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Audio mixing (recorded music)

In sound recording and reproduction, audio mixing is the process of optimizing and combining multitrack recordings into a final mono, stereo or surround sound product. In the process of combining the separate tracks, their relative levels are adjusted and balanced and various processes such as equalization and compression are commonly applied to individual tracks, groups of tracks, and the overall mix. In stereo and surround sound mixing, the placement of the tracks within the stereo (or surround) field are adjusted and balanced.[1]: 11, 325, 468  Audio mixing techniques and approaches vary widely and have a significant influence on the final product.[2]

Digital Mixing Console Sony DMX R-100 used in project studios

Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved.[3] The process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer, though sometimes the record producer or recording artist may assist. After mixing, a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production.

Audio mixing may be performed on a mixing console or in a digital audio workstation.

History

In the late 19th century, Thomas Edison and Emile Berliner developed the first recording machines. The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts. Edison's phonograph cylinder system utilized a small horn terminated in a stretched, flexible diaphragm attached to a stylus which cut a groove of varying depth into the malleable tin foil of the cylinder. Emile Berliner's gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc.[4]

Electronic recording became more widely used during the 1920s. It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction. The possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places. The process was improved when outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter, allowing greater flexibility in the balance.[5]

Before the introduction of multitrack recording, all sounds and effects that were to be part of a recording were mixed simultaneously during a live performance. If the recorded mix was not satisfactory, or if one musician made a mistake, the selection had to be performed over until the desired balance and performance was obtained. The introduction of multi-track recording changed the recording process into one that generally involves three stages: recording, overdubbing, and mixing.[6]

Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi-track tape machines, most notably when 8-track recorders were introduced during the 1960s. The ability to record sounds into separate channels made it possible for recording studios to combine and treat these sounds not only during recording, but afterward during a separate mixing process.[7]

The introduction of the cassette-based Portastudio in 1979 offered multi-track recording and mixing technology that did not require the specialized equipment and expense of commercial recording studios. Bruce Springsteen's recorded his 1982 album Nebraska with one. in 1982, and the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8-track recorder.[8] In the mid-to-late 1990s, computers replaced tape-based recording for most home studios, with the Power Macintosh proving popular.[9] At the same time, many professional recording studios began to use digital audio workstations or DAWs, first used in the mid-1980s, to accomplish recording and mixing previously done with multitrack tape recorders, mixing consoles, and outboard gear.

Equipment

Mixing consoles

 
A simple mixing console

A mixer (mixing console, mixing desk, mixing board, or software mixer) is the operational heart of the mixing process.[10] Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder. Mixers typically have 2 main outputs (in the case of two-channel stereo mixing) or 8 (in the case of surround).

Mixers offer three main functionalities.[10][11]

  1. Summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or, in the case of a digital mixer, by a simple algorithm.
  2. Routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects.
  3. On-board processors with equalizers and compressors.

Mixing consoles can be large and intimidating due to the exceptional number of controls. However, because many of these controls are duplicated (e.g. per input channel), much of the console can be learned by studying one small part of it. The controls on a mixing console will typically fall into one of two categories: processing and configuration. Processing controls are used to manipulate the sound. These can vary in complexity, from simple level controls, to sophisticated outboard reverberation units. Configuration controls deal with the signal routing from the input to the output of the console through the various processes.[12]

Digital audio workstations (DAW) can perform many mixing features in addition to other processing. An audio control surface gives a DAW the same user interface as a mixing console.[12]

Outboard and plugin-based processing

Outboard audio processing units (analog) and software-based audio plug-ins (digital) are used for each track or group to perform various processing techniques. These processes, such as equalization, compression, sidechaining, stereo imaging, and saturation are used to make each element as audible and sonically appealing as possible. The mix engineer also will use such techniques to balance the "space" of the final audio wave; removing unnecessary frequencies and volume spikes to minimize the interference or "clashing" between each element.

Processes that affect signal volume or level

  • Faders – The process of attenuating (lowering) the level of a signal. This is by far the most basic audio process, appearing on virtually every effect unit and mixer.[12]: 177  Utilizing controlled fades is the most basic step of audio mixing, allowing more volume for prominent elements and less for secondary elements.
  • Boost – The process of amplifying a signal. Boosting is usually done using extremely slight amounts of amplification, enough to raise a signal without pushing it to the point of distortion. However, when using audio tape as opposed to recording on to a computer, sometimes a signal will be deliberately overdriven very hard to achieve an intense yet soft, 'rounded off' style of distortion known as tape saturation. Distortion from 'clipping' (overdriving) a digital signal will simply result in blasts of apparent white noise, and is almost universally regarded as unpalatable. Volume control units typically feature the ability to both boost and attenuate a signal.[12]: 177 
  • Panning – The process of altering the balance of an audio signal between the left and right channels of a stereo signal. The pan of a signal may be modified via a simple two-way pan control or an "auto panner" that continuously modulates and changes the pan of a signal.[1]: 49, 344  Panning is often used in the mixing process to "arrange" the track elements, simulating the placement of live bands.
  • Compressors – The process of reducing the dynamic range or difference between loudest and quietest parts of a signal. This is done by reducing the signal volume after a user-adjustable threshold is hit. The ratio of reduction to gain above the threshold is often also controllable, as well as the time it takes for reduction to activate (attack) or release. Most compressors will also have a makeup gain control, used to apply a boost after the gain reduction is replied to compensate for the quieter signal. Compression has many uses in the mixing process, from evening out vocal volume to enhancing drums.[12]: 175 
  • Limiters – Using a compression ratio of 10:1 or higher is known as limiting- instead of applying gentle reduction to audio above the threshold, limiters forcibly "flatten" it down, allowing no signal above the threshold. Many limiting units also have built-in compressors that reduce the amount of audio actually passing the threshold. Many limiters also use digital algorithms to "soften" the harsh sound of limited audio, morphing the wave instead of completely decapitating it (by removing part of the waveform entirely, intense distortion and vastly altered tones can occur.) Softer limiters are used with generous amounts of compression to create a more consistently loud track with less volume fluctuation, and harder limiters can be used as distortion effects or emergency safeties to protect large speaker systems from blowing out. Many analog amplifiers are fitted with their own basic limiters to prevent the high-voltage circuitry from overloading and blowing out.[12]: 176 
  • Dynamic expansion – Expansion [12]: 176  Dynamic expansion is essentially compression with an inverted threshold- any signal below a certain threshold is dynamically reduced while signals above the threshold remain untouched. Expansion is most commonly used to give volume to certain elements of recordings- e.g. the bass drum and snare drum. Expanders can also be set up so that when a signal drops below a set threshold, it will reduce gain until the output signal is forced below a certain level, and continue to hold the gain at that level until the input rises above the threshold. This application of expansion is called gating.

Processes that affect frequencies

The frequency response of a signal represents the amount (volume) of every frequency in the human hearing range, consisting of (on average) frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz.) There are a variety of processes commonly used to edit frequency response in various ways.

  • Equalization – Equalization is a broad term for any device that can alter parts of a signal frequency response. Some EQs use a grid of faders or knobs which can be arranged to shape each frequency, whereas others use bands that can target and subsequently boost or cut selectable series of frequencies.

[12]: 178 

  • Filters – Filters attenuate part of the audio spectrum. There are various types of filters. A high-pass filter (low-cut) is used to remove unneeded bass from a sound source. A low-pass filter (high-cut) is used to remove unneeded treble. These are most often used as a way to "declutter" a given mix to improve the clarity of the individual elements. A band-pass filter is a combination of high- and low-pass filters, also known as a telephone filter (because a sound lacking in high and low frequencies resembles the quality of sound over a telephone).[13]

Processes that affect time

  • Reverbs – Reverbs are used to simulate acoustic reflections in a real room, adding a sense of space and depth to otherwise "dry" recordings. Another use is to distinguish among auditory objects; all sound having one reverberant character will be categorized together by human hearing in a process called auditory streaming. This is an important technique in creating the illusion of layered sound from in front of the speaker to behind it.[12]: 181  Before the advent of electronic reverb and echo processing, physical means were used to generate the effects. An echo chamber, a large reverberant room, could be equipped with a speaker and microphones. Signals were then sent to the speaker and the reverberation generated in the room was picked up by the two microphones.[13]

Processes that affect space

  • Panning – While panning is a process that affects levels, it also can be considered a process that affects space since it is used to give the impression of a source coming from a particular direction. Panning allows the engineer to place the sound within the stereo or surround field, giving the illusion of a sound's origin having a physical position.[1]
  • Pseudostereo creates a stereo-like sound image from monophonic sources. This way the apparent source width or the degree of listener envelopment is increased. A number of pseudostereo recording and mixing techniques are known from the viewpoint of audio engineers[14][15] and researchers.[16][17]

Downmixing

The mixdown process converts a program with a multiple-channel configuration into a program with fewer channels. Common examples include downmixing from 5.1 surround sound to stereo,[a] and stereo to mono. Because these are common scenarios, it is common practice to verify the sound of such downmixes during the production process to ensure stereo and mono compatibility.

The alternative channel configuration can be explicitly authored during the production process with multiple channel configurations provided for distribution. For example, on DVD-Audio or Super Audio CD, a separate stereo mix can be included along with the surround mix.[18] Alternatively, the program can be automatically downmixed by the end consumer's audio system. For example, a DVD player or sound card may downmix a surround sound program to stereo for playback through two speakers.[19][20]

Mixing in surround sound

Any console with a sufficient number of mix busses can be used to create a 5.1 surround sound mix, but this may be frustrating if the console is not specifically designed to facilitate signal routing, panning, and processing in a surround sound environment. Whether working in an analog hardware, digital hardware, or DAW mixing environment, the ability to pan mono or stereo sources and place effects in the 5.1 soundscape and monitor multiple output formats without difficulty can make the difference between a successful or compromised mix.[21] Mixing in surround is very similar to mixing in stereo except that there are more speakers, placed to surround the listener. In addition to the horizontal panoramic options available in stereo, mixing in surround lets the mix engineer pan sources within a much wider and more enveloping environment. In a surround mix, sounds can appear to originate from many more or almost any direction depending on the number of speakers used, their placement and how audio is processed.

There are two common ways to approach mixing in surround. Naturally, these approaches can be combined in any way the mix engineer sees fit.

  • Expanded Stereo – With this approach, the mix will still sound very much like an ordinary stereo mix. Most of the sources, such as the instruments of a band, backing vocals, and so on, are panned between the left and right speakers.[b] Lead sources such as the main vocal are sent to the center speaker. Additionally, reverb and delay effects will often be sent to the rear speakers to create a more realistic sense of being in an acoustic space. For the case of mixing a live recording that was performed in front of an audience, signals recorded by microphones aimed at, or placed among the audience are sent to the rear speakers to make the listener feel as if they are a part of the audience.
  • Complete Surround/All speakers treated equally – Instead of following the traditional ways of mixing in stereo, this much more liberal approach lets the mix engineer do anything he or she wants. Instruments can appear to originate from anywhere, or even spin around the listener. When done appropriately and with taste, interesting sonic experiences can be achieved.

Recently, a third approach to mixing in surround was developed by surround mix engineer Unne Liljeblad.

  • Multi Stereo Surround (MSS)[22] – This approach treats the speakers in a surround sound system as a multitude of stereo pairs. For example, a stereo recording of a piano, created using two microphones in an ORTF configuration, might have its left channel sent to the left-rear speaker and its right channel sent to the center speaker. The piano might also be sent to a reverb having its left and right outputs sent to the left-front speaker and right-rear speaker, respectively. Thus, multiple clean stereo recordings surround the listener without the smearing comb-filtering effects that often occur when the same or similar sources are sent to multiple speakers.

Mixing in 3D sound

An extension to surround sound is 3D sound, used by formats such as Dolby Atmos. Known as "object-based" sound, this enables additional speakers to represent height channels, with as many as 64 unique speaker feeds.[23][24] This has application in concert recordings, movies and videogames, and nightclub events.[25]

Notes

  1. ^ The left and right surround channels are blended with the left and right front channels. The center channel is blended equally with the left and right channels. The LFE channel is either mixed with the front signals or not used.
  2. ^ Lower levels of these sources may also be sent to the rear speakers in order to create a wider stereo image.

References

  1. ^ a b c Huber, David Miles; Runstein, Robert E. (2001). Modern recording techniques (5th ed.). Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80456-2.
  2. ^ Strong, Jeff (2009). Home Recording For Musicians For Dummies (Third ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 249.
  3. ^ Hepworth-Sawyrr, Russ (2009). From Demo to Delivery. The production process. Oxford, United Kingdom: Focal Press. p. 109.
  4. ^ Rumsey, Francis; McCormick, Tim (2009). Sound and Recording (6th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-240-52163-3.
  5. ^ Rumsey, Francis; McCormick, Tim (2009). Sound and Recording (6th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-240-52163-3.
  6. ^ Huber, David Miles (2001). Modern Recording Techniques. Focal Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0240804569.
  7. ^ "The emergence of multitrack recording". Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  8. ^ "Eurythmics: Biography". Artist Directory. Rolling Stone. 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2010.[dead link]
  9. ^ . studiorecordingsoftware101.com. 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  10. ^ a b White, Paul (2003). Creative Recording (2nd ed.). Sanctuary Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-86074-456-3.
  11. ^ Izhaki, Roey (2008). Mixing Audio. Focal Press. p. 566. ISBN 978-0-240-52068-1.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Holman, Tomlinson (2010). Sound for Film and Television (3rd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-240-81330-1.
  13. ^ a b Rumsey, Francis; McCormick, Tim (2009). Sound and Recording (6th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-240-52163-3.
  14. ^ Levinit, Daniel J. (2004). "Instrument (and vocal) recording tips and tricks". In Greenbaum, Ken; Barzel, Ronen (eds.). Audio Anecdotes. Natick: A K Peters. pp. 147–158.
  15. ^ Cabrera, Andrés (2011). "Pseudo-Stereo Techniques. Csound Implementations". CSound Journal. 2011 (14): Paper number 3. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  16. ^ Faller, Christof (2005). Pseudostereophony Revisited (PDF). Audio Engineering Society Convention 118. Barcelona. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  17. ^ Ziemer, Tim (2017). "Source Width in Music Production. Methods in Stereo, Ambisonics, and Wave Field Synthesis". In Schneider, Albrecht (ed.). Studies in Musical Acoustics and Psychoacoustics. Current Research in Systematic Musicology. Vol. 4. Cham: Springer. pp. 299–340. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47292-8_10. ISBN 978-3-319-47292-8.
  18. ^ Bartlett, Bruce; Bartlett, Jenny (2009). Practical Recording Techniques (5th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Focal Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-240-81144-4.
  19. ^ "What Is Downmixing? Part 1: Stereo (LoRo)". TVTechnology. 6 March 2007.
  20. ^ Thornton, Mike. "Podcast Follow Up - Surround Mixdown Formats". Pro Tools Expert.
  21. ^ Huber, David Miles; Runstein, Robert (2010). Modern Recording Techniques (7th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Focal Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-240-81069-0.
  22. ^ "Surround Sound Mixing". www.mix-engineer.com. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  23. ^ "Dolby Atmos for Home". www.dolby.com.
  24. ^ Hidalgo, Jason (April 26, 2012). "Dolby's Atmos technology gives new meaning to surround sound, death from above". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  25. ^ Authoring for Dolby Atmos Cinema Sound Manual (PDF) (Third ed.). Dolby Laboratories, Inc. 2014. pp. 69–103. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

External links

  • Modern Mixing Mixing Articles and Tutorials

audio, mixing, recorded, music, sound, recording, reproduction, audio, mixing, process, optimizing, combining, multitrack, recordings, into, final, mono, stereo, surround, sound, product, process, combining, separate, tracks, their, relative, levels, adjusted,. In sound recording and reproduction audio mixing is the process of optimizing and combining multitrack recordings into a final mono stereo or surround sound product In the process of combining the separate tracks their relative levels are adjusted and balanced and various processes such as equalization and compression are commonly applied to individual tracks groups of tracks and the overall mix In stereo and surround sound mixing the placement of the tracks within the stereo or surround field are adjusted and balanced 1 11 325 468 Audio mixing techniques and approaches vary widely and have a significant influence on the final product 2 Digital Mixing Console Sony DMX R 100 used in project studios Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved 3 The process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer though sometimes the record producer or recording artist may assist After mixing a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production Audio mixing may be performed on a mixing console or in a digital audio workstation Contents 1 History 2 Equipment 2 1 Mixing consoles 2 2 Outboard and plugin based processing 2 3 Processes that affect signal volume or level 2 4 Processes that affect frequencies 2 5 Processes that affect time 2 6 Processes that affect space 3 Downmixing 4 Mixing in surround sound 5 Mixing in 3D sound 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditIn the late 19th century Thomas Edison and Emile Berliner developed the first recording machines The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts Edison s phonograph cylinder system utilized a small horn terminated in a stretched flexible diaphragm attached to a stylus which cut a groove of varying depth into the malleable tin foil of the cylinder Emile Berliner s gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc 4 Electronic recording became more widely used during the 1920s It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction The possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places The process was improved when outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter allowing greater flexibility in the balance 5 Before the introduction of multitrack recording all sounds and effects that were to be part of a recording were mixed simultaneously during a live performance If the recorded mix was not satisfactory or if one musician made a mistake the selection had to be performed over until the desired balance and performance was obtained The introduction of multi track recording changed the recording process into one that generally involves three stages recording overdubbing and mixing 6 Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi track tape machines most notably when 8 track recorders were introduced during the 1960s The ability to record sounds into separate channels made it possible for recording studios to combine and treat these sounds not only during recording but afterward during a separate mixing process 7 The introduction of the cassette based Portastudio in 1979 offered multi track recording and mixing technology that did not require the specialized equipment and expense of commercial recording studios Bruce Springsteen s recorded his 1982 album Nebraska with one in 1982 and the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song Sweet Dreams Are Made of This recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8 track recorder 8 In the mid to late 1990s computers replaced tape based recording for most home studios with the Power Macintosh proving popular 9 At the same time many professional recording studios began to use digital audio workstations or DAWs first used in the mid 1980s to accomplish recording and mixing previously done with multitrack tape recorders mixing consoles and outboard gear Equipment EditMixing consoles Edit A simple mixing console Main article Mixing console A mixer mixing console mixing desk mixing board or software mixer is the operational heart of the mixing process 10 Mixers offer a multitude of inputs each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder Mixers typically have 2 main outputs in the case of two channel stereo mixing or 8 in the case of surround Mixers offer three main functionalities 10 11 Summing signals together which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of a digital mixer by a simple algorithm Routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects On board processors with equalizers and compressors Mixing consoles can be large and intimidating due to the exceptional number of controls However because many of these controls are duplicated e g per input channel much of the console can be learned by studying one small part of it The controls on a mixing console will typically fall into one of two categories processing and configuration Processing controls are used to manipulate the sound These can vary in complexity from simple level controls to sophisticated outboard reverberation units Configuration controls deal with the signal routing from the input to the output of the console through the various processes 12 Digital audio workstations DAW can perform many mixing features in addition to other processing An audio control surface gives a DAW the same user interface as a mixing console 12 Outboard and plugin based processing Edit Outboard audio processing units analog and software based audio plug ins digital are used for each track or group to perform various processing techniques These processes such as equalization compression sidechaining stereo imaging and saturation are used to make each element as audible and sonically appealing as possible The mix engineer also will use such techniques to balance the space of the final audio wave removing unnecessary frequencies and volume spikes to minimize the interference or clashing between each element Processes that affect signal volume or level Edit Faders The process of attenuating lowering the level of a signal This is by far the most basic audio process appearing on virtually every effect unit and mixer 12 177 Utilizing controlled fades is the most basic step of audio mixing allowing more volume for prominent elements and less for secondary elements Boost The process of amplifying a signal Boosting is usually done using extremely slight amounts of amplification enough to raise a signal without pushing it to the point of distortion However when using audio tape as opposed to recording on to a computer sometimes a signal will be deliberately overdriven very hard to achieve an intense yet soft rounded off style of distortion known as tape saturation Distortion from clipping overdriving a digital signal will simply result in blasts of apparent white noise and is almost universally regarded as unpalatable Volume control units typically feature the ability to both boost and attenuate a signal 12 177 Panning The process of altering the balance of an audio signal between the left and right channels of a stereo signal The pan of a signal may be modified via a simple two way pan control or an auto panner that continuously modulates and changes the pan of a signal 1 49 344 Panning is often used in the mixing process to arrange the track elements simulating the placement of live bands Compressors The process of reducing the dynamic range or difference between loudest and quietest parts of a signal This is done by reducing the signal volume after a user adjustable threshold is hit The ratio of reduction to gain above the threshold is often also controllable as well as the time it takes for reduction to activate attack or release Most compressors will also have a makeup gain control used to apply a boost after the gain reduction is replied to compensate for the quieter signal Compression has many uses in the mixing process from evening out vocal volume to enhancing drums 12 175 Limiters Using a compression ratio of 10 1 or higher is known as limiting instead of applying gentle reduction to audio above the threshold limiters forcibly flatten it down allowing no signal above the threshold Many limiting units also have built in compressors that reduce the amount of audio actually passing the threshold Many limiters also use digital algorithms to soften the harsh sound of limited audio morphing the wave instead of completely decapitating it by removing part of the waveform entirely intense distortion and vastly altered tones can occur Softer limiters are used with generous amounts of compression to create a more consistently loud track with less volume fluctuation and harder limiters can be used as distortion effects or emergency safeties to protect large speaker systems from blowing out Many analog amplifiers are fitted with their own basic limiters to prevent the high voltage circuitry from overloading and blowing out 12 176 Dynamic expansion Expansion 12 176 Dynamic expansion is essentially compression with an inverted threshold any signal below a certain threshold is dynamically reduced while signals above the threshold remain untouched Expansion is most commonly used to give volume to certain elements of recordings e g the bass drum and snare drum Expanders can also be set up so that when a signal drops below a set threshold it will reduce gain until the output signal is forced below a certain level and continue to hold the gain at that level until the input rises above the threshold This application of expansion is called gating Processes that affect frequencies Edit The frequency response of a signal represents the amount volume of every frequency in the human hearing range consisting of on average frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz 20 kHz There are a variety of processes commonly used to edit frequency response in various ways Equalization Equalization is a broad term for any device that can alter parts of a signal frequency response Some EQs use a grid of faders or knobs which can be arranged to shape each frequency whereas others use bands that can target and subsequently boost or cut selectable series of frequencies 12 178 Filters Filters attenuate part of the audio spectrum There are various types of filters A high pass filter low cut is used to remove unneeded bass from a sound source A low pass filter high cut is used to remove unneeded treble These are most often used as a way to declutter a given mix to improve the clarity of the individual elements A band pass filter is a combination of high and low pass filters also known as a telephone filter because a sound lacking in high and low frequencies resembles the quality of sound over a telephone 13 Processes that affect time Edit Reverbs Reverbs are used to simulate acoustic reflections in a real room adding a sense of space and depth to otherwise dry recordings Another use is to distinguish among auditory objects all sound having one reverberant character will be categorized together by human hearing in a process called auditory streaming This is an important technique in creating the illusion of layered sound from in front of the speaker to behind it 12 181 Before the advent of electronic reverb and echo processing physical means were used to generate the effects An echo chamber a large reverberant room could be equipped with a speaker and microphones Signals were then sent to the speaker and the reverberation generated in the room was picked up by the two microphones 13 Processes that affect space Edit Panning While panning is a process that affects levels it also can be considered a process that affects space since it is used to give the impression of a source coming from a particular direction Panning allows the engineer to place the sound within the stereo or surround field giving the illusion of a sound s origin having a physical position 1 Pseudostereo creates a stereo like sound image from monophonic sources This way the apparent source width or the degree of listener envelopment is increased A number of pseudostereo recording and mixing techniques are known from the viewpoint of audio engineers 14 15 and researchers 16 17 Downmixing EditThe mixdown process converts a program with a multiple channel configuration into a program with fewer channels Common examples include downmixing from 5 1 surround sound to stereo a and stereo to mono Because these are common scenarios it is common practice to verify the sound of such downmixes during the production process to ensure stereo and mono compatibility The alternative channel configuration can be explicitly authored during the production process with multiple channel configurations provided for distribution For example on DVD Audio or Super Audio CD a separate stereo mix can be included along with the surround mix 18 Alternatively the program can be automatically downmixed by the end consumer s audio system For example a DVD player or sound card may downmix a surround sound program to stereo for playback through two speakers 19 20 Mixing in surround sound EditAny console with a sufficient number of mix busses can be used to create a 5 1 surround sound mix but this may be frustrating if the console is not specifically designed to facilitate signal routing panning and processing in a surround sound environment Whether working in an analog hardware digital hardware or DAW mixing environment the ability to pan mono or stereo sources and place effects in the 5 1 soundscape and monitor multiple output formats without difficulty can make the difference between a successful or compromised mix 21 Mixing in surround is very similar to mixing in stereo except that there are more speakers placed to surround the listener In addition to the horizontal panoramic options available in stereo mixing in surround lets the mix engineer pan sources within a much wider and more enveloping environment In a surround mix sounds can appear to originate from many more or almost any direction depending on the number of speakers used their placement and how audio is processed There are two common ways to approach mixing in surround Naturally these approaches can be combined in any way the mix engineer sees fit Expanded Stereo With this approach the mix will still sound very much like an ordinary stereo mix Most of the sources such as the instruments of a band backing vocals and so on are panned between the left and right speakers b Lead sources such as the main vocal are sent to the center speaker Additionally reverb and delay effects will often be sent to the rear speakers to create a more realistic sense of being in an acoustic space For the case of mixing a live recording that was performed in front of an audience signals recorded by microphones aimed at or placed among the audience are sent to the rear speakers to make the listener feel as if they are a part of the audience Complete Surround All speakers treated equally Instead of following the traditional ways of mixing in stereo this much more liberal approach lets the mix engineer do anything he or she wants Instruments can appear to originate from anywhere or even spin around the listener When done appropriately and with taste interesting sonic experiences can be achieved Recently a third approach to mixing in surround was developed by surround mix engineer Unne Liljeblad Multi Stereo Surround MSS 22 This approach treats the speakers in a surround sound system as a multitude of stereo pairs For example a stereo recording of a piano created using two microphones in an ORTF configuration might have its left channel sent to the left rear speaker and its right channel sent to the center speaker The piano might also be sent to a reverb having its left and right outputs sent to the left front speaker and right rear speaker respectively Thus multiple clean stereo recordings surround the listener without the smearing comb filtering effects that often occur when the same or similar sources are sent to multiple speakers Mixing in 3D sound EditAn extension to surround sound is 3D sound used by formats such as Dolby Atmos Known as object based sound this enables additional speakers to represent height channels with as many as 64 unique speaker feeds 23 24 This has application in concert recordings movies and videogames and nightclub events 25 Notes Edit The left and right surround channels are blended with the left and right front channels The center channel is blended equally with the left and right channels The LFE channel is either mixed with the front signals or not used Lower levels of these sources may also be sent to the rear speakers in order to create a wider stereo image References Edit a b c Huber David Miles Runstein Robert E 2001 Modern recording techniques 5th ed Focal Press ISBN 0 240 80456 2 Strong Jeff 2009 Home Recording For Musicians For Dummies Third ed Indianapolis Indiana Wiley Publishing Inc p 249 Hepworth Sawyrr Russ 2009 From Demo to Delivery The production process Oxford United Kingdom Focal Press p 109 Rumsey Francis McCormick Tim 2009 Sound and Recording 6th ed Oxford United Kingdom Elsevier Inc p 168 ISBN 978 0 240 52163 3 Rumsey Francis McCormick Tim 2009 Sound and Recording 6th ed Oxford United Kingdom Elsevier Inc p 169 ISBN 978 0 240 52163 3 Huber David Miles 2001 Modern Recording Techniques Focal Press p 321 ISBN 978 0240804569 The emergence of multitrack recording Retrieved June 17 2018 Eurythmics Biography Artist Directory Rolling Stone 2010 Retrieved March 20 2010 dead link Studio Recording Software Personal And Project Audio Adventures studiorecordingsoftware101 com 2008 Archived from the original on February 8 2011 Retrieved March 20 2010 a b White Paul 2003 Creative Recording 2nd ed Sanctuary Publishing p 335 ISBN 978 1 86074 456 3 Izhaki Roey 2008 Mixing Audio Focal Press p 566 ISBN 978 0 240 52068 1 a b c d e f g h i Holman Tomlinson 2010 Sound for Film and Television 3rd ed Oxford United Kingdom Elsevier Inc ISBN 978 0 240 81330 1 a b Rumsey Francis McCormick Tim 2009 Sound and Recording 6th ed Oxford United Kingdom Elsevier Inc p 390 ISBN 978 0 240 52163 3 Levinit Daniel J 2004 Instrument and vocal recording tips and tricks In Greenbaum Ken Barzel Ronen eds Audio Anecdotes Natick A K Peters pp 147 158 Cabrera Andres 2011 Pseudo Stereo Techniques Csound Implementations CSound Journal 2011 14 Paper number 3 Retrieved 1 June 2018 Faller Christof 2005 Pseudostereophony Revisited PDF Audio Engineering Society Convention 118 Barcelona Retrieved 1 June 2018 Ziemer Tim 2017 Source Width in Music Production Methods in Stereo Ambisonics and Wave Field Synthesis In Schneider Albrecht ed Studies in Musical Acoustics and Psychoacoustics Current Research in Systematic Musicology Vol 4 Cham Springer pp 299 340 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 47292 8 10 ISBN 978 3 319 47292 8 Bartlett Bruce Bartlett Jenny 2009 Practical Recording Techniques 5th ed Oxford United Kingdom Focal Press p 484 ISBN 978 0 240 81144 4 What Is Downmixing Part 1 Stereo LoRo TVTechnology 6 March 2007 Thornton Mike Podcast Follow Up Surround Mixdown Formats Pro Tools Expert Huber David Miles Runstein Robert 2010 Modern Recording Techniques 7th ed Oxford United Kingdom Focal Press p 559 ISBN 978 0 240 81069 0 Surround Sound Mixing www mix engineer com Retrieved 2010 01 12 Dolby Atmos for Home www dolby com Hidalgo Jason April 26 2012 Dolby s Atmos technology gives new meaning to surround sound death from above Engadget Retrieved 2012 06 01 Authoring for Dolby Atmos Cinema Sound Manual PDF Third ed Dolby Laboratories Inc 2014 pp 69 103 Retrieved 7 December 2014 External links EditModern Mixing Mixing Articles and Tutorials Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Audio mixing recorded music amp oldid 1132479628, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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