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Riversleigh World Heritage Area

January 07, 2023

For the locality in Shire of Murweh, South-West Queensland, see Riversleigh, Queensland.

Riversleigh World Heritage Area is Australia's most famous fossil location, recognised for the series of well preserved fossils deposited from the Late Oligocene to more recent geological periods. The fossiliferous limestone system is located near the Gregory River in the north-west of Queensland, an environment that was once a very wet rainforest that became more arid as the Gondwanan land masses separated and the Australian continent moved north. The approximately 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) area has fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds, and reptiles of the Oligocene and Miocene ages, many of which were discovered and are only known from the Riversleigh area; the species that have occurred there are known as the Riversleigh fauna.[1]

Riversleigh
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationGregory, Queensland, Australia
Part ofAustralian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)
CriteriaNatural: (viii), (ix)
Reference698-001
Inscription1994 (18th Session)
Area10,029 ha (38.72 sq mi)
Coordinates19°2′S 138°38′E / 19.033°S 138.633°E / -19.033; 138.633
Location of Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland
Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Australia)

The fossils at Riversleigh are unusual because they are found in soft freshwater limestone which has not been compacted.[2] This means the animal remains retain their three-dimensional structure, rather than being partially crushed like in most fossil sites. The area is located within the catchment of the Gregory River.[3] Many of the fossil sites were crevices and limestone caves created by the action of large amounts of water on the karst formation, creating pitfall traps and feeding spots for predators which periodically and perhaps suddenly became covered and preserved; these conditions are responsible for the large assemblages of fossilised bats whose guano helped to conserve the remains of themselves and others.

Fossils were first noted to exist in the area in 1901.[4] An initial exploration survey was conducted in 1963. Since 1976, the area has been the subject of systemic exploration.[4] The site was co-listed with the Naracoorte Caves National Park in South Australia as a World Heritage site in 1994, and by itself, it is an extension of the Boodjamulla National Park.[5]

Description

 
Nimbadon skeleton
Further information: Riversleigh fauna and Riversleigh rainforest koala

Fossils at Riversleigh are found in limestone by lime-rich freshwater pools, and in caves, when the ecosystem was evolving from rich rainforest to semiarid grassland community. Some of the fossils at Riversleigh are 25 million years old.[6] High concentrations of calcium carbonate have meant the fossils are extremely well preserved.[6] The fossil collection reveals mammalian evolution across more than 20 million years.[3] Fossils have been found in more than 200 individual locations.[4] The fossil record here is significant because it provides evidence on evolution and the distribution of species across Gondwana.

The presence of Riversleigh fauna in the Oligo-Miocene has been classified by four "faunal zones", and used to denote the presence of fossil taxa in these time periods.[7] These may be summarised as

Thirty-five fossil bat species have been identified at the site, which is the richest in the world.[3] Cave deposits have been particularly rich in bat species.[4]

The skull and nearly complete dentition of a 15-million-year-old monotreme, Obdurodon dicksoni, provide a window into the evolution of this characteristically Australian group. Fossil ancestors of the recently extinct thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, have also been identified among Riversleigh's fauna. In 1993, skulls of the koala-like Nimbadon were unearthed in a previously unknown cave in the region.[8] Researchers estimate that this marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago, perhaps from climate change-induced losses in habitat.[9] A well-preserved skull of the ancient Nimbacinus dicksoni, an extinct relative of the thylacine, has been used to determine the hunting behavior of the species.[10]

Other fossils have provided evidence of how the koala has evolved in response to Australia's change from predominant rainforest vegetation to drier eucalypt forests.[11] The fossil bird fauna at Riversleigh includes an artamid Kurrartapu johnnguyeni, a fossil sittella,[12] and representatives of various other families of modern birds.[13][14][15] Some fossil insects and plants have also been discovered.[4]

The fossil species identified at the sites are collectively known as the Riversleigh fauna.[16]

Research

Scientific studies are mostly conducted by a group of palaeontologists from the University of New South Wales.[6] Mike Archer is a paleontologist who has been working at Riversleigh since 1983. He and his co-workers discovered that diluted acetic acid was the most effective method of extracting fossils.[4] Karen Black, a palaeontologist from UNSW, discovered a new species of extinct koala, at Riversleigh, which was then named after Dick Smith.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Archer M; Hand, Suzanne J. & Godthelp H. [1991] 2000. Australia's lost world: Riversleigh, World Heritage Site. Reed, Sydney.
  2. ^ Anna Salleh (16 February 2006). "Huge skulls clues to snake evolution". ABC Science. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  3. ^ a b c "Australian Fossil Mammal Site - Riversleigh more information". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f The Australian Heritage Council (2012). Australia' Fossil Heritage: A Catalogue of Important Australian Fossil Sites. Csiro Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0643102309. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  5. ^ "Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  6. ^ a b c . Department of Environment and Resource Management. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  7. ^ "Faunal zones". Faunal encyclopedia. wakaleo.net. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  8. ^ "Cave yields marsupial fossil haul". BBC News. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  9. ^ Fossils reveal prehistoric life cycle[permanent dead link]. Australian Geographic. 20 July 2010.
  10. ^ Jonathan Marker (10 April 2014). . Science Recorder News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  11. ^ Dan Gaffney (19 December 2009). "Loud and lazy but didn't chew gum: Ancient koalas". PhysOrg. PhysOrg.com. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  12. ^ Nguyen, JMT (2016). "Australo-Papuan treecreepers (Passeriformes: Climacteridae) and a new species of sittella (Neosittidae: Daphoenositta) from the Miocene of Australia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 19.1.1A: 1–13. doi:10.26879/602.
  13. ^ Boles, WE (1998). "A budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus from the Pliocene of Riversleigh, North-western Queensland". Emu. 98 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1071/MU98004.
  14. ^ Boles, WE (2005). "A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus Ciconia (Aves: Ciconiidae), with the description of a new species". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (2): 165–178. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1440.
  15. ^ Nguyen, JMT, Hand SJ, Archer M (2016). "The late Cenozoic passerine avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia". Records of the Australian Museum. 68 (5): 201–230. doi:10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1668.
  16. ^ "wakaleo.net — Riversleigh News and Faunal Encyclopedia".
  17. ^ Queensl, The University of; Lucia, Australia Brisbane St; Gatton, QLD 4072 +61 7 3365 1111 Other Campuses: UQ; Maps, UQ Herston; Queensl, Directions © 2022 The University of. "20 million year old koala named after Dick Smith". UQ News. Retrieved 15 April 2022.

Further reading

  • Archer, M. et al. 1991. Riversleigh: the Story of Australia's Inland Rainforests, (Sydney: Reed Books)

External links

  • World heritage listing for Riversleigh
  • UNESCO site with information on Riversleigh, Australia
  • Information about fossils from Riversleigh, Australian Museum
  • The Riversleigh Society supports scientific research at Riversleigh

January 07, 2023
riversleigh, world, heritage, area, locality, shire, murweh, south, west, queensland, riversleigh, queensland, australia, most, famous, fossil, location, recognised, series, well, preserved, fossils, deposited, from, late, oligocene, more, recent, geological, . For the locality in Shire of Murweh South West Queensland see Riversleigh Queensland Riversleigh World Heritage Area is Australia s most famous fossil location recognised for the series of well preserved fossils deposited from the Late Oligocene to more recent geological periods The fossiliferous limestone system is located near the Gregory River in the north west of Queensland an environment that was once a very wet rainforest that became more arid as the Gondwanan land masses separated and the Australian continent moved north The approximately 100 square kilometres 39 sq mi area has fossil remains of ancient mammals birds and reptiles of the Oligocene and Miocene ages many of which were discovered and are only known from the Riversleigh area the species that have occurred there are known as the Riversleigh fauna 1 RiversleighUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationGregory Queensland AustraliaPart ofAustralian Fossil Mammal Sites Riversleigh Naracoorte CriteriaNatural viii ix Reference698 001Inscription1994 18th Session Area10 029 ha 38 72 sq mi Coordinates19 2 S 138 38 E 19 033 S 138 633 E 19 033 138 633Location of Riversleigh World Heritage Area in QueenslandShow map of QueenslandRiversleigh World Heritage Area Australia Show map of AustraliaThe fossils at Riversleigh are unusual because they are found in soft freshwater limestone which has not been compacted 2 This means the animal remains retain their three dimensional structure rather than being partially crushed like in most fossil sites The area is located within the catchment of the Gregory River 3 Many of the fossil sites were crevices and limestone caves created by the action of large amounts of water on the karst formation creating pitfall traps and feeding spots for predators which periodically and perhaps suddenly became covered and preserved these conditions are responsible for the large assemblages of fossilised bats whose guano helped to conserve the remains of themselves and others Fossils were first noted to exist in the area in 1901 4 An initial exploration survey was conducted in 1963 Since 1976 the area has been the subject of systemic exploration 4 The site was co listed with the Naracoorte Caves National Park in South Australia as a World Heritage site in 1994 and by itself it is an extension of the Boodjamulla National Park 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Research 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDescription Edit Nimbadon skeleton Further information Riversleigh fauna and Riversleigh rainforest koala Fossils at Riversleigh are found in limestone by lime rich freshwater pools and in caves when the ecosystem was evolving from rich rainforest to semiarid grassland community Some of the fossils at Riversleigh are 25 million years old 6 High concentrations of calcium carbonate have meant the fossils are extremely well preserved 6 The fossil collection reveals mammalian evolution across more than 20 million years 3 Fossils have been found in more than 200 individual locations 4 The fossil record here is significant because it provides evidence on evolution and the distribution of species across Gondwana The presence of Riversleigh fauna in the Oligo Miocene has been classified by four faunal zones and used to denote the presence of fossil taxa in these time periods 7 These may be summarised as Faunal Zone A FZA Late or Upper Oligocene 28 4 to 23 03 million years ago Faunal Zone B FZB Early or Lower Miocene 23 03 to 15 97 Ma Faunal Zone C FZC Middle Miocene 15 97 to 11 608 Ma Faunal Zone D FZD Late or Upper Miocene 11 608 to 5 332 MaThirty five fossil bat species have been identified at the site which is the richest in the world 3 Cave deposits have been particularly rich in bat species 4 The skull and nearly complete dentition of a 15 million year old monotreme Obdurodon dicksoni provide a window into the evolution of this characteristically Australian group Fossil ancestors of the recently extinct thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus have also been identified among Riversleigh s fauna In 1993 skulls of the koala like Nimbadon were unearthed in a previously unknown cave in the region 8 Researchers estimate that this marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago perhaps from climate change induced losses in habitat 9 A well preserved skull of the ancient Nimbacinus dicksoni an extinct relative of the thylacine has been used to determine the hunting behavior of the species 10 Other fossils have provided evidence of how the koala has evolved in response to Australia s change from predominant rainforest vegetation to drier eucalypt forests 11 The fossil bird fauna at Riversleigh includes an artamid Kurrartapu johnnguyeni a fossil sittella 12 and representatives of various other families of modern birds 13 14 15 Some fossil insects and plants have also been discovered 4 The fossil species identified at the sites are collectively known as the Riversleigh fauna 16 Research EditScientific studies are mostly conducted by a group of palaeontologists from the University of New South Wales 6 Mike Archer is a paleontologist who has been working at Riversleigh since 1983 He and his co workers discovered that diluted acetic acid was the most effective method of extracting fossils 4 Karen Black a palaeontologist from UNSW discovered a new species of extinct koala at Riversleigh which was then named after Dick Smith 17 See also Edit Queensland portalList of fossil sites Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Santa Rosa local fauna Messel pit Laguna del Hunco Formation Posidonia ShaleReferences Edit Archer M Hand Suzanne J amp Godthelp H 1991 2000 Australia s lost world Riversleigh World Heritage Site Reed Sydney Anna Salleh 16 February 2006 Huge skulls clues to snake evolution ABC Science Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 5 August 2010 a b c Australian Fossil Mammal Site Riversleigh more information Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities 15 May 2008 Retrieved 28 July 2012 a b c d e f The Australian Heritage Council 2012 Australia Fossil Heritage A Catalogue of Important Australian Fossil Sites Csiro Publishing pp 43 44 ISBN 978 0643102309 Retrieved 28 July 2012 Australian Fossil Mammal Sites Riversleigh Naracoorte UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 17 May 2015 a b c Riversleigh World Heritage Site Boodjamulla Lawn Hill National Park Nature culture and history Department of Environment and Resource Management 14 December 2011 Archived from the original on 13 September 2011 Retrieved 28 July 2012 Faunal zones Faunal encyclopedia wakaleo net Retrieved 28 May 2019 Cave yields marsupial fossil haul BBC News 19 July 2010 Retrieved 5 August 2010 Fossils reveal prehistoric life cycle permanent dead link Australian Geographic 20 July 2010 Jonathan Marker 10 April 2014 This meat eating marsupial may have hunted prey larger than itself Science Recorder News Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 Retrieved 11 April 2014 Dan Gaffney 19 December 2009 Loud and lazy but didn t chew gum Ancient koalas PhysOrg PhysOrg com Retrieved 5 August 2010 Nguyen JMT 2016 Australo Papuan treecreepers Passeriformes Climacteridae and a new species of sittella Neosittidae Daphoenositta from the Miocene of Australia Palaeontologia Electronica 19 1 1A 1 13 doi 10 26879 602 Boles WE 1998 A budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus from the Pliocene of Riversleigh North western Queensland Emu 98 1 32 35 doi 10 1071 MU98004 Boles WE 2005 A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus Ciconia Aves Ciconiidae with the description of a new species Records of the Australian Museum 57 2 165 178 doi 10 3853 j 0067 1975 57 2005 1440 Nguyen JMT Hand SJ Archer M 2016 The late Cenozoic passerine avifauna from Rackham s Roost Site Riversleigh Australia Records of the Australian Museum 68 5 201 230 doi 10 3853 j 2201 4349 68 2016 1668 wakaleo net Riversleigh News and Faunal Encyclopedia Queensl The University of Lucia Australia Brisbane St Gatton QLD 4072 61 7 3365 1111 Other Campuses UQ Maps UQ Herston Queensl Directions c 2022 The University of 20 million year old koala named after Dick Smith UQ News Retrieved 15 April 2022 Further reading EditArcher M et al 1991 Riversleigh the Story of Australia s Inland Rainforests Sydney Reed Books External links EditWorld heritage listing for Riversleigh UNESCO site with information on Riversleigh Australia Information about fossils from Riversleigh Australian Museum The Riversleigh Society supports scientific research at Riversleigh Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Riversleigh World Heritage Area amp oldid 1118822107, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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