Acupressure is an alternative medicine technique often used in conjunction with acupuncture or reflexology. It is based on the concept of life energy, which flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points, or ashi trigger points, with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices.[1]
Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, insomnia, low back pain, migraines, and constipation, among other things, such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias.[2] There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure.
Acupressure therapy was prevalent in India. After the spread of Buddhism to China, the acupressure therapy was also integrated into common medical practice in China and it came to be known as acupuncture. Scholars note these similarities because the major points of Indian acupressure and Chinese acupuncture are similar to each other.[3][4]
Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the meridian system to bring about relief by rebalancing yin, yang and qi (also spelled "chi").
Many East Asianmartial arts also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self-defense and health purposes, (chin na, tui na). The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent. Also, martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove supposed blockages from their own meridians, claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points "soft" or less vulnerable to an attack.[1]
A 2011 systematic review of 43 studies of acupressure's effectiveness at treating symptoms found that the nature of these 43 studies "indicated a significant likelihood of bias."[2] Thirty-five of the 43 studies had concluded that acupressure was effective at treating certain symptoms. The authors of this systematic review concluded that this "review of clinical trials from the past decade did not provide rigorous support for the efficacy of acupressure for symptom management. Well-designed, randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of acupressure to manage a variety of symptoms in a number of patient populations."[2]
A 2011 Cochrane review of four trials using acupuncture and nine studies using acupressure to control pain in childbirth concluded that "acupuncture or acupressure may help relieve pain during labour, but more research is needed".[5] Another Cochrane Collaboration review found that massage provided some long-term benefit for low back pain, and stated: "It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic (Swedish) massage, although more research is needed to confirm this."[6]
An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of motion sickness and other forms of nausea provides pressure to the P6 acupuncture point, a point that has been extensively investigated.[7] The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting.[8] The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, acustimulation device and acupressure; it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective; it found low-quality evidence supporting stimulation of P6 compared with sham, with 2 out of 59 trials having low risk of bias. EBM reviewer Bandolier said that P6 in two studies showed 52% of patients with control having a success, compared with 75% with P6.[9]
Quackwatch includes acupressure in a list of methods which have no "rational place" as massage therapy and states that practitioners "may also use irrational diagnostic methods to reach diagnoses that do not correspond to scientific concepts of health and disease."[10]
Clinical use of acupressure frequently relies on the conceptual framework of traditional Chinese medicine. There is no physically verifiable anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians.[11] Proponents reply that TCM is a prescientific system that continues to have practical relevance. Acupuncturists tend to perceive TCM concepts in functional rather than structural terms (e.g., as being useful in guiding evaluation and care of patients).[12] Trials using placebo have not demonstrated any statistically significant effect but concluded that acupressure is safe to use along with conventional treatment.[7][13][14]
Instruments
There are several different instruments for applying nonspecific pressure by rubbing, rolling, or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body. The acuball is a small ball made of rubber with protuberances that is heatable. It is used to apply pressure and relieve muscle and joint pain. The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances. It is held between the hands and rolled back and forth to apply acupressure. The foot roller (also "krupa chakra") is a round, cylindrical roller with protuberances. It is placed on the floor and the foot is rolled back and forth over it. The power mat (also pyramid mat) is a mat with small pyramid-shaped bumps that you walk on. The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine. The Teishein is one of the original nine classical acupuncture needles described in the original texts of acupuncture. Even though it is described as an acupuncture needle it did not pierce the skin. It is used to apply rapid percussion pressure to the points being treated.[15]
^ ab"Diagnostic Ashi Points: A Focus on Muscle Motor Points". Pacific College. 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
^ abcLee EJ, Frazier SK (October 2011). "The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 42 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.007. PMC3154967. PMID 21531533.
^S.V. Govindan (2000). Ayurvedic Massage: For Health and Healing. Abhinav Publications. p. 121. ISBN9788170173939.
^Smith, Caroline A.; Collins, Carmel T.; Levett, Kate M.; Armour, Mike; Dahlen, Hannah G.; Tan, Aidan L.; Mesgarpour, Bita (7 February 2020). "Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2): CD009232. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009232.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC7007200. PMID 32032444.
^Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M (September 2015). "Massage for low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. PMC8734598. PMID 26329399.
^ abDent HE, Dewhurst NG, Mills SY, Willoughby M (June 2003). "Continuous PC6 wristband acupressure for relief of nausea and vomiting associated with acute myocardial infarction: a partially randomised, placebo-controlled trial". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 11 (2): 72–7. doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00058-x. PMID 12801491.
^Lee A, Chan SK, Fan LT (November 2015). "Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD003281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub4. PMC4679372. PMID 26522652.
^"Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23.
^Barrett S (March 9, 2006). "Massage Therapy: Riddled with Quackery". Quackwatch. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^Mann F (1996). Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine. London: Butterworth Heinemann. p. 14. ... acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes. Quoted by Bauer M (August 2006). . Chinese Medicine Times. 1 (4). Archived from the original on 2009-01-22.
^"Acupuncture". NIH Consensus statement. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement. November 1997. Retrieved 30 January 2007. Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the 'acupuncture points', the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture
^William Chi-Sing Cho (2013). Evidence-based Non-pharmacological Therapies for Palliative Cancer Care. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789400758339.
^Sharma R (2003). Medicina Alternativa. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. pp. 196–200. ISBN9781842651414. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
External links
December 31, 2022
acupressure, alternative, medicine, technique, often, used, conjunction, with, acupuncture, reflexology, based, concept, life, energy, which, flows, through, meridians, body, treatment, physical, pressure, applied, acupuncture, points, ashi, trigger, points, w. Acupressure is an alternative medicine technique often used in conjunction with acupuncture or reflexology It is based on the concept of life energy which flows through meridians in the body In treatment physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points or ashi trigger points with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians Pressure may be applied by hand by elbow or with various devices 1 Acupuncture point LI 4 Hegu known in Chinese as 合谷 hegǔ Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting insomnia low back pain migraines and constipation among other things such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias 2 There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure Contents 1 Background 2 Effectiveness 3 Instruments 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksBackground EditAcupressure therapy was prevalent in India After the spread of Buddhism to China the acupressure therapy was also integrated into common medical practice in China and it came to be known as acupuncture Scholars note these similarities because the major points of Indian acupressure and Chinese acupuncture are similar to each other 3 4 Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom The traditional Chinese medicine TCM theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the meridian system to bring about relief by rebalancing yin yang and qi also spelled chi Many East Asian martial arts also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self defense and health purposes chin na tui na The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent Also martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove supposed blockages from their own meridians claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points soft or less vulnerable to an attack 1 Effectiveness EditMain article Acupuncture Criticism of traditional Chinese medicine theory A 2011 systematic review of 43 studies of acupressure s effectiveness at treating symptoms found that the nature of these 43 studies indicated a significant likelihood of bias 2 Thirty five of the 43 studies had concluded that acupressure was effective at treating certain symptoms The authors of this systematic review concluded that this review of clinical trials from the past decade did not provide rigorous support for the efficacy of acupressure for symptom management Well designed randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of acupressure to manage a variety of symptoms in a number of patient populations 2 A 2011 Cochrane review of four trials using acupuncture and nine studies using acupressure to control pain in childbirth concluded that acupuncture or acupressure may help relieve pain during labour but more research is needed 5 Another Cochrane Collaboration review found that massage provided some long term benefit for low back pain and stated It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic Swedish massage although more research is needed to confirm this 6 An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of motion sickness and other forms of nausea provides pressure to the P6 acupuncture point a point that has been extensively investigated 7 The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting and found it to be effective for reducing post operative nausea but not vomiting 8 The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6 including acupuncture electro acupuncture transcutaneous nerve stimulation laser stimulation acustimulation device and acupressure it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective it found low quality evidence supporting stimulation of P6 compared with sham with 2 out of 59 trials having low risk of bias EBM reviewer Bandolier said that P6 in two studies showed 52 of patients with control having a success compared with 75 with P6 9 Quackwatch includes acupressure in a list of methods which have no rational place as massage therapy and states that practitioners may also use irrational diagnostic methods to reach diagnoses that do not correspond to scientific concepts of health and disease 10 Clinical use of acupressure frequently relies on the conceptual framework of traditional Chinese medicine There is no physically verifiable anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians 11 Proponents reply that TCM is a prescientific system that continues to have practical relevance Acupuncturists tend to perceive TCM concepts in functional rather than structural terms e g as being useful in guiding evaluation and care of patients 12 Trials using placebo have not demonstrated any statistically significant effect but concluded that acupressure is safe to use along with conventional treatment 7 13 14 Instruments EditThere are several different instruments for applying nonspecific pressure by rubbing rolling or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body The acuball is a small ball made of rubber with protuberances that is heatable It is used to apply pressure and relieve muscle and joint pain The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances It is held between the hands and rolled back and forth to apply acupressure The foot roller also krupa chakra is a round cylindrical roller with protuberances It is placed on the floor and the foot is rolled back and forth over it The power mat also pyramid mat is a mat with small pyramid shaped bumps that you walk on The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine The Teishein is one of the original nine classical acupuncture needles described in the original texts of acupuncture Even though it is described as an acupuncture needle it did not pierce the skin It is used to apply rapid percussion pressure to the points being treated 15 See also EditReflexology Shiatsu a Japanese form of acupressure massage List of acupuncture pointsReferences Edit a b Diagnostic Ashi Points A Focus on Muscle Motor Points Pacific College 2019 07 26 Retrieved 2020 12 27 a b c Lee EJ Frazier SK October 2011 The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management a systematic review Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 42 4 589 603 doi 10 1016 j jpainsymman 2011 01 007 PMC 3154967 PMID 21531533 S V Govindan 2000 Ayurvedic Massage For Health and Healing Abhinav Publications p 121 ISBN 9788170173939 Joseph S Alter 2013 Asian Medicine and Globalization University of Pennsylvania Press p 27 ISBN 9780812205251 Smith Caroline A Collins Carmel T Levett Kate M Armour Mike Dahlen Hannah G Tan Aidan L Mesgarpour Bita 7 February 2020 Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 2 CD009232 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD009232 pub2 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 7007200 PMID 32032444 Furlan AD Giraldo M Baskwill A Irvin E Imamura M September 2015 Massage for low back pain The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 9 CD001929 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD001929 pub3 PMC 8734598 PMID 26329399 a b Dent HE Dewhurst NG Mills SY Willoughby M June 2003 Continuous PC6 wristband acupressure for relief of nausea and vomiting associated with acute myocardial infarction a partially randomised placebo controlled trial Complementary Therapies in Medicine 11 2 72 7 doi 10 1016 s0965 2299 03 00058 x PMID 12801491 Lee A Chan SK Fan LT November 2015 Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016 11 CD003281 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD003281 pub4 PMC 4679372 PMID 26522652 Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy 1999 Archived from the original on 2012 12 23 Barrett S March 9 2006 Massage Therapy Riddled with Quackery Quackwatch Retrieved 3 June 2013 Mann F 1996 Reinventing Acupuncture A New Concept of Ancient Medicine London Butterworth Heinemann p 14 acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes Quoted by Bauer M August 2006 The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs Part One Chinese Medicine Times 1 4 Archived from the original on 2009 01 22 Acupuncture NIH Consensus statement National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement November 1997 Retrieved 30 January 2007 Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the acupuncture points the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi the meridian system and the five phases theory which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture Colquhoun D Novella SP June 2013 Acupuncture is theatrical placebo Anesthesia and Analgesia 116 6 1360 3 doi 10 1213 ANE 0b013e31828f2d5e PMID 23709076 S2CID 207135491 William Chi Sing Cho 2013 Evidence based Non pharmacological Therapies for Palliative Cancer Care Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9789400758339 Sharma R 2003 Medicina Alternativa Alpha Science Int l Ltd pp 196 200 ISBN 9781842651414 Retrieved 2009 01 05 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acupressure amp oldid 1129812684, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
