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Aerial photography

Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms.[1] When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.

An aerial photograph using a drone of Westerheversand Lighthouse, Germany.
An aerial view of the city of Pori, Finland.
Air photo of a military target used to evaluate the effect of bombing.
Air photography from flight

Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, or using action cameras while skydiving or wingsuiting. Handheld cameras may be manually operated by the photographer, while mounted cameras are usually remotely operated or triggered automatically.

Aerial photography typically refers specifically to bird's-eye view images that focus on landscapes and surface objects, and should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight. Elevated photography can also produce bird's-eye images closely resembling aerial photography (despite not actually being aerial shots) when telephotoing from a high vantage structures, suspended on cables (e.g. Skycam) or on top of very tall poles that are either handheld (e.g. monopods and selfie sticks), fixed firmly to ground (e.g. surveillance cameras and crane shots) or mounted above vehicles.

History

Early

 
Honoré Daumier, "Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art" (Nadar elevating Photography to Art), published in Le Boulevard, May 25, 1862.

Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as "Nadar", in 1858 over Paris, France.[2] However, the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled 'Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It.' Taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13, 1860, it depicts Boston from a height of 630m.[3][4]

 
Aerial view by Cecil Shadbolt, showing Stonebridge Road, Stamford Hill, and Seven Sisters Curve, part of the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) on 29 May 1882 - the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles.

Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E.D. Archibald in 1882. He used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air.[5] The same year, Cecil Shadbolt devised a method of taking photographs from the basket of a gas balloon, including shots looking vertically downwards.[6][7] One of his images, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) over Stamford Hill, is the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles.[6] A print of the same image, An Instantaneous Map Photograph taken from the Car of a Balloon, 2,000 feet high, was shown at the 1882 Photographic Society exhibition.[7]

Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888, and wrote a book on his methods in 1890.[8][9] Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced 'Man-lifter War Kite' and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities.

 
Antique postcard using kite photo technique. (circa 1911)

In 1908, Albert Samama Chikly filmed the first ever aerial views using a balloon between Hammam-Lif and Grombalia.[10] The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to a heavier-than-air aircraft took place on April 24, 1909, over Rome in the 3:28 silent film short, Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine.

World War I

 
Giza pyramid complex, photographed from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on November 21, 1904

The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war, as reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements and defenses. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, with reconnaissance being accomplished with map sketching from the air.

Germany adopted the first aerial camera, a Görz, in 1913. The French began the war with several squadrons of Blériot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance. The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time.

Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No.1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps (later No. 1 Squadron RAF), taking photographs from the British dirigible Beta. He discovered that vertical photos taken with a 60% overlap could be used to create a stereoscopic effect when viewed in a stereoscope, thus creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images. The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the entire system of German trenches was being photographed.[11] In 1916 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making.

 
A German observation plane, the Rumpler Taube.

The first purpose-built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore-Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton-Pickard company, greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography. The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. Moore-Brabazon also pioneered the incorporation of stereoscopic techniques into aerial photography, allowing the height of objects on the landscape to be discerned by comparing photographs taken at different angles.[12][13]

By the end of the war, aerial cameras had dramatically increased in size and focal power and were used increasingly frequently as they proved their pivotal military worth; by 1918 both sides were photographing the entire front twice a day and had taken over half a million photos since the beginning of the conflict. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No. 1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles (1,620 km2) area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front. This was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Lieutenants Leonard Taplin, Allan Runciman Brown, H. L. Fraser, Edward Patrick Kenny, and L. W. Rogers photographed a block of land stretching from the Turkish front lines 32 miles (51 km) deep into their rear areas. Beginning 5 January, they flew with a fighter escort to ward off enemy fighters. Using Royal Aircraft Factory BE.12 and Martinsyde airplanes, they not only overcame enemy air attacks, but also had to contend with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds, antiaircraft fire, and malfunctioning equipment to complete their task.[14]

Commercial

 
New York City 1932, aerial photograph of Fairchild Aerial Surveys Inc.
 
Milton Kent with his aerial camera, June 1953, Milton Kent Studio, Sydney

The first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd, founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills and Claude Graham White in 1919. The company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware, using the aircraft of the London Flying School. Subsequently, the Aircraft Manufacturing Company (later the De Havilland Aircraft Company), hired an Airco DH.9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham.[15]

From 1921, Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes. During the 1930s, the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry (mapping from aerial photographs), with the Ordnance Survey amongst the company's clients.[16] In 1920, the Australian Milton Kent started using a half-plate oblique aero camera purchased from Carl Zeiss AG in his aerial photographic business.[17]

Another successful pioneer of the commercial use of aerial photography was the American Sherman Fairchild who started his own aircraft firm Fairchild Aircraft to develop and build specialized aircraft for high altitude aerial survey missions.[18] One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried unit that combined two synchronized cameras, and each camera having five six inch lenses with a ten-inch lens and took photos from 23,000 feet. Each photo covered two hundred and twenty-five square miles. One of its first government contracts was an aerial survey of New Mexico to study soil erosion.[19] A year later, Fairchild introduced a better high altitude camera with nine-lens in one unit that could take a photo of 600 square miles with each exposure from 30,000 feet.[20]

World War II

 
Sidney Cotton's Lockheed 12A, in which he made a high-speed reconnaissance flight in 1940.

In 1939 Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the RAF were among the first to suggest that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast, small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception. Although this seems obvious now, with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast, high flying aircraft, at the time it was radical thinking.[citation needed]

They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants. Spitfires proved to be extremely successful in their reconnaissance role and there were many variants built specifically for that purpose. They served initially with what later became No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (PRU). In 1928, the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing.[21] Based at RAF Medmenham, the collection and interpretation of such photographs became a considerable enterprise.[22]

Cotton's aerial photographs were far ahead of their time. Together with other members of the 1 PRU, he pioneered the techniques of high-altitude, high-speed stereoscopic photography that were instrumental in revealing the locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets. According to R.V. Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At the peak, the British flew over 100 reconnaissance flights a day, yielding 50,000 images per day to interpret. Similar efforts were taken by other countries.[citation needed]

Uses

 
Abalone point, Irvine Cove, Laguna Beach: an example of low-altitude aerial photography

Vertical aerial photography is used in cartography[23] (particularly in photogrammetric surveys, which are often the basis for topographic maps[24][25]), land-use planning,[23] aerial archaeology.[23] Oblique aerial photography is used for movie production, environmental studies,[26] power line inspection,[27] surveillance, construction progress, commercial advertising, conveyancing, and artistic projects. An example of how aerial photography is used in the field of archaeology is the mapping project done at the site Angkor Borei in Cambodia from 1995–1996. Using aerial photography, archaeologists were able to identify archaeological features, including 112 water features (reservoirs, artificially constructed pools and natural ponds) within the walled site of Angkor Borei.[28] In the United States, aerial photographs are used in many Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for property analysis.

Aircraft

In the United States, except when necessary for take-off and landing, full-sized manned aircraft are prohibited from flying at altitudes under 1000 feet over congested areas and not closer than 500 feet from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure over non-congested areas. Certain exceptions are allowed for helicopters, powered parachutes and weight-shift-control aircraft.[29]

Radio-controlled

 
A drone carrying a camera for aerial photography
 
Aerial Drone and a Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin

Advances in radio controlled models have made it possible for model aircraft to conduct low-altitude aerial photography. This had benefited real-estate advertising, where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject. In 2014 the US Federal Aviation Administration banned the use of drones for photographs in real estate advertisements.[30] The ban has been lifted and commercial aerial photography using drones of UAS is regulated under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018.[31][32] Commercial pilots have to complete the requirements for a Part 107 license,[33] while amateur and non-commercial use is restricted by the FAA.[34]

Small scale model aircraft offer increased photographic access to these previously restricted areas. Miniature vehicles do not replace full-size aircraft, as full-size aircraft are capable of longer flight times, higher altitudes, and greater equipment payloads. They are, however, useful in any situation in which a full-scale aircraft would be dangerous to operate. Examples would include the inspection of transformers atop power transmission lines and slow, low-level flight over agricultural fields, both of which can be accomplished by a large-scale radio-controlled helicopter. Professional-grade, gyroscopically stabilized camera platforms are available for use under such a model; a large model helicopter with a 26cc gasoline engine can hoist a payload of approximately seven kilograms (15 lbs). In addition to gyroscopically stabilized footage, the use of RC copters as reliable aerial photography tools increased with the integration of FPV (first-person-view) technology. Many radio-controlled aircraft are now capable of utilizing Wi-Fi to stream live video from the aircraft's camera back to the pilot's or pilot in command's (PIC) ground station.[citation needed]

Regulations

Australia

In Australia, Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Part 101 (CASR Part 101)[35] allows for commercial use of unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft. Under these regulations, unmanned remotely piloted aircraft for commercial are referred to as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), whereas radio-controlled aircraft for recreational purposes are referred to as model aircraft. Under CASR Part 101, businesses/persons operating remotely piloted aircraft commercially are required to hold an operator certificate, just like manned aircraft operators. Pilots of remotely piloted aircraft operating commercially are also required to be licensed by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).[36] Whilst a small RPAS and model aircraft may actually be identical, unlike model aircraft, a RPAS may enter controlled airspace with approval, and operate in close proximity to an aerodrome.

Due to a number of illegal operators in Australia making false claims of being approved, CASA maintains and publishes a list of approved remote operator's certificate (ReOC) holders.[37] However, CASA has modified the regulations and from September 29, 2016 drones under 2 kg (4.4 lb) may be operated for commercial purposes.[38]

United States

2006 FAA regulations grounding all commercial RC model flights have been upgraded to require formal FAA certification before permission is granted to fly at any altitude in the US.

June 25, 2014, The FAA, in ruling 14 CFR Part 91 [Docket No. FAA–2014–0396] "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft", banned the commercial use of unmanned aircraft over U.S. airspace.[39] On September 26, 2014, the FAA began granting the right to use drones in aerial filmmaking. Operators are required to be licensed pilots and must keep the drone in view at all times. Drones cannot be used to film in areas where people might be put at risk.[40]

The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 established, in Section 336, a special rule for model aircraft. In Section 336, Congress confirmed the FAA's long-standing position that model aircraft are aircraft. Under the terms of the Act, a model aircraft is defined as "an unmanned aircraft" that is "(1) capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; (2) flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and (3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes."[41]

Because anything capable of being viewed from a public space is considered outside the realm of privacy in the United States, aerial photography may legally document features and occurrences on private property.[42]

The FAA can pursue enforcement action against persons operating model aircraft who endanger the safety of the national airspace system. Public Law 112–95, section 336(b).[30]

June 21, 2016, the FAA released its summary of small unmanned aircraft rules (Part 107). The rules established guidelines for small UAS operators including operating only during the daytime, a 400 ft (120 m). ceiling and pilots must keep the UAS in visual range.[43]

April 7, 2017, the FAA announced special security instructions under 14 CFR § 99.7. Effective April 14, 2017, all UAS flights within 400 feet of the lateral boundaries of U.S. military installations are prohibited unless a special permit is secured from the base and/or the FAA.[44]

United Kingdom

Aerial photography in the UK has tight regulations as to where a drone is able to fly.[45]

Aerial Photography on Light aircraft under 20 kg (44 lb). Basic Rules for non commercial flying Of a SUA (Small Unmanned Aircraft).

Article 241 Endangering safety of any person or property. A person must not recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property.

Article 94 small unmanned aircraft 1. A person must not cause or permit any article or animal (whether or not attached to a parachute) to be dropped from a small unmanned aircraft so as to endanger persons or property.

2. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft may only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied that the flight can safely be made.

3. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must maintain direct, unaided visual contact with the aircraft sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft, persons, vehicles, vessels and structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions. (500 m (1,600 ft))

4. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft which has a mass of more than 7 kg (15 lb) excluding its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight, must not fly the aircraft: 4.1 In Class A, C, D or E airspace unless the permission of the appropriate air traffic control unit has been obtained; 4.2 Within an aerodrome traffic zone during the notified hours of watch of the air traffic control unit (if any) at that aerodrome unless the permission of any such air traffic control unit has been obtained; 4.3 At a height of more than 400 feet above the surface

5. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must not fly the aircraft for the purposes of commercial operations except in accordance with a permission granted by the CAA.

Article 95 small unmanned surveillance aircraft 1. You Must not fly your aircraft over or within 150 metres of any congested Area.

2. Over or within 150 m (490 ft) of an organised open-air assembly of more than 1,000 persons.

3. Within 50 m (160 ft) of any vessel, vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.

4. Within 50 m of any person, during take-off or landing, a small unmanned surveillance aircraft must not be flown within 30 m (98 ft) of any person. This does not apply to the person in charge of the small unmanned surveillance aircraft or a person under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.

Model aircraft with a mass of more than 20 kg are termed ‘Large Model Aircraft’ – within the UK, large model aircraft may only be flown in accordance with an exemption from the ANO, which must be issued by the CAA.

Types

Oblique

 
Oblique Aerial Photo

Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs. If they are taken from a low angle relative to the earth's surface, they are called low oblique and photographs taken from a high angle are called high or steep oblique.[46]

 
An aerial photographer prepares continuous oblique shooting in a Cessna 206

Vertical

 
Vertical Orientation Aerial Photo

Vertical photographs are taken straight down.[47] They are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation. Pictures that will be used in photogrammetry are traditionally taken with special large format cameras with calibrated and documented geometric properties.

 
A vertical still from a kite aerial thermal video of part of a former brickworks site captured at night. http://www.armadale.org.uk/aerialthermography.htm

Combined

Aerial photographs are often combined. Depending on their purpose it can be done in several ways, of which a few are listed below.

  • Panoramas can be made by stitching several photographs taken in different angles from one spot (e.g. with a hand held camera) or from different spots at the same angle (e.g. from a plane).
  • Stereo photography techniques allow for the creation of 3D-images from several photographs of the same area taken from different spots.
  • In pictometry five rigidly mounted cameras provide one vertical and four low oblique pictures that can be used together.
  • In some digital cameras for aerial photogrammetry images from several imaging elements, sometimes with separate lenses, are geometrically corrected and combined to one image in the camera.

Orthophotomap

Vertical photographs are often used to create orthophotos, alternatively known as orthophotomaps, photographs which have been geometrically "corrected" so as to be usable as a map. In other words, an orthophoto is a simulation of a photograph taken from an infinite distance, looking straight down to nadir. Perspective must obviously be removed, but variations in terrain should also be corrected for. Multiple geometric transformations are applied to the image, depending on the perspective and terrain corrections required on a particular part of the image.

Orthophotos are commonly used in geographic information systems, such as are used by mapping agencies (e.g. Ordnance Survey) to create maps. Once the images have been aligned, or "registered", with known real-world coordinates, they can be widely deployed.

Large sets of orthophotos, typically derived from multiple sources and divided into "tiles" (each typically 256 x 256 pixels in size), are widely used in online map systems such as Google Maps. OpenStreetMap offers the use of similar orthophotos for deriving new map data. Google Earth overlays orthophotos or satellite imagery onto a digital elevation model to simulate 3D landscapes.

Leaf-off or leaf-on

Aerial photography may be labeled as either "leaf-off" or on "leaf-on" to indicate whether deciduous foliage is in the photograph. Leaf-off photographs show less foliage or no foliage at all, and are used to see the ground and things on the ground more closely. Leaf-on photographs are used to measure crop health and yield. For forestry purposes, some species of trees are easier to distinguish from other kinds of trees with leaf-off photography, while other species are easier to distinguish with leaf-on photography.[48]

Video

The Cliffs of Moher, filmed with a drone (2014)

With advancements in video technology, aerial video is becoming more popular. Orthogonal video is shot from aircraft mapping pipelines, crop fields, and other points of interest. Using GPS, video may be embedded with meta data and later synced with a video mapping program.

This "Spatial Multimedia" is the timely union of digital media including still photography, motion video, stereo, panoramic imagery sets, immersive media constructs, audio, and other data with location and date-time information from the GPS and other location designs.

Aerial videos are emerging Spatial Multimedia which can be used for scene understanding and object tracking. The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non-ground-plane structures. The integration of digital video, global positioning systems (GPS) and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of data collection and reduction. Several different aerial platforms are under investigation for the data collection.

In film production, it is common to use a unmanned aerial vehicle with a mounted cine camera.[49] For example the AERIGON cinema drone is used for low aerial shots in big blockbuster movies.[50]

See also

References

  1. ^ "aerial photograph". Merrian Webster. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  2. ^ History of Aerial Photography Professional Aerial Photographers Association (retrieved 5 October 2016)
  3. ^ Ron Graham and Roger E. Read, Manual of Aerial Photography, London and Boston, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-51229-4
  4. ^ Staff writer (April 3, 2013). "This Picture of Boston, Circa 1860, Is the World's Oldest Surviving Aerial Photo". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  5. ^ Archibald, Douglas (1897). "The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere". p. 174. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
  6. ^ a b "The Shadbolt Collection". Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  7. ^ a b Colin, Fenn (2016). "George & Cecil Shadbolt - Pioneer Photographers" (PDF). Friends of West Norwood. Newsletter (86): 6–8.
  8. ^ Benton, Cris (June 25, 2010). . arch.ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
  9. ^ "Arthur Batut Museum" (in French). Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  10. ^ Luke McKernan, « Albert Samama Chikly » [1], on victorian-cinema.net, July 2015
  11. ^ "A Brief History of Aerial Photography".
  12. ^ "Royal Flying Corps Founded". History Today.
  13. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2003). How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish. p. 33. ISBN 9780761473145.
  14. ^ . Southsearepublic.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  15. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Friese-Greene, Claude (1898-1943) Biography". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  16. ^ "Municipal Air Surveys. Contracts From Doncaster And Birkenhead". The Times. No. 44229. column E. Gale:The Times digital archive 1785–1985. 25 March 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 30 August 2012. (subscription required)
  17. ^ A Modern Ariel with a camera, People [magazine], July 15, 1953, pp. 24-27
  18. ^ Donald, David (1997). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. p. 382. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
  19. ^ Hearst Magazines (October 1935). "Wide Area Is Mapped From Air By Giant Ten Lens Camera". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 535.
  20. ^ Hearst Magazines (April 1936). "Nine Lens Aerial Camera Films 600 Square Miles". Popular Science. Hearst Magazines. p. 571.
  21. ^ "Photography Before Edgerton".
  22. ^ Cotton, Sidney (1969). Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story. Chatto & Windus. p. 169. ISBN 0-7011-1334-0.
  23. ^ a b c . University of Colorado Boulder. 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  24. ^ Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record. 15 (89): 715–724. doi:10.1111/0031-868X.00080. S2CID 140189982.
  25. ^ Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). "Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography. 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x.
  26. ^ Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). "Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 30 (4): 1456–1472. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.
  27. ^ Yan, Guangjian; Li, Chaoyang; Zhou, Guoqing; Zhang, Wuming; Li, Xiaowen (2007). "Automatic Extraction of Power Lines from Aerial Images". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 4 (3): 387–391. Bibcode:2007IGRSL...4..387Y. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2007.895714. S2CID 33499293.
  28. ^ Stark, M. T., Griffin, P., Phoeurn, C., Ledgerwood, J., Dega, M., Mortland, C., ... & Latinis, K. (1999). Results of the 1995–1996 archaeological field investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia. Asian Perspectives 38(1)
  29. ^ United States Federal Aviation Regulations FAR part 91 section 119(14CFR91.119)
  30. ^ a b http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-06-25/pdf/2014-14948.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  31. ^ Guthrie, Brett (2018-10-05). "Text - H.R.302 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  32. ^ Chaversfirst1=Marcus (2018-10-04). "Drone Enthusiasts and Industry Await FAA Reauthorization Act". News Ledge. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  33. ^ "Certificated Remote Pilots including Commercial Operators". www.faa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  34. ^ "Recreational Flyers & Modeler Community-Based Organizations". www.faa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  35. ^ "Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  36. ^ "Civil Aviation Safety Authority". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  37. ^ "List of UAS Operator Certificate Holders". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  38. ^ "Part 101 Amendments – Cutting red tape for remotely piloted aircraft". CASA. 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  39. ^ Huerta, Michael P. (18 June 2014). "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  40. ^ "U.S. Transportation Secretary Foxx Announces FAA Exemptions for Commercial UAS Movie and TV Production". Press Release. FAA. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  41. ^ Public Law 112–95, section 336(c).
  42. ^ California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 206 (1986)
  43. ^ "SUMMARY OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT RULE (PART 107)" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  44. ^ "Security Sensitive Airspace Restrictions". FAA. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  45. ^ "UK Drone law". Aerial Republic. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  46. ^ "Lecture 6.1: Classification of Photographs". The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. 1999. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  47. ^ Short, Nicholas (2010-04-28). . Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 10-1. NASA. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  48. ^ What is the difference between leaf-on and leaf-off imagery?, MapaSyst, Extension Foundation, August 21, 2019
  49. ^ Mademlis, Ioannis; Nikolaidis, Nikos; Tefas, Anastasios; Pitas, Ioannis; Tilman, Wagner; Messina, Alberto (2019). "Autonomous UAV cinematography: A tutorial and a formalized shot-type taxonomy". ACM Computing Surveys. New York, NY: ACM. 52 (5): 1–33. doi:10.1145/3347713. S2CID 202676119.
  50. ^ "AERIGON cinema drone (UAV) pioneering in film production".

Further reading

  • Price, Alfred (2003). Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945. [S.l.]: Military Book Club. N.B.: First published 2003 by Greenhill Books, London. ISBN 0-7394-3496-9

External links

  Media related to Aerial photography at Wikimedia Commons   The dictionary definition of aerial photography at Wiktionary

  • Aerial photography and remote sensing
  • INTERACTIVE MAP OF Drone "Restriction Areas"
  • California Coastal Records Project
  • Bird's eye view of the Delaware Valley by the Dallin Aerial Survey Company (1924–1941)
  • Historic aerial photos of Columbia, South Carolina from the University of South Carolina Library
  • Historical Aerial Photographs of New York , Cornell University Library & Cornell Institute for Resource Information Sciences
  • National Collection of Aerial Photography The official archive of British Government declassified aerial photography.
  • Aerial Photographic Techniques Suitable for Children
  • Graber Collection of Florida Aerial Photographs at the University of South Florida
  • CAA website

aerial, photography, airborne, imagery, taking, photographs, from, aircraft, other, airborne, platforms, when, taking, motion, pictures, also, known, aerial, videography, aerial, photograph, using, drone, westerheversand, lighthouse, germany, aerial, view, cit. Aerial photography or airborne imagery is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms 1 When taking motion pictures it is also known as aerial videography An aerial photograph using a drone of Westerheversand Lighthouse Germany An aerial view of the city of Pori Finland Air photo of a military target used to evaluate the effect of bombing Air photography from flight Platforms for aerial photography include fixed wing aircraft helicopters unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs or drones balloons blimps and dirigibles rockets pigeons kites or using action cameras while skydiving or wingsuiting Handheld cameras may be manually operated by the photographer while mounted cameras are usually remotely operated or triggered automatically Aerial photography typically refers specifically to bird s eye view images that focus on landscapes and surface objects and should not be confused with air to air photography where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that chase and photograph other aircraft in flight Elevated photography can also produce bird s eye images closely resembling aerial photography despite not actually being aerial shots when telephotoing from a high vantage structures suspended on cables e g Skycam or on top of very tall poles that are either handheld e g monopods and selfie sticks fixed firmly to ground e g surveillance cameras and crane shots or mounted above vehicles Contents 1 History 1 1 Early 1 2 World War I 1 3 Commercial 1 4 World War II 2 Uses 3 Aircraft 3 1 Radio controlled 4 Regulations 4 1 Australia 4 2 United States 4 3 United Kingdom 5 Types 5 1 Oblique 5 2 Vertical 5 3 Combined 5 4 Orthophotomap 5 5 Leaf off or leaf on 6 Video 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory EditSee also Aerial reconnaissance History This section duplicates the scope of other articles specifically Aerial reconnaissance History Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia s Manual of Style by replacing the section with a link and a summary of the repeated material or by spinning off the repeated text into an article in its own right October 2020 Early Edit Honore Daumier Nadar elevant la Photographie a la hauteur de l Art Nadar elevating Photography to Art published in Le Boulevard May 25 1862 Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard Felix Tournachon known as Nadar in 1858 over Paris France 2 However the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled Boston as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It Taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13 1860 it depicts Boston from a height of 630m 3 4 Aerial view by Cecil Shadbolt showing Stonebridge Road Stamford Hill and Seven Sisters Curve part of the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway taken from 2 000 feet 610 m on 29 May 1882 the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E D Archibald in 1882 He used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air 5 The same year Cecil Shadbolt devised a method of taking photographs from the basket of a gas balloon including shots looking vertically downwards 6 7 One of his images taken from 2 000 feet 610 m over Stamford Hill is the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles 6 A print of the same image An Instantaneous Map Photograph taken from the Car of a Balloon 2 000 feet high was shown at the 1882 Photographic Society exhibition 7 Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888 and wrote a book on his methods in 1890 8 9 Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced Man lifter War Kite and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities Antique postcard using kite photo technique circa 1911 In 1908 Albert Samama Chikly filmed the first ever aerial views using a balloon between Hammam Lif and Grombalia 10 The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to a heavier than air aircraft took place on April 24 1909 over Rome in the 3 28 silent film short Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine World War I Edit Giza pyramid complex photographed from Eduard Spelterini s balloon on November 21 1904 The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war as reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements and defenses At the start of the conflict the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated with reconnaissance being accomplished with map sketching from the air Germany adopted the first aerial camera a Gorz in 1913 The French began the war with several squadrons of Bleriot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No 1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps later No 1 Squadron RAF taking photographs from the British dirigible Beta He discovered that vertical photos taken with a 60 overlap could be used to create a stereoscopic effect when viewed in a stereoscope thus creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915 the entire system of German trenches was being photographed 11 In 1916 the Austro Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map making A German observation plane the Rumpler Taube The first purpose built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton Pickard company greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals Moore Brabazon also pioneered the incorporation of stereoscopic techniques into aerial photography allowing the height of objects on the landscape to be discerned by comparing photographs taken at different angles 12 13 By the end of the war aerial cameras had dramatically increased in size and focal power and were used increasingly frequently as they proved their pivotal military worth by 1918 both sides were photographing the entire front twice a day and had taken over half a million photos since the beginning of the conflict In January 1918 General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No 1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles 1 620 km2 area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front This was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography Lieutenants Leonard Taplin Allan Runciman Brown H L Fraser Edward Patrick Kenny and L W Rogers photographed a block of land stretching from the Turkish front lines 32 miles 51 km deep into their rear areas Beginning 5 January they flew with a fighter escort to ward off enemy fighters Using Royal Aircraft Factory BE 12 and Martinsyde airplanes they not only overcame enemy air attacks but also had to contend with 65 mph 105 km h winds antiaircraft fire and malfunctioning equipment to complete their task 14 Commercial Edit New York City 1932 aerial photograph of Fairchild Aerial Surveys Inc Milton Kent with his aerial camera June 1953 Milton Kent Studio SydneyThe first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills and Claude Graham White in 1919 The company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware using the aircraft of the London Flying School Subsequently the Aircraft Manufacturing Company later the De Havilland Aircraft Company hired an Airco DH 9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham 15 From 1921 Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes During the 1930s the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry mapping from aerial photographs with the Ordnance Survey amongst the company s clients 16 In 1920 the Australian Milton Kent started using a half plate oblique aero camera purchased from Carl Zeiss AG in his aerial photographic business 17 Another successful pioneer of the commercial use of aerial photography was the American Sherman Fairchild who started his own aircraft firm Fairchild Aircraft to develop and build specialized aircraft for high altitude aerial survey missions 18 One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried unit that combined two synchronized cameras and each camera having five six inch lenses with a ten inch lens and took photos from 23 000 feet Each photo covered two hundred and twenty five square miles One of its first government contracts was an aerial survey of New Mexico to study soil erosion 19 A year later Fairchild introduced a better high altitude camera with nine lens in one unit that could take a photo of 600 square miles with each exposure from 30 000 feet 20 World War II Edit Sidney Cotton s Lockheed 12A in which he made a high speed reconnaissance flight in 1940 In 1939 Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the RAF were among the first to suggest that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception Although this seems obvious now with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast high flying aircraft at the time it was radical thinking citation needed They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants Spitfires proved to be extremely successful in their reconnaissance role and there were many variants built specifically for that purpose They served initially with what later became No 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit PRU In 1928 the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing 21 Based at RAF Medmenham the collection and interpretation of such photographs became a considerable enterprise 22 Cotton s aerial photographs were far ahead of their time Together with other members of the 1 PRU he pioneered the techniques of high altitude high speed stereoscopic photography that were instrumental in revealing the locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets According to R V Jones photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V 1 flying bomb and the V 2 rocket Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment At the peak the British flew over 100 reconnaissance flights a day yielding 50 000 images per day to interpret Similar efforts were taken by other countries citation needed Uses Edit Abalone point Irvine Cove Laguna Beach an example of low altitude aerial photography Vertical aerial photography is used in cartography 23 particularly in photogrammetric surveys which are often the basis for topographic maps 24 25 land use planning 23 aerial archaeology 23 Oblique aerial photography is used for movie production environmental studies 26 power line inspection 27 surveillance construction progress commercial advertising conveyancing and artistic projects An example of how aerial photography is used in the field of archaeology is the mapping project done at the site Angkor Borei in Cambodia from 1995 1996 Using aerial photography archaeologists were able to identify archaeological features including 112 water features reservoirs artificially constructed pools and natural ponds within the walled site of Angkor Borei 28 In the United States aerial photographs are used in many Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for property analysis Aircraft EditIn the United States except when necessary for take off and landing full sized manned aircraft are prohibited from flying at altitudes under 1000 feet over congested areas and not closer than 500 feet from any person vessel vehicle or structure over non congested areas Certain exceptions are allowed for helicopters powered parachutes and weight shift control aircraft 29 Radio controlled Edit A drone carrying a camera for aerial photography Aerial Drone and a Eurocopter HH 65 Dolphin Advances in radio controlled models have made it possible for model aircraft to conduct low altitude aerial photography This had benefited real estate advertising where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject In 2014 the US Federal Aviation Administration banned the use of drones for photographs in real estate advertisements 30 The ban has been lifted and commercial aerial photography using drones of UAS is regulated under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 31 32 Commercial pilots have to complete the requirements for a Part 107 license 33 while amateur and non commercial use is restricted by the FAA 34 Small scale model aircraft offer increased photographic access to these previously restricted areas Miniature vehicles do not replace full size aircraft as full size aircraft are capable of longer flight times higher altitudes and greater equipment payloads They are however useful in any situation in which a full scale aircraft would be dangerous to operate Examples would include the inspection of transformers atop power transmission lines and slow low level flight over agricultural fields both of which can be accomplished by a large scale radio controlled helicopter Professional grade gyroscopically stabilized camera platforms are available for use under such a model a large model helicopter with a 26cc gasoline engine can hoist a payload of approximately seven kilograms 15 lbs In addition to gyroscopically stabilized footage the use of RC copters as reliable aerial photography tools increased with the integration of FPV first person view technology Many radio controlled aircraft are now capable of utilizing Wi Fi to stream live video from the aircraft s camera back to the pilot s or pilot in command s PIC ground station citation needed Regulations EditSee also Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles Australia Edit In Australia Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Part 101 CASR Part 101 35 allows for commercial use of unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft Under these regulations unmanned remotely piloted aircraft for commercial are referred to as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems RPAS whereas radio controlled aircraft for recreational purposes are referred to as model aircraft Under CASR Part 101 businesses persons operating remotely piloted aircraft commercially are required to hold an operator certificate just like manned aircraft operators Pilots of remotely piloted aircraft operating commercially are also required to be licensed by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority CASA 36 Whilst a small RPAS and model aircraft may actually be identical unlike model aircraft a RPAS may enter controlled airspace with approval and operate in close proximity to an aerodrome Due to a number of illegal operators in Australia making false claims of being approved CASA maintains and publishes a list of approved remote operator s certificate ReOC holders 37 However CASA has modified the regulations and from September 29 2016 drones under 2 kg 4 4 lb may be operated for commercial purposes 38 United States Edit 2006 FAA regulations grounding all commercial RC model flights have been upgraded to require formal FAA certification before permission is granted to fly at any altitude in the US June 25 2014 The FAA in ruling 14 CFR Part 91 Docket No FAA 2014 0396 Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft banned the commercial use of unmanned aircraft over U S airspace 39 On September 26 2014 the FAA began granting the right to use drones in aerial filmmaking Operators are required to be licensed pilots and must keep the drone in view at all times Drones cannot be used to film in areas where people might be put at risk 40 The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 established in Section 336 a special rule for model aircraft In Section 336 Congress confirmed the FAA s long standing position that model aircraft are aircraft Under the terms of the Act a model aircraft is defined as an unmanned aircraft that is 1 capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere 2 flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft and 3 flown for hobby or recreational purposes 41 Because anything capable of being viewed from a public space is considered outside the realm of privacy in the United States aerial photography may legally document features and occurrences on private property 42 The FAA can pursue enforcement action against persons operating model aircraft who endanger the safety of the national airspace system Public Law 112 95 section 336 b 30 June 21 2016 the FAA released its summary of small unmanned aircraft rules Part 107 The rules established guidelines for small UAS operators including operating only during the daytime a 400 ft 120 m ceiling and pilots must keep the UAS in visual range 43 April 7 2017 the FAA announced special security instructions under 14 CFR 99 7 Effective April 14 2017 all UAS flights within 400 feet of the lateral boundaries of U S military installations are prohibited unless a special permit is secured from the base and or the FAA 44 United Kingdom Edit Aerial photography in the UK has tight regulations as to where a drone is able to fly 45 Aerial Photography on Light aircraft under 20 kg 44 lb Basic Rules for non commercial flying Of a SUA Small Unmanned Aircraft Article 241 Endangering safety of any person or property A person must not recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property Article 94 small unmanned aircraft 1 A person must not cause or permit any article or animal whether or not attached to a parachute to be dropped from a small unmanned aircraft so as to endanger persons or property 2 The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft may only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied that the flight can safely be made 3 The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must maintain direct unaided visual contact with the aircraft sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft persons vehicles vessels and structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions 500 m 1 600 ft 4 The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft which has a mass of more than 7 kg 15 lb excluding its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight must not fly the aircraft 4 1 In Class A C D or E airspace unless the permission of the appropriate air traffic control unit has been obtained 4 2 Within an aerodrome traffic zone during the notified hours of watch of the air traffic control unit if any at that aerodrome unless the permission of any such air traffic control unit has been obtained 4 3 At a height of more than 400 feet above the surface5 The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must not fly the aircraft for the purposes of commercial operations except in accordance with a permission granted by the CAA Article 95 small unmanned surveillance aircraft 1 You Must not fly your aircraft over or within 150 metres of any congested Area 2 Over or within 150 m 490 ft of an organised open air assembly of more than 1 000 persons 3 Within 50 m 160 ft of any vessel vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft 4 Within 50 m of any person during take off or landing a small unmanned surveillance aircraft must not be flown within 30 m 98 ft of any person This does not apply to the person in charge of the small unmanned surveillance aircraft or a person under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft Model aircraft with a mass of more than 20 kg are termed Large Model Aircraft within the UK large model aircraft may only be flown in accordance with an exemption from the ANO which must be issued by the CAA Types EditOblique Edit Oblique Aerial Photo Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs If they are taken from a low angle relative to the earth s surface they are called low oblique and photographs taken from a high angle are called high or steep oblique 46 An aerial photographer prepares continuous oblique shooting in a Cessna 206 Vertical Edit Vertical Orientation Aerial Photo Vertical photographs are taken straight down 47 They are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation Pictures that will be used in photogrammetry are traditionally taken with special large format cameras with calibrated and documented geometric properties A vertical still from a kite aerial thermal video of part of a former brickworks site captured at night http www armadale org uk aerialthermography htm Combined Edit Aerial photographs are often combined Depending on their purpose it can be done in several ways of which a few are listed below Panoramas can be made by stitching several photographs taken in different angles from one spot e g with a hand held camera or from different spots at the same angle e g from a plane Stereo photography techniques allow for the creation of 3D images from several photographs of the same area taken from different spots In pictometry five rigidly mounted cameras provide one vertical and four low oblique pictures that can be used together In some digital cameras for aerial photogrammetry images from several imaging elements sometimes with separate lenses are geometrically corrected and combined to one image in the camera Orthophotomap Edit Vertical photographs are often used to create orthophotos alternatively known as orthophotomaps photographs which have been geometrically corrected so as to be usable as a map In other words an orthophoto is a simulation of a photograph taken from an infinite distance looking straight down to nadir Perspective must obviously be removed but variations in terrain should also be corrected for Multiple geometric transformations are applied to the image depending on the perspective and terrain corrections required on a particular part of the image Orthophotos are commonly used in geographic information systems such as are used by mapping agencies e g Ordnance Survey to create maps Once the images have been aligned or registered with known real world coordinates they can be widely deployed Large sets of orthophotos typically derived from multiple sources and divided into tiles each typically 256 x 256 pixels in size are widely used in online map systems such as Google Maps OpenStreetMap offers the use of similar orthophotos for deriving new map data Google Earth overlays orthophotos or satellite imagery onto a digital elevation model to simulate 3D landscapes Leaf off or leaf on Edit Aerial photography may be labeled as either leaf off or on leaf on to indicate whether deciduous foliage is in the photograph Leaf off photographs show less foliage or no foliage at all and are used to see the ground and things on the ground more closely Leaf on photographs are used to measure crop health and yield For forestry purposes some species of trees are easier to distinguish from other kinds of trees with leaf off photography while other species are easier to distinguish with leaf on photography 48 Video Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source The Cliffs of Moher filmed with a drone 2014 With advancements in video technology aerial video is becoming more popular Orthogonal video is shot from aircraft mapping pipelines crop fields and other points of interest Using GPS video may be embedded with meta data and later synced with a video mapping program This Spatial Multimedia is the timely union of digital media including still photography motion video stereo panoramic imagery sets immersive media constructs audio and other data with location and date time information from the GPS and other location designs Aerial videos are emerging Spatial Multimedia which can be used for scene understanding and object tracking The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non ground plane structures The integration of digital video global positioning systems GPS and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost effectiveness of data collection and reduction Several different aerial platforms are under investigation for the data collection In film production it is common to use a unmanned aerial vehicle with a mounted cine camera 49 For example the AERIGON cinema drone is used for low aerial shots in big blockbuster movies 50 See also EditAerial archaeology Aerial Image Library Aerial landscape art Aerial photographers category Aerial photographic and satellite image interpretation Aerial survey Aerofilms Ltd the first commercial aerial photography company in the UK founded in 1919 Airborne Real time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance Astrocam Aviation photography Battle of Neuve Chapelle Douglas Douglas Hamilton 14th Duke of Hamilton 1932 photo flight over Mount Everest Elevated photography Fairchild K 20 A WWII era aerial camera Federal Aviation Regulations First images of Earth from space Geoinformatics Harvey Lloyd Historic England Archive the public archive of English Heritage who hold one of the largest collections of aerial photographs of England Kite aerial photography Lidar National Collection of Aerial Photography Oracle model photographic rocket Photogrammetry Pictometry Pigeon photography Remote sensing Satellite imagery Scheimpflug principle TopoFlight Unmanned aerial vehicle VisionMap A3 Digital Mapping CameraReferences Edit aerial photograph Merrian Webster Retrieved 2 October 2017 History of Aerial Photography Professional Aerial Photographers Association retrieved 5 October 2016 Ron Graham and Roger E Read Manual of Aerial Photography London and Boston Focal Press ISBN 0 240 51229 4 Staff writer April 3 2013 This Picture of Boston Circa 1860 Is the World s Oldest Surviving Aerial Photo Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved April 17 2013 Archibald Douglas 1897 The Story of the Earth s Atmosphere p 174 Retrieved 2011 04 16 a b The Shadbolt Collection Retrieved 27 April 2020 a b Colin Fenn 2016 George amp Cecil Shadbolt Pioneer Photographers PDF Friends of West Norwood Newsletter 86 6 8 Benton Cris June 25 2010 The First Kite Photographs arch ced berkeley edu Archived from the original on 2011 06 09 Retrieved 2011 04 16 Arthur Batut Museum in French Retrieved 2008 01 08 Luke McKernan Albert Samama Chikly 1 on victorian cinema net July 2015 A Brief History of Aerial Photography Royal Flying Corps Founded History Today Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2003 How It Works Science and Technology Marshall Cavendish p 33 ISBN 9780761473145 Lieutenant Leonard T E Taplin D F C Southsearepublic org Archived from the original on 2012 07 15 Retrieved 2013 01 24 BFI Screenonline Friese Greene Claude 1898 1943 Biography www screenonline org uk Municipal Air Surveys Contracts From Doncaster And Birkenhead The Times No 44229 column E Gale The Times digital archive 1785 1985 25 March 1926 p 11 Retrieved 30 August 2012 subscription required A Modern Ariel with a camera People magazine July 15 1953 pp 24 27 Donald David 1997 The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft p 382 ISBN 0 7607 0592 5 Hearst Magazines October 1935 Wide Area Is Mapped From Air By Giant Ten Lens Camera Popular Mechanics Hearst Magazines p 535 Hearst Magazines April 1936 Nine Lens Aerial Camera Films 600 Square Miles Popular Science Hearst Magazines p 571 Photography Before Edgerton Cotton Sidney 1969 Aviator Extraordinary The Sidney Cotton Story Chatto amp Windus p 169 ISBN 0 7011 1334 0 a b c Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing University of Colorado Boulder 2011 Archived from the original on October 30 2014 Retrieved March 25 2011 Mills J P et al 1997 Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring The Photogrammetric Record 15 89 715 724 doi 10 1111 0031 868X 00080 S2CID 140189982 Twiss S D et al 2001 Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub seal size spatial grain Ecography 24 3 257 266 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0587 2001 tb00198 x Stewart J E et al 2014 Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals Halichoerus grypus prefer access to fresh water in order to drink PDF Marine Mammal Science 30 4 1456 1472 doi 10 1111 mms 12126 Yan Guangjian Li Chaoyang Zhou Guoqing Zhang Wuming Li Xiaowen 2007 Automatic Extraction of Power Lines from Aerial Images IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 4 3 387 391 Bibcode 2007IGRSL 4 387Y doi 10 1109 LGRS 2007 895714 S2CID 33499293 Stark M T Griffin P Phoeurn C Ledgerwood J Dega M Mortland C amp Latinis K 1999 Results of the 1995 1996 archaeological field investigations at Angkor Borei Cambodia Asian Perspectives 38 1 United States Federal Aviation Regulations FAR part 91 section 119 14CFR91 119 a b http www gpo gov fdsys pkg FR 2014 06 25 pdf 2014 14948 pdf bare URL PDF Guthrie Brett 2018 10 05 Text H R 302 115th Congress 2017 2018 FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 www congress gov Retrieved 2019 06 23 Chaversfirst1 Marcus 2018 10 04 Drone Enthusiasts and Industry Await FAA Reauthorization Act News Ledge Retrieved 2019 06 23 Certificated Remote Pilots including Commercial Operators www faa gov Retrieved 2019 06 23 Recreational Flyers amp Modeler Community Based Organizations www faa gov Retrieved 2019 06 23 Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority December 19 2002 Retrieved January 24 2013 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority December 19 2002 Retrieved January 24 2013 List of UAS Operator Certificate Holders Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority Retrieved January 24 2013 Part 101 Amendments Cutting red tape for remotely piloted aircraft CASA 2016 Retrieved October 5 2016 Huerta Michael P 18 June 2014 Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft PDF FAA Retrieved 5 October 2016 U S Transportation Secretary Foxx Announces FAA Exemptions for Commercial UAS Movie and TV Production Press Release FAA 25 September 2014 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Public Law 112 95 section 336 c California v Ciraolo 476 U S 206 1986 SUMMARY OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT RULE PART 107 PDF FAA Retrieved 21 June 2016 Security Sensitive Airspace Restrictions FAA Retrieved April 7 2017 UK Drone law Aerial Republic Retrieved May 17 2017 Lecture 6 1 Classification of Photographs The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum University of Maryland Baltimore County 1999 Retrieved 2011 03 25 Short Nicholas 2010 04 28 Elements of Aerial Photography Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 10 1 NASA Archived from the original on March 17 2011 Retrieved 2011 03 25 What is the difference between leaf on and leaf off imagery MapaSyst Extension Foundation August 21 2019 Mademlis Ioannis Nikolaidis Nikos Tefas Anastasios Pitas Ioannis Tilman Wagner Messina Alberto 2019 Autonomous UAV cinematography A tutorial and a formalized shot type taxonomy ACM Computing Surveys New York NY ACM 52 5 1 33 doi 10 1145 3347713 S2CID 202676119 AERIGON cinema drone UAV pioneering in film production Further reading EditPrice Alfred 2003 Targeting the Reich Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe 1939 1945 S l Military Book Club N B First published 2003 by Greenhill Books London ISBN 0 7394 3496 9External links Edit Media related to Aerial photography at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of aerial photography at Wiktionary Aerial photography and remote sensing INTERACTIVE MAP OF Drone Restriction Areas California Coastal Records Project Bird s eye view of the Delaware Valley by the Dallin Aerial Survey Company 1924 1941 Historic aerial photos of Columbia South Carolina from the University of South Carolina Library Historical Aerial Photographs of New York Cornell University Library amp Cornell Institute for Resource Information Sciences National Collection of Aerial Photography The official archive of British Government declassified aerial photography Aerial Photographic Techniques Suitable for Children Graber Collection of Florida Aerial Photographs at the University of South Florida Usage for Historical Aerial Photos CAA website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aerial photography amp oldid 1132870975, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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