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Arihant-class submarine

The Arihant-class (transl. 'Slayer of Enemies' in Sanskrit) is a class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy. They were developed under the 900 billion (US$11 billion) Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[1] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[13][14]

INS Arihant, lead vessel of the class
Class overview
NameArihant
BuildersNavy Shipbuilding Centre, Visakhapatnam[2]
Operators Indian Navy
Succeeded byS5-class submarine
Cost40 billion (US$500 million) per submarine[1]
In commission2016–present
Planned4
Building2[3]
Completed2
Active2
General characteristics
TypeNuclear powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement
  • Arihant & Arighat: 6,000 t (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons) surfaced[4]
  • S4 & S4*: 7,000 t (6,900 long tons; 7,700 short tons)[5]
LengthArihant & Arighat: 111 m (364 ft);[9] S-4: 130 m (430 ft)[9][10]
Beam11 m (36 ft)[9]
Draft15 m (49 ft)[9]
Propulsion
Speed
  • Surfaced: 12–15 kn (22–28 km/h)
  • Submerged: 24 kn (44 km/h)
RangeUnlimited except by food supplies
Test depth300 m (980 ft)
Complement95
Sensors and
processing systems
USHUS sonar
Armament
  • Arihant & Arighat: 12 × K15 SLBM (1,500 km or 930 mi range) or 4 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[8][5]
  • S4 & S4*: 24 × K15 SLBM (750 km or 470 mi range) or 8 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[5] or 8 × K-5 SLBM (5,000–6,000 km or 3,100–3,700 mi range)[11]
  • 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)[12]

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[15][16][17]Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18]

History edit

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[19][20] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force.[21] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[22] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[23]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[24] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[25] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[26][27][28]

Description edit

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[29][30][31][32][33][34] They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[35] The submarines are 111 m (364 ft) long with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m (49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons).[9] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[36] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[36][37]

 
Sagarika SLBM

The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of 3,500 km or 2,200 mi).[38][39][40] The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.[5] The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.[41][42]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[43] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[43] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[43]

Development edit

The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[44][45] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[46] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[47] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[22] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[48][49] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[50] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[22] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[5]

In 2007, then finance minister P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more K-4 SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.[5]

The detailed engineering of the design was implemented[when?] at Larsen & Toubro's submarine design centre at their Hazira shipbuilding facility.[51] Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[52] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[53] The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.[54] The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.[55] INS Arihant's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013.[56] On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.[57][58] On 5 November 2018, INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol.[13][14]

Ships in class edit

 
Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

Four boats of this class are planned.[5] The first boat of the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned in August 2016.[8][15][59] In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, INS Arighat sea trials started in 2017 and commissioned in August, 2022 (speculated).[1] The final two ships S4 and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the Arihant[5] and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant.[60] S4 was launched in November 2021[5][11]

Name Pennant Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea Trials Begins Sea Trials Completed Commission Status
INS Arihant (S2)[5][61] SSBN 80[62] 6,000 tonnes 2004[63] 26 July 2009 13 December 2014[64] 23 February 2016[65] August 2016 In service[16]
INS Arighat (S3)[5][66] SSBN 81 6,000 tonnes 2009[63] 19 November 2017[67][68] 8 January 2018[69] March 2021[70] August 2022 (est.) [1][71] In Service (speculated)[5]
S4[72] 7,000 tonnes 23 November 2021[73] 2024 (est.)[71] Sea Trial[74]
S4* (codename)[72] 7,000 tonnes 2023 (est.) 2025 (est.) [71] Under construction

Timeline edit

Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[5]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[5]
10 August 2013 Arihant's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[15]
19 November 2017 INS Arighat launched[1]
8 January 2018 INS Arighat to begin sea trials[75]
5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[76]
March 2021 INS Arighat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched.[73]
2022 INS Arighat commissioned (speculated)[15][75]
2025 S4* is scheduled to be launched.

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • The Indian Strategic Nuclear Submarine Project by Mark Gorwitz

arihant, class, submarine, arihant, class, transl, slayer, enemies, sanskrit, class, indian, nuclear, powered, ballistic, missile, submarines, being, built, indian, navy, they, were, developed, under, billion, billion, advanced, technology, vessel, project, de. The Arihant class transl Slayer of Enemies in Sanskrit is a class of Indian nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy They were developed under the 900 billion US 11 billion Advanced Technology Vessel ATV project to design and build nuclear powered submarines 1 These vessels are classified as strategic strike nuclear submarines by India 13 14 INS Arihant lead vessel of the classClass overviewNameArihantBuildersNavy Shipbuilding Centre Visakhapatnam 2 Operators Indian NavySucceeded byS5 class submarineCost 40 billion US 500 million per submarine 1 In commission2016 presentPlanned4Building2 3 Completed2Active2General characteristicsTypeNuclear powered ballistic missile submarineDisplacementArihant amp Arighat 6 000 t 5 900 long tons 6 600 short tons surfaced 4 S4 amp S4 7 000 t 6 900 long tons 7 700 short tons 5 LengthArihant amp Arighat 111 m 364 ft 9 S 4 130 m 430 ft 9 10 Beam11 m 36 ft 9 Draft15 m 49 ft 9 Propulsion1 x CLWR B1 pressurized water reactor 6 7 8 83 MW 1 shaftSpeedSurfaced 12 15 kn 22 28 km h Submerged 24 kn 44 km h RangeUnlimited except by food suppliesTest depth300 m 980 ft Complement95Sensors and processing systemsUSHUS sonarArmamentArihant amp Arighat 12 K15 SLBM 1 500 km or 930 mi range or 4 K 4 SLBM 3 500 km or 2 200 mi range 8 5 S4 amp S4 24 K15 SLBM 750 km or 470 mi range or 8 K 4 SLBM 3 500 km or 2 200 mi range 5 or 8 K 5 SLBM 5 000 6 000 km or 3 100 3 700 mi range 11 6 21 533 mm torpedo tubes est 30 charges torpedoes cruise missiles or mines 12 The lead vessel of the class INS Arihant was laid down in 2004 launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016 15 16 17 Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council 18 Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Development 4 Ships in class 5 Timeline 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editIn December 1971 during the Indo Pakistani War of 1971 US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74 led by the nuclear powered USS Enterprise into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force 19 20 Task Force 74 remained in international waters where it was legally entitled to be The records of Nixon Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military In response the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force 21 The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 22 Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test the Director of Marine Engineering DME at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system Project 932 23 The Indian Navy s Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s 24 Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998 25 The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear powered fast attack submarines though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use the project was re aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India s nuclear triad 26 27 28 Description editThe Arihant class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel ATV project 29 30 31 32 33 34 They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India 35 The submarines are 111 m 364 ft long with a beam of 11 m 36 ft a draught of 15 m 49 ft displacement of 6 000 tonnes 5 900 long tons 6 600 short tons 9 The complement is about 95 including officers and sailors 36 The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12 15 knots 22 28 km h when surfaced and 24 knots 44 km h when submerged 36 37 nbsp Sagarika SLBMThe submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K 15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each with a range of 750 km or 470 mi or four K 4 missiles with a range of 3 500 km or 2 200 mi 38 39 40 The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration carrying twenty four K 15 Sagarika or eight K 4 missiles 5 The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra an Akula class submarine leased from Russia in 2012 41 42 The submarine s K 15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K 4 can target all of Pakistan 43 The K 4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal 43 Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine s noise issues 43 Development editThe submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel 44 45 The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BARC at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research IGCAR in Kalpakkam 46 It included a 42 metre 138 ft section of the submarine s pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor a control room as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters 47 The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006 22 Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant 48 49 The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam 50 Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established 22 The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners 5 In 2007 then finance minister P Chidambaram who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10 metre long section for four more K 4 SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4 After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to develop an additional unit codenamed S4 was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn t go idle 5 The detailed engineering of the design was implemented when at Larsen amp Toubro s submarine design centre at their Hazira shipbuilding facility 51 Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine 52 The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries 53 The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009 54 The propulsion and power systems were tested with high pressure steam trials followed by harbor acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths 55 INS Arihant s reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013 56 On 13 December 2014 the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials 57 58 On 5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol 13 14 Ships in class edit nbsp Conceptual drawing of INS ArihantFour boats of this class are planned 5 The first boat of the class INS Arihant was commissioned in August 2016 8 15 59 In December 2014 the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat INS Arighat sea trials started in 2017 and commissioned in August 2022 speculated 1 The final two ships S4 and S4 in the class are expected to be larger displacing over 1 000 tonnes more than the Arihant 5 and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant 60 S4 was launched in November 2021 5 11 Name Pennant Displacement surfaced Laid down Launch Sea Trials Begins Sea Trials Completed Commission StatusINS Arihant S2 5 61 SSBN 80 62 6 000 tonnes 2004 63 26 July 2009 13 December 2014 64 23 February 2016 65 August 2016 In service 16 INS Arighat S3 5 66 SSBN 81 6 000 tonnes 2009 63 19 November 2017 67 68 8 January 2018 69 March 2021 70 August 2022 est 1 71 In Service speculated 5 S4 72 7 000 tonnes 23 November 2021 73 2024 est 71 Sea Trial 74 S4 codename 72 7 000 tonnes 2023 est 2025 est 71 Under constructionTimeline editDate Event19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes 5 26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class INS Arihant is formally launched2012 Additional unit S4 is cleared to avoid idling of production line 5 10 August 2013 Arihant s on board nuclear reactor attains criticality13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea amp weapons trials25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test fired dummy B5 missile31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test fired K4 missileAugust 2016 INS Arihant commissioned 15 19 November 2017 INS Arighat launched 1 8 January 2018 INS Arighat to begin sea trials 75 5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol 76 March 2021 INS Arighat s sea trials are completed November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched 73 2022 INS Arighat commissioned speculated 15 75 2025 S4 is scheduled to be launched See also editFuture of the Indian Navy List of submarines of the Indian Navy List of submarine classes in service 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