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Anterior commissure

The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a white matter tract (a bundle of axons) connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. In most existing mammals, the great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals.

Anterior commissure
Coronal cross-section of brain showing the anterior commissure. (left, third from bottom.)
Tractography of anterior commissure
Details
Identifiers
Latincommissura anterior
MeSHD066240
NeuroNames205, 390
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1557
TA98A14.1.08.421
TA25613
FMA61961
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]

The anterior commissure plays a key role in pain sensation, more specifically sharp, acute pain. It also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, vital for the sense of smell and chemoreception. The anterior commissure works with the posterior commissure to link the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain and also interconnects the amygdalae and temporal lobes, contributing to the role of memory, emotion, speech and hearing. It also is involved in olfaction, instinct, and sexual behavior.

In a sagittal section, the anterior commissure is oval in shape, having a long vertical axis that measures about 5 mm.

Structure

The fibers of the anterior commissure can be traced laterally and posteriorly on either side beneath the striatum into the substance of the temporal lobe.

It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes, but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, and is a part of the neospinothalamic tract for pain. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdalae.

The corpus callosum allows for communication between the two hemispheres and is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians), while it is absent in monotremes and marsupials, as well as other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The anterior commissure serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials,[1][2] and which carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex (also known as the neopallium), whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers).[3]

Function

 
Averaged tracking results of ten normal controls showing the Anterior Commissure. Image from Winter and Franz (2014)[4]

The functionality of the anterior commissure is still not completely understood. Researchers have implicated it in functions ranging from colour perception to attention. One such study supported colour perception in callosal agenesis (Those born without a corpus callosum; Barr & Corballis, 2002).[5] Other studies have built on this to imply that the anterior commissure can be a compensatory pathway in those without a corpus callosum, presenting diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques to better elucidate the anterior commissure and how it might be implicated in various functions (Winter & Franz, 2014).[4]

Sexuality

In 1992 Laura Allen and Roger Gorski of UCLA measured the anterior commissures of 30 homosexual men, 30 heterosexual men, and 30 heterosexual women. They found that all three groups' commissures were significantly different from one another, with homosexual males having the largest anterior commissure, followed by heterosexual women, and then heterosexual men, who had the smallest anterior commissures.[6]

In 1993, a review by Byne and Parsons criticized this research, noting that 27 of the 33 homosexual males fell within the range of heterosexual males in the study.[7] However, because range is defined only by the two most extreme data points in a group,[8] the existence of a single heterosexual male with an exceptionally large anterior commissure for his group (an outlier[9]) would cause this large range irrespective of the data from the rest of the individuals in the group. This individual's existence would not change the fact that the groups on average were quite different from one another, and that these differences were statistically significant.[6]

A later report by Byne et al. (2001) noted that

We also measured the anterior commissure in the same blocks of tissue used for the present hypothalamic study (data not shown) and were unable to replicate a report [by Allen and Gorski] that its cross-sectional area is larger in women than in men.[10]

Also, a study by Lasco et al. (2002) said:

We examined the cross-sectional area of the AC in postmortem material from 120 individuals, and found no variation in the size of the AC with age, HIV status, sex, or sexual orientation.[11]

Gallery

See also

References

  This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 840 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^ Ashwell, Ken (2010). The Neurobiology of Australian Marsupials: Brain Evolution in the Other Mammalian Radiation, p. 50
  2. ^ Armati, Patricia J., Chris R. Dickman, and Ian D. Hume (2006). Marsupials, p. 175
  3. ^ Butler, Ann B., and William Hodos (2005). Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation, p. 361
  4. ^ a b Winter T.; Franz E. (2014). "Implication of the anterior commissure in the allocation of attention to action". Front Psychol. 5 (432): 432. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00432. PMC 4032986. PMID 24904456.
  5. ^ Barr M.; Corballis M. (2002). "The role of the anterior commissure in callosal agenesis". Neuropsychology. 16 (4): 459–471. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.459. PMID 12382985.
  6. ^ a b Allen, LS; Gorski, RA (Aug 1, 1992). "Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (15): 7199–202. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.7199A. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.15.7199. PMC 49673. PMID 1496013.
  7. ^ Byne W.; Parsons B. (1993). "Human sexual orientation: The biological theories reappraised". Archives of General Psychiatry. 50 (3): 228–239. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820150078009. PMID 8439245.
  8. ^ . www.experiment-resources.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-02.
  9. ^ . www.experiment-resources.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-12.
  10. ^ Byne William; Tobet Stuart; Mattiace Linda A.; Lasco Mitchell S.; Kemether Eileen; Edgar Mark A.; Morgello Susan; Buchsbaum Monte S.; Jones Liesl B. (2001). "The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Variation with Sex, Sexual Orientation, and HIV Status". Hormones and Behavior. 40 (2): 86–92. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1680. PMID 11534967. S2CID 3175414.
  11. ^ Lasco MS, Jordan TJ, Edgar MA, Petito CK, Byne W., A lack of dimorphism of sex or sexual orientation in the human anterior commissure. Brain Res. 2002 May 17;936(1-2):95-8.

External links

  • Overview at University of Cambridge
  • . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22.
  • Allen LS, Gorski RA (August 1992). "Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (15): 7199–202. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.7199A. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.15.7199. PMC 49673. PMID 1496013.
  • NIF Search - Anterior Commissure via the Neuroscience Information Framework

anterior, commissure, anterior, commissure, also, known, precommissure, white, matter, tract, bundle, axons, connecting, temporal, lobes, cerebral, hemispheres, across, midline, placed, front, columns, fornix, most, existing, mammals, great, majority, fibers, . The anterior commissure also known as the precommissure is a white matter tract a bundle of axons connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline and placed in front of the columns of the fornix In most existing mammals the great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or indirectly via subcortical connections Nevertheless the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals Anterior commissureCoronal cross section of brain showing the anterior commissure left third from bottom Tractography of anterior commissureDetailsIdentifiersLatincommissura anteriorMeSHD066240NeuroNames205 390NeuroLex IDbirnlex 1557TA98A14 1 08 421TA25613FMA61961Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy edit on Wikidata The anterior commissure plays a key role in pain sensation more specifically sharp acute pain It also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts vital for the sense of smell and chemoreception The anterior commissure works with the posterior commissure to link the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain and also interconnects the amygdalae and temporal lobes contributing to the role of memory emotion speech and hearing It also is involved in olfaction instinct and sexual behavior In a sagittal section the anterior commissure is oval in shape having a long vertical axis that measures about 5 mm Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2 1 Sexuality 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksStructure EditThe fibers of the anterior commissure can be traced laterally and posteriorly on either side beneath the striatum into the substance of the temporal lobe It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts and is a part of the neospinothalamic tract for pain The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdalae The corpus callosum allows for communication between the two hemispheres and is found only in placental mammals the eutherians while it is absent in monotremes and marsupials as well as other vertebrates such as birds reptiles amphibians and fish The anterior commissure serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials 1 2 and which carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex also known as the neopallium whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers 3 Function Edit Averaged tracking results of ten normal controls showing the Anterior Commissure Image from Winter and Franz 2014 4 The functionality of the anterior commissure is still not completely understood Researchers have implicated it in functions ranging from colour perception to attention One such study supported colour perception in callosal agenesis Those born without a corpus callosum Barr amp Corballis 2002 5 Other studies have built on this to imply that the anterior commissure can be a compensatory pathway in those without a corpus callosum presenting diffusion tensor imaging DTI techniques to better elucidate the anterior commissure and how it might be implicated in various functions Winter amp Franz 2014 4 Sexuality Edit In 1992 Laura Allen and Roger Gorski of UCLA measured the anterior commissures of 30 homosexual men 30 heterosexual men and 30 heterosexual women They found that all three groups commissures were significantly different from one another with homosexual males having the largest anterior commissure followed by heterosexual women and then heterosexual men who had the smallest anterior commissures 6 In 1993 a review by Byne and Parsons criticized this research noting that 27 of the 33 homosexual males fell within the range of heterosexual males in the study 7 However because range is defined only by the two most extreme data points in a group 8 the existence of a single heterosexual male with an exceptionally large anterior commissure for his group an outlier 9 would cause this large range irrespective of the data from the rest of the individuals in the group This individual s existence would not change the fact that the groups on average were quite different from one another and that these differences were statistically significant 6 A later report by Byne et al 2001 noted thatWe also measured the anterior commissure in the same blocks of tissue used for the present hypothalamic study data not shown and were unable to replicate a report by Allen and Gorski that its cross sectional area is larger in women than in men 10 Also a study by Lasco et al 2002 said We examined the cross sectional area of the AC in postmortem material from 120 individuals and found no variation in the size of the AC with age HIV status sex or sexual orientation 11 Gallery Edit Anterior commissureSee also EditPosterior commissure Corpus callosumReferences Edit This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 840 of the 20th edition of Gray s Anatomy 1918 Ashwell Ken 2010 The Neurobiology of Australian Marsupials Brain Evolution in the Other Mammalian Radiation p 50 Armati Patricia J Chris R Dickman and Ian D Hume 2006 Marsupials p 175 Butler Ann B and William Hodos 2005 Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation p 361 a b Winter T Franz E 2014 Implication of the anterior commissure in the allocation of attention to action Front Psychol 5 432 432 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2014 00432 PMC 4032986 PMID 24904456 Barr M Corballis M 2002 The role of the anterior commissure in callosal agenesis Neuropsychology 16 4 459 471 doi 10 1037 0894 4105 16 4 459 PMID 12382985 a b Allen LS Gorski RA Aug 1 1992 Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 15 7199 202 Bibcode 1992PNAS 89 7199A doi 10 1073 pnas 89 15 7199 PMC 49673 PMID 1496013 Byne W Parsons B 1993 Human sexual orientation The biological theories reappraised Archives of General Psychiatry 50 3 228 239 doi 10 1001 archpsyc 1993 01820150078009 PMID 8439245 Range in Statistics The Difference Between the Maximum and Minimum www experiment resources com Archived from the original on 2011 11 02 Statistical Outliers Extreme Datapoints www experiment resources com Archived from the original on 2009 09 12 Byne William Tobet Stuart Mattiace Linda A Lasco Mitchell S Kemether Eileen Edgar Mark A Morgello Susan Buchsbaum Monte S Jones Liesl B 2001 The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus An Investigation of Variation with Sex Sexual Orientation and HIV Status Hormones and Behavior 40 2 86 92 doi 10 1006 hbeh 2001 1680 PMID 11534967 S2CID 3175414 Lasco MS Jordan TJ Edgar MA Petito CK Byne W A lack of dimorphism of sex or sexual orientation in the human anterior commissure Brain Res 2002 May 17 936 1 2 95 8 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anterior commissure Overview at University of Cambridge Anatomy diagram 13048 000 3 Roche Lexicon illustrated navigator Elsevier Archived from the original on 2012 07 22 https web archive org web 20070512234725 http www2 umdnj edu neuro studyaid Practical2000 Q09 htm Allen LS Gorski RA August 1992 Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 15 7199 202 Bibcode 1992PNAS 89 7199A doi 10 1073 pnas 89 15 7199 PMC 49673 PMID 1496013 NIF Search Anterior Commissure via the Neuroscience Information Framework Portal Anatomy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anterior commissure amp oldid 1077379134, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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