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Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute

The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, commonly known as the Baker Institute, is an Australian independent medical research institute headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria. Established in 1926, the institute is one of Australia's oldest medical research organisations with a historical focus on cardiovascular disease. In 2008, it became the country's first medical research institute to target diabetes, heart disease, obesity and their complications at the basic, clinical and population health levels.

Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
The Institute's building in the AMREP, 2008
Founder(s)
  • John F. Mackeddie
  • Thomas and Alice Baker
  • Eleanor Shaw
Established1926; 97 years ago (1926)
MissionMedical research
FocusDiabetes, heart disease, obesity
ChairPeter Scott
DirectorThomas Marwick
FacultyMonash Partners
Adjunct facultyAlice Springs
  • Alice Springs Hospital
  • Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance Northern Territory
  • Tangentyere Council
  • Centralian Australian Aboriginal Congress
  • Northern Territory PHN
Subsidiaries
  • Nucleus Network Ltd
  • Osprem
  • V-Kardia Pty Ltd
  • Elacor Pty Ltd
Formerly called
  • Baker Medical Research Institute
  • International Diabetes Institute
  • Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
Location
75 Commercial Road
, , ,
Australia
Coordinates37°50′45″S 144°59′00″E / 37.84583°S 144.98333°E / -37.84583; 144.98333Coordinates: 37°50′45″S 144°59′00″E / 37.84583°S 144.98333°E / -37.84583; 144.98333
Websitewww.baker.edu.au

The institute is located adjacent to The Alfred Hospital within the Alfred Research Alliance Precinct. The institute also has a national Aboriginal Health program, with a research facility in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.

Research

The Baker Institute's work ranges from cellular and molecular biology research in the laboratory to clinical-based research through to lifestyle and behavioural research that aims to inform prevention strategies.

Baker Institute's teams comprising medical specialists, scientists and public health experts are focussed on bringing their knowledge and expertise to bear on these areas:[citation needed]

  • Atherothrombosis: How can vulnerable plaque be identified and treated?
  • Bioinformatics and Validation: Using big data approaches to inform our science.
  • Diabetic Complications: How to prevent the progression of diabetes to complications affecting arteries, the heart, the kidneys and the eyes?
  • Hypertension and Cardiac Disease: How to reverse chronic heart disease, and prevent and repair structural damage to the heart from hypertension, heart disease and associated rhythm disturbances?
  • Immunometabolism: Maintaining overall health, no system in the human body is more important than our immune system
  • Obesity and Lipids: Alterations in how we metabolise fats (lipids) underpins many chronic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and age-related dementia.
  • Physical Activity: What physical activity, diet and other behavioural patterns are optimal at different life stages in preventing diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and how can behavioural and generational change best be addressed?

The institute's domains are based around seven themes.

  • The Prevention domain seeks to slow ageing and prevent progression of these conditions by research informing primary prevention through physical activity, more accurate risk assessment and early-intervention strategies to limit/reverse disease progression.
  • The Cardiometabolic Risk domain aim is to understand diabetes and obesity at the clinical and population levels, and to build the evidence to support specific policy or practice approaches.
  • Aboriginal Health is a national program of research to improve the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a particular focus on the residents of Central Australia. This domain leads research projects in close collaboration with community stakeholders across remote, regional and urban settings.
  • The Clinical Research domain provides a focal point for the institute's interests in human research and clinical-service provision, including governance and planning of clinical trials, clinical-service delivery through the Baker Specialist Clinics, and an increasing interest in diagnostic imaging – including MRI, cardiac echo and ultrasound.
  • The Diabetes domain incorporates basic, translational and clinical research in the field of diabetes, with a particular interest in diabetic complications. The focus is on developing and retesting novel pharmacological approaches to reduce the disease burden.
  • The Vascular Disease domain encompasses teams focused on understanding vascular disease pathologies from pre-symptomatic through to overt disease.
  • The Heart Disease and Neuroscience domain encompasses disorders including heart failure, coronary-artery disease, myocardial infarctions and arrhythmias.

Research outcomes and achievements

  • Baker scientists have developed a One-Hour mitral valve (the heart's largest valve) repair device. It is implanted in a one-hour day surgery procedure that previously required open-heart surgery. Baker Institute scientist, Dr David Kaye, and his team have invented a device that fixes a leaking valve in the heart. The mitral valve controls the blood flow from the lungs back into the left side of the heart, to be pumped back out through the rest of the body. This valve often leaks in patients with heart failure, so-called mitral regurgitation. When the heart enlarges, which is a characteristic feature of heart failure, the left ventricle enlarges and makes this valve function abnormally. Blood goes back into the lungs and that in fact is one of the causes of the symptoms of breathlessness and waking up in the night short of breath. It contributes to heart failure being a progressive disease, one in which the heart continually gets worse. The device is placed in the heart using a catheter-based system. A thin metal wire made of a special medical-grade alloy tightens up this valve, putting a little ring around it from the outside, which improves the function of the mitral valve and reduces regurgitation.[1]
  • The institute is the coordinating centre for the Australian National Blood Pressure trial.[2]
  • Baker scientists have performed research underpinning international guidelines for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including the first studies demonstrating that regular exercise reduces blood pressure and improves insulin sensitivity.[3][4]
  • Baker Institute scientists published the first study showing the benefits of walking.[5]
  • The Baker Institute has also published widely in nutrition,[6][7] dietary supplements,[8][9][10] and metabolism based research.[11]
  • The Baker Institute has shown that some anti-diabetes drugs (ACE inhibitors) also have an anti-ageing effect.[12]
  • Baker Institute research proved that mental stress and cigarette smoking both provide selective and potentially harmful stimulation of the nerves of the heart.[13]
  • The Baker Institute demonstrated that exercise can lower blood pressure.[14] The study was a collaboration between the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, and the University of Melbourne and University of Queensland.
  • Baker Institute scientists have proved for the first time that damage done by unhealthy eating is "remembered" in genetic controls – epigenetics – and turns off good genes needed to prevent diabetes, heart disease and other complications. Lead researcher Assoc Prof Assam El-Osta, from the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute team, said this meant that eating a chocolate would not only go straight to your hips, but also sit on your DNA.[15]
  • A world-first test to identify people who will suffer heart disease years before they die of a heart attack is being developed by the Baker Institute. The test has the potential to screen for heart disease long before any symptoms strike by pinpointing patterns in proteins contained in urine, which were discovered by researchers at Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute. There are no tests to screen for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – which is responsible for 80 per cent of heart conditions – and the first sign of illness for many people is a fatal or near-fatal heart attack. The Melbourne team led by Prof Karlheinz Peter developed a urine test with the German biotech company Mosaiques and the University of Freiburg, which has already proved 84 per cent accurate in early trials.[16]
  • Described an assay for glutamic acid decarboxylase to discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus[17]
  • The plasma protein which led to the distinction between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes was discovered by Baker Institute scientists[18]
  • Sir James Officer Brown researched and tested open heart surgery on animals with the support of the Baker Medical Research Institute, and went on to supervise the first successful open-heart surgery in Australia in 1957. Other Baker Institute colleagues such as Kenneth N Morris and George Stirling performed the first coronary bypass and the first heart transplant whilst associated with the institute.[19]: 119–121 

History

The Baker Medical Research Institute was the creation of Dr. John F. Mackeddie, a clinical doctor and researcher, who had the idea of improving the laboratory facilities at The Alfred Hospital to keep up with advances in research. Mackeddie persuaded his friend, the photography industry pioneer and philanthropist Thomas Baker and his wife, Alice and sister-in-law, Eleanor Shaw, to assume financial responsibility. They decided the Institute should not only provide a better laboratory service for the hospital but should also have facilities for medical research.[20]: 3–7 

In 1926, prior to appointing its first director, the Baker Institute hired Australian bacteriologist and biochemist Phyllis Ashworth as its first biochemist and electrocardiographer. Ashworth worked with the Institute's newly acquired Cambridge electrocardiograph, alongside her research into eclampsia.[21]

Dr. William J. Penfold, who was internationally renowned in bacteriology and preventative medicine and was prominent in establishing the Australian Medical Research Council,[22] was the first director of the Baker from 1926 until 1938.[20]: 15–20  He was followed by Dr. Arthur B. Corkill, who first came to the Institute as a biochemist.[20]: 20–22  Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at The Alfred Hospital in 1927.[23] Twenty years later, in 1947, a young biochemist called Joe Bornstein was introduced to Corkill. Their work together resulted in the discovery of the two forms of diabetes—insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).[24] This discovery in 1949 "... literally changed the concepts, research and treatment of diabetes".[25]: 37 

From 1949 until 1974, Dr. Thomas E. Lowe was the institute's director.[20]: 23–30  With a team of notable investigators, Lowe developed the Baker into a major research organisation with world-class facilities.[26] The team included:

  • Paul Fantl – identified key parts of the clotting cascade[27]
  • Alf Barnett – a pioneer of the treatment of hypertension and vascular disease[28]
  • Priscilla Kincaid-Smith – identified analgesics as a cause of kidney failure[29]
  • Winifred Nayler – helped define calcium channel physiology[30]
  • Austin Doyle – had a profound impact on hypertension research and founded the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia[31]

It was during this time that cardiovascular research became the major focus. Research included the further development of cardiovascular surgery; new techniques of ECG and phonocardiography; treatment of congestive cardiac failure and of arterial hypertension. Sir James Officer Brown researched and tested open heart surgery in pre-clinical trials with the support of the Baker Institute, paving the way for Australia's first successful open heart operation at The Alfred Hospital in 1957 which was undertaken by Kenneth Morris.[19]: 81–83  Morris went on to make major contributions to cardiac and thoracic surgery, alongside George Stirling (Director of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit at The Alfred Hospital from 1971 to 1988), with strong support from the Baker Institute in trialling and developing new cardiothoracic techniques.[19]: 101 [19]: 119–126 

Professor Paul Korner AO, a cardiac physiologist noted for his contributions to the understanding of hypertension, took on the role of director in 1975[19]: 86  and by this time, the sole focus of the institute was cardiovascular disease research. Significant advancements during this time included new strategies for hypertension; greater understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system; insight into the role of cholesterol in atherogenesis and triglycerides as an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis.[32]: 151–157  Notable investigators included Paul Nestel (nutrition, CVD, atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism), Murray Esler (causes and treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure, and effects of stress on the cardiovascular system) and Garry Jennings (causes, prevention and treatment of CVD, and relationship between exercise, blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system activity and glucose metabolism).

Other notable investigators whose work would come to have a significant bearing on the Institute included Paul Zimmet, who pioneered Australia's first institute dedicated exclusively to diabetes.[33] His research in Australian, Pacific, and Indian Ocean populations has highlighted the rise of diabetes worldwide, providing new insights into the genetic and environmental determinants of type 2 diabetes.

Professor John Funder AC was appointed Director in 1990 and bought his work on cardiovascular endocrinology, especially aldosterone action to the institute. Funder rewrote the pathophysiology of adrenal steroid action in the cardiovascular system, reshaping what we believe about aldosterone, cortisol and mineralcorticol receptors.[34] He was recognised for his contributions to public policy across primary health issues.

In 2001, cardiologist-researcher Professor Garry Jennings AO became the institute's sixth director. Under Jennings' leadership, the Institute grew substantially and by 2002, the Institute had its own purpose-built facilities adjacent to The Alfred Hospital. By 2007, a national Aboriginal Health research program was established[35] to help address the profound health disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Jennings also oversaw one of the most significant changes in the institute's history, the merger in 2008 of the Baker Heart Research Institute[36] with the International Diabetes Institute, which was founded and led by Zimmet. This created Australia's first multidisciplinary medical research institute dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and their complications, such as kidney disease.

The Baker Heart Research Institute

J. F. Mackeddie, a pathologist originally from Scotland, but who practised in Melbourne in the early 20th century, became a close friend of Thomas Baker through being neighbours on land south of the city. Mackeddie was "concerned with the science of diseases and the need to apply the advancing knowledge of biological science to human illness…”[citation needed] After convincing Baker to donate funds, firstly to the Alfred Hospital and then for research, he went on to become one of the founding Trustees of the Baker Medical Research Institute. Mackeddie recruited A. B. (Basil) Corkill as a biochemist for the new Institute. The salary was paid by Thomas Baker.

The only consistent basic research in relation to diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism in the 20 years from 1925 was carried out at the Baker Institute in Melbourne.

— F. I. R. Martin[25]: 23 

The initial project dealt with new techniques for diagnosing diseases of the nervous system, in particular, the changes in cell content and chemistry of cerebro-spinal fluid in various diseases.[20]: 66  Other projects in the early days involved bacteriology, at the time the institute was started, the advancing edge of scientific medicine, and its application to the management of infectious disease in man. In the 1930s microbiology was a focus, with many of those projects reliant upon blood cultures and the techniques developed were published in a monograph – "Blood Cultures and their Significance" by H Butler in 1937. The Monograph Series lasted until 1974 – with 9 published. They covered anaesthesia, tumours, the cardiovascular system and scleroderma.

Basil Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at the Alfred Hospital in 1927.[23] Twenty years later, in 1947, Joe Bornstein a young biochemist was introduced to Basil Corkill, who by then was Director of the Baker Institute. Their work together resulted in the discovery of the 2 forms of diabetes – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).[24] This discovery in 1949 “..literally changed the concepts, research and treatment of diabetes".[25]: 37 

In the circumstances of the formation of the Institute it was to be expected that much of the research, at least in the earlier years, would be directed to the application of existing knowledge to the practical problems of clinical medicine.

— T. E. Lowe[20]: 66 

In their collection of memoirs of Baker Medical Research Institute Alumni, Andrew and Barnett describe the work of the Baker Institute to have “..always been in the interface between scientific medicine and the practice of medicine, a field engendered and enhanced by its association with Alfred Hospital".[32]: 50  They remark that from its earliest days, the staff were involved in communicating the outputs of research to the clinical community and the community in general. An example being the statewide tours of Victoria that Basil Corkill and Ewen Downe made to introduce the new insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus.[citation needed]

In 1940, Paul Fantl became interested in blood clotting. At the time, synthetic Vitamin K was being produced and was often in short supply. Using very simple equipment – test tubes, water bath, stop watches and a centrifuge – he was "in the forefront of a revolutionary concept that led to the recognition of Factors V, VII, and X", and with Miss Nance, internationally credited with the discovery of Factor V.[20]: 103  He went on to become a member of the International Committee for the Standardisation of the Nomenclature of Blood Clotting Factors in 1956. In 1963 he was honoured when the Fantl-Koller Schema was declared.[citation needed]

Other areas of research up to 1949 included asthma, eye disease, immunoproteins, scleroderma and surgery. The research on surgery lead to the development of cardiac surgery at the Alfred Hospital.

In the 1950s Tom Lowe decided to make a study of congestive heart failure. He concluded "that the body's fluid system was an 'open system' with an intake and output and divisions of the contents under control of various factors".[19]: 272  He was also interested in electrocardiography, especially vector cardiography and had machines constructed to show the three-dimensional view.

Between 1949 and 1974, staff at the Baker Medical Research Institute also devoted a significant amount of time and energy to equipment construction to meet the needs of their researchers, this included some early, crude versions of heart-lung machines to aid in cardiac surgery.[19]: 122  Some research on the alimentary canal also was undertaken, however this work ceased in 1968.[20]: 68–74 

In 1949, cardiovascular research was one of the major growth edges of medicine was cardiology. At the time, it represented two-thirds of the total research in the Baker Medical Research Institute. Cardiology research included:

The International Diabetes Institute (1984–2008)

The International Diabetes Institute was started in Melbourne in 1984 by Professor Paul Zimmet AO a number of years after his appointment to the Royal Southern Memorial Hospital.[33]

"The research of Paul and his team in Pacific and Indian Ocean populations has provided new insights into the genetic contribution of NIDDM as well as the role of obesity, physical activity, nutrition and sociocultural change in the aetiology of this disorder".[37]

In 1980 Zimmet was asked by the Council of the Australian Diabetes Society to prepare a submission, along with colleague Dr Ian Martin, titled 'Diabetes in Australia'. The submission was to the Federal Minister of Health. The submission highlighted the impact of diabetes in the community and what government needed to invest to find a cure or treatment and to support people with diabetes.[25]: 75  At the same time, with Drv Matthew Cohen, Zimmet was the first to report their experience with home glucose monitoring and its acceptance in the diabetic population. They found better control, less hypoglycaemia and 95% acceptance.[38]

One of the most significant contributions of the International Diabetes Institute has been the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). In 2000 it was the first national study to provide estimates of the number of people with diabetes (based on blood tests) and its public health and societal impact. It is now considered an integral component of the National Diabetes Strategy to tackle the mounting problem of diabetes and its complications in Australia.[39]

In addition to research, the IDI operated diabetes clinics in Melbourne from the site of the Caulfield Hospital. The diabetes clinics are the largest in Victoria, with more than 8000 patients per year and continue to be operated by Baker IDI from the organisation's site in Prahran in Melbourne's inner south-east.

Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute (2008–2016)

In 2008 the Baker Heart Research Institute, as it was then known, merged with the International Diabetes Institute which had operated in Melbourne for over 25 years.[25]: 69 

Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute houses World Health Organization Collaborating Centres for Research & Training in Cardiovascular Disease[40] and Diabetes (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Health Promotion for NCD Control).[41]

Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (2017–present)

In 2017 the Baker Institute streamlined their name and became the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute.

Structure and organisation

Locations

Research, education to the public, health professionals, biomedical research students and patient care are located within the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in Melbourne and Adelaide and the Baker IDI Centre for Indigenous Vascular and Diabetes Research in Alice Springs. International projects in heart disease and diabetes are currently conducted in Mauritius, South Africa, Fiji, India and Vietnam.

Funding

The Baker Heart Research Institute is funded from a diverse range of Government and private sources including the corporate sector, trusts and foundations and individual donors. Financial supporters from the pharmaceutical industry since 2016 include Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck & Co., Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi. The United States government has also provided funding through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health.[42]

In 2007 the Baker IDI Concise Financial Report showed receipts from granting bodies of $32.6 million. A further $7.4 million came from donations and bequests and $20.27 million from commercial income.[43]

Collaborative partners

The institute was a founding partner of the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in 2002, which also includes Alfred Health, Monash University, Burnet Institute, La Trobe University and Deakin University.[44]

The Baker Institute is also a partner of Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, an Australian health industry, research and educational collaboration.[45] In March 2015, Monash Partners was recognised by the National Health and Medical Research Council as one of four Advanced Health Research and Translation Centres in Australia.[46]

Baker Institute's longest partnership has been with The Alfred Hospital, which dates back to the institute's inception in 1926 on the hospital site. One of the significant developments of this partnership has been the Alfred Baker Medical Unit, which was established in 1949 and is the hub of joint research and clinical activity between the two institutions.[47]

Subsidiaries

See also

References

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  2. ^ Wing, L. M.; Reid, C. M.; Ryan, P.; Beilin, L. J.; Brown, M. A.; Jennings, G. L.; Johnston, C. I.; McNeil, J. J.; Macdonald, G. J.; Marley, J. E.; Morgan, T. O.; West, M. J. (2003). "A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting—enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 348 (7): 583–592. doi:10.1056/nejmoa021716. hdl:2440/4230. PMID 12584366.
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  31. ^ "History". High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
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  33. ^ a b . Obesity Australia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
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  39. ^ Dunstan, D; Zimmet, P; Welborn, T; Sicree, R; Armstrong, T; Atkins, R; Cameron, A; Shaw, J; Chadban, S; AusDiab Steering Committee (2001). "Diabesity & Associated Disorders in Australia – 2000 The Accelerating Epidemic; The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)". International Diabetes Institute. Melbourne.
  40. ^ WHO Collaborating Centre Website WHO Collaborating Centre Website Accessed 21 April 2009 14.40
  41. ^ WHO Collaborating Centre Website Accessed 21 April 2009: 14.40
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  43. ^ Baker IDI 2008 Research Update, Baker IDI, Melbourne p31
  44. ^ "Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct".
  45. ^ "Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre".
  46. ^ . www.nhmrc.gov.au. National Health and Medical Research Council. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  47. ^ Baker Heart Research Institute Annual Report 2005. State Library of Victoria. p. 17.
  48. ^ "Avert™". www.ospreymed.com. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  49. ^ "Baker Institute spin-off enters agreement :: Industry News :: Life Scientist". www.lifescientist.com.au. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  50. ^ Institute, Baker Heart and Diabetes. "Neuropharmacology". www.baker.edu.au. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

External links

  • The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute

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The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute commonly known as the Baker Institute is an Australian independent medical research institute headquartered in Melbourne Victoria Established in 1926 the institute is one of Australia s oldest medical research organisations with a historical focus on cardiovascular disease In 2008 it became the country s first medical research institute to target diabetes heart disease obesity and their complications at the basic clinical and population health levels Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteThe Institute s building in the AMREP 2008Founder s John F MackeddieThomas and Alice BakerEleanor ShawEstablished1926 97 years ago 1926 MissionMedical researchFocusDiabetes heart disease obesityChairPeter ScottDirectorThomas MarwickFacultyMonash PartnersAlfred HealthBurnet InstituteCabrini HealthEpworth HealthCareMonash UniversityPrince Henry s InstituteMonash HealthAdjunct facultyAlice SpringsAlice Springs HospitalAboriginal Medical Services Alliance Northern TerritoryTangentyere CouncilCentralian Australian Aboriginal CongressNorthern Territory PHNSubsidiariesNucleus Network LtdOspremV Kardia Pty LtdElacor Pty LtdFormerly calledBaker Medical Research InstituteInternational Diabetes InstituteBaker IDI Heart and Diabetes InstituteLocation75 Commercial Road Melbourne Victoria AustraliaCoordinates37 50 45 S 144 59 00 E 37 84583 S 144 98333 E 37 84583 144 98333 Coordinates 37 50 45 S 144 59 00 E 37 84583 S 144 98333 E 37 84583 144 98333Websitewww wbr baker wbr edu wbr auThe institute is located adjacent to The Alfred Hospital within the Alfred Research Alliance Precinct The institute also has a national Aboriginal Health program with a research facility in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory Contents 1 Research 1 1 Research outcomes and achievements 2 History 2 1 The Baker Heart Research Institute 2 2 The International Diabetes Institute 1984 2008 2 3 Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute 2008 2016 2 4 Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute 2017 present 3 Structure and organisation 3 1 Locations 3 2 Funding 3 3 Collaborative partners 3 4 Subsidiaries 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksResearch EditThe Baker Institute s work ranges from cellular and molecular biology research in the laboratory to clinical based research through to lifestyle and behavioural research that aims to inform prevention strategies Baker Institute s teams comprising medical specialists scientists and public health experts are focussed on bringing their knowledge and expertise to bear on these areas citation needed Atherothrombosis How can vulnerable plaque be identified and treated Bioinformatics and Validation Using big data approaches to inform our science Diabetic Complications How to prevent the progression of diabetes to complications affecting arteries the heart the kidneys and the eyes Hypertension and Cardiac Disease How to reverse chronic heart disease and prevent and repair structural damage to the heart from hypertension heart disease and associated rhythm disturbances Immunometabolism Maintaining overall health no system in the human body is more important than our immune system Obesity and Lipids Alterations in how we metabolise fats lipids underpins many chronic diseases including obesity type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease and age related dementia Physical Activity What physical activity diet and other behavioural patterns are optimal at different life stages in preventing diabetes and cardiovascular disease and how can behavioural and generational change best be addressed The institute s domains are based around seven themes The Prevention domain seeks to slow ageing and prevent progression of these conditions by research informing primary prevention through physical activity more accurate risk assessment and early intervention strategies to limit reverse disease progression The Cardiometabolic Risk domain aim is to understand diabetes and obesity at the clinical and population levels and to build the evidence to support specific policy or practice approaches Aboriginal Health is a national program of research to improve the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with a particular focus on the residents of Central Australia This domain leads research projects in close collaboration with community stakeholders across remote regional and urban settings The Clinical Research domain provides a focal point for the institute s interests in human research and clinical service provision including governance and planning of clinical trials clinical service delivery through the Baker Specialist Clinics and an increasing interest in diagnostic imaging including MRI cardiac echo and ultrasound The Diabetes domain incorporates basic translational and clinical research in the field of diabetes with a particular interest in diabetic complications The focus is on developing and retesting novel pharmacological approaches to reduce the disease burden The Vascular Disease domain encompasses teams focused on understanding vascular disease pathologies from pre symptomatic through to overt disease The Heart Disease and Neuroscience domain encompasses disorders including heart failure coronary artery disease myocardial infarctions and arrhythmias Research outcomes and achievements Edit Baker scientists have developed a One Hour mitral valve the heart s largest valve repair device It is implanted in a one hour day surgery procedure that previously required open heart surgery Baker Institute scientist Dr David Kaye and his team have invented a device that fixes a leaking valve in the heart The mitral valve controls the blood flow from the lungs back into the left side of the heart to be pumped back out through the rest of the body This valve often leaks in patients with heart failure so called mitral regurgitation When the heart enlarges which is a characteristic feature of heart failure the left ventricle enlarges and makes this valve function abnormally Blood goes back into the lungs and that in fact is one of the causes of the symptoms of breathlessness and waking up in the night short of breath It contributes to heart failure being a progressive disease one in which the heart continually gets worse The device is placed in the heart using a catheter based system A thin metal wire made of a special medical grade alloy tightens up this valve putting a little ring around it from the outside which improves the function of the mitral valve and reduces regurgitation 1 The institute is the coordinating centre for the Australian National Blood Pressure trial 2 Baker scientists have performed research underpinning international guidelines for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including the first studies demonstrating that regular exercise reduces blood pressure and improves insulin sensitivity 3 4 Baker Institute scientists published the first study showing the benefits of walking 5 The Baker Institute has also published widely in nutrition 6 7 dietary supplements 8 9 10 and metabolism based research 11 The Baker Institute has shown that some anti diabetes drugs ACE inhibitors also have an anti ageing effect 12 Baker Institute research proved that mental stress and cigarette smoking both provide selective and potentially harmful stimulation of the nerves of the heart 13 The Baker Institute demonstrated that exercise can lower blood pressure 14 The study was a collaboration between the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute and the University of Melbourne and University of Queensland Baker Institute scientists have proved for the first time that damage done by unhealthy eating is remembered in genetic controls epigenetics and turns off good genes needed to prevent diabetes heart disease and other complications Lead researcher Assoc Prof Assam El Osta from the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute team said this meant that eating a chocolate would not only go straight to your hips but also sit on your DNA 15 A world first test to identify people who will suffer heart disease years before they die of a heart attack is being developed by the Baker Institute The test has the potential to screen for heart disease long before any symptoms strike by pinpointing patterns in proteins contained in urine which were discovered by researchers at Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute There are no tests to screen for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease which is responsible for 80 per cent of heart conditions and the first sign of illness for many people is a fatal or near fatal heart attack The Melbourne team led by Prof Karlheinz Peter developed a urine test with the German biotech company Mosaiques and the University of Freiburg which has already proved 84 per cent accurate in early trials 16 Described an assay for glutamic acid decarboxylase to discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus 17 The plasma protein which led to the distinction between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes was discovered by Baker Institute scientists 18 Sir James Officer Brown researched and tested open heart surgery on animals with the support of the Baker Medical Research Institute and went on to supervise the first successful open heart surgery in Australia in 1957 Other Baker Institute colleagues such as Kenneth N Morris and George Stirling performed the first coronary bypass and the first heart transplant whilst associated with the institute 19 119 121 History EditThe Baker Medical Research Institute was the creation of Dr John F Mackeddie a clinical doctor and researcher who had the idea of improving the laboratory facilities at The Alfred Hospital to keep up with advances in research Mackeddie persuaded his friend the photography industry pioneer and philanthropist Thomas Baker and his wife Alice and sister in law Eleanor Shaw to assume financial responsibility They decided the Institute should not only provide a better laboratory service for the hospital but should also have facilities for medical research 20 3 7 In 1926 prior to appointing its first director the Baker Institute hired Australian bacteriologist and biochemist Phyllis Ashworth as its first biochemist and electrocardiographer Ashworth worked with the Institute s newly acquired Cambridge electrocardiograph alongside her research into eclampsia 21 Dr William J Penfold who was internationally renowned in bacteriology and preventative medicine and was prominent in establishing the Australian Medical Research Council 22 was the first director of the Baker from 1926 until 1938 20 15 20 He was followed by Dr Arthur B Corkill who first came to the Institute as a biochemist 20 20 22 Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at The Alfred Hospital in 1927 23 Twenty years later in 1947 a young biochemist called Joe Bornstein was introduced to Corkill Their work together resulted in the discovery of the two forms of diabetes insulin dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM 24 This discovery in 1949 literally changed the concepts research and treatment of diabetes 25 37 From 1949 until 1974 Dr Thomas E Lowe was the institute s director 20 23 30 With a team of notable investigators Lowe developed the Baker into a major research organisation with world class facilities 26 The team included Paul Fantl identified key parts of the clotting cascade 27 Alf Barnett a pioneer of the treatment of hypertension and vascular disease 28 Priscilla Kincaid Smith identified analgesics as a cause of kidney failure 29 Winifred Nayler helped define calcium channel physiology 30 Austin Doyle had a profound impact on hypertension research and founded the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia 31 It was during this time that cardiovascular research became the major focus Research included the further development of cardiovascular surgery new techniques of ECG and phonocardiography treatment of congestive cardiac failure and of arterial hypertension Sir James Officer Brown researched and tested open heart surgery in pre clinical trials with the support of the Baker Institute paving the way for Australia s first successful open heart operation at The Alfred Hospital in 1957 which was undertaken by Kenneth Morris 19 81 83 Morris went on to make major contributions to cardiac and thoracic surgery alongside George Stirling Director of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit at The Alfred Hospital from 1971 to 1988 with strong support from the Baker Institute in trialling and developing new cardiothoracic techniques 19 101 19 119 126 Professor Paul Korner AO a cardiac physiologist noted for his contributions to the understanding of hypertension took on the role of director in 1975 19 86 and by this time the sole focus of the institute was cardiovascular disease research Significant advancements during this time included new strategies for hypertension greater understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system insight into the role of cholesterol in atherogenesis and triglycerides as an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis 32 151 157 Notable investigators included Paul Nestel nutrition CVD atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism Murray Esler causes and treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure and effects of stress on the cardiovascular system and Garry Jennings causes prevention and treatment of CVD and relationship between exercise blood pressure sympathetic nervous system activity and glucose metabolism Other notable investigators whose work would come to have a significant bearing on the Institute included Paul Zimmet who pioneered Australia s first institute dedicated exclusively to diabetes 33 His research in Australian Pacific and Indian Ocean populations has highlighted the rise of diabetes worldwide providing new insights into the genetic and environmental determinants of type 2 diabetes Professor John Funder AC was appointed Director in 1990 and bought his work on cardiovascular endocrinology especially aldosterone action to the institute Funder rewrote the pathophysiology of adrenal steroid action in the cardiovascular system reshaping what we believe about aldosterone cortisol and mineralcorticol receptors 34 He was recognised for his contributions to public policy across primary health issues In 2001 cardiologist researcher Professor Garry Jennings AO became the institute s sixth director Under Jennings leadership the Institute grew substantially and by 2002 the Institute had its own purpose built facilities adjacent to The Alfred Hospital By 2007 a national Aboriginal Health research program was established 35 to help address the profound health disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders Jennings also oversaw one of the most significant changes in the institute s history the merger in 2008 of the Baker Heart Research Institute 36 with the International Diabetes Institute which was founded and led by Zimmet This created Australia s first multidisciplinary medical research institute dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease diabetes obesity and their complications such as kidney disease The Baker Heart Research Institute Edit J F Mackeddie a pathologist originally from Scotland but who practised in Melbourne in the early 20th century became a close friend of Thomas Baker through being neighbours on land south of the city Mackeddie was concerned with the science of diseases and the need to apply the advancing knowledge of biological science to human illness citation needed After convincing Baker to donate funds firstly to the Alfred Hospital and then for research he went on to become one of the founding Trustees of the Baker Medical Research Institute Mackeddie recruited A B Basil Corkill as a biochemist for the new Institute The salary was paid by Thomas Baker The only consistent basic research in relation to diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism in the 20 years from 1925 was carried out at the Baker Institute in Melbourne F I R Martin 25 23 The initial project dealt with new techniques for diagnosing diseases of the nervous system in particular the changes in cell content and chemistry of cerebro spinal fluid in various diseases 20 66 Other projects in the early days involved bacteriology at the time the institute was started the advancing edge of scientific medicine and its application to the management of infectious disease in man In the 1930s microbiology was a focus with many of those projects reliant upon blood cultures and the techniques developed were published in a monograph Blood Cultures and their Significance by H Butler in 1937 The Monograph Series lasted until 1974 with 9 published They covered anaesthesia tumours the cardiovascular system and scleroderma Basil Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at the Alfred Hospital in 1927 23 Twenty years later in 1947 Joe Bornstein a young biochemist was introduced to Basil Corkill who by then was Director of the Baker Institute Their work together resulted in the discovery of the 2 forms of diabetes insulin dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM 24 This discovery in 1949 literally changed the concepts research and treatment of diabetes 25 37 In the circumstances of the formation of the Institute it was to be expected that much of the research at least in the earlier years would be directed to the application of existing knowledge to the practical problems of clinical medicine T E Lowe 20 66 In their collection of memoirs of Baker Medical Research Institute Alumni Andrew and Barnett describe the work of the Baker Institute to have always been in the interface between scientific medicine and the practice of medicine a field engendered and enhanced by its association with Alfred Hospital 32 50 They remark that from its earliest days the staff were involved in communicating the outputs of research to the clinical community and the community in general An example being the statewide tours of Victoria that Basil Corkill and Ewen Downe made to introduce the new insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus citation needed In 1940 Paul Fantl became interested in blood clotting At the time synthetic Vitamin K was being produced and was often in short supply Using very simple equipment test tubes water bath stop watches and a centrifuge he was in the forefront of a revolutionary concept that led to the recognition of Factors V VII and X and with Miss Nance internationally credited with the discovery of Factor V 20 103 He went on to become a member of the International Committee for the Standardisation of the Nomenclature of Blood Clotting Factors in 1956 In 1963 he was honoured when the Fantl Koller Schema was declared citation needed Other areas of research up to 1949 included asthma eye disease immunoproteins scleroderma and surgery The research on surgery lead to the development of cardiac surgery at the Alfred Hospital In the 1950s Tom Lowe decided to make a study of congestive heart failure He concluded that the body s fluid system was an open system with an intake and output and divisions of the contents under control of various factors 19 272 He was also interested in electrocardiography especially vector cardiography and had machines constructed to show the three dimensional view Between 1949 and 1974 staff at the Baker Medical Research Institute also devoted a significant amount of time and energy to equipment construction to meet the needs of their researchers this included some early crude versions of heart lung machines to aid in cardiac surgery 19 122 Some research on the alimentary canal also was undertaken however this work ceased in 1968 20 68 74 In 1949 cardiovascular research was one of the major growth edges of medicine was cardiology At the time it represented two thirds of the total research in the Baker Medical Research Institute Cardiology research included Further development of cardiovascular surgery New techniques of ECG and phonocardiography Introduction of cardiac catheterisation to record blood flow and pressure in circulation and introducing diagnostic materials Development of plethysmography to measure blood flow in limbs Clinical pharmacology of various cardioactive drugs Treatment of congestive cardiac failure and of arterial hypertension citation needed The International Diabetes Institute 1984 2008 Edit The International Diabetes Institute was started in Melbourne in 1984 by Professor Paul Zimmet AO a number of years after his appointment to the Royal Southern Memorial Hospital 33 The research of Paul and his team in Pacific and Indian Ocean populations has provided new insights into the genetic contribution of NIDDM as well as the role of obesity physical activity nutrition and sociocultural change in the aetiology of this disorder 37 In 1980 Zimmet was asked by the Council of the Australian Diabetes Society to prepare a submission along with colleague Dr Ian Martin titled Diabetes in Australia The submission was to the Federal Minister of Health The submission highlighted the impact of diabetes in the community and what government needed to invest to find a cure or treatment and to support people with diabetes 25 75 At the same time with Drv Matthew Cohen Zimmet was the first to report their experience with home glucose monitoring and its acceptance in the diabetic population They found better control less hypoglycaemia and 95 acceptance 38 One of the most significant contributions of the International Diabetes Institute has been the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study AusDiab In 2000 it was the first national study to provide estimates of the number of people with diabetes based on blood tests and its public health and societal impact It is now considered an integral component of the National Diabetes Strategy to tackle the mounting problem of diabetes and its complications in Australia 39 In addition to research the IDI operated diabetes clinics in Melbourne from the site of the Caulfield Hospital The diabetes clinics are the largest in Victoria with more than 8000 patients per year and continue to be operated by Baker IDI from the organisation s site in Prahran in Melbourne s inner south east Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute 2008 2016 Edit In 2008 the Baker Heart Research Institute as it was then known merged with the International Diabetes Institute which had operated in Melbourne for over 25 years 25 69 Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute houses World Health Organization Collaborating Centres for Research amp Training in Cardiovascular Disease 40 and Diabetes WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Health Promotion for NCD Control 41 Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute 2017 present Edit In 2017 the Baker Institute streamlined their name and became the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Structure and organisation EditLocations Edit Research education to the public health professionals biomedical research students and patient care are located within the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in Melbourne and Adelaide and the Baker IDI Centre for Indigenous Vascular and Diabetes Research in Alice Springs International projects in heart disease and diabetes are currently conducted in Mauritius South Africa Fiji India and Vietnam Funding Edit The Baker Heart Research Institute is funded from a diverse range of Government and private sources including the corporate sector trusts and foundations and individual donors Financial supporters from the pharmaceutical industry since 2016 include Abbott Laboratories Amgen AstraZeneca Bayer Boehringer Ingelheim Eli Lilly and Company GlaxoSmithKline Merck amp Co Novo Nordisk Pfizer and Sanofi The United States government has also provided funding through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health 42 In 2007 the Baker IDI Concise Financial Report showed receipts from granting bodies of 32 6 million A further 7 4 million came from donations and bequests and 20 27 million from commercial income 43 Collaborative partners Edit The institute was a founding partner of the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in 2002 which also includes Alfred Health Monash University Burnet Institute La Trobe University and Deakin University 44 The Baker Institute is also a partner of Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre an Australian health industry research and educational collaboration 45 In March 2015 Monash Partners was recognised by the National Health and Medical Research Council as one of four Advanced Health Research and Translation Centres in Australia 46 Baker Institute s longest partnership has been with The Alfred Hospital which dates back to the institute s inception in 1926 on the hospital site One of the significant developments of this partnership has been the Alfred Baker Medical Unit which was established in 1949 and is the hub of joint research and clinical activity between the two institutions 47 Subsidiaries Edit Osprey 48 V Kardia Pty Ltd 49 Elacor Pty Ltd 50 See also Edit Australia portal Biology portal Health in Australia Cardiovascular disease in Australia Diabetes in AustraliaReferences Edit Byrne M J Kaye D M Mathis M Reuter D G Alferness C A Power J M 2005 Percutaneous Mitral Annular Reduction Provides Continued Benefit in an Ovine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circulation 110 19 3088 92 doi 10 1161 01 cir 0000146904 13677 e4 PMID 15505086 Wing L M Reid C M Ryan P Beilin L J Brown M A Jennings G L Johnston C I McNeil J J Macdonald G J Marley J E Morgan T O West M J 2003 A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly PDF N Engl J Med 348 7 583 592 doi 10 1056 nejmoa021716 hdl 2440 4230 PMID 12584366 Jennings G Nelson L Nestel P Esler M Korner P Burton D Bazelmans J 1986 The effects of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors hemodynamics sympathetic function and glucose utilization in man a controlled study of four levels of activity Circulation 73 1 30 40 doi 10 1161 01 cir 73 1 30 PMID 3510088 Nelson L Jennings G L Esler M D Korner P I 1986 Effect of changing levels of physical activity on blood pressure and haemodynamics in essential hypertension Lancet 2 8505 473 6 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 86 90354 5 PMID 2875235 S2CID 24201590 Kingwell B A Jennings G L 1993 Effects of walking and other exercise programs upon blood pressure in normal subjects Medical Journal of Australia 158 4 234 8 doi 10 5694 j 1326 5377 1993 tb121740 x PMID 8426544 S2CID 22720037 Ferrier K E Nestel P Taylor A Drew B G Kingwell B A 2004 Diet but not aerobic exercise training reduces skeletal muscle TNF alpha in overweight humans Diabetologia 47 4 630 7 doi 10 1007 s00125 004 1373 z PMID 15298339 Nestel P J Chronopulos A Cehun M 2005 Dairy fat in cheese raises LDL cholesterol less than that in butter in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects Eur J Clin Nutr 59 9 1059 63 doi 10 1038 sj ejcn 1602211 PMID 16015270 Chin Dusting J Shennan J Jones E Williams C Kingwell B Dart A 2006 Effect of dietary supplementation with beta casein A1 or A2 on markers of disease development in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease British Journal of Nutrition 95 1 136 144 doi 10 1079 bjn20051599 PMID 16441926 Nestel P Fujii A Zhang L 2006 An isoflavone metabolite reduces arterial stiffness and blood pressure in overweight men and postmenopausal women Atherosclerosis 192 1 184 189 doi 10 1016 j atherosclerosis 2006 04 033 PMID 16730732 Williams C Kingwell B A Burke K McPherson J Dart A M 2005 Folic acid supplementation for 3 wk reduces pulse pressure and large artery stiffness independent of MTHFR genotype American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 1 26 31 doi 10 1093 ajcn 82 1 26 PMID 16002796 Straznicky N E Lambert E A Lambert G W Masuo K Esler M D Nestel P J 2005 Effects of dietary weight loss on sympathetic activity and cardiac risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 11 5998 6005 doi 10 1210 jc 2005 0961 PMID 16091482 The Science of Anti aging Medicine American Academy of Anti Aging Med 2003 ISBN 9780966893731 Esler M Eikelis N Schlaich M Lambert G Alvarenga M Kaye D El Osta A Guo L Barton D Pier C Brenchley C Dawood T Jennings G Lambert E 2008 Human sympathetic nerve biology parallel influences of stress and epigenetics in essential hypertension and panic disorder Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148 338 48 doi 10 1196 annals 1410 064 PMID 19120127 S2CID 25038047 Diabetes Care El Osta A Brasacchio D Yao D Pocai A Jones P L Roeder R G Cooper M E Brownlee M 2008 Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia The Journal of Experimental Medicine 29 205 10 2409 17 doi 10 1084 jem 20081188 PMC 2571941 PMID 18809715 Epub 2008 Sep 22 Erratum in J Exp Med 2008 Oct 27 205 11 2683 von Zur Muhlen C Schiffer E Zuerbig P Kellmann M Brasse M Meert N Vanholder R C Dominiczak A F Chen Y C Mischak H Bode C Peter K 2009 Evaluation of urine proteome pattern analysis for its potential to reflect coronary artery atherosclerosis in symptomatic patients J Proteome Res Jan 8 1 335 45 PMID 19053529 Rowley M Mackay I Chen Q Knowles W Zimmet P 1992 Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus Diabetes 41 41 548 551 doi 10 2337 diab 41 4 548 PMID 1607079 Bornstein J Lawrence R D 1951 Two types of diabetes mellitus with and without available plasma insulin British Medical Journal 1 4709 732 734 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4709 732 PMC 2068648 PMID 14821517 a b c d e f g The Alfred Health Care Group Heritage Committee 1996 Alfred Hospital Faces and Places The Alfred Health Care Group ISBN 978 0 9596503 1 0 a b c d e f g h Lowe Thomas December 1974 The Thomas Baker Alice Baker and Eleanor Shaw Medical Research Institute The First Fifty Years First ed Melbourne Australia The Trustees of the Institute ISBN 978 0959698206 Phyllis Ashworth PDF Graduate Women Victoria 22 July 1996 Retrieved 27 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Penfold William James 1875 1941 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 14 September 2015 a b Corkill A 1927 A review of the diabetes question Medical Journal of Australia 1 2 46 52 doi 10 5694 j 1326 5377 1927 tb12297 x a b Bornstein J Lawrence R D 1951 Two types of diabetes mellitus with and without available plasma insulin British Medical Journal 1 4709 732 734 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4709 732 PMC 2068648 PMID 14821517 a b c d e Martin F I R 1998 A history of diabetes in Australia Due Stephen Lowe Thomas Edward 1908 1990 National Centre of Biography Canberra Australian National University Ward H A Fantl Paul 1900 1972 National Centre of Biography Canberra Australian National University RACP College Roll members racp edu au Retrieved 8 December 2015 Professor Priscilla Kincaid Smith nephrologist Australian Academy of Science www science org au Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 8 December 2015 A snapshot of people papers and breakthroughs over the past 85 years PDF Baker IDI Retrieved 8 December 2015 History High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia Retrieved 8 December 2015 a b Andrew Rod Barnett Alf 1992 In Their Day Memoirs of Alumni The Baker Medical Research Institute ISBN 978 1 875657 02 5 a b Professor Paul Zimmet AO Obesity Australia Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 8 December 2015 The Endocrine Society Oral History Collection PhD Interview conducted by Michael Chappelle 4 June 2011 Baker IDI Central Australia National Library of Australia Cohen H 1999 Alfred Hospital Faces and Places Vol II Melbourne The Alfred Healthcare Group pp 469 470 Cohen M Zimmet P 1980 Home glucose monitoring Medical Journal of Australia 2 13 713 716 doi 10 5694 j 1326 5377 1980 tb132008 x S2CID 21650653 Dunstan D Zimmet P Welborn T Sicree R Armstrong T Atkins R Cameron A Shaw J Chadban S AusDiab Steering Committee 2001 Diabesity amp Associated Disorders in Australia 2000 The Accelerating Epidemic The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study AusDiab International Diabetes Institute Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre Website WHO Collaborating Centre Website Accessed 21 April 2009 14 40 WHO Collaborating Centre Website Accessed 21 April 2009 14 40 Corporate reports Baker Institute Retrieved 15 December 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Baker IDI 2008 Research Update Baker IDI Melbourne p31 Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre NHMRC Advanced Health Research and Translation Centres www nhmrc gov au National Health and Medical Research Council Archived from the original on 7 December 2015 Retrieved 8 December 2015 Baker Heart Research Institute Annual Report 2005 State Library of Victoria p 17 Avert www ospreymed com Retrieved 8 December 2015 Baker Institute spin off enters agreement Industry News Life Scientist www lifescientist com au Retrieved 8 December 2015 Institute Baker Heart and Diabetes Neuropharmacology www baker edu au Retrieved 8 December 2015 External links EditThe Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute amp oldid 1136404256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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