The first astraria were mechanical devices. Archimedes is said[by whom?] to have used a primitive version that could predict the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets[citation needed]. On May 17, 1902, an archaeologist named Valerios Stais discovered that a lump of oxidated material, which had been recovered from a shipwreck near the Greek island of Antikythera, held within it a mechanism with cogwheels. This mechanism, known as the Antikythera mechanism, was recently redated to end of the 2nd century BCE.[1] Extensive study of the fragments, using X-rays, has revealed enough details (gears, pinions, crank) to enable researchers to build partial replicas of the original device.[2][3][4] Engraved on the major gears are the names of the planets, which leaves little doubt as to the intended use of the mechanism.
By the end of the Roman Empire, the know-how and science behind this piece of clockwork was lost.
Middle Ages and Renaissance
The first modern documented astrarium clock was completed in 1364 by Giovanni de' Dondi (1318–1388), a scholar and physician of the Middle Ages interested in astronomy and horology. The original clock, consisting of 107 wheels and pinions, has been lost, perhaps during the sacking of Mantua in 1630, but de' Dondi left detailed descriptions, which have survived, enabling a reconstruction of the clock. It displays the mean time, sidereal (or star) time and the motions of the Sun, Moon and the five then-known planets Venus, Mars, Saturn, Mercury, and Jupiter. It was conceived according to a Ptolemaic conception of the Solar System. De' Dondi was inspired by his father Jacopo who designed the astronomical clock in the Piazzi dei Signori, Padua, in 1344 – one of the first of its type.
In later ages, more astraria were built. A famous example is the Eise Eisinga Planetarium, built in 1774 by Eise Eisinga from Dronrijp, Friesland, the Netherlands. It displayed all the planets and was fixed to the ceiling in a house in Franeker, where it can still be visited.
In modern times, the astrarium has grown into a tourist attraction as a commercially exploited planetarium-showing in IMAX theaters, with such presentations as The History of the Universe, as well as other astronomical phenomena.
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Literature
Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio – "Tractatus astarii"
External links
Annosphere An electro-mechanical model of the earth/sun relationship.
Science and Society Picture Library: - a picture of De Dondi’s "Astrarium", the world’s first astronomical clock, 1364.
Het Eise Eisinga Planetarium
Solar tempometer An astrarium clock running to the sun.
January 07, 2023
astrarium, astrarium, also, called, planetarium, mechanical, representation, cyclic, nature, astronomical, objects, timepiece, astronomical, clock, astrarium, made, giovanni, dondi, dell, orologio, showed, hour, year, calendar, movement, planets, moon, reconst. An astrarium also called a planetarium is the mechanical representation of the cyclic nature of astronomical objects in one timepiece It is an astronomical clock The astrarium made by Giovanni Dondi dell Orologio showed hour year calendar movement of the planets Sun and Moon Reconstruction Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci Milan Contents 1 History 1 1 Greek and Roman World 1 2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2 See also 3 References 4 Literature 5 External linksHistory EditGreek and Roman World Edit The Antikythera mechanism main fragment The first astraria were mechanical devices Archimedes is said by whom to have used a primitive version that could predict the positions of the Sun the Moon and the planets citation needed On May 17 1902 an archaeologist named Valerios Stais discovered that a lump of oxidated material which had been recovered from a shipwreck near the Greek island of Antikythera held within it a mechanism with cogwheels This mechanism known as the Antikythera mechanism was recently redated to end of the 2nd century BCE 1 Extensive study of the fragments using X rays has revealed enough details gears pinions crank to enable researchers to build partial replicas of the original device 2 3 4 Engraved on the major gears are the names of the planets which leaves little doubt as to the intended use of the mechanism By the end of the Roman Empire the know how and science behind this piece of clockwork was lost Middle Ages and Renaissance Edit The first modern documented astrarium clock was completed in 1364 by Giovanni de Dondi 1318 1388 a scholar and physician of the Middle Ages interested in astronomy and horology The original clock consisting of 107 wheels and pinions has been lost perhaps during the sacking of Mantua in 1630 but de Dondi left detailed descriptions which have survived enabling a reconstruction of the clock It displays the mean time sidereal or star time and the motions of the Sun Moon and the five then known planets Venus Mars Saturn Mercury and Jupiter It was conceived according to a Ptolemaic conception of the Solar System De Dondi was inspired by his father Jacopo who designed the astronomical clock in the Piazzi dei Signori Padua in 1344 one of the first of its type In later ages more astraria were built A famous example is the Eise Eisinga Planetarium built in 1774 by Eise Eisinga from Dronrijp Friesland the Netherlands It displayed all the planets and was fixed to the ceiling in a house in Franeker where it can still be visited In modern times the astrarium has grown into a tourist attraction as a commercially exploited planetarium showing in IMAX theaters with such presentations as The History of the Universe as well as other astronomical phenomena See also EditAstronomical clock Planetarium OrreryReferences Edit Antikythera Mechanism Research Project www antikythera mechanism gr Archived from the original on 2012 10 05 Retrieved 2008 03 17 Solid Models of the Antikythera Mechanism Antikythera Mechanism Research Project www antikythera mechanism gr Archived from the original on 2008 03 15 Retrieved 2008 03 17 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2006 12 06 Retrieved 2006 11 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy Archived from the original on 2008 02 16 Retrieved 2006 11 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Literature EditGiovanni Dondi dell Orologio Tractatus astarii External links EditAnnosphere An electro mechanical model of the earth sun relationship Science and Society Picture Library a picture of De Dondi s Astrarium the world s first astronomical clock 1364 de Dondi s Astrarium Hi Tech 14th Century style Het Eise Eisinga Planetarium Solar tempometer An astrarium clock running to the sun Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Astrarium amp oldid 1094158153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
