. 1914–1916

The last two Barbarossa ships were Moltke and Blücher, launched in August and November 1901. Moltke spent time on North Atlantic and Mediterranean routes; Blücher on North Atlantic and South American routes.[10]

World War I

At the outbreak of World War I, rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British Royal Navy, most of the Barbarossa-class ships were interned in neutral ports. König Albert and Moltke were interned at Genoa,[10][11] while Blücher was interned at Pernambuco, Brazil.[10] Five ships were interned at U.S.-controlled ports: four—Barbarossa, Friedrich der Grosse, Prinzess Irene, and Hamburg—were interned at Hoboken, New Jersey, and Princess Alice was interned at Cebu, Philippine Islands. Only Königin Luise and Bremen were in German ports, where they remained throughout the war.[12] In September 1914, Hamburg was briefly renamed and chartered to the American Red Cross. Sailing under the name Red Cross, she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York, and her previous name.[10]

As Italy, the United States, and Brazil successively joined the war, each seized the interned Barbarossa ships (along with all other German and Austro-Hungarian ships) and renamed them. In Italy, Moltke became Pesaro, while König Albert became hospital ship Ferdinando Palasciano; in Brazil, Blücher became Leopoldina.[10] The five ships interned under U.S. control all became United States Navy transport ships, and were renamed as follows:

 
SS Red Cross, the ex-Hamburg, at Falmouth in 1914
  • Barbarossa became USS Mercury (ID-3012)[3]
  • Friedrich der Grosse became USS Huron (ID-1408)[2]
  • Prinzess Irene became USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)[13]
  • Hamburg became USS Powhatan (ID-3013)[10]
  • Princess Alice became USS Princess Matoika (ID-2290)[14]

These five ex-German transports carried over 95,000 American troops to France before the Armistice.[15]

Postwar service

At the conclusion of World War I, war reparations permanently assigned the eight seized ships to the nations that held them. Further, Königin Luise and Bremen, safely laid up in Germany during the war, were assigned to the UK.[12] Apart from those two, only two other Barbarossa-class ships changed national registry after the war. Brazil sold Leopoldina (the ex-Blücher) to the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique which operated her under the name Suffren.[10] Pocahontas (the ex-Prinzess Irene) was laid up in Gibraltar after mechanical failures and was purchased by NDL in 1923. She became the only member of the Barbarossa class to resume sailing under the German flag. First renamed Bremen and later Karlsruhe (to free the name Bremen for a newer ship), she sailed primarily on the Bremen–New York route.[13]

In 1922, City of Honolulu (the ex-Friedrich der Grosse), sailing on her first roundtrip on the Los AngelesHonolulu route for the Los Angeles Steamship Company, caught fire and burned in a calm sea. No one on board was killed or injured when the lifeboats were launched, and when towing the burned hulk proved unsuccessful, the ship was sunk by gunfire from a United States Coast Guard Cutter; she was the only member of the Barbarossa class to sink.[2] By the end of the 1920s, six more Barbarossa ships had met their ends at the hands of shipbreakers, and none of the remaining three ships would survive the next decade. All were scrapped by 1935, bringing an end to the career of the Barbarossa class.

Ships

Notes

  1. ^ Putnam (pp. 140–42) includes "Grosse Kurfürst" [sic] as a Barbarossa-class ship, but Drechsel (p. 165) calls her an "only-vessel". Grosser Kurfürst was almost 3,000 GT larger than the other Barbarossa-class ships and a full 10 meters (33 ft) longer, supporting Drechsel's view. (See Drechsel, p. 232.)

References

  1. ^ Drechsel, p. 165.
  2. ^ a b c Drechsel, pp. 167–68.
  3. ^ a b Drechsel, pp. 168–69.
  4. ^ Drechsel, p. 170.
  5. ^ Drechsel, pp. 170–71.
  6. ^ Drechsel, p. 166.
  7. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, pp. 563, 566.
  8. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, pp. 408, 410.
  9. ^ Drechsel, p. 338.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 410.
  11. ^ a b Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 566.
  12. ^ a b c Bonsor, Vol. 2, pp. 559–60.
  13. ^ a b Drechsel, pp. 231–32.
  14. ^ Drechsel, pp. 338–39.
  15. ^ Gleaves, pp. 246, 248.
  16. ^ a b Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 559.
  17. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 560.
  18. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 563.
  19. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 408, Vol. 2, p. 566.
  20. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, pp. 407–08.
  21. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 408.

Bibliography

  • Bonsor, N. R. P. (1975) [1955]. North Atlantic Seaway, Volume 1 (Enlarged and revised ed.). New York: Arco Publishing Company. ISBN 0-668-03679-6. OCLC 1891992.
  • Bonsor, N. R. P. (1978) [1955]. North Atlantic Seaway, Volume 2 (Enlarged and completely revised ed.). Saint Brélade, Jersey: Brookside Publications. ISBN 0-905824-01-6. OCLC 29930159.
  • Drechsel, Edwin (1994). Norddeutscher Lloyd, Bremen, 1857–1970: History, Fleet, Ship Mails, Volume 1. Vancouver, British Columbia: Cordillera Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1-895590-08-1. OCLC 30357825.
  • Gleaves, Albert (1921). A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 976757.
  • Putnam, William Lowell (2001). The Kaiser's Merchant Ships in World War I. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0923-5. OCLC 46732396.
  • Matthias L. Trennheuser: Die innenarchitektonische Ausstattung deutscher Passagierschiffe zwischen 1880 und 1940. Verlag H.M. Hauschild GmbH, Bremen, Bremen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89757-305-5.

barbarossa, class, ocean, liner, barbarossa, class, class, ocean, liners, north, german, lloyd, hamburg, america, line, german, empire, ships, built, between, 1896, 1902, were, built, vulcan, stettin, three, were, built, blohm, voss, built, schichau, werke, we. The Barbarossa class was a class of ocean liners of North German Lloyd and the Hamburg America Line of the German Empire Of the ten ships built between 1896 and 1902 six were built by AG Vulcan Stettin three were built by Blohm amp Voss and one was built by Schichau Werke all were built in Germany They averaged 11 000 gross register tons GRT and featured twin screw propellers driven by quadruple expansion steam engines SS Bremen in port in 1905Class overviewNameBarbarossa classBuildersAG Vulcan Stettin 6 Blohm amp Voss Hamburg 3 Schichau Werke Danzig 1 OperatorsNorth German Lloyd Hamburg America LineBuilt1896 1901In service1896 1935Completed10Lost1 sunk in serviceScrapped9PreservedNoneGeneral characteristicsTypeOcean linerTonnage10 525 12 335 GRTLength152 18 160 19 m 499 ft 3 in 525 ft 7 in LBPBeam18 29 18 99 m 60 ft 0 in 62 ft 4 in Propulsiontwo quadruple expansion steam engines 7 000 9 900 hp or 5 200 7 400 kW twin screw propellersSpeed15 16 kn 28 30 km h 17 18 mph Passengers 2 026 2 392 consisting of 172 390 first class 106 250 second class 1 550 1 954 third class steerageCrew171 250 depending on season and shipNotestwo funnels two masts Contents 1 History 1 1 Early career 1 2 World War I 1 3 Postwar service 2 Ships 3 Notes 4 References 5 BibliographyHistory EditEarly career Edit The first four ships of the class Friedrich der Grosse Barbarossa Konigin Luise and Bremen were launched in 1896 for North German Lloyd German Norddeutscher Lloyd or NDL in a combination class usable on several of NDL s routes The class was intended to be called the Bremen class but delays in the building of that ship caused the class to instead be named after Barbarossa 1 Despite the name of the class the first ship launched was Friedrich der Grosse in August at 10 531 GRT the first German ship over 10 000 GRT 2 followed by Barbarossa 3 Konigin Luise 4 and Bremen at monthly intervals 5 These first four ships were used on Australian Far East and North Atlantic routes for NDL On Australian and Far East voyages the liners transited the Suez Canal and were along with NDL s Grosser Kurfurst Note 1 the largest ships regularly using the canal The size of these liners was a principal reason for the canal s deepening Bremen on one trip to Australia became the first ship to transit the newly deepened canal 6 The latter six ships two for NDL and four for the Hamburg America Line German Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Aktien Gesellschaft or HAPAG were launched between June 1899 and November 1901 NDL s two liners Konig Albert and Prinzess Irene were launched a year apart in June 1899 and June 1900 respectively and were used on Far East and North Atlantic routes Beginning in 1904 they were mainly used on the Italy New York route 7 Of the four HAPAG liners two Hamburg and Kiautschou were launched in November 1899 and September 1900 for the Far East mail routes that HAPAG and NDL shared 8 Displeased with the Far East service HAPAG withdrew and transferred Hamburg to North Atlantic service and traded Kiautschou to NDL for five freighters in 1904 9 Kiautschou renamed by NDL to Princess Alice became the only Barbarossa class ship to sail for both of the major German passenger lines She stayed on the Far East mail route until 1914 SS Princess Alice the ex Kiautschou interned at Cebu Philippines c 1914 1916 The last two Barbarossa ships were Moltke and Blucher launched in August and November 1901 Moltke spent time on North Atlantic and Mediterranean routes Blucher on North Atlantic and South American routes 10 World War I Edit At the outbreak of World War I rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British Royal Navy most of the Barbarossa class ships were interned in neutral ports Konig Albert and Moltke were interned at Genoa 10 11 while Blucher was interned at Pernambuco Brazil 10 Five ships were interned at U S controlled ports four Barbarossa Friedrich der Grosse Prinzess Irene and Hamburg were interned at Hoboken New Jersey and Princess Alice was interned at Cebu Philippine Islands Only Konigin Luise and Bremen were in German ports where they remained throughout the war 12 In September 1914 Hamburg was briefly renamed and chartered to the American Red Cross Sailing under the name Red Cross she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York and her previous name 10 As Italy the United States and Brazil successively joined the war each seized the interned Barbarossa ships along with all other German and Austro Hungarian ships and renamed them In Italy Moltke became Pesaro while Konig Albert became hospital ship Ferdinando Palasciano in Brazil Blucher became Leopoldina 10 The five ships interned under U S control all became United States Navy transport ships and were renamed as follows SS Red Cross the ex Hamburg at Falmouth in 1914 Barbarossa became USS Mercury ID 3012 3 Friedrich der Grosse became USS Huron ID 1408 2 Prinzess Irene became USS Pocahontas ID 3044 13 Hamburg became USS Powhatan ID 3013 10 Princess Alice became USS Princess Matoika ID 2290 14 These five ex German transports carried over 95 000 American troops to France before the Armistice 15 Postwar service Edit At the conclusion of World War I war reparations permanently assigned the eight seized ships to the nations that held them Further Konigin Luise and Bremen safely laid up in Germany during the war were assigned to the UK 12 Apart from those two only two other Barbarossa class ships changed national registry after the war Brazil sold Leopoldina the ex Blucher to the French Compagnie Generale Transatlantique which operated her under the name Suffren 10 Pocahontas the ex Prinzess Irene was laid up in Gibraltar after mechanical failures and was purchased by NDL in 1923 She became the only member of the Barbarossa class to resume sailing under the German flag First renamed Bremen and later Karlsruhe to free the name Bremen for a newer ship she sailed primarily on the Bremen New York route 13 In 1922 City of Honolulu the ex Friedrich der Grosse sailing on her first roundtrip on the Los Angeles Honolulu route for the Los Angeles Steamship Company caught fire and burned in a calm sea No one on board was killed or injured when the lifeboats were launched and when towing the burned hulk proved unsuccessful the ship was sunk by gunfire from a United States Coast Guard Cutter she was the only member of the Barbarossa class to sink 2 By the end of the 1920s six more Barbarossa ships had met their ends at the hands of shipbreakers and none of the remaining three ships would survive the next decade All were scrapped by 1935 bringing an end to the career of the Barbarossa class Ships EditShip Tonnage Builder OriginalOperator Launch Fate Later namesFriedrich der Grosse 16 10 531 GT AG Vulcan NDL 1 August 1896 01922 Sunk after fire 1922 Huron 1917City of Honolulu 1922Barbarossa 12 10 769 GT Blohm amp Voss NDL 5 September 1896 01924 Scrapped 1924 Mercury 1917Konigin Luise 16 10 566 GT AG Vulcan NDL 17 October 1896 01935 Scrapped 1935 Omar 1921Edison 1924Bremen 17 10 525 GT Schichau Werke NDL 14 November 1896 01929 Scrapped 1929 Constantinople 1921King Alexander 1924Konig Albert 11 10 643 GT AG Vulcan NDL 24 June 1899 01926 Scrapped 1926 Ferdinando Palaciano 1915Italia 1922Hamburg 10 10 532 GT AG Vulcan HAPAG 25 November 1899 01928 Scrapped 1928 Powhatan 1917New Rochelle 1920Hudson 1921President Fillmore 1922Prinzess Irene 18 10 881 GT AG Vulcan NDL 19 June 1900 01932 Scrapped 1932 Pocahontas 1917Bremen 1923Karlsruhe 1928Kiautschou 19 10 911 GT AG Vulcan HAPAG 14 September 1900 01934 Scrapped 1934 Princess Alice 1904Princess Matoika 1918President Arthur 1923City of Honolulu 1926Moltke 20 12 335 GT Blohm amp Voss HAPAG 27 August 1901 01925 Scrapped 1925 Pesaro 1919Blucher 21 12 334 GT Blohm amp Voss HAPAG 23 November 1901 01929 Scrapped 1929 Leopoldina 1917Suffren 1923Notes Edit Putnam pp 140 42 includes Grosse Kurfurst sic as a Barbarossa class ship but Drechsel p 165 calls her an only vessel Grosser Kurfurst was almost 3 000 GT larger than the other Barbarossa class ships and a full 10 meters 33 ft longer supporting Drechsel s view See Drechsel p 232 References Edit Drechsel p 165 a b c Drechsel pp 167 68 a b Drechsel pp 168 69 Drechsel p 170 Drechsel pp 170 71 Drechsel p 166 Bonsor Vol 2 pp 563 566 Bonsor Vol 1 pp 408 410 Drechsel p 338 a b c d e f g h Bonsor Vol 1 p 410 a b Bonsor Vol 2 p 566 a b c Bonsor Vol 2 pp 559 60 a b Drechsel pp 231 32 Drechsel pp 338 39 Gleaves pp 246 248 a b Bonsor Vol 2 p 559 Bonsor Vol 2 p 560 Bonsor Vol 2 p 563 Bonsor Vol 1 p 408 Vol 2 p 566 Bonsor Vol 1 pp 407 08 Bonsor Vol 1 p 408 Bibliography EditBonsor N R P 1975 1955 North Atlantic Seaway Volume 1 Enlarged and revised ed New York Arco Publishing Company ISBN 0 668 03679 6 OCLC 1891992 Bonsor N R P 1978 1955 North Atlantic Seaway Volume 2 Enlarged and completely revised ed Saint Brelade Jersey Brookside Publications ISBN 0 905824 01 6 OCLC 29930159 Drechsel Edwin 1994 Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen 1857 1970 History Fleet Ship Mails Volume 1 Vancouver British Columbia Cordillera Pub Co ISBN 978 1 895590 08 1 OCLC 30357825 Gleaves Albert 1921 A History of the Transport Service Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War New York George H Doran Company OCLC 976757 Putnam William Lowell 2001 The Kaiser s Merchant Ships in World War I Jefferson North Carolina McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 0923 5 OCLC 46732396 Matthias L Trennheuser Die innenarchitektonische Ausstattung deutscher Passagierschiffe zwischen 1880 und 1940 Verlag H M Hauschild GmbH Bremen Bremen 2010 ISBN 978 3 89757 305 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barbarossa class ocean liner amp oldid 1136992992, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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