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1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash

January 07, 2023

The 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash was an accident that occurred near Goldsboro, North Carolina, on 23 January 1961. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrying two 3–4-megaton Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process.[2] The pilot in command, Walter Scott Tulloch, ordered the crew to eject at 9,000 ft (2,700 m). Five crewmen successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely; another ejected, but did not survive the landing, and two died in the crash.[3] Information declassified in 2013 showed that one of the bombs came close to detonating, with three of the four required triggering mechanisms having activated.[4]

1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
One of the Mk 39 nuclear weapons at Goldsboro, largely intact, with its parachute still attached
Accident
Date24 January 1961
SummaryStructural failure
SiteFaro, Nahunta Township, Wayne County, 12 miles (19 km) north of Goldsboro, North Carolina
35°29′35″N 77°51′33″W / 35.493041°N 77.859262°W / 35.493041; -77.859262Coordinates: 35°29′35″N 77°51′33″W / 35.493041°N 77.859262°W / 35.493041; -77.859262[1]
Aircraft
Aircraft typeB-52G
OperatorStrategic Air Command, United States Air Force
Registration58-0187
Flight originSeymour Johnson Air Force Base
DestinationSeymour Johnson Air Force Base
Crew8
Fatalities3
Survivors5

Accident

 
 
Accident scene
 
Seymour Johnson AFB
class=notpageimage|
North Carolina

The aircraft, a B-52G, was based at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro. Around midnight on 23–24 January 1961, the bomber had a rendezvous with a tanker for aerial refueling. During the hook-up, the tanker crew advised the B-52 aircraft commander, Major Walter Scott Tulloch (grandfather of actress Elizabeth Tulloch), that his aircraft had a fuel leak in the right wing. The refueling was aborted, and ground control was notified of the problem. The aircraft was directed to assume a holding pattern off the coast until the majority of fuel was consumed. However, when the B-52 reached its assigned position, the pilot reported that the leak had worsened and that 37,000 pounds (17,000 kg) of fuel had been lost in three minutes. The aircraft was immediately directed to return and land at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.

As the aircraft descended through 10,000 feet (3,000 m) on its approach to the airfield, the pilots were no longer able to keep it in stable descent and lost control. The pilot in command ordered the crew to abandon the aircraft, which they did at 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Five men landed safely after ejecting or bailing out through a hatch, one did not survive his parachute landing, and two died in the crash.[3] The third pilot of the bomber, Lt. Adam Mattocks, is the only person known to have successfully bailed out of the top hatch of a B-52 without an ejection seat.[5] The crew's final view of the aircraft was in an intact state with its payload of two Mark 39 thermonuclear bombs still on board, each with yields of between 2 and 4 megatons;[a] however, the bombs separated from the gyrating aircraft as it broke up between 1,000 and 2,000 feet (300 and 610 m).

The aircraft wreckage covered a 2-square-mile (5.2 km2) area of tobacco and cotton farmland at Faro, about 12 miles (19 km) north of Goldsboro.[7] Three of the four arming mechanisms on one of the bombs activated after it separated, causing it to execute several of the steps needed to arm itself, such as charging the firing capacitors and deploying a 100-foot-diameter (30 m) parachute.

Bomb recovery

 
EOD personnel work to recover the buried Mk. 39 thermonuclear bomb that fell into a Faro, North Carolina field in 1961.
 
Air Force personnel working in an underground pit to recover parts of the MK-39 nuclear bomb

Bomb that descended by parachute

The first bomb that descended by parachute was found intact and standing upright as a result of its parachute being caught in a tree.[citation needed] Lt. Jack ReVelle,[8] the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) officer responsible for disarming and securing the bombs from the crashed aircraft, stated that the arm/safe switch was still in the safe position, although it had completed the rest of the arming sequence.[9][10] The Pentagon claimed at the time that there was no chance of an explosion and that two arming mechanisms had not activated. A United States Department of Defense spokesperson stated that the bomb was unarmed and could not explode.[11]

Former military analyst Daniel Ellsberg has claimed to have seen highly classified documents indicating that its safe/arm switch was the only one of the six arming devices on the bomb that prevented detonation.[2][11] In 2013, information released as a result of a Freedom of Information Act request confirmed that a single switch out of four (not six) prevented detonation.[12][b][4]

Bomb that fell into a field

The second bomb plunged into a muddy field at around 700 miles per hour (310 m/s) and disintegrated without detonation of its conventional explosives. The tail was discovered about 20 feet (6.1 m) below ground. Pieces of the bomb were recovered.[13] Although the bomb was partially armed when it left the aircraft, an unclosed high-voltage switch had prevented it from fully arming.[9] In 2013, ReVelle recalled the moment the second bomb's switch was found:[14] Until my death I will never forget hearing my sergeant [Earl Smith] say, "Lieutenant, we found the arm/safe switch." And I said, "Great." He said, "Not great. It's on arm."[15]

Excavation of the second bomb was eventually abandoned as a result of uncontrollable ground-water flooding. Most of the thermonuclear stage containing uranium and plutonium was left in place, but the "pit", or core, of the bomb which is needed to trigger a nuclear explosion was removed.[14] The United States Army Corps of Engineers purchased a 400-foot (120 m) diameter circular easement over the buried component.[16][17] The site of the easement, at 35°29′34″N 77°51′31.2″W / 35.49278°N 77.858667°W / 35.49278; -77.858667, is clearly visible as a circle of trees in the middle of a plowed field on Google Earth. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill determined the buried depth of the secondary component to be 180 ± 10 feet (55 ± 3 m).[13]

Consequences to B-52 design

Wet wings with integral fuel tanks considerably increased the fuel capacity of B-52G and H models, but were found to be experiencing 60% more stress during flight than did the wings of older models. Wings and other areas susceptible to fatigue were modified in 1964 under Boeing engineering change proposal ECP 1050. This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement (ECP 1185) in 1966, and the B-52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program (ECP 1195) in 1967.[18]

Later analysis of weapons recovery

Lt. Jack ReVelle, the bomb disposal expert responsible for disarming the device, determined that the ARM/SAFE switch of the bomb which was hanging from a tree was in the SAFE position.[10] The second bomb did have the ARM/SAFE switch in the arm position but was damaged as it fell into a muddy meadow. ReVelle said the yield of each bomb was more than 250 times the destructive power of the Hiroshima bomb, large enough to create a 100% kill zone within a radius of 8.5 miles (13.7 km).[14]

In a now-declassified 1969 report, titled "Goldsboro Revisited", written by Parker F. Jones, a supervisor of nuclear safety at Sandia National Laboratories, Jones said that "one simple, dynamo-technology, low voltage switch stood between the United States and a major catastrophe", and concluded that "[t]he MK 39 Mod 2 bomb did not possess adequate safety for the airborne alert role in the B-52", and that it "seems credible" that a short circuit in the arm line during a mid-air breakup of the aircraft "could" have resulted in a nuclear explosion.[4] In contrast the Orange County Register said in 2012 (before the 2013 declassification) that the switch was set to "arm", and that despite decades of debate "No one will ever know" why the bomb failed to explode.[10]

In 2008 and in March 2013 (before the above-mentioned September 2013 declassification), Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins, authors of Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents, disputed the claim that a bomb was only one step away from detonation, citing a declassified report. They point out that the arm-ready switch was in the safe position, the high-voltage battery was not activated (which would preclude the charging of the firing circuit and neutron generator necessary for detonation), and the rotary safing switch was destroyed, preventing energisation of the X-Unit (which controlled the firing capacitors). The tritium reservoir used for fusion boosting was also full and had not been injected into the weapon primary. This would have resulted in a significantly reduced primary yield and would not have ignited the weapon's fusion secondary stage.[19][20][unreliable source?]

Legacy

 
Road marker in Eureka, NC, commemorating the 1961 B-52 crash.

In July 2012, the State of North Carolina erected a historical road marker in the town of Eureka, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the crash site, commemorating the crash under the title "Nuclear Mishap".[21]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Some sources like Ralph Lapp say they were 24 megatons. However, the Mark 39 "had a yield of 3.8 megatons", and "the United States has never deployed such a high-yield weapon", according to Hansen (1998).[6]
  2. ^ There is some uncertainty as to which of the two bombs was closest to detonation, as different sources contradict one another over this point.

Citations

  1. ^ "Whoops: Atomic Bomb dropped in Goldsboro, NC swamp". Restoration Systems. 8 December 2010.
  2. ^ a b Schneider 1975, p. 28.
  3. ^ a b Sedgwick 2008.
  4. ^ a b c "Goldsboro revisited: account of hydrogen bomb near-disaster over North Carolina – declassified document". Guardian News. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  5. ^ Yancy 1961.
  6. ^ Hansen 1990, p. 43.
  7. ^ AF Form 14 Report of Aircraft Accident (Report). 24 January 1961.
  8. ^ "The Man Who Disabled Two Hydrogen Bombs Dropped in North Carolina". storycorps.org. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Broken Arrow: Goldsboro, NC". Ibiblio.org. 4 December 2000. from the original on 18 June 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2005.
  10. ^ a b c Sharon 2012.
  11. ^ a b Hanauer 1981, p. 28.
  12. ^ Pilkington 2013.
  13. ^ a b Hardy 2005, p. [page needed].
  14. ^ a b c Tuttle 2013.
  15. ^ Atchison 2017.
  16. ^ Deed Book 581, Wayne County (NC) Courthouse. 13 October 1962. pp. 89–91.
  17. ^ "Davis Family Easement". Ibiblio.org. 18 November 2000. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  18. ^ Knaack 1988, pp. 276–277.
  19. ^ Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (5 March 2013). "Goldsboro – 19 Steps Away from Detonation". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  20. ^ Michael H. Maggelet and James C. Oskins (2008). Broken Arrow – The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. ISBN 978-1435703612.
  21. ^ Shaffer 2012.

General and cited references

  • Atchison, David (2 July 2017). "Lincoln resident helped disarm hydrogen bomb following B-52 crash in North Carolina 56 years ago". The Anniston Star.
  • Hanauer, Gary (April 1981). "The Pentagon's Broken Arrows". Mother Jones Magazine: 28. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  • Hansen, Chuck (October 1990). "Oops!". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 46 (8): 42–43.
  • Hardy, Scott (2005). The Broken Arrow of Camelot: An Analysis of the 1961 B-52 Crash and Loss of the Nuclear Weapon in Faro, North Carolina (Thesis). East Carolina University.
  • Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0-16-002260-9. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  • Pilkington, Ed (20 September 2013). "US nearly detonated atomic bomb over North Carolina – secret document". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  • Schneider, Barry (May 1975). "Big Bangs from Little Bombs". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 31 (5): 24–29. Bibcode:1975BuAtS..31e..24S. doi:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458238. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  • Sedgwick, Jessica. . This Month in North Carolina History (January 2008). Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  • Sharon, Keith (27 December 2012). "When two nukes crashed, he got the call (Part 2 of 2)". Orange County Register (California). Retrieved 21 September 2013. Later, diggers found the ARM/SAFE switch. It was in the ARM position. Why that bomb didn't explode has been debated for years. Was the ARM/SAFE switch broken? Did the impact of the crash spread out the parts so far they couldn't affect each other? Was the bomb a dud? No one will ever know.
  • Shaffer, Josh (2 July 2012). "Shaffer: In Eureka, They've Found a Way to Mark 'Nuclear Mishap.'". News and Observer. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  • Tuttle, Steve. "A CLOSE CALL- Hero of 'The Goldsboro Broken Arrow' speaks at ECU". East Carolina University. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  • Yancy, N. (26 January 1961). "Life-Death Story of Flight Told". Greensboro News & Record.

Further reading

  • Hansen, Chuck (1988). US Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Aerofax, Incorporated. ISBN 0517567407.
  • Dobson, Joel (2011). The Goldsboro Broken Arrow. Lulu Press (self published). ISBN 978-1257869527.
  • Yenne, Bill (2012). B-52 Stratofortress: The Complete History of the World's Longest Serving and Best Known Bomber. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 978-1610586726.

External links

  • CSPAN Video book Goldsboro Brokenarrow
  • The Guardian Newspaper - Account of hydrogen bomb near-disaster over North Carolina – declassified document.
  • BBC News Article – US plane in 1961 'nuclear bomb near-miss'
  • Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) show from 2014-07-27 describing the incident
  • The Night Hydrogen Bombs Fell over North Carolina
  • Simulation illustrating the fallout and blast radius had the bomb actually exploded
  • Audio interview with response team leader
  • "New Details on the 1961 Goldsboro Nuclear Accident". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. National Security Archive, The George Washington University. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

January 07, 2023
1961, goldsboro, crash, accident, that, occurred, near, goldsboro, north, carolina, january, 1961, boeing, stratofortress, carrying, megaton, mark, nuclear, bombs, broke, dropping, nuclear, payload, process, pilot, command, walter, scott, tulloch, ordered, cre. The 1961 Goldsboro B 52 crash was an accident that occurred near Goldsboro North Carolina on 23 January 1961 A Boeing B 52 Stratofortress carrying two 3 4 megaton Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid air dropping its nuclear payload in the process 2 The pilot in command Walter Scott Tulloch ordered the crew to eject at 9 000 ft 2 700 m Five crewmen successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely another ejected but did not survive the landing and two died in the crash 3 Information declassified in 2013 showed that one of the bombs came close to detonating with three of the four required triggering mechanisms having activated 4 1961 Goldsboro B 52 crashOne of the Mk 39 nuclear weapons at Goldsboro largely intact with its parachute still attachedAccidentDate24 January 1961SummaryStructural failureSiteFaro Nahunta Township Wayne County 12 miles 19 km north of Goldsboro North Carolina 35 29 35 N 77 51 33 W 35 493041 N 77 859262 W 35 493041 77 859262 Coordinates 35 29 35 N 77 51 33 W 35 493041 N 77 859262 W 35 493041 77 859262 1 AircraftAircraft typeB 52GOperatorStrategic Air Command United States Air ForceRegistration58 0187Flight originSeymour Johnson Air Force BaseDestinationSeymour Johnson Air Force BaseCrew8Fatalities3Survivors5 Contents 1 Accident 2 Bomb recovery 2 1 Bomb that descended by parachute 2 2 Bomb that fell into a field 3 Consequences to B 52 design 4 Later analysis of weapons recovery 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Explanatory notes 8 Citations 9 General and cited references 10 Further reading 11 External linksAccident EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 1961 Goldsboro B 52 crash news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Accident scene Seymour Johnson AFBclass notpageimage North Carolina The aircraft a B 52G was based at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro Around midnight on 23 24 January 1961 the bomber had a rendezvous with a tanker for aerial refueling During the hook up the tanker crew advised the B 52 aircraft commander Major Walter Scott Tulloch grandfather of actress Elizabeth Tulloch that his aircraft had a fuel leak in the right wing The refueling was aborted and ground control was notified of the problem The aircraft was directed to assume a holding pattern off the coast until the majority of fuel was consumed However when the B 52 reached its assigned position the pilot reported that the leak had worsened and that 37 000 pounds 17 000 kg of fuel had been lost in three minutes The aircraft was immediately directed to return and land at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base As the aircraft descended through 10 000 feet 3 000 m on its approach to the airfield the pilots were no longer able to keep it in stable descent and lost control The pilot in command ordered the crew to abandon the aircraft which they did at 9 000 feet 2 700 m Five men landed safely after ejecting or bailing out through a hatch one did not survive his parachute landing and two died in the crash 3 The third pilot of the bomber Lt Adam Mattocks is the only person known to have successfully bailed out of the top hatch of a B 52 without an ejection seat 5 The crew s final view of the aircraft was in an intact state with its payload of two Mark 39 thermonuclear bombs still on board each with yields of between 2 and 4 megatons a however the bombs separated from the gyrating aircraft as it broke up between 1 000 and 2 000 feet 300 and 610 m The aircraft wreckage covered a 2 square mile 5 2 km2 area of tobacco and cotton farmland at Faro about 12 miles 19 km north of Goldsboro 7 Three of the four arming mechanisms on one of the bombs activated after it separated causing it to execute several of the steps needed to arm itself such as charging the firing capacitors and deploying a 100 foot diameter 30 m parachute Bomb recovery Edit EOD personnel work to recover the buried Mk 39 thermonuclear bomb that fell into a Faro North Carolina field in 1961 Air Force personnel working in an underground pit to recover parts of the MK 39 nuclear bomb Bomb that descended by parachute Edit The first bomb that descended by parachute was found intact and standing upright as a result of its parachute being caught in a tree citation needed Lt Jack ReVelle 8 the explosive ordnance disposal EOD officer responsible for disarming and securing the bombs from the crashed aircraft stated that the arm safe switch was still in the safe position although it had completed the rest of the arming sequence 9 10 The Pentagon claimed at the time that there was no chance of an explosion and that two arming mechanisms had not activated A United States Department of Defense spokesperson stated that the bomb was unarmed and could not explode 11 Former military analyst Daniel Ellsberg has claimed to have seen highly classified documents indicating that its safe arm switch was the only one of the six arming devices on the bomb that prevented detonation 2 11 In 2013 information released as a result of a Freedom of Information Act request confirmed that a single switch out of four not six prevented detonation 12 b 4 Bomb that fell into a field Edit The second bomb plunged into a muddy field at around 700 miles per hour 310 m s and disintegrated without detonation of its conventional explosives The tail was discovered about 20 feet 6 1 m below ground Pieces of the bomb were recovered 13 Although the bomb was partially armed when it left the aircraft an unclosed high voltage switch had prevented it from fully arming 9 In 2013 ReVelle recalled the moment the second bomb s switch was found 14 Until my death I will never forget hearing my sergeant Earl Smith say Lieutenant we found the arm safe switch And I said Great He said Not great It s on arm 15 Excavation of the second bomb was eventually abandoned as a result of uncontrollable ground water flooding Most of the thermonuclear stage containing uranium and plutonium was left in place but the pit or core of the bomb which is needed to trigger a nuclear explosion was removed 14 The United States Army Corps of Engineers purchased a 400 foot 120 m diameter circular easement over the buried component 16 17 The site of the easement at 35 29 34 N 77 51 31 2 W 35 49278 N 77 858667 W 35 49278 77 858667 is clearly visible as a circle of trees in the middle of a plowed field on Google Earth The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill determined the buried depth of the secondary component to be 180 10 feet 55 3 m 13 Consequences to B 52 design EditWet wings with integral fuel tanks considerably increased the fuel capacity of B 52G and H models but were found to be experiencing 60 more stress during flight than did the wings of older models Wings and other areas susceptible to fatigue were modified in 1964 under Boeing engineering change proposal ECP 1050 This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement ECP 1185 in 1966 and the B 52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program ECP 1195 in 1967 18 Later analysis of weapons recovery EditLt Jack ReVelle the bomb disposal expert responsible for disarming the device determined that the ARM SAFE switch of the bomb which was hanging from a tree was in the SAFE position 10 The second bomb did have the ARM SAFE switch in the arm position but was damaged as it fell into a muddy meadow ReVelle said the yield of each bomb was more than 250 times the destructive power of the Hiroshima bomb large enough to create a 100 kill zone within a radius of 8 5 miles 13 7 km 14 In a now declassified 1969 report titled Goldsboro Revisited written by Parker F Jones a supervisor of nuclear safety at Sandia National Laboratories Jones said that one simple dynamo technology low voltage switch stood between the United States and a major catastrophe and concluded that t he MK 39 Mod 2 bomb did not possess adequate safety for the airborne alert role in the B 52 and that it seems credible that a short circuit in the arm line during a mid air breakup of the aircraft could have resulted in a nuclear explosion 4 In contrast the Orange County Register said in 2012 before the 2013 declassification that the switch was set to arm and that despite decades of debate No one will ever know why the bomb failed to explode 10 In 2008 and in March 2013 before the above mentioned September 2013 declassification Michael H Maggelet and James C Oskins authors of Broken Arrow The Declassified History of U S Nuclear Weapons Accidents disputed the claim that a bomb was only one step away from detonation citing a declassified report They point out that the arm ready switch was in the safe position the high voltage battery was not activated which would preclude the charging of the firing circuit and neutron generator necessary for detonation and the rotary safing switch was destroyed preventing energisation of the X Unit which controlled the firing capacitors The tritium reservoir used for fusion boosting was also full and had not been injected into the weapon primary This would have resulted in a significantly reduced primary yield and would not have ignited the weapon s fusion secondary stage 19 20 unreliable source Legacy Edit Road marker in Eureka NC commemorating the 1961 B 52 crash In July 2012 the State of North Carolina erected a historical road marker in the town of Eureka 3 miles 4 8 km north of the crash site commemorating the crash under the title Nuclear Mishap 21 See also Edit1964 Savage Mountain B 52 crash List of military nuclear accidents RAF Lakenheath near nuclear disasters involved another US military nuclear accident 8 days before the Goldsboro crash Special Weapons Emergency Separation System United States military nuclear incident terminology Broken ArrowExplanatory notes Edit Some sources like Ralph Lapp say they were 24 megatons However the Mark 39 had a yield of 3 8 megatons and the United States has never deployed such a high yield weapon according to Hansen 1998 6 There is some uncertainty as to which of the two bombs was closest to detonation as different sources contradict one another over this point Citations Edit Whoops Atomic Bomb dropped in Goldsboro NC swamp Restoration Systems 8 December 2010 a b Schneider 1975 p 28 a b Sedgwick 2008 a b c Goldsboro revisited account of hydrogen bomb near disaster over North Carolina declassified document Guardian News 20 September 2013 Retrieved 21 June 2020 Yancy 1961 Hansen 1990 p 43 AF Form 14 Report of Aircraft Accident Report 24 January 1961 The Man Who Disabled Two Hydrogen Bombs Dropped in North Carolina storycorps org Retrieved 8 November 2020 a b Broken Arrow Goldsboro NC Ibiblio org 4 December 2000 Archived from the original on 18 June 2005 Retrieved 14 June 2005 a b c Sharon 2012 a b Hanauer 1981 p 28 Pilkington 2013 a b Hardy 2005 p page needed a b c Tuttle 2013 Atchison 2017 Deed Book 581 Wayne County NC Courthouse 13 October 1962 pp 89 91 Davis Family Easement Ibiblio org 18 November 2000 Retrieved 12 September 2014 Knaack 1988 pp 276 277 Michael H Maggelet and James C Oskins 5 March 2013 Goldsboro 19 Steps Away from Detonation Retrieved 4 July 2017 Michael H Maggelet and James C Oskins 2008 Broken Arrow The Declassified History of U S Nuclear Weapons Accidents ISBN 978 1435703612 Shaffer 2012 General and cited references EditAtchison David 2 July 2017 Lincoln resident helped disarm hydrogen bomb following B 52 crash in North Carolina 56 years ago The Anniston Star Hanauer Gary April 1981 The Pentagon s Broken Arrows Mother Jones Magazine 28 Retrieved 13 July 2009 Hansen Chuck October 1990 Oops Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 46 8 42 43 Hardy Scott 2005 The Broken Arrow of Camelot An Analysis of the 1961 B 52 Crash and Loss of the Nuclear Weapon in Faro North Carolina Thesis East Carolina University Knaack Marcelle Size 1988 Post World War II Bombers 1945 1973 PDF Washington DC Office of Air Force History ISBN 978 0 16 002260 9 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Pilkington Ed 20 September 2013 US nearly detonated atomic bomb over North Carolina secret document The Guardian Retrieved 20 September 2013 Schneider Barry May 1975 Big Bangs from Little Bombs Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 31 5 24 29 Bibcode 1975BuAtS 31e 24S doi 10 1080 00963402 1975 11458238 Retrieved 13 July 2009 Sedgwick Jessica Bombs Over Goldsboro This Month in North Carolina History January 2008 Archived from the original on 28 December 2011 Retrieved 24 January 2012 Sharon Keith 27 December 2012 When two nukes crashed he got the call Part 2 of 2 Orange County Register California Retrieved 21 September 2013 Later diggers found the ARM SAFE switch It was in the ARM position Why that bomb didn t explode has been debated for years Was the ARM SAFE switch broken Did the impact of the crash spread out the parts so far they couldn t affect each other Was the bomb a dud No one will ever know Shaffer Josh 2 July 2012 Shaffer In Eureka They ve Found a Way to Mark Nuclear Mishap News and Observer Retrieved 2 July 2012 Tuttle Steve A CLOSE CALL Hero of The Goldsboro Broken Arrow speaks at ECU East Carolina University Retrieved 24 January 2022 Yancy N 26 January 1961 Life Death Story of Flight Told Greensboro News amp Record Further reading EditHansen Chuck 1988 US Nuclear Weapons The Secret History Aerofax Incorporated ISBN 0517567407 Dobson Joel 2011 The Goldsboro Broken Arrow Lulu Press self published ISBN 978 1257869527 Yenne Bill 2012 B 52 Stratofortress The Complete History of the World s Longest Serving and Best Known Bomber Zenith Imprint ISBN 978 1610586726 External links EditCSPAN Video book Goldsboro Brokenarrow The Guardian Newspaper Account of hydrogen bomb near disaster over North Carolina declassified document BBC News Article US plane in 1961 nuclear bomb near miss Last Week Tonight with John Oliver HBO show from 2014 07 27 describing the incident The Night Hydrogen Bombs Fell over North Carolina Simulation illustrating the fallout and blast radius had the bomb actually exploded Audio interview with response team leader New Details on the 1961 Goldsboro Nuclear Accident nsarchive2 gwu edu National Security Archive The George Washington University 9 June 2014 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1961 Goldsboro B 52 crash amp oldid 1123494260, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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