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Aboriginal Victorians

Aboriginal Victorians, the Aboriginal Australians of Victoria, Australia, occupied the land for tens of thousands of years prior to European settlement.[1] Aboriginal people have lived a semi-nomadic existence of fishing, hunting and gathering, and farming eels in Victoria for at least 40,000 years.[2]

Map of Victorian Aboriginal language territories

The Aboriginal people of Victoria had developed a varied and complex set of languages, tribal alliances, beliefs and social customs that involved totemism, superstition, initiation and burial rites, and tribal moieties.[3]

History edit

Prehistory edit

There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present-day Keilor, about 40,000 years ago, according to Gary Presland.[4]

At the Keilor archaeological site a human hearth excavated in 1971 was radiocarbon-dated to about 31,000 years BP, making Keilor one of the earliest sites of human habitation in Australia.[5] A cranium found at the site has been dated at between 12,000[6] and 14,700 years BP.[5]

Similar archaeological sites in Tasmania and on the Bass Strait Islands have been dated to between 20,000 and 35,000 years ago, when sea levels were 130 metres (430 ft) below present level, allowing Aboriginal people to move across the region of southern Victoria and on to the land bridge of the Bassian plain to Tasmania by at least 35,000 years ago.[7][8]

There is evidence of occupation in Gariwerd (the Grampians) – the territory of the Jardwadjali people – many thousands of years before the last Ice Age. One site in the Victoria Range (Billawin Range) has been dated from 22,000 years ago.[9][10]

During the Ice Age about 20,000 years BP, the area now the bay of Port Phillip would have been dry land, and the Yarra and Werribee rivers would have joined to flow through the heads then south and south west through the Bassian plain before meeting the ocean to the west. Between 16,000 and 14,000 years BP the rate of sea level rise was most rapid, rising about 15 metres (50 ft) in 300 years according to Peter D. Ward.[11] Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands became separated from mainland Australia around 12,000 BP, when the sea level was about 50 metres (160 ft) below present levels.[7] Port Phillip was flooded by post-glacial rising sea levels between 8000 and 6000 years ago.[7]

Oral history and creation stories from the Wada wurrung, Woiwurrung and Bun wurrung languages describe the flooding of the bay. Hobsons Bay was once a kangaroo-hunting ground. Creation stories describe how Bunjil was responsible for the formation of the bay,[8] or the bay was flooded when the Yarra River was created (Yarra Creation Story.[12])

Later edit

The Wurundjeri mined diorite at Mount William Quarry, a source of the highly valued greenstone hatchet heads, which were and traded across a wide area as far as New South Wales and Adelaide. The mine provided a complex network of trading for economic and social exchange among the different Aboriginal nations in Victoria.[13][14][15] The quarry had been in use for more than 1,500 years and covered 18 hectares (44 acres), including pits of several metres. In February 2008 the site was placed on the National Heritage List for its cultural importance and archeological value.[16]

In some areas semi-permanent huts were constructed and a sophisticated network of water channels were constructed for farming eels. During winter the Djab wurrung encampments were more permanent, sometimes consisting of substantial huts as attested by Major Thomas Mitchell near Mount Napier in 1836:

Two very substantial huts showed that even the natives had been attracted by the beauty of the land, and as the day was showery, I wished to return if possible, to pass the night there, for I began to learn that such huts, with a good fire between them, made comfortable quarters in bad weather.[17]

During early autumn there were often large gatherings of up to 1000 people for one to two months hosted at the Mount William swamp or at Lake Bolac for the annual eel migration. Several tribes attended these gatherings including the Girai wurrung, Djargurd wurrung, Dhauwurd wurrung and Wada wurrung. Near Mount William, an elaborate network of channels, weirs and eel traps and stone shelters had been constructed, indicative of a semi-permanent lifestyle in which eels were an important economic component for food and bartering, particularly the Short-finned eel.[18] Near Lake Bolac a semi-permanent village extended some 35 kilometres along the river bank during autumn. George Augustus Robinson on 7 July 1841 described some of the infrastructure that had been constructed near Mount William:

...an area of at least 15 acres was thus traced out ... These works must have been executed at great cost of labour ... There must have been some thousands of yards of this trenching and banking. The whole of the water from the mountain rivulets is made to pass through this trenching ere it reaches the marsh ...[19]

The way of life of the Aboriginal people of Western Victoria, who included the Gunditjmara, differed from other groups in Victoria in several respects. Because of the colder climate, they made, wore, and used as blankets, rugs of possum and kangaroo. They also built huts from wood and local basalt (known as bluestone), with roofs made of turf and branches.[20]

The Budj Bim heritage areas, which show extensive evidence of fish-farming and traps for short-finned eels, around the Lake Condah area, are in Western Victoria.[21]

Victorian Aboriginal languages edit

Thirty nine Aboriginal languages were spoken in Victoria at the time of European contact, according to Ian D. Clark, although five of these languages are primarily located around the border areas with New South Wales and South Australia.[22] Clark also identified 19 sub-dialects in seven languages. The Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages (VACL) is the peak body for Aboriginal languages in Victoria and coordinates all of the community language programs throughout Victoria. The corporation is focused on retrieving, recording and researching Aboriginal languages and providing a central resource on Victorian Aboriginal languages with programs and educational tools to teach the indigenous and wider community about language.[23]

In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in the Aboriginal languages of the south-eastern corner of Australia. The boundaries between one language area and another are not distinct. Rather, mixtures of vocabulary and grammatical construction exist in such regions, and so linguistic maps may show some variation about where one language ends and another begins. Many Australian indigenous languages have declined to a critical state. More than three-quarters of the original Australian languages have already been lost, and the survival of almost all of the remaining languages is extremely threatened.

Communities throughout Victoria, supported by VACL, are reviving their languages through language camps, workshops, school programs, educational material for children, networking events, publications, music, digital resources, and dictionaries.[23] VACL is expanding into the use of interactive digital tools and apps for learning language. They have a number of digital applications to revive Victorian Aboriginal languages through traditional and contemporary stories.[24] VACL supports education and learning activities in schools and communities around Victoria.

Language or language family Status Dialects Spoken by
Barababaraba Extinct
Bidawal (Maap) Extinct
Boonwurrung Extinct Boon wurrung
Gunai Revived Brabralung, Braiakalung, Brataualung, Krauatungalung, Tatungalung Gunai
Dhauwurd wurrung Extinct Bi:g wurrung, Dhauwurd wurrung, Gai wurrung, Gurngubanud, Wullu wurrung Gunditjmara
Dhudhuroa language (Jaithmathang) Extinct
Djabwurrung Extinct Djab wurrung, Pirtpirt wurrung, Knenknen wurrung Djab wurrung
Djadjawurrung Extinct Djadjawurrung
Djargurd wurrung Extinct Djargurd Wurrung
Gadubanud Extinct Gadubanud
Girai wurrung Extinct Girai wurrung, Wirngilgnad dhalinanong Girai wurrung
Gulidjan Extinct Gulidjan
Gundungerre (Jaithmathang) Extinct
Jardwadjali Extinct Nundadjali, Jardwadjali, Jagwadjali, Mardidjali Jardwadjali
Keramin Extinct Jarijari Jarijari, Dadi Dadi
Ladjila Extinct
Mogullumbidj Extinct
Ngarigu Extinct Southern Ngarigu Ngarigo
Ngurai-illam wurrung Extinct
Taungurung Extinct Taungurung
Wadiwadi Extinct Piangil and non-Piangil
Wathawurrung Extinct Wathaurong
Way wurru (Waveroo, Pallanganmiddang) Extinct Kwartkwart and Mogullumbidj (Minjambuta)
Wekiweki Extinct
Wemba-Wemba Extinct Wergaia Wemba-Wemba
Wergaia Extinct Bewadjali, Buibadjali, Djadjala, Wudjubalug
Woiwurrung Extinct Wurundjeri
Yorta Yorta language (Bangarang) Revived Yorta Yorta
Yuyu (Ngindadj) Extinct

Marginal language groups in Victorian border areas with South Australia and New South Wales include Bindjali, Buandig, Jabulajabula, Ngargad, and Thawa.

There is considerable debate over the substance and location of North-eastern Victorian indigenous languages including Mogullumbidj, Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang.[25] Howitt considered Mogullumbidj the easternmost dialect of the Kulin speaking tribes of central Victoria, but Clark argues the name is a descriptive term of appearance.[26]

First Peoples' Assembly edit

In November 2019, the First Peoples' Assembly was elected, consisting of 21 members elected from five different regions in the state, and 10 members to represent each of the state's formally recognised traditional owner corporations, excluding the Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation, who declined to participate in the election process. The main aim of the Assembly is to work out the rules by which individual treaties will be negotiated between the Victorian Government and individual Aboriginal peoples. It will also establish an independent "umpire" body to oversee the negotiations to ensure fairness.[27]

The Assembly met for the first time on 10 December 2019[28] and again met over two days in February 2020. The Assembly hopes to agree upon a framework, umpire and process before November 2022, the date of the next state election.[29]

See also edit

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ Frankel 2017.
  2. ^ Gary Presland, The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. ISBN 0-646-33150-7.
  3. ^ Dawson 1881, p. [page needed].
  4. ^ Gary Presland, p. 1, Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, ISBN 0-9577004-2-3. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding Aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management.
  5. ^ a b Gary Presland, Keilor Archaeological Site, eMelbourne website. Accessed 3 November 2008
  6. ^ Peter Brown, The Keilor Cranium 15 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology, Accessed 3 November 2008
  7. ^ a b c Hanna Steyne, Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Heritage Victoria, who sources (Lambeck & Chappell 2001) and (Bird 1993, Bowler 1966, Holdgate et al. 2001), Accessed 3 November 2008
  8. ^ a b David Rhodes, Terra Culture Heritage Consultants, Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report – Aboriginal Heritage 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff and Port of Melbourne Corporation, August 2003. Accessed 3 November 2008
  9. ^ C.F.M. Bird and D. Frankel, 2005. An Archaeology of Gariwerd. From Pleistocene to Holocene in Western Victoria. Tempus 8. (Archaeology and Material Culture Studies in Anthropology) University of Queensland, St Lucia.Parks Victoria,
  10. ^ Management Plan for Grampians National Park 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2003, ISBN 0-7311-3131-2. Accessed 19 November 2008
  11. ^ Peter D. Ward, p. 30, The Flooded Earth. Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, Basic Books, New York, 2010, ISBN 978-0-465-00949-7
  12. ^ Ian Hunter, Yarra Creation Story 4 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Wurundjeri Dreaming. Recorded 2004–5. Accessed 3 November 2008
  13. ^ Isabel McBryde, Kulin Greenstone Quarries: The Social Contexts of Production and Distribution for the Mt William Site, in World Archaeology, Vol. 16, No. 2, Mines and Quarries (Oct. 1984), pp. 267–285 (article consists of 19 pages) Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Accessed 3 November 2008
  14. ^ Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, p. 44, People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 ISBN 0-9577728-0-7
  15. ^ Gary Presland, Aboriginal Melbourne. The lost land of the Kulin people, Harriland Press, 1985. New edition 2001. ISBN 0-9577004-2-3
  16. ^ National Heritage List, Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry, Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Accessed 3 November 2008
  17. ^ Major Mitchell quoted in Two Native Tribes Shared Shire Area 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Shire of Mt. Rouse Centenary booklet, 1964, as detailed by the Mt. Rouse & District Historical Society website, 20 October 2007. Accessed 25 November 2008
  18. ^ Victorian Eel Fishery – Management Plan 20 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 November 2008
  19. ^ Harry Lourandos, pp. 63–65, Continent of Hunter-gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-35946-5
  20. ^ "Lake Condah". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  21. ^ "National Heritage Places – Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape". Australian Government. Dept of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 13 February 2020. See also attached documents: National Heritage List Location and Boundary Map, and Government Gazette, 20 July 2004.
  22. ^ Ian D. Clark, Aboriginal Language Areas in Victoria – a reconstruction 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, A Report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages, 25 August 2005. Accessed 10 September 2011
  23. ^ a b "Vaclang.org.au". Vaclang.org.au. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  24. ^ . iTunes. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  25. ^ Ian D. Clark, 2009 "Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction." in Aboriginal History, Volume 33, 2009, ANU E-Press. Accessed 10 September 2011
  26. ^ Ian D. Clark, 2010, "Aboriginal language areas in Northeast Victoria 'Mogullumbidj' reconsidered", Victorian Historical Journal, Royal Historical Society of Victoria.: 2010, 81, 2, pp. 181–192. Accessed article abstract[permanent dead link] on 10 September 2011
  27. ^ Dunstan, Joseph (5 November 2019). "Victorian Aboriginal voters have elected a treaty assembly. So what's next?". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  28. ^ Costa, Jedda; Dunstan, Joseph (11 December 2019). "'We are taking this place back': Treaty assembly sits in Victoria's Upper House". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  29. ^ Dunstan, Joseph (29 February 2020). "'We've got a lot of eyes watching us': The weight of expectation on Victoria's treaty process". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

Sources

Further reading edit

  • Peter Beveridge (1889), The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina: as seen by Peter Beveridge, Melbourne: M.L. Hutchinson, Wikidata Q19077386
  • Ian D. Clark, (c. 1990) Aboriginal languages and clans :an historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800–1900, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic.
  • David Frankel (2017) Between the Murray and the Sea. Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia, Sydney University Press, Sydney.ISBN 978-1-74332-552-0
  • David Frankel; Janine Major, eds. (2017). Victorian Aboriginal Life and Customs Through Early European Eyes (PDF). Melbourne: La Trobe University Ebureau. ISBN 978-0-9953727-0-2.
  • Sue Wessen, An Historical Atlas of the Aborigines of Eastern Victoria and Far South-eastern New South Wales, Monash University Publications in Geography and Environmental Science, Number 53, 2000, Monash University, Victoria ISBN 0-909685-68-1

aboriginal, victorians, aboriginal, australians, victoria, australia, occupied, land, tens, thousands, years, prior, european, settlement, aboriginal, people, have, lived, semi, nomadic, existence, fishing, hunting, gathering, farming, eels, victoria, least, y. Aboriginal Victorians the Aboriginal Australians of Victoria Australia occupied the land for tens of thousands of years prior to European settlement 1 Aboriginal people have lived a semi nomadic existence of fishing hunting and gathering and farming eels in Victoria for at least 40 000 years 2 Map of Victorian Aboriginal language territoriesThe Aboriginal people of Victoria had developed a varied and complex set of languages tribal alliances beliefs and social customs that involved totemism superstition initiation and burial rites and tribal moieties 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Prehistory 1 2 Later 2 Victorian Aboriginal languages 3 First Peoples Assembly 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory editPrehistory edit There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley near present day Keilor about 40 000 years ago according to Gary Presland 4 At the Keilor archaeological site a human hearth excavated in 1971 was radiocarbon dated to about 31 000 years BP making Keilor one of the earliest sites of human habitation in Australia 5 A cranium found at the site has been dated at between 12 000 6 and 14 700 years BP 5 Similar archaeological sites in Tasmania and on the Bass Strait Islands have been dated to between 20 000 and 35 000 years ago when sea levels were 130 metres 430 ft below present level allowing Aboriginal people to move across the region of southern Victoria and on to the land bridge of the Bassian plain to Tasmania by at least 35 000 years ago 7 8 There is evidence of occupation in Gariwerd the Grampians the territory of the Jardwadjali people many thousands of years before the last Ice Age One site in the Victoria Range Billawin Range has been dated from 22 000 years ago 9 10 During the Ice Age about 20 000 years BP the area now the bay of Port Phillip would have been dry land and the Yarra and Werribee rivers would have joined to flow through the heads then south and south west through the Bassian plain before meeting the ocean to the west Between 16 000 and 14 000 years BP the rate of sea level rise was most rapid rising about 15 metres 50 ft in 300 years according to Peter D Ward 11 Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands became separated from mainland Australia around 12 000 BP when the sea level was about 50 metres 160 ft below present levels 7 Port Phillip was flooded by post glacial rising sea levels between 8000 and 6000 years ago 7 Oral history and creation stories from the Wada wurrung Woiwurrung and Bun wurrung languages describe the flooding of the bay Hobsons Bay was once a kangaroo hunting ground Creation stories describe how Bunjil was responsible for the formation of the bay 8 or the bay was flooded when the Yarra River was created Yarra Creation Story 12 Later edit The Wurundjeri mined diorite at Mount William Quarry a source of the highly valued greenstone hatchet heads which were and traded across a wide area as far as New South Wales and Adelaide The mine provided a complex network of trading for economic and social exchange among the different Aboriginal nations in Victoria 13 14 15 The quarry had been in use for more than 1 500 years and covered 18 hectares 44 acres including pits of several metres In February 2008 the site was placed on the National Heritage List for its cultural importance and archeological value 16 In some areas semi permanent huts were constructed and a sophisticated network of water channels were constructed for farming eels During winter the Djab wurrung encampments were more permanent sometimes consisting of substantial huts as attested by Major Thomas Mitchell near Mount Napier in 1836 Two very substantial huts showed that even the natives had been attracted by the beauty of the land and as the day was showery I wished to return if possible to pass the night there for I began to learn that such huts with a good fire between them made comfortable quarters in bad weather 17 During early autumn there were often large gatherings of up to 1000 people for one to two months hosted at the Mount William swamp or at Lake Bolac for the annual eel migration Several tribes attended these gatherings including the Girai wurrung Djargurd wurrung Dhauwurd wurrung and Wada wurrung Near Mount William an elaborate network of channels weirs and eel traps and stone shelters had been constructed indicative of a semi permanent lifestyle in which eels were an important economic component for food and bartering particularly the Short finned eel 18 Near Lake Bolac a semi permanent village extended some 35 kilometres along the river bank during autumn George Augustus Robinson on 7 July 1841 described some of the infrastructure that had been constructed near Mount William an area of at least 15 acres was thus traced out These works must have been executed at great cost of labour There must have been some thousands of yards of this trenching and banking The whole of the water from the mountain rivulets is made to pass through this trenching ere it reaches the marsh 19 The way of life of the Aboriginal people of Western Victoria who included the Gunditjmara differed from other groups in Victoria in several respects Because of the colder climate they made wore and used as blankets rugs of possum and kangaroo They also built huts from wood and local basalt known as bluestone with roofs made of turf and branches 20 The Budj Bim heritage areas which show extensive evidence of fish farming and traps for short finned eels around the Lake Condah area are in Western Victoria 21 Victorian Aboriginal languages editThirty nine Aboriginal languages were spoken in Victoria at the time of European contact according to Ian D Clark although five of these languages are primarily located around the border areas with New South Wales and South Australia 22 Clark also identified 19 sub dialects in seven languages The Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages VACL is the peak body for Aboriginal languages in Victoria and coordinates all of the community language programs throughout Victoria The corporation is focused on retrieving recording and researching Aboriginal languages and providing a central resource on Victorian Aboriginal languages with programs and educational tools to teach the indigenous and wider community about language 23 In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in the Aboriginal languages of the south eastern corner of Australia The boundaries between one language area and another are not distinct Rather mixtures of vocabulary and grammatical construction exist in such regions and so linguistic maps may show some variation about where one language ends and another begins Many Australian indigenous languages have declined to a critical state More than three quarters of the original Australian languages have already been lost and the survival of almost all of the remaining languages is extremely threatened Communities throughout Victoria supported by VACL are reviving their languages through language camps workshops school programs educational material for children networking events publications music digital resources and dictionaries 23 VACL is expanding into the use of interactive digital tools and apps for learning language They have a number of digital applications to revive Victorian Aboriginal languages through traditional and contemporary stories 24 VACL supports education and learning activities in schools and communities around Victoria Language or language family Status Dialects Spoken byBarababaraba ExtinctBidawal Maap ExtinctBoonwurrung Extinct Boon wurrungGunai Revived Brabralung Braiakalung Brataualung Krauatungalung Tatungalung GunaiDhauwurd wurrung Extinct Bi g wurrung Dhauwurd wurrung Gai wurrung Gurngubanud Wullu wurrung GunditjmaraDhudhuroa language Jaithmathang ExtinctDjabwurrung Extinct Djab wurrung Pirtpirt wurrung Knenknen wurrung Djab wurrungDjadjawurrung Extinct DjadjawurrungDjargurd wurrung Extinct Djargurd WurrungGadubanud Extinct GadubanudGirai wurrung Extinct Girai wurrung Wirngilgnad dhalinanong Girai wurrungGulidjan Extinct GulidjanGundungerre Jaithmathang ExtinctJardwadjali Extinct Nundadjali Jardwadjali Jagwadjali Mardidjali JardwadjaliKeramin Extinct Jarijari Jarijari Dadi DadiLadjila ExtinctMogullumbidj ExtinctNgarigu Extinct Southern Ngarigu NgarigoNgurai illam wurrung ExtinctTaungurung Extinct TaungurungWadiwadi Extinct Piangil and non PiangilWathawurrung Extinct WathaurongWay wurru Waveroo Pallanganmiddang Extinct Kwartkwart and Mogullumbidj Minjambuta Wekiweki ExtinctWemba Wemba Extinct Wergaia Wemba WembaWergaia Extinct Bewadjali Buibadjali Djadjala WudjubalugWoiwurrung Extinct WurundjeriYorta Yorta language Bangarang Revived Yorta YortaYuyu Ngindadj ExtinctMarginal language groups in Victorian border areas with South Australia and New South Wales include Bindjali Buandig Jabulajabula Ngargad and Thawa There is considerable debate over the substance and location of North eastern Victorian indigenous languages including Mogullumbidj Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang 25 Howitt considered Mogullumbidj the easternmost dialect of the Kulin speaking tribes of central Victoria but Clark argues the name is a descriptive term of appearance 26 First Peoples Assembly editFurther information First Peoples Assembly and 2019 Victorian First Peoples Assembly election In November 2019 the First Peoples Assembly was elected consisting of 21 members elected from five different regions in the state and 10 members to represent each of the state s formally recognised traditional owner corporations excluding the Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation who declined to participate in the election process The main aim of the Assembly is to work out the rules by which individual treaties will be negotiated between the Victorian Government and individual Aboriginal peoples It will also establish an independent umpire body to oversee the negotiations to ensure fairness 27 The Assembly met for the first time on 10 December 2019 28 and again met over two days in February 2020 The Assembly hopes to agree upon a framework umpire and process before November 2022 the date of the next state election 29 See also editAboriginal Housing VictoriaReferences editNotes Frankel 2017 Gary Presland The First Residents of Melbourne s Western Region revised edition Harriland Press 1997 ISBN 0 646 33150 7 Dawson 1881 p page needed Gary Presland p 1 Aboriginal Melbourne The Lost Land of the Kulin People Harriland Press 1985 Second edition 1994 ISBN 0 9577004 2 3 This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding Aboriginal life culture food gathering and land management a b Gary Presland Keilor Archaeological Site eMelbourne website Accessed 3 November 2008 Peter Brown The Keilor Cranium Archived 15 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Peter Brown s Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology Accessed 3 November 2008 a b c Hanna Steyne Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay Victoria Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Heritage Victoria who sources Lambeck amp Chappell 2001 and Bird 1993 Bowler 1966 Holdgate et al 2001 Accessed 3 November 2008 a b David Rhodes Terra Culture Heritage Consultants Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report Aboriginal Heritage Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff and Port of Melbourne Corporation August 2003 Accessed 3 November 2008 C F M Bird and D Frankel 2005 An Archaeology of Gariwerd From Pleistocene to Holocene in Western Victoria Tempus 8 Archaeology and Material Culture Studies in Anthropology University of Queensland St Lucia Parks Victoria Management Plan for Grampians National Park Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 2003 ISBN 0 7311 3131 2 Accessed 19 November 2008 Peter D Ward p 30 The Flooded Earth Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps Basic Books New York 2010 ISBN 978 0 465 00949 7 Ian Hunter Yarra Creation Story Archived 4 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Wurundjeri Dreaming Recorded 2004 5 Accessed 3 November 2008 Isabel McBryde Kulin Greenstone Quarries The Social Contexts of Production and Distribution for the Mt William Site in World Archaeology Vol 16 No 2 Mines and Quarries Oct 1984 pp 267 285 article consists of 19 pages Published by Taylor amp Francis Ltd Accessed 3 November 2008 Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen p 44 People of the Merri Merri The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days Merri Creek Management Committee 2001 ISBN 0 9577728 0 7 Gary Presland Aboriginal Melbourne The lost land of the Kulin people Harriland Press 1985 New edition 2001 ISBN 0 9577004 2 3 National Heritage List Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry Australian Government Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts Accessed 3 November 2008 Major Mitchell quoted in Two Native Tribes Shared Shire Area Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Shire of Mt Rouse Centenary booklet 1964 as detailed by the Mt Rouse amp District Historical Society website 20 October 2007 Accessed 25 November 2008 Victorian Eel Fishery Management Plan Archived 20 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 November 2008 Harry Lourandos pp 63 65 Continent of Hunter gatherers New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory Cambridge University Press 1997 ISBN 0 521 35946 5 Lake Condah The Sydney Morning Herald 8 February 2004 Retrieved 13 February 2020 National Heritage Places Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape Australian Government Dept of Agriculture Water and the Environment Retrieved 13 February 2020 See also attached documents National Heritage List Location and Boundary Map and Government Gazette 20 July 2004 Ian D Clark Aboriginal Language Areas in Victoria a reconstruction Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine A Report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages 25 August 2005 Accessed 10 September 2011 a b Vaclang org au Vaclang org au Retrieved 27 March 2023 Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages Apps on the App Store iTunes Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 Retrieved 1 September 2016 Ian D Clark 2009 Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north east Victoria a reconstruction in Aboriginal History Volume 33 2009 ANU E Press Accessed 10 September 2011 Ian D Clark 2010 Aboriginal language areas in Northeast Victoria Mogullumbidj reconsidered Victorian Historical Journal Royal Historical Society of Victoria 2010 81 2 pp 181 192 Accessed article abstract permanent dead link on 10 September 2011 Dunstan Joseph 5 November 2019 Victorian Aboriginal voters have elected a treaty assembly So what s next ABC News Retrieved 27 April 2020 Costa Jedda Dunstan Joseph 11 December 2019 We are taking this place back Treaty assembly sits in Victoria s Upper House ABC News Retrieved 27 April 2020 Dunstan Joseph 29 February 2020 We ve got a lot of eyes watching us The weight of expectation on Victoria s treaty process ABC News Retrieved 27 April 2020 Sources Frankel David 2017 Between the Murray and the Sea Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia Sydney University Press ISBN 978 1 74332 552 0 Broome Richard 2005 Aboriginal Victorians A History Since 1800 Allen amp Unwin ISBN 978 1 74114 569 4 Dawson James 1881 Australian Aborigines the languages and customs of several tribes of Aborigines in the western district of Victoria Australia Facsimile edition Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 1981 ed Melbourne George Robertson Further reading editPeter Beveridge 1889 The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina as seen by Peter Beveridge Melbourne M L Hutchinson Wikidata Q19077386 Ian D Clark c 1990 Aboriginal languages and clans an historical atlas of western and central Victoria 1800 1900 Dept of Geography and Environmental Science Monash University Melbourne Vic David Frankel 2017 Between the Murray and the Sea Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia Sydney University Press Sydney ISBN 978 1 74332 552 0 David Frankel Janine Major eds 2017 Victorian Aboriginal Life and Customs Through Early European Eyes PDF Melbourne La Trobe University Ebureau ISBN 978 0 9953727 0 2 Sue Wessen An Historical Atlas of the Aborigines of Eastern Victoria and Far South eastern New South Wales Monash University Publications in Geography and Environmental Science Number 53 2000 Monash University Victoria ISBN 0 909685 68 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aboriginal Victorians amp oldid 1171177915, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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